Lydia Alford
The University of Melbourne Bachelor of Design (Architecture) lydia.alford@gmail.com 0498544656
Construction Portfolio
Construction Project 1 - Lake Wendouree Residence, John Wardle
The project was an analysis of the construction systems employed in a section of John Wardle’s Lake Wendouree House in Ballarat. The assignment firstly analysed the stages of construction broken up into 8 stages both in section and plan. The assignment the analyses 6 aspects related to the construction of the project: Structural Systems, below ground, Structural Systems, above ground, Internal (non-load bearing) partitions, Environmental Protections, Mechanical and electrical systems and Physical Enclosures systems.
Stage 01 SITE PREPARATION AND FOOTINGS Prior to the construction works on the dwelling, the contractor needed to have obtain the necessary permits from the local authority to comply to Australian standards (building act 1993 and Planning and Environments Act 7). Once approved, the existing building on the site was demolished using primarily crow bars and jack hammers. Existing trees, plantings, paths and driveway was demolished as well as facilities which as the water-meter, gas meter and meter box were relocated After all demolition works have been carried out, the site was excavated using a bob cat, proof rolled using suitable equipment consistent with the site conditions and four layers of compact engineered fill was installed to support the super structure in accordance with AS128. A trench digger was used for all mass concrete works. Trenches were dug at least 200mm into stiff clay (according to soil report). 15Mpa blinding unreinforced concrete was poured into trenches allowing for a firm surface for the reinforced concrete footings to be poured on-top. This was done in accordance with AS3800. Finally pipes and plumbing were installed. Temporary facilities were obtained such as a skip, temporary site office, port-a-loo toilets and fencing.
Detail Plumber installs all service pipes for the house in accordance with the architect’s and civil engineer’s drawings. Pipes were installed with an end cap and wrapped with marker tape to avoid rubble getting into the pipes.
Mass concrete pour 15MPa
Hand trolley to more small amounts of Concrete
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS DIVISION LINE
Existing trees to back of property
Sewer stack penetration pipe
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Jack hammer to remove any hard rock and concrete Excavator to for demolition and removal of soil
Stage 02 GROUND FLOOR SLAB All concrete works were carried out in accordance with AS3600. A slump test was conducted to test the grade of the concrete to meet engineer’s details. According to AS1012.3.1:2014 concrete where the nominal aggregate size does not exceed 40mm prepared in accordance with AS 1012.2 is tested with a mould (a cone at least 1.5mm thick) which is placed on a horizontal surface. The mould is filled with concrete in three layers. Each layer is stroked 25 times with a metal rod. The mould is then removed and the concrete is allowed to subside and the height difference is measured. Steel reinforcement is placed in accordance with AS3600. SL62 and SL82 steel fabric mesh was placed on 50mm of compacted sand and the 0.2mm Polyethylene membrane. 3-N16 bars were placed in the trenches onto bar stools at 1000mm centres. 1090x1090 Polystyrene waffle pods with 110mm wide spacing between each pod were placed onto the steel mesh. The concrete was laid using piped concrete and wheelbarrows from a concrete truck. The slab was finished using a helicopter trawler machine.
Detail Steel reinforcement in concrete slab to improve concrete’s relatively low tensile strength and ductility by the inclusion of steel which has high
Temporary formwork
tensile strength or ductility.
SL82 Fabric Mesh Bar chair
Polystyrene waffle pod void former 0.2mm vapour barrier
50mm compacted sand
Helicopter trawler to finish concrete
Concrete poured using a pipe Steel fabric mesh
Trench mesh Hand trolley to pour concrete
1-N12 Bars 3-N16 Bars Bar chair Trench mesh used to improve the tensile strength of concrete. N16 cross bars were placed at 300 centres. Cross bars were connected to 3-N16 bars with tie wire.
Tie wire connection 3-N16Bars N16 cross bars
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Stage 03 VERTICAL STRUCTURE ABOVE GROUND (STEEL WORK AND TIMBER STUD FRAMING. All timber works were carried out in accordance with AS1684. A series of 120x45, 90x45 and 70x45 MGP10 seasonal pine timber studs were used throughout the section. A nail gun and circular saws were used in the erection of the timber stud framing. All steel work was carried out in accordance with AS 4100. A series of UBs, PFCs and RHS’s were installed onto the columns using typically, 12mm capping plates CFW to columns with 4- M20 bolts as per the engineer’s drawings. In erecting the steel work a crane was used to place columns and beams in place.
