HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World sample pages by Lynx Edicions

These are the two first pages of the 36-page Introduction to the Checklist.

Introduction Why a new checklist?

Checklists of birds of the world are not particularly strong on introductions. Of 12 that we have examined, the mean number of pages devoted to introducing the work is 4.9 (range 2–10). Each of these studies—all of them, with the exception of Peters (1931), dating from 1974 or later (and of course “Peters” was only finished in 1986)—has its value and place, and several of them (Peters 1931–1986, Morony et al. 1975, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Dickinson 2003) represent major successive building-blocks of modern ornithology. Even so, the modesty with which they have announced themselves to the world is notable. There are usually some extremely simple statements of intent, usually some explanation of the taxonomy followed and associated issues, and various items of house-keeping relating to such matters as ranges and sources; and then the list begins. If the introduction to this new checklist runs on out of all proportion to precedent, we hope it will not be—and not be thought to be—from lack of modesty. On the contrary, we want the vision we have in this book to be immediately apparent to its users, which is to involve them, stimulate them, and make them part of the process by which it can be constantly improved. This cannot perhaps be as interactive as HBW Alive or the BirdLife discussion forums (birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums), but it nonetheless offers the opportunity for ornithologists around the world to contribute fact and opinion by way of feedback to the evidence the book provides, whether directly to Lynx or to BirdLife, or indirectly through separate publications (see The future of the Checklist below).

This work has several features—other than the length of its introduction—that set it somewhat apart from other checklists. It illustrates each species in colour; it updates as accurately as space allows the written ranges of both species and subspecies, and provides a newly revised map; it gives French, German and Spanish as well as common alternative English names; and where appropriate it offers some information about the taxonomic relationships of particular species. The combination of image, map and text in a double-page spread is, we hope, a powerful and convenient way of encapsulating key data on a species, and by this means we hope to bring each bird more to life than would be the case were it just a dry string of names occupying a single line of text across a page, and thereby increase the level of engagement with it that each user of the book may have. Nevertheless, for us the most distinctive feature of the book—and this is simply an observation, not a claim for its importance—is the approach it adopts to species-level taxonomy. Checklists are typically conservative, in that they make secondary use of existing lists, taking rapid decisions over particular taxonomic problems but certainly not exploring and resolving issues as in a primary text. Here, however, we have been motivated to dare to attempt something more. From over 20 years of work to produce the Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW), and from over 30 years engaged in evaluating the conservation status of all bird species, our two organizations, Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, albeit from rather different perspectives, have become acutely sensitized to the issues and problems surrounding modern species-level taxonomy. Given that conservation very largely takes the species as its unit of concern, and that the future of

Figure 1 – Ever since the introduction of a trinomial system in Ridgway’s list of North American birds (1880), and particularly since Mayr’s formulation of the Biological Species Concept (1942), reproductive isolation has been the decisive criterion in the human classification of birds into different species. This has the advantage of accounting for not just how we humans see birds but also how they see each other. Even so, processes in nature are always under varying evolutionary pressures, and avian recognition systems can sometimes malfunction, as when Western Capercaillies Tetrao urogallus, pictured here at a lek, cross-breed with Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix.

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These are the two first pages of the 36-page Introduction to the Checklist. 20

Introduction

G. cristata G. theklae both species

[A] Sympatry

[B]

Figure 2 – Reproductive isolation is easy to prove when two species live side by side, i.e. in sympatry. Usually such species possess characters that are relatively obvious to the human eye, as they must be to the birds themselves. Rarely, however, the differences are disarmingly subtle, as in the case illustrated by this photograph of the Alentejo, Portugal, involving Crested Galerida cristata (with territory at A) and Thekla Larks G. theklae (territory at B). There are no known genetically proven hybrids between these two taxa and their differences remain constant: thus we can say with confidence that, on the basis of current knowledge and according to the BSC, they are two species. many taxa might in part depend on their recognition or not as species (but see the subsection Subspecies, populations and conservation below), it has become increasingly frustrating to have to wait—frequently in vain—for authoritative decisions from other sources over whether form A or form B is a species or subspecies. Taxonomy proceeds through the endeavours of individual biologists working on whatever interests them, for whatever reason, rather than to any all-embracing plan; and the resulting piecemeal patchwork has been, and remains, what the compilers of world lists have had to cope with as best they can. Lynx on its own or BirdLife on its own could not conceivably have attempted a project that seeks to be proactive in addressing a significant number of the more salient issues in species-level taxonomy at the global scale. However, by pooling our various resources we felt we might generate a synergy which could serve our common interests and needs. We began discussions in 2009, and it has taken five years to reach this seeming half-way stage, although in fact we plan to issue the passerine volume as soon as possible, in 2016 (since the size of the book would require two volumes, and since the non-passerines and passerines form two roughly equal groups in terms of species numbers, we long ago decided that a two-step approach to publication was appropriate). In briefest outline this is the story behind the HBW–BirdLife Checklist; however, we feel it incumbent to go into considerably more detail in order to justify our venture more fully, although to do so we have to go back to the very beginning.