Details Connections to support timber framing. Noggings, which are fixed between studs, are used to increase the strength / stiffness of the timber framing. Hoop iron bracing was used to connect
380 PFC
the bottom plates to the timber studs. Noggings and timber supports
70 x 45 MGP10 380 PFC
310 UB 40
75X75X5 SHS
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120x45 MGP10
20x0.8mm hoop iron strapping connected to stud d and bottom plate
45 x 45 x 4 SHS
RHS, SHS AND PFC columns were welded to baseplates which has been casted into the concrete slab. Once columns had been welded to 6mm base plate, a second concrete pour was carries out to grout columns into the slab using 32 Mpa concrete.
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Second concrete pour
70 x 45 MGP10
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2
Continuous fillet weld to underside of cast-in plate
200sq x 16 thick galvanised steel plate
4 x 6mm anchor bars
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75X75X5 SHS
Stage 04 INTERMEDIATE FLOOR STRUCTURE All timber works for the first floor were carried out in accordance with AS1684. Contractor needed to ensure scaffolding was to Australian standard. First floor long reach floor trusses were installed at 450 crs. Internal and external timber double stud framed walls, generally out of 90 x 45 MGP10 seasoned pine stud framing @600 crs. A nail gun and circular saws were used in the erection of the timber stud framing.
Details Connection details of the trusses to the steelwork consisted of hwd timber infill plates bolted to steel beams and connected to floor trusses with joist hangers as per engineer’s details
Metal connector plate rolled or pressed into truss at joints
Scaffolding for workers to work on second floor
Yellow Tongue Flooring
12mm Cleat plate
Timber engineered truss posistrut
Floor trusses are connected to UB using timbre off-cuts, connected with metal connection plates.
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Stage 05 ROOF SYSTEM: ROOF STRUCTURE, SHEETING, COVER AND SKYLIGHT SYSTEMS All timber works were carried out in accordance with AS1684. Timber trusses were manufactured and installed in accordance with AS440. Contractor needed to ensure scaffolding was to Australian standards at this stage. The roof is framed up using a series of roof beams (UBs, PFCs, and RHS’s) and MGP10 Pine LVLs; 190 x 45 MGP pine rafters @450 crs; and timber roof trusses @600 crs connected to and supported on the timber and steel framework erected in the previous stage. The roofing members are connected to the structure using fully nailed multi grips and cleat plates.
Details
Scaffolding for workers to work on second floor
Timber roof trusses are installed at 600CTS. Trusses were designed by
Manufactured off site timber roof trusses installed
truss manufacturer and installed in accordance with AS440. Trusses were connected to MGP10 pine timber. Sarking was placed on-top of the trusses and timber battens were fixed to trusses. Stramit Speed Deck 700 was fixed with proprietary concealed fixings to battens.
Timber Battens
Metal connection plate
Timber roof truss at 600cts
190x45 MGP10 Pine at 450 cts
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190x45 MGP10 Pine timber rafters installed
Stage 06 EXTERNAL WALL (CLADDING INCLUDED), WINDOW SYSTEMS, EXTERNAL DOORS
Windows were installed at this stage by a glassier, attaching to the stud framing. This includes the window for the stairs (with concealed jamb with counter weight box to either side of double hung window), the window for the en-suite (Tasmanian oak head, sill and jambs), and the dining room glass sliding door and the living/kitchen door to courtyard (Tasmanian oak jamb, sill and rails.) Nail guns and circular saws were used at this stage as framing is adjusted for the installation of the doors and windows. For the external cladding, scaffolding was used to install the Zinc sheet cladding with 25mm high double lock standing seam installed onto 19mm marine grade plywood substrate fixed to studs behind.
Details VMZ Flat Lock Panel Zinc was installed onto 19mm plywood support battens with a breathable waterproof membrane underlay.
Gutterbox
Ensuite window installed
VMZINC Flat Lock Panel Zinc Cladding
Breathable sarking
19mm marine plywood (280 cts)
Door leading out to courtyeard installed
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Sliding timber door installed
Stage 07 INTERNAL PARTITIONS, CEILING STRUCTURE, ROUGH-IN SERVICES At this stage, walls were covereed in 13mm plaster board with insulation installed. Holes were cut where lighting and electrical services are to be installed. All ceiling plasterboard was installed through out the house. For this, a timber structure was assembled to in the dining room to reach the desired ceiling height as per architect’s drawings. Plasterbard was fixed with metal screws to timber battens/joists/trusses/studs.
Details Fixing details for the installation of plasterboard was done in accordance with AS4055. In wet
Lighting wires
areas, moisture-graded plasterboard was used. The orientation of the plasterboard sheeting is affected by the location of critical light source. Full lengthed sheets should be used to minimise the amoung of butt joints at each sheet.
Pendant lighting wires
Photo Source: Gyprock
For recessed and butt joints, all screw fixings should be fastened until the head is just below the surface of the sheet, without punching the face of the board.
Photo Source: Gyprock
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Stage 08 FINISHING TRADES, JOINERY, APPLIANCES In this stage all finishing trades were installed. This includes the marble stone floating kitchen bench, the marble en-suite bench and cabinetry, joinery in the dining room and walk-in robe, as well as lighting was installed including the pendant lights in the dining room. All plumbing fixtures and fittings are installed and fitted off. Timber skirting boards and architraves are installed Wall and floor tiling is installed and all downpipes are installed. All landscaping was done at this stage. Tradesmen would have used circular saws, drills and ladders.
Study desk
Study shelves
Ensuite benchtop Shower screen
Walk-in robe cabinetry
Pendant lights
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Stage 01 SITE PREPARATION AND FOOTINGS At this stage, after all demolition and excavation permits had been approved by the local authorities, the site was prepared with the assemblage of on-site facilities and construction was able to commence. The existing building and structures existing on the site was demolished, making way for the commencement of the Lake Wendouree House. Soil was laid, trenches were dug in accordance with the engineer’s drawings, service pipes were laid out and blinding concrete was poured.
Detail At this stage, all plumbing fixture were installed. Plumbing fixtures were installed by a plumber in accordance with the architect’s and civil engineer’s drawings. For this house, popes stood out of the trenches in the ground floor bathroom and in the dining room. These pipes include sewer pipes, water pipes and drainage pipes. Pipes were
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also installed for the en-suite on the first floor at this stage.
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Stage 02 FOOTINGS AND GROUND FLOOR SLAB
Concrete works at this stage was carried out in accordance with AS2870 with all steel reinforcement required for trench mesh and fabric mesh was carried out in accordance with AS4671. Firstly, the sand was placed on-top of the soil, the polyethylene vapour barrier was placed on-top of the sand and in the trenches. The timber formwork was constructed around the perimeter of where the concrete was to be poured. The steel reinforcement was placed on-top of bar chairs both in the trenches in the form of trench mesh. The waffle pods were placed on top of the vapour barrier in accordance with the engineer’s drawings. The steel fabric mesh was placed on-top of bar chairs on the waffle pods. The concrete was poured on-top of the steel mesh, was compacted, screened, floated and trawelled and left to cure.
Detail
SL62 and SL82 Steel mesh
Blinding concrete
3-N16 Trench Mesh
Waffle pod
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Bar chairs for holding mesh
1:50 Scale @ A3
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Stage 03 VERTICAL STRUCTURE ABOVE GROUND (STEEL WORK AND TIMBER STUD FRAMING) At this stage, all vertical timber and steel works for the ground floor was completed and carried out in accordance with AS1684. All steel works were assembled on-site using a crane. Furthermore, Brickwork walls were erected in locations noted on the engineer’s drawings - this include the eastern exterior wall and some internal walls surrounding the bathroom.
Detail All timber work was carried out in accordance to Australian standards. This includes walls consisting of top plates, bottom wall plates, noggings (for internal support), studs (spaced out in accordance to engineer and / or architect’s drawings, wall bracing (as per engineer’s drawings). For openings, walls may require jamb studs, jack studs, lintels, ledger, and sill trimmers.
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Photo from: Australian Standards (AS1684) 1:50 Scale @ A3
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Stage 04 INTERMEDIATE FLOOR STRUCTURE At this stage, timber floor trusses were installed as per the engineer’s drawings. These members were fixed to the steel members. Yellow tongue flooring was placed on-top of the truss members. Generally 90x45 and 120x45 MGP10 timber members were constructed on the first floor.
FJ1 - 350 deep Long reach floor trusses at 450 cts
FJ2 - 530 deep Long reach floor trusses at 450 cts
Detail Yellow tongue flooring was placed on-top of floor joists which allows platform construction to take place - builders can work on the second floor. The sheets are weather protected due to their hardwearing resin surface, protecting the timber elements in the first floor from the weather. Yellow tongue flooring is commonly used in domestic construction.
First floor wall structure 90x45 MGP10 Timber stud
Nogging
Bottom plate
Scaffolding Yellow Tongue
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350 deep long reach floor trusses @450 CTS
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Stage 05 ROOF SYSTEM: ROOF STRUCTURE, SHEETING, COVER AND SKYLIGHT SYSTEMS At this stage the skylight was installed to Australian standards AS 4285. Furthermore, 30 x 0.8 metal strap bracing was installed at this stage to provide more support for members. The manufactured truss members were installed over the study at 600cts
Ceiling truss system
and the 190x45 MGP rafters were installed at 450 cts. Timber battens were attached to the rafters over which was installed thermal reflective foil and R4.1 Bradford Gold ceiling batts + Bradford Anticon Roof INSULATION Blanket. Colorbond Stramit Speed
Skylight
Deck 700 roof sheeting was fixed to the battens.