The speciation process and the species problem Evolutionary theory holds that all life on earth can be traced back to an illdefined moment in time when certain compounds (methane, ammonia, phosphate), under certain influences (heat, electricity, radiation), began to form self-replicating acids. From a biogenesis so far back in the history of the planet that dozens of ideas have been put forward concerning its

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nature, the “tree of life” eventually arose, branched and budded into all the dazzlingly intricate forms we know today—and into many others, we can be sure, that we have yet to come to know. Blind adaptation to environmental conditions in this self-replication process is the driver of the variation in this unimaginably giant tree. Adaptation itself, like the first life on earth, results from entirely random circumstances. Biotic and abiotic conditions in one part of an organism’s range encourage a particular slight variation in that organism where conditions in another part of the range do not; both variants thus adapt to— increase their resource-use efficiency in—their individual circumstances, and in the process begin their slow trajectory towards independent existence. But because conditions are always changing at a great range of scales from global to local, these organisms remain under constant (and constantly changing) pressure to adapt further in order to survive and self-replicate, and the process—which, because it involves advantages and therefore disadvantages, is necessarily conceived as a competition, a struggle for existence—thus never ends. It can be seen in life-forms separated by the splitting of continents under tectonic effects; but it can be seen, too, in life-forms separated by a few metres and by a few hours every day in rock-pools along a sea-shore. At a certain point in the divergence of the organisms that make up animal life (the life of plants is considerably more complicated) their differences—their degrees of adaptation to their environment—reach the point at which recombination with their closest relatives represents a disadvantage to their ability to survive and self-perpetuate. These disadvantages mean that recombining populations are outperformed by those that stay separate. This “natural selection” of the separate populations (abetted by “sexual selection”, in which males compete with males and females choose among them on the basis of traits that are not necessarily adaptive) also drives the evolution of mechanisms such as colour patterns, sounds and shapes that help block any further wasteful co-mingling between them. This is the point—complete reproductive isolation—at which biologists

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107. Peliperdix albogularis

Family PHASIANIDAE

White‑throated Francolin LC HBW 2: 490 as Francolinus albogularis

French: Francolin à gorge blanche / German: Weißkehlfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín gorjiblanco Taxonomic notes. Francolinus albogularis Hartlaub, 1854, Gambia. Closely related to P. coqui and P. schlegelii. Isolated E race dewittei fairly distinctive (male with rufous breast patch more complete, chestnut on mantle reduced, female generally darker and more boldly marked); voice apparently unreported and in need of comparison with other taxa; may merit elevation to species rank374. Doubtfully valid races meinertzhageni (E Angola and W Zambia) and gambagae (Ghana) included respectively in dewittei and buckleyi. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • P. a. albogularis (Hartlaub, 1854) – White‑throated Francolin – Senegambia E to Ivory Coast. • P. a. buckleyi (Ogilvie‑Grant, 1892) – E Ivory Coast E to Cameroon. • P. a. dewittei (Chapin, 1937) – Rufous-breasted Francolin – SE DRCongo, E Angola and adjacent NW Zambia.

108. Peliperdix schlegelii

Schlegel’s Francolin LC HBW 2: 491 as Francolinus schlegelii

French: Francolin de Schlegel / German: Schlegelfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín de Schlegel Taxonomic notes. Francolinus Schlegelii Heuglin, 1863, Bussere (Bongo) River, Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan. Closely related to P. coqui and P. albogularis; previously considered a race of former. Proposed race confusus (Cameroon) considered invalid. Monotypic. Distribution. WC Cameroon E through N Central African Republic and S Chad to W South Sudan.

109. Peliperdix lathami

Forest Francolin LC HBW 2: 491 as Francolinus lathami

French: Francolin de Latham / German: Lathamfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín cariblanco Other common names: Latham’s Francolin Taxonomic notes. Francolinus Lathami Hartlaub, 1854, Sierra Leone. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • P. l. lathami (Hartlaub, 1854) – Sierra Leone E to W DRCongo and S to N Angola (Cabinda). • P. l. schubotzi (Reichenow, 1912) – N & C DRCongo to SW South Sudan, W Uganda and extreme NW Tanzania.

Genus SCLEROPTILA

Blyth, 1852 Formerly treated as a subgenus within a greatly expanded Francolinus, but latter genus, when thus consti‑ tuted, was found to be polyphyletic388, 162. Francolinus has therefore been restricted to the five Asiatic species; the African species are now generally divided among Pternistis and Peliperdix (see above) and Scleroptila387.