Box gutter
Detail Insulation. At this stage thermal reflective foil and R4.1 Bradford Gold ceiling batts + Bradford Anticon Roof INSULATION Blanket were installed. Insulation was employed in the building for its passive thermal properties to retain heat. With uninsulated homes losing up to 35% of the heat through the ceilings in winter and around the same amount of heat entering through the ceilings during summer, the insulation bats act as a barrier to slow down this process. Insulation gets installed between the rafters in the ceiling. Colorbond roof sheeting
Box gutter
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Photo from: Yourhome Australia 1:50 Scale @ A3
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Stage 06 EXTERNAL WALL (CLADDING INCLUDED), WINDOW SYSTEMS, EXTERNAL DOORS At this stage, all windows were installed. The en-suite, living room and the study windows are double glazed with low E values - making them more themally effective. These windows were installed to comply with AS1288.
Detail All external cladding was installed at this stage. This included the VM Zinc Flat lock panel zinc cladding to the eastern first floor exterior walls. This was installed by screw fixing the zinc panels to the 19mm plywood battens attached to the timber studs of the walls.
Bradford sound screen plus 2x R1.6 Batts 19mm plywood sheeting
Breathable waterproof membrane
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VM ZINC Securing Clip Zinc Cladding
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Stage 07 INTERNAL PARTITIONS, CEILING STRUCTURE, ROUGH-IN SERVICES At this stage, all wall insulation was installed. This included: Bradford sound screen plus 2x R1.6 Batts to the external walls of the house and Bradford sound screen plus R2.5 to the internal walls. 13mm plasterboard was installed by screw-fixing to joists. Plasterboard sheets need to be taped, filled and sanded before painted and finished. All electrical cords were installed into the correct positions to be finished. Framing was erected for the cabinetry in the study. Internal wall cladding was installed into the dining room and the walls surrounding the first floor en-suite.
Detail Cladding was installed around the en-suite walls. This consists of 45x90 and 42x42mm Spotted Gum Timber battens at 120 CTS (alternating). The battens were screw fixed to the rear of the 138x19mm spotted gum ship-lapped timber cladding.
13mm Plasterboard
120 x 45 MGP10 Timber studs at 600 CTS
Bradford sound screenplusR2.5 internal wall insulation
42x24 Spotted gum timber battens at 120 centres (alternating)
42x90 Spotted gum timber battens at 120 centres (alternating)
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138x19 Spotted gum shiplapped timber cladding
1:50 Scale @ A3
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Stage 08 FINISHING TRADES, JOINERY, APPLIANCES At this stage, all internal walls were painted, joinery in the walk-in robe and dining room was installed. The shower screen, mirror, toilet, marble bench top, sinks, tap-wear and cabinetry was installed in the en-suite. Shelving, drawers and cabinetry was installed in the study. The bedframe was assembled off site and installed in the master bedroom. All power points and lights were installed by an electrician. Any defects were fixed at this stage. Floors were finished with timber floor boards in the study, tiles in the en-suites, dining room, powder room and the entry and carpet was installed in the master bedroom.
Detail Power sockets were installed by fixing electrical wires to the corresponding terminals (active, earth and neutral). The power-socket is then fixed to the wall. This is done in accordance with AS3112.
13mm Plasterboard
Power socket cutout
Electrical wiring to be fixed to corresponding terminals
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Rear view (wiring side) of power socket
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Demolition
1. Structural Systems, below ground
Excavation Site Preparation
The design of the Lake Wendouree house was heavily influenced by the existing conditions of the site and location. The architects wanted to achieve a design which paid homage to the existing Ballarat housing typologies, the gardens and the boat houses on Lake Wendouree. The architects achieved this through the materials of the house, the landscaping and the overall form - echoing the boat houses.
Structural systems, below ground
Rescode restrictions allowed for the existing house on the plot to be demolished, allowing the architects to design their own building. The site was extremely flat (80mm overall fall), however, John Wardle Architects wanted to create an artificial typography to allow the house to engage with the landscape. Since the existing soil type was classified as Class P (problem site), engineer fill was required to support the above structure. This consisted of Class 2 crushed rock in 4 x 150mm compacted layers. The soil type also needed to be considered when placing the footings to support steel columns. For this reason, mass concrete was used where steel columns were to be placed to support these members.
Sand
50mm Packing Sand Rolled
Plastic
0.2mm Vapour Barrier
Formwork Engineer Fill
Class 2 crushed rock in 4 x150mm compacted layers
Edge Beam - 300mm w x 600mm (min) d internal beam found 200mm min into stiff clay
Concrete Structure
Internal Beam - 300mm w x 385 mm d internal beam found 200mm min into stiff clay 110mm 25MPa grade concrete slab - Boral environcrete (30% cement replacement, 20% aggregate) Trench Mesh - 3N16 bars with N16 cross bars
The orientation of the house also needed to be considered when designing the house. The architects wanted the main living room and the main bedroom to capture views of the lake. Since the lake faces north, these rooms also receive lots of sunlight. As the back of the house faces south and backs onto a residential street, the architects have
Steel
Reinforcement Mesh: SL62 and SL82 square mesh Reinforcement bars: 1-N12 starter bars Void Former - 1080 mm x 1080 mm polystyrene waffle pod at 1200mm centres.
Other
Demolition of the existing dwelling and footings was carried out using crow bars and jack hammers.
The site needed to be excavated using a bob cat and trench digger and pegs may have been driven into the bottom of the trench to mark the top of the concrete strip.
Bar stools Hydronic coils
See steel mesh, bar stools, hydronic coils, waffle pods and vapour barrier
Concrete slab
Steel reinforcement mesh Bar Stools Trench mesh Hydronic Coils Void Former - 1080 mm x 1080 mm polystyrene waffle pod at 1200mm centres.
Formwork used to set concrete. Used to help create level changes throughout the house.
Vapour Barrier 0.2 mm polyethylene membrane, which was lapped and taped, (this membrane may have also been chemically treated to act as Sand A 50mm layer of packing sand was placed on top of the ground Blinding Concrete Formwork Ground Void formers were not placed here to allow for retaining wall.
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Primary 310 Universal Beam 40 Welded to SHS throughout ground floor
2. Structural Systems, above ground
200 Parallel Flange Channel with furring holes in bottom flanges (500 mm cts)
The above ground structure of the house defined the interior and the exterior form of the building and ultimately influenced the architectural form and space for the building. The house form can be read as a box with ‘hole punched’ geometric windows. This has been made possible through the use of steel framing for the windows, allowing for this geometric form to be created.
380 Parallel Flange Channel
Horizontal
250 Parallel Flange Channel
89x89x6 SHS, 200x100x6 RHS, 250x100x6 RHS with 200 x 200 mm cast-in galvanised butt weld steel plate cast in ground
Vertical Structural Systems, above ground
Ground Floor
Posistrut 350mm engineered floor trusses at 450 centres 70 x 35 floor joists at 350 cts Noggings nailed between 90x45 and 120 x 45 MGP10 at 450 and 600 centres
90x45 and 120 x 45 MGP10 framing to support floor joists
Bricks - provides support to eastern wall
Structural ply sheets nailed to noggings and cross bracing (30 x 0.8 mm tensioned galvanised metal straps) and hoop iron strapping Steel plates, cleats and joist hangers to fix stud walls and ceiling joists
First Floor Horizontal
The house is also designed to allow for an open ground floor for the main living spaces, whilst having more lightweight construction on the first floor. This is made possible through the use of steel construction on the ground floor, supporting the first floor above with the 310UB, 200 PFC, 280 PFC and 250 PFC erected onto 89 x 89 x 6, 200x100x6 RHS and 250x100x6 RHS.
Bracing
Secondary
Vertical
Engineered timber roof trusses installed at 600 mm centres
Timber battens - MGP10 pine LVL at 450 centres
190 x 45 MGP pine rafters at 450 centres
90 x 45 and 120 x 45 MGP10 timber framing to support floor joists Noggings nailed between 90 x 45 and 120 x 45 MGP10 at 450 - 600 centres
Timber studs: 90x45 and 120 x 45 at 450 and 600 centres MGP10 studs
Steel plates, cleats and joist hangers to fix stud walls and ceiling joists Cross bracing (30 x 0.8 mm tensioned galvanised metal straps) and hoop iron strapping
John Wardle architects have been ablo to create their ‘pavilion-like’ structures which cantilever and create dramatic internal environments through the use of steel structural members, coupled with long reach engineered floor trusses. The architects have been able to achieve the boat-like forms through the use of steel beams, the roof truss system and rafters.
First Floor Ceiling and Roof
Vertical - Plates, cleats, and joist hangers Horizontal - Engineered timber roof trusses installed at 600 mm centres, 190 x 45 MGP pine rafters at 450 centres, Timber battens - MGP10 pine LVL at 450 centres
First Floor
Vertical - 90x45, 120x45 MGP10 studs, cross bracing, Hoopiron strapping Horizontal - Brick wall, 90x45, 120x45 MGP10 studs top and bottom plates, noggings.