110. Scleroptila streptophora

Ring‑necked Francolin NT HBW 2: 493 as Francolinus streptophorus

French: Francolin à collier / German: Kragenfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín acollarado Taxonomic notes. Francolinus streptophorus Ogilvie‑Grant, 1891, Mangiki, Mount Elgon, Kenya. Has been included in genus Dendroperdix. Closely related to S. levaillantii, S. afra and S. finschi. Monotypic. Distribution. Four disjunct populations: N Uganda, from Kidepo National Park W to R Nile and S Katonga Valley and at base of Mt Moroto; W Kenya, from S slopes of Mt Elgon to Samia Hills and Nyando Valley; NW Tanzania, in Kibondo and Kasulu districts; and isolated population in highlands of Cameroon. Also recorded in Burundi (Ruvubu National Park) and Rwanda. Report from extreme S South Sudan requires confirmation.

111. Scleroptila levaillantii

Red‑winged Francolin LC HBW 2: 493 as Francolinus levaillantii

French: Francolin de Levaillant / German: Rotflügelfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín alirrojo Taxonomic notes. Perdix Levaillantii Valenciennes, 1825, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Closely related to S. streptophora, S. afra and S. finschi. Race crawshayi often synonymized with nominate, but appears sufficiently distinct489. Proposed race momboloensis (Angola and W Zambia) here included within kikuyuensis, but might be valid476; name benguellensis invalid, replaced by momboloensis. Proposed races, clayi (Zambia), muleme and adolffriederici, subsumed within kikuyuensis. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • S. l. kikuyuensis (Ogilvie‑Grant, 1897) – Angola, W Zambia and E DRCongo E to WC Kenya. • S. l. crawshayi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1896) – highlands of NE Zambia and N Malawi. • S. l. levaillantii (Valenciennes, 1825) – E & S South Africa (S in coastal highlands to Eastern Cape and SE Western Cape); also W Swaziland.

112. Scleroptila afra

Grey‑winged Francolin LC HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus africanus

French: Francolin à ailes grises / German: Grauflügelfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín aligrís Taxonomic notes. Francolinus africanus Stephens, 1819, Cape Province, South Africa. When placed in genus Francolinus present species was known as F. africanus, as name afer there preoccu pied by taxon now known as Pternistis afer; with recent reorganization of genera387, afer/afra becomes available for present species. Closely related to S. streptophora, S. levaillantii and S. finschi. S. psilolaema is sometimes treated as a race of present species, as also are N races (nominate and lorti) of S. gutturalis. E South African population described as race proxima, but doubtfully distinct. Monotypic. Distribution. South Africa from Western Cape NE to N Mpumalanga, Lesotho and Swaziland.

113. Scleroptila finschi

Finsch’s Francolin LC HBW 2: 493 as Francolinus finschi

French: Francolin de Finsch / German: Finschfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín de Finsch Taxonomic notes. Francolinus Finschi Bocage, 1881, Caconda, Benguela, Angola. Closely related to S. streptophora, S. levaillantii and S. afra. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Gabon (Lékoni) to lower R Congo in Congo and DRCongo (Batéké Plateau N of Brazzaville and Kinshasa); S DRCongo (Kwando and Kwilu); and WC Angola (Cuanza Norte and S Malanje S to N Huíla).

114. Scleroptila psilolaema

Moorland Francolin NT HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus psilolaemus

French: Francolin montagnard / German: Hochlandfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín etíope Taxonomic notes. Francolinus psilolaemus G. R. Gray, 1867, Shoa, Ethiopia. Usually treated as conspecific with S. elgonensis (see below). Has been considered conspecific with S. afra. Proposed race ellenbecki (SC Ethiopia) of doubtful validity. Monotypic. Distribution. Mountains of C & S Ethiopia (Shewa, Arussi, Bale and Sidamo).

115. Scleroptila elgonensis

Elgon Francolin NT HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus psilolaemus elgonensis

French: Francolin de l’Elgon / German: Elgonfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín del Elgon Taxonomic notes. Francolinus elgonensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1891, Mt Elgon. Has been lumped within S. afra or S. shelleyi. Usually treated as race of S. psilolaema, but here as species due to plain off-white vs black-spotted off-white throat, bordered below by white-spotted black throatband vs no throat‑

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band (3); breast rufous with full black spots vs buffy with vague black half-spots (2); belly chestnut intermixed with grey vs creamy buff with chestnut crescents and chocolate-brown Vs (3); mantle black-spotted rufous-chestnut vs as on rest of upperparts (ns[2]); blackish of upperparts generally more intense and extensive, thus narrowing the buff barring, notably on wings (ns[2]). Proposed race theresae (Mt Kenya) synonymized. Monotypic. Distribution. E Uganda (Mt Elgon) E to C Kenya (Mau Narok, the Aberdares and Mt Kenya).

116. Scleroptila shelleyi

Shelley’s Francolin LC HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus shelleyi

French: Francolin de Shelley / German: Shelleyfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín de Shelley Taxonomic notes. Francolinus shelleyi Ogilvie‑Grant, 1890, Hartley Hills, Umfuli River, Zimbabwe. Often treated as monotypic. Has been considered to include S. elgonensis and S. whytei as races. Race uluensis has been treated as a race of S. afra. Proposed races canidorsalis (S Mozambique) and sequestris (KwaZulu-Natal) are normally considered synonyms of shelleyi. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • S. s. uluensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1892) – C & S Kenya and N Tanzania. • S. s. macarthuri (van Someren, 1938) – SE Kenya (Chyulu Hills). • S. s. shelleyi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1890) – patchily from extreme SW Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and C Tanzania S to C Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, S Mozambique, NE South Africa (S to KwaZulu-Natal) and Swaziland.

117. Scleroptila whytei

Whyte’s Francolin LC HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus shelleyi whytei

French: Francolin de Whyte / German: Whytefrankolin / Spanish: Francolín de Whyte Taxonomic notes. Francolinus whytei Neumann, 1908, Nyika Plateau, 7000–8000 ft [c. 2130–2440 m], Malawi. Hitherto treated as a race of S. shelleyi, but differs in largely buff face and neck vs white on lores, neck-sides and throat, and white postocular streak (2); irregular dark spots from (a) area between cap and supercilium to posterior neck-sides and (b) commissure under eye and ear-coverts onto neck-sides (mixing with line a) and lower throat vs broken black lines bordering cap and from commissure, former meeting mantle, latter meeting white-spotted black lower throatband, with pale tan ear-coverts and area above upper black line (2); much more densely and regularly barred belly shading to dull blackish-grey lower belly and undertail-coverts vs boldly mottled/scalloped (batwing-patterned) belly shading to buff-and-pale-brown-barred lower belly and undertail-coverts (3); cap mainly plain grey-brown vs blackish with pale tan scales (ns[2]); wing-coverts and tail plainer, greyer, less clearly barred, coverts with distinct pale rufous tinge (ns[1-2]). Monotypic. Distribution. SE DRCongo, N Zambia and N Malawi.

118. Scleroptila gutturalis

Orange River Francolin LC HBW 2: 494 as Francolinus levaillantoides

French: Francolin d’Archer / German: Archerfrankolin / Spanish: Francolín del Orange Taxonomic notes. Perdix gutturalis Rüppell, 1835, Halai, Aksum and Temben in Tigray, Ethiopia. Specific name often given as “levaillantoides” (e.g. in HBW), but gutturalis has priority; also, original spelling of former, levalliantoides, cannot be emended owing to lack of internal evidence442. Nominate gutturalis has been treated as a distinct species from other races, in view of black on postocular area, malar, neck-sides and lower throat reduced to series of light spots (2), breast mainly rufous-chestnut, paler and relatively complete, and with pale grey fringes vs broad chestnut and buff (or stone-white) streaking (2), and long, narrow but bold black streaks on underparts (1); race lorti (geographically adjacent to gutturalis) is less distinct from geographically distant taxa in SW Africa than it is from gutturalis. Other proposed races include: eritreae, included in nominate; archeri, stantoni and friedmanni in lorti; and cunenensis and stresemanni in jugularis; gariepensis (Lesotho) is a synonym of levalliantoides, which also includes pallidior, ludwigi, wattii, langi and kalaharica. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • S. g. gutturalis (Rüppell, 1835) – Rüppell’s Francolin – Eritrea and N Ethiopia. • S. g. lorti (Sharpe, 1897) – Archer’s Francolin – South Sudan E through S Ethiopia to N Somalia, and S to NE Uganda; also recorded in NW Kenya. • S. g. jugularis (Büttikofer, 1889) – SW Angola and N Namibia. • S. g. levalliantoides (A. Smith, 1836) – Orange River Francolin – E Namibia, Botswana, NC South Africa and Lesotho.

Genus BAMBUSICOLA Gould, 1863 Broad molecular (mtDNA) study of Asian Phasianidae found that genera Coturnix, Gallus and Bambusicola form a subclade within a clade of pheasants, to the exclusion of two partridge genera (Alectoris, Perdix)793. 119. Bambusicola fytchii

Mountain Bamboo‑partridge LC HBW 2: 522

French: Bambusicole de Fytch / German: Gelbbrauen‑Bambushuhn / Spanish: Bambusícola montana Taxonomic notes. Bambusicola fytchii J. Anderson, 1871, Ponsee, Yunnan, China. Proposed race rincheni (Lushai Hills, Mizoram) indistinguishable from hopkinsoni. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • B. f. hopkinsoni Godwin‑Austen, 1874 – NE India (E Arunachal Pradesh S to Meghalaya and Mizoram) S to E Bangladesh and E to N Myanmar. • B. f. fytchii J. Anderson, 1871 – SC China (Sichuan and Yunnan) S to EC Myanmar, NW Thailand, N Laos and N Vietnam.