Engineered timber trusses to support first floor structure
Structural plywood bracing
Steel framing to support high ceiling structure
Steelwork supports cantilever above, allowing for open plan dining room
Ground Floor Roof and Second Floor Vertical - MGP10 graded battens, 90x45 MGP10 roof framing, plates, cleats, and joist hangers Horizontal - Posistrut 350mm engineered floor trusses at 450 centres with 70 x 35 floor joists at 350 cts.
Ground Floor
Vertical - 90x45, 120x45, 70x45 MGP10 studs, Structural ply and cross bracing, Hoop-iron strapping Horizontal - Brick wall, 90x45, 120x45, 70x45 MGP10 studs top and bottom plates, noggings.
Steelwork
Vertical - 2 x 89x89x6 SHS, 250x150x6 RHS, 200x100x6RHS Horizontal - 310UB40, 200 PFC, 380 PFC, 250 PFC
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3. Internal (non-load bearing) partitions
Without Openings
The house contains a variety of fixed and moveable internal partitions, arranged in such a way to define the spatial arrangement of the spaces within the home and achieve the architect’s overall design concept. The spaces are organised in such a way to reveal ‘pavilion-like’ structures within the house. There are a lack of internal partitions on the ground floor, apart from the eastern boundary. This allows for complete access to communal (public) areas like the kitchen, dining and living spaces, allowing for an openplan, spacious and coherent environment. The pivot door in the dining room is cladded with the same finish as its adjacent wall, allowing it to be its own separate room for formal separation of the living and dining room or for it to be open, facilitating a more continuous circulation.
Fixed
Stud walls constructed with mostly 120x45 and 90x45 MGP10 studs at 450 or 600mm centres with nogging supports between the top and bottom plates and finishes with 13mm plaster board. Non-load bearing walls which do not carry any loads from the structure above are kept 20mm clear of structural members. Internal doors in the house separate the spaces into private rooms. Internal doors are used for the ensuite and down stairs powder room. There are also sliding doors for the main bedroom and the study to separate there spaces.
Internal Partitions Doors Movable
Windows
On the first floor, however, with the bedrooms, bathroom and study spaces being more private zones, more internal partitions and doors are used to separate these spaces. Similar to the ground floor, more public spaces like the study are separated using sliding doors. This allows the space to be very private or more public. The bedrooms on the first floor echo the ‘houses on stilts’ found in Lake Wendouree has been achieved through their geometric shaped frames and skylights.
The 2160 x 2210mm pivot door separates the dining and the living rooms. The finish is the same as the wall, creating a seamless design.
All windows are open-able and framed with 44mm Tasmanian Oak timber.
These internal partitions are non load-bearing, thus, they are arranged by John Wardle architects to create a more private space for the inhabitants
PRIVATE
- Use of internal partitions to define internal spaces
Internal walls for ensuite
First floor spaces are defined by stud walls
PRIVATE
Cabinetry
Moveable door into dining room
No internal partitions allows for a large open dining and kitchen spaces
PUBLIC
- Lack of internal partitions
PUBLIC
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Large, thick brick veneer walls on the exterior of the house and thin interior walls makes the house feel like a warm enclosure
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4. Environmental Protections
John Wardle architects have attempted to hide many of the external protections such as the gutter system and the downpipes. This has allowed the architects to achieve their design intent of creating a rectilinear box with geometric windows ‘hole -punched’ into the brick veneer walls. The gutter system is hidden behind the parapet wall and the only downpipes visible from eastern boundary are painted brown to blend with the external zinc cladding and brick.
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Environmental Protections
Shading
7 Sunlight
Summer heat reflection Box gutter Colorbond Stramit Speed Deck 700 roof sheeting to reflect heat
Bradford Anticon Roof INSULATION Blanket with thermal reflective sarking to outer roof
9 Air
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Limited windows have been installed on the eastern and western boundaries to prevent the harsh sun from entering the house and also for privacy for the neighbours.
Thermal
Melbourne is a heating climate, thus, the architects have considered several factors with the design to keep the house warm. One of the key decisions for this is having thick external walls to allow for significant insulation. The architects have also been able to allow natural light into areas which otherwise would rely on artificial lighting. This includes employing a courtyard on the western boundary to allow light into the dining room as well as skylights between the main bedroom and the study. Box gutter - collects rain water from roof slop. The water is then drained via a downpipe nozzle to the downpipe which is then carried to the bladder rainwater tank. Any overflow storm water will go to the storm water drain.
The roofing system employs box gutters and downpipes to allow for effective and efficient rainwater collection and disposal for the house. The Colorbond Stramit Speed Deck 700 roof sheeting is installed at a minimum slope of 2 degrees and similarly, the Colourbond Ultra Box 0.6mm Gutter with a 100mm box gutter was installed at an angle to ensure a fall. This allows for a efficient collection system and prevents unwanted ‘ponding’ of water. The water moves through the gutter system, into a downpipe nozzle or a sump and into the downpipes which are installed in accordance to AS/NZS 3500.3. Water is then moved on the eastern boundary the rainwater tank. Any water overflow flows to the storm water drain.