120. Bambusicola thoracicus

Chinese Bamboo‑partridge LC HBW 2: 523 as Bambusicola thoracica

French: Bambusicole de Chine / German: Graubrauen‑Bambushuhn / Spanish: Bambusícola china Other common names: Bamboo Partridge (when lumped with B. sonorivox) Taxonomic notes. Perdix thoracica Temminck, 1815, India; error = China. Normally treated as conspecific with B. sonorivox (see below). Recent phylogeographical study of thoracicus recovered significant genetic differentiation among populations (no haplotype common to all 13 populations sampled), and identified two distinct clades (one in C & W of range, other in E), with important Pleistocene refugia for these two lineages in SW mountains and Luoxiao Mts, respectively791. Monotypic. Distribution. S China from E Sichuan E to Fujian and S Zhejiang and SE through Guizhou to N Guangdong. Introduced to Japan.

121. Bambusicola sonorivox

Taiwan Bamboo‑partridge LC HBW 2: 523 as Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox

French: Bambusicole de Taiwan / German: Taiwanbambushuhn / Spanish: Bambusícola de Formosa Taxonomic notes. Bambusicola sonorivox Gould, 1863, Taiwan. Normally treated as a race of B. thoracicus, but here recognized as a species on basis of restriction of (slightly darker) chestnut to chin and throat (i.e. lower face, malar area and neck-side to breast grey vs chestnut), with no contrasting lower edge of chestnut to grey breast (3); lower breast to undertail-coverts darker (tan vs buff) with extensive, large chestnut ovoid spots vs smaller black ovoid spots fewer in number and restricted to flanks (3); fewer and smaller white spots on wing-coverts and mantle (1); reduced buff edges of wing-coverts (ns[1]); darker, duller grey-green on back to tail (ns[1]); and crown tinged more rufous (ns[1])336. Monotypic. Distribution. Taiwan. Introduced to Japan (perhaps extirpated).

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PELIPERDIX (2 of 2) ssp albogularis

ssp buckleyi

109. P. lathami Forest Francolin 108. P. schlegelii Schlegel’s Francolin

107. P. albogularis White‑throated Francolin

110. S. streptophora Ring‑necked Francolin

111. S. levaillantii Red‑winged Francolin

ssp dewittei

ssp kikuyuensis

112. S. afra Grey‑winged Francolin

SCLEROPTILA ssp levaillantii

113. S. finschi Finsch’s Francolin 114. S. psilolaema Moorland Francolin

116. S. shelleyi Shelley’s Francolin 115. S. elgonensis Elgon Francolin

117. S. whytei Whyte’s Francolin

118. S. gutturalis Orange River Francolin

ssp lorti

ssp levalliantoides

inches

ssp gutturalis

119. B. fytchii Mountain Bamboo‑partridge

120. B. thoracicus Chinese Bamboo‑partridge

121. B. sonorivox Taiwan Bamboo‑partridge

BAMBUSICOLA

146

Family ANATIDAE

152. Anas castanea

Chestnut Teal LC HBW 1: 605

French: Sarcelle rousse / German: Kastanienente / Spanish: Cerceta castaña Other common names: Chestnut‑breasted Teal Taxonomic notes. Mareca castanea Eyton, 1838, New South Wales, Australia. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Thought to be close to A. chlorotis, A. aucklandica and A. nesiotis. Hybridization with A. gracilis recorded. Monotypic. Distribution. SW, N, E & SE Australia, and Tasmania.

153. Anas chlorotis

Brown Teal EN HBW 1: 605 as Anas aucklandica chlorotis

French: Sarcelle de Nouvelle-Zélande / German: Neuseeland-Ente / Spanish: Cerceta maorí Taxonomic notes. Anas chlorotis G. R. Gray, 1845, New Zealand. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Commonly treated as conspecific with A. aucklandica and A. nesiotis, and relationship clearly very close, but sometimes separated out1090, 906 and differs from both in its more obvious speculum in male (2); different patterning on upperparts in male (clear pale borders of feathers vs none, much less close barring, no green reflections in dorsal feathering) (3); generally more white at base of foreneck (1); larger size (wing female 194±8 vs 120±0; effect size 9.25; score 3)1090. Population of South I has sometimes been assigned a separate subspecies, peculiaris. Hybridization with A. platyrhynchos recorded. Monotypic. Distribution. Great Barrier I and isolated areas of North I (Mimiwhangata Bay and Teal Bay) and SW South I (Fiordland), in New Zealand; formerly more widespread (including Chatham Is). Reintroduced at several locations (Coromandel, Tawharanui, Cape Kidnappers, Tuhua I), but uncertain as yet if these populations will survive.

154. Anas aucklandica

Auckland Teal VU HBW 1: 605

French: Sarcelle des Auckland / German: Aucklandente / Spanish: Cerceta de las Auckland Taxonomic notes. Nesonetta aucklandica G. R. Gray, 1844, Auckland Islands. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Commonly treated as conspecific with A. chlorotis (see above) and A. nesiotis (see below), and relationship clearly very close, but specific status for each918 accepted here. Monotypic. Distribution. Islets off Auckland Is (Ewing, Enderby, Rose, Ocean, Adams, Disappointment and Dundas); formerly Auckland I.

155. Anas nesiotis

Campbell Teal EN HBW 1: 605 as Anas aucklandica nesiotis

French: Sarcelle de Campbell / German: Campbellente / Spanish: Cerceta de la Campbell Taxonomic notes. Xenonetta nesiotis J. H. Fleming, 1935, Campbell Island. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Commonly treated as conspecific with A. chlorotis (which see for spe‑ cific differentiation) and A. aucklandica, and relationship clearly very close, but sometimes separated out1090, 906 and differs from aucklandica in its shorter wings (male mean 132 vs 141906, but correlated with weight difference below; ns); longer tail (male mean 89 vs 77906) (at least 1); much lighter weight (mean for breeding males 371 vs 551906) (score 3); upperpart pattern with clear pale borders to feathers (1); more white on lower flanks (1); darker plumage overall (1). Tail and weight proportions are confirmed elsewhere1935. Monotypic. Distribution. Dent I (Campbell I group); reintroduced and established on Campbell I, where had become extinct.

156. Anas bernieri

Madagascar Teal EN HBW 1: 603

French: Sarcelle de Bernier / German: Bernierente / Spanish: Cerceta malgache Other common names: Bernier’s Teal Taxonomic notes. Querquedula Bernieri “J. Verr.” Hartlaub, 1860, Madagascar. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Thought to be close to A. gibberifrons. Monotypic. Distribution. W coastal Madagascar.

157. Anas capensis

Cape Teal LC HBW 1: 603

French: Canard du Cap / German: Fahlente / Spanish: Cerceta de El Cabo Taxonomic notes. Anas capensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Monotypic. Distribution. Patchy distribution in Chad, Niger and Nigeria (Chad Valley), Ethiopia S to Tanzania (Rift Valley) and S Africa (Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa).

With A. georgica (and A. eatoni) sometimes placed in genus Dafila. One genetic study suggested that present species forms a monophyletic group with A. bahamensis and A. georgica868. Southern Hemisphere species A. eatoni (with drygalskii) frequently considered conspecific with present species (see below). Has hybridized in the wild with Netta rufina715, 1654. Monotypic. Distribution. Most of Nearctic and Palearctic. In winter S to N South America, Africa and S & E Asia.

161. Anas eatoni

Southern Pintail VU HBW 1: 608 as Anas acuta eatoni

French: Canard d’Eaton / German: Kerguelenspießente / Spanish: Ánade rabudo meridional Other common names: Eaton’s Pintail, Kerguelen Pintail; Crozet Pintail (drygalskii) Taxonomic notes. Querquedula eatoni Sharpe, 1875, Kerguelen Island. With A. acuta and A. georgica sometimes placed in genus Dafila. Frequent but not universally accepted separation as full species906 is supported by morphological evidence: differs from “parental” A. acuta in its much smaller size (weight of one drygalskii female 450 g vs mean female weight in North America 871 g) (3); male like female in coloration (4); male richer brown on head and breast, and somewhat more so on lower underparts, than female acuta (2); male underparts rather more mottled and, lower down, more barred, less organized and uniform than the streaking of female acuta (1); tail plain with no white fringes (ns[1]). Some consider drygalskii not separable from eatoni. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. e. eatoni (Sharpe, 1875) – Kerguelen I; introduced to St Paul I and Amsterdam I, but probably now extirpated. • A. e. drygalskii Reichenow, 1904 – Crozet Is.

†Anas marecula

Amsterdam Duck EX (see page 772)

162. Anas georgica

Yellow‑billed Pintail LC HBW 1: 608

French: Canard à queue pointue / German: Spitzschwanzente / Spanish: Ánade maicero Taxonomic notes. Anas georgica J. F. Gmelin, 1789, South Georgia. Thought to be close to A. acuta, with which (and A. eatoni) is sometimes partitioned off in genus Dafila. One genetic study suggested that present species forms a monophyletic group with A. acuta and A. bahamen sis868. Race †niceforoi (Andes of EC Colombia) considered to be extinct by 1956. Race spinicauda sometimes considered a full species, but apart from being significantly larger is not particularly distinctive. Two extant subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. †† A. g. niceforoi Wetmore & Borrero, 1946 – Andes of EC Colombia (Boyacá and Cundinamarca). • A. g. spinicauda Vieillot, 1816 – Yellow‑billed Pintail – extreme S Colombia S to Tierra del Fuego, and E to E Argentina, Uruguay and SE Brazil; Falkland Is. • A. g. georgica J. F. Gmelin, 1789 – South Georgian Teal – South Georgia.