Water
The environmental protections of the house have been designed to create a comfortable and luxurious internal environment for its users. The house employs passive design principles when handling water, heat, sunlight and air flow.
Water proofing
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Gutters
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Thermal Mass
Dupont Tyvek Home Wrap breatheable sarking was used throughout the roof system and on all external walls to effectively seal the house from water, direct any unwanted water away from internal spaces. Furthermore, Colourbond flashing has been used to seal external walls and further prevent unwanted water from entering the building.
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Glazing
Thermal mass constructed is beneficial for this house since it is in a cool climate. Thermal mass has been successfully employed through the installation of high dense materials of concrete and tiled flooring. These materials absorb heat energy during the day through sunlight penetration through the dining room glazing. This energy is stored and gets released at night, allowing for effective passive heating and cooling of the home.
Extensive and effective insulation has been installed throughout the house this includes: • External Walls: Bradford sound screen plus 2x R1.6 Batts • Internal Walls: Bradford sound screen plus R2.5 Batts • Ceiling and Roof: Bradford Anticon Roof INSULATION Blanket with thermal reflective sarking and R4.1 Bradford Gold ceiling batts • Flooring: Bradford sound screen Plus R3.2 between floor joists. 32mm polystyrene panel below screed. Since Melbourne is a heating climate, insulation with high R values were used for heat retention, allowing for an effective barrier to keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer.
All windows employed throughout the house are open-able to allow for passive ventilation in the house. All windows are double glazed and have a low E value to maximise solar heat gain and reduce heat loss through the windows.
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Skylight
Insulation
Courtyard
A skylight has been employed between the dining room and living room and the main bedroom and study. This allows for additional natural sunlight into these spaces and allows for a visual divide to separate these spaces.
The courtyard allows for additional southern and western sunlight into the dining room and living room areas (when the dining room door is open).
Ventilation
Sealing
All windows and external doors are effectively sealed with timber, weaterstrips and seals to prevent air leakages and minimise thermal bridge.
The windows, being operable, allow for effective cross breeze ventilation throughout the house. Particularly the north and south openings.
R4.1 Bradford Gold Ceiling batts
Rain
Bradford sound Screen plus 2x R1.6 Batts (combined R value of 3.2) to all external walls. Insulation with the highest R value is placed to the external walls to ensure thermal comfort to the envelope of the building.
Bradford sound Screen plus R2.5 to the internal walls
Winter heat retention
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2
Downpipe 1 5
Windows are sealed with timber (reducing thermal bridge) and are fitted with double glazed, low E glass to reduce the amount of solar heat gain while still maintaining good levels of visible light transmission into the dining room.
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Thermal Mass: Concrete slab and tiles (high thermal retention properties) are used in dining room where full-height, low E windows are employed. This allows for good passive temperature regulation.
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9
Storm-water runoff
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When dining room door is open, and the north and south openings are open, this allows cross breeze ventilation throughout the house. This allows for the cool southern summer winds to passively cool the house transferring the hot air out of the house
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To rainwater tank
Water Supply
5. Mechanical and electrical systems The mechanical and electrical services have been organized in an efficient manner to supply water, HVAC systems and electricity throughout the house. All the mechanical and electrical systems lie on the eastern boundary and in the centre of the house. The eastern boundary contains the AC condenser, bore pump, WCOM, hot water boiler, booster, pump and meter board. Whilst majority of the conduit pipework is on the eastern boundary and the dining zone. By housing majority of the services on the eastern boundary, this avoids unwanted solar heat gain from the northern and western sun. Furthermore, majority of the wet areas are located on the eastern boundary and in the centre of the house. By effectively clustering rooms based on services required, this reduces the amount of pipes required in the house .
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Rainwater An underground bladder rainwater tank is installed on the northern boundary of the property and stores collected rain water from the downpipes. This is water used to water the garden.
HVAC
Ventilation
Cooling
Hydronic cast in slab heating system is used to heat the ground floor and first floor ensuite. The hydronic system uses a hot water tank on the eastern boundary which is separate from the home’s domestic solar hot water supply. Hot water circulates through insulated pipes to the inslab coils. Passive heating strategies noted on the previous page are also used to heat the house.
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The air conditioning unit above the dining room distributes fresh air and removes unwanted air through the condenser on the eastern boundary. There are linear slots where the air conditioning unit is placed to create a neat design.
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The air conditioning unit can be used to actively cool the main living spaces of the house in summer.