163. Anas crecca

Common Teal LC HBW 1: 602

French: Sarcelle d’hiver / German: Krickente / Spanish: Cerceta común Taxonomic notes. Anas Crecca Linnaeus, 1758, Europe. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Thought to be closest to A. andium and A. flavirostris. Race carolinensis sometimes considered a full species, and situation finely balanced. The male differs from nominate male in its vertical white breast-side line (2), lack of white horizontal scapular stripe (2), and lack of narrow buff super‑ cilium (above broad green “eyestripe”) (1); various other very minor differences cannot be scored (plumage characters capped at three), differences in measurements do not exist, behavioural differences are matters of frequency rather than type1616, and genetic evidence, while suggesting paraphyly involving A. flavirostris868, indicates that hybridization1861 is relatively widespread in Beringia1368 (possible score for broad hybrid zone 1), leaving carolinensis extremely close to species status. Aleutian race nimia judged very weak1616 and here treated as a synonym of nominate crecca. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. c. crecca Linnaeus, 1758 – Eurasian Teal – breeds in most of N & C Palearctic, also Aleutian Is; winters in C & S Eurasia and Africa. • A. c. carolinensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789 – Green‑winged Teal – breeds in most of N Nearctic; winters in SW Canada and most of USA S to Mexico and West Indies.

164. Anas andium

Andean Teal LC HBW 1: 603 as Anas flavirostris andium

French: Canard des Bahamas / German: Bahamaente / Spanish: Ánade gargantillo Other common names: Bahama Pintail; Galapagos Pintail (galapagensis) Taxonomic notes. Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758, Bahama Islands. Usually considered to be closely related to A. erythrorhyncha, with which sometimes partitioned off in genus Poecilonetta. One genetic study suggested that present species forms a monophyletic group with A. acuta and A. georgica868. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. b. bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758 – West Indies, Leeward Antilles, and coasts of N South America S to NE Brazil. • A. b. galapagensis (Ridgway, 1890) – Galapagos Is. • A. b. rubrirostris Vieillot, 1816 – Ecuador S to C Chile coast; E Bolivia and S Brazil S to N Argentina and Uruguay.

French: Sarcelle des Andes / German: Nordandenente / Spanish: Cerceta andina Other common names: Merida Speckled Teal (altipetens) Taxonomic notes. Querquedula andium P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, high Ecuador between Riobamba and Mocha. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Usually treated as conspecific with A. flavirostris, but separation as full species accepted here on basis of coloration and published morphometric distinctions906, namely all-dark vs half-yellow bill (3); longer bill, which is not simply correlated with slightly larger size of bird (andium 39–42, altipetens 40–42 vs flavirostris 29–38, oxyptera 33–37; allow 2); lack of tawny-buff tinge in head and upper body plumage (1); longer wing (mean male altipetens 225, andium 233 vs flavirostris 197, median oxyptera 215; allow 1). A. andium differs also from adjacent High Andean race oxyptera of A. flavirostris on account of same first three characters above (6), plus heavily vs lightly dark-mottled breast, mantle and back and dingy grey-brown vs greyish-cream underparts (2). Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. a. altipetens (Conover, 1941) – E Andes of Colombia S to Bogotá, E to NW Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira and Trujillo). • A. a. andium (P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873) – Andes of C Colombia, Ecuador and extreme N Peru1201.

159. Anas erythrorhyncha

165. Anas flavirostris

158. Anas bahamensis

White‑cheeked Pintail LC HBW 1: 611

Red‑billed Teal LC HBW 1: 611

French: Canard à bec rouge / German: Rotschnabelente / Spanish: Ánade piquirrojo Other common names: Red‑billed Duck, Red-billed Pintail Taxonomic notes. Anas erythrorhyncha J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Usually considered to be closely related to A. bahamensis, with which sometimes partitioned off in genus Poecilonetta. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Sudan and Ethiopia SW to Angola and S to Western Cape Province (South Africa); Mada‑ gascar.

160. Anas acuta

Northern Pintail LC HBW 1: 608

French: Canard pilet / German: Spießente / Spanish: Ánade rabudo norteño Taxonomic notes. Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758, Europe.

Block 1C_FINAL AE.indd 146

Yellow‑billed Teal LC HBW 1: 603

French: Sarcelle tachetée / German: Südandenente / Spanish: Cerceta barcina Other common names: Speckled Teal (when lumped with A. andium) Taxonomic notes. Anas flavirostris Vieillot, 1816, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sometimes placed in genus Nettion. Usually united with A. andium in one species, but separation accepted here (see above). Form oxyptera differs from nominate flavirostris in its lightly vs heavily mottled breast, mantle and back and greyish-cream vs dingy grey-brown underparts (2), and its slightly larger size apparently best expressed by longer wing (1 or 2). Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. f. oxyptera Meyen, 1834 – Sharp‑winged Teal – Andes from C Peru (Cajamarca) S to NW Argentina (Catamarca). • A. f. flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 – Speckled Teal – N Argentina, Uruguay and SE Brazil S to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is, South Georgia.

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152. A. castanea Chestnut Teal

153. A. chlorotis Brown Teal

154. A. aucklandica Auckland Teal

155. A. nesiotis Campbell Teal

ANAS (3 of 3)

156. A. bernieri Madagascar Teal

158. A. bahamensis White‑cheeked Pintail

157. A. capensis Cape Teal

ssp bahamensis

ssp galapagensis

161. A. eatoni Southern Pintail 159. A. erythrorhyncha Red‑billed Teal

160. A. acuta Northern Pintail

ssp georgica 162. A. georgica Yellow‑billed Pintail

ssp spinicauda

164. A. andium Andean Teal 163. A. crecca Common Teal

165. A. flavirostris Yellow‑billed Teal

ssp crecca

ssp flavirostris

ssp carolinensis

ssp oxyptera

inches

404

Genus ARDEA 37. Ardea cinerea

Family ARDEIDAE

Linnaeus, 1758

Grey Heron LC HBW 1: 405

French: Héron cendré / German: Graureiher / Spanish: Garza real Taxonomic notes. Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Europe; restricted to Sweden. Closely related to A. herodias and A. cocoi. Race monicae recently considered a separate species by some authors following earlier study535; from photographs and the literature (specimens unexamined) appears fairly distinctive, being shorter-winged and shorter-tailed (allow 2), and with a variably whiter head and neck (allow 2). Four subspecies generally recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. c. cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 – Grey Heron – most of Palearctic, and thinly through Africa, India and Sri Lanka. • A. c. jouyi A. H. Clark, 1907 – much of China (except NW), Russian Far East and Japan S to N Myanmar, Indochina, Greater Sundas and W Lesser Sundas; more widespread in winter in SE Asia, also in Philippines. • A. c. firasa E. J. O. Hartert, 1917 – Madagascar. • A. c. monicae Jouanin & Roux, 1963 – Mauritanian Heron – islands off Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania.

38. Ardea herodias

Great Blue Heron LC HBW 1: 405

French: Grand Héron / German: Kanadareiher / Spanish: Garza azulada Other common names: Great White Heron (white morph) Taxonomic notes. Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758, America = Hudson Bay, Canada. Closely related to A. cinerea and A. cocoi; in the past, sometimes considered conspecific with former. Race occidentalis, mostly white-morph birds, previously considered a distinct species. Possible hybrid occidentalis × wardi with white head, described as different species, Würdemann’s Heron (A. wurdemanni); recent opinion suggests that it is merely a colour morph of wardi or occidentalis. Older proposed forms treganzai, hyperonca and sanctilucae are all synonymized with wardi431. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. h. fannini Chapman, 1901 – SE Alaska to coastal Washington (NW USA). • A. h. wardi Ridgway, 1882 – SW Canada and W USA S to NW Mexico; N populations winter S to N Central America. • A. h. herodias Linnaeus, 1758 – S Canada (Alberta E to Nova Scotia) S through C & E USA to E Mexico (S to Tabasco); winters S to West Indies, Central America and NW South America. • A. h. occidentalis Audubon, 1835 – S Florida and Yucatán Peninsula through West Indies to islands off N Venezuela. • A. h. cognata Bangs, 1903 – Galapagos Is.

39. Ardea cocoi

Cocoi Heron LC HBW 1: 406

French: Héron cocoi / German: Cocoireiher / Spanish: Garza cuca Taxonomic notes. Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, 1766, Cayenne. Closely related to A. cinerea and A. herodias. Monotypic. Distribution. Most of South America excluding Andes, from E Panama S to Aysén (Chile) and Chubut (Argentina).

40. Ardea pacifica

White-necked Heron LC

45. Ardea goliath

Goliath Heron LC HBW 1: 407

French: Héron goliath / German: Goliathreiher / Spanish: Garza goliat Taxonomic notes. Ardea goliath Cretzschmar, 1829, Bahr el Abiad = White Nile. Monotypic. Distribution. Africa S of Sahara; SW Saudi Arabia, SW Yemen, Iraq and S Iran; recorded (and breeding inferred) at scattered sites in Indian Subcontinent from Pakistan to Bangladesh and S into Sri Lanka.

46. Ardea purpurea

Purple Heron LC HBW 1: 407

French: Héron pourpré / German: Purpurreiher / Spanish: Garza imperial Taxonomic notes. Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766, “in Oriente”; restricted to France. Extremely rare race bournei (not recognized in HBW) has been proposed as a distinct species, Cape Verde Heron, on basis of pallor of plumage (2) and foraging on dry substrates (2); merits conservation efforts irre spective of taxonomic status. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. p. purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 – Purple Heron – W Palearctic, including parts of N Africa, E to Kazakhstan and Iran; Africa S of Sahara. • A. p. madagascariensis