6 Electricity
Grid
The switchboard has been relocated to the external entry on the eastern boundary to allow for easy access. Additionally, the house may also have its own WIFI and security system.
7 Solar
Solar Hot Water System (not in section)
The house is connected to the grid when the PV cells do not produce electricity. Electricity runs from the grid to the house’s switch board (which has been relocated to the external entry on the eastern boundary). Power is then distributed to the GPO wall outlets, lights, and other services.
The house has solar photovoltaic solar panels on the roof, orientated north to maximise sun exposure. The PV array converts sunlight into DC power which connects to a central inverter to convert it to AC power. This then goes through a PV meter, then to the switchboard, utility meter and to the respective utilities.
PV Cells
Study: Downlights
Ensuite: Downlight
Wardrobe: Downlight 7
Ensuite: Hot and Cold water for basin
Meter box was relocated to main entry, allowing easy access for the electricity company.
Slotted timber grills to allow air flow from the air conditioning system throughout the house. Air conditioning system is hidden to add to the opulence of the house
Ensuite: Hydronic Heating
Air conditioning unit
Entry: Downlights
Dining: Pendant light
Dining: Downlights Electric Switchboard Meter Box
Hot Water Boiler
Mains water Mains water is used to service the house’s cold water supply.
3 Heating
Mechanical and Electrical Systems
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Dining: Hydronic Heating
M a i n s Water
Mains Water
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Horizontal Floorboards
6. Physical Enclosures systems The physical enclosure of the house expresses the overall form and design of the house, ultimately reflecting the architect’s design intent of reflecting Ballarat’s topography and gardens and the Lake Wendouree boat houses. The used of brick veneer walls on the ground floor aids the growth of Boston Ivy, allowing the facade mirror the garden and eventually to look like a garden with punctured geometric windows. Furthermore, the architects were inspired by Asian architecture and the concept of ‘borrowing views’ . This has been achieved through the geometric openings. These openings are further defined by their contrasting light timber frames which highlight these elements. The continuation of the timber cladding from the exterior to the interior further adds to the architect’s intent of creating a design which reflects the gardens by creating the perception of being outside. Similarly, the employment of floor to ceiling windows and many feature windows at eye level further continues this idea. The warm colour palette of the building through the use of timber cladding, red zinc cladding and bricks reflects Ballarat’s residential building typolog and creates a warm and inviting building. The external cladding emphasises the verticality of the house, highlighting the obscure roof volumes. This emphasises the concept of creating pavilions like the Lake Wendouree boat houses - ‘houses on stilts’. Furthermore, emphasising the verticality of these elements portends the dramatic interior spaces such as the dining room and three bedrooms.
Internal
Vertical
130x19mm Spotted gum tongue and groove boards
Plasterboard
Tiles
600x300 peitra bronzea brushes stone on ground floor and ensuite
Timber cladding
Fixtures
Tap and sink installed to powder room, ensuite and kitchen.
Timber Wall Lining
Physical Enclosure Systems
Fixtures
Roof sheeting
External
Parapet flashing and capping
Paving
Colorbond Stramit Speed Deck 700
Colorbond
Grey exposed aggregate concrete
Eastern fencing matches timber cladding used on the rest of the house
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138 x 19 mm spotted gum ship lap boards Lighting, electrical, air conditioning unit and plumbing fixtures were installed and fitted off.
42 x 42mm and 42 x 90mm spotted gum timber battens
Zinc Cladding
VM Zinc double lock standing seam in Autumn Red Pigmento Plus.
Windows
Double glazed, low E windows generally
Downpipe
Timber battens used throughout the house emphasise the verticality of the house
42 x 42mm and 42 x 90mm spotted gum timber battens
Timber Cladding
Brick
Vertical timber lining exaggerates the height of the dining room, emphasising it as its own pavilion
13mm plasterboard installed to walls and ceilings
Grampian blue dark blend bricks in stretcher bond pattern.
Colorbond Downpipe
VM Zinc cladding adds to the warmth of the house
Construction Project 2 - Western Bace, Six Degrees Architects The project was an analysis of the construction systems employed in a section of Six Degrees’ Western Bace in Melton North. The assignment analysed the different stages of construction in a virtual model. The assignment looked at not the different materials used throughout the building and why and also analysed failures of the building if a different construction method was employed.
Eastern Elevation
Southern Elevation
TOP VIEW ELEVATION
Northern Elevation
Western Elevation
Isometric
Able-flex expansion joint absorbing the movement of the column and the slab. Packers are shown prior to grout fill.
Strip footing offers a barrier allowing the footing to not be subject from movement from the Clay soil.
If starter bars and square mesh do not overlap, the strip footing will start to crack away from the concrete slab.
Lifting hook shown for transport of precast column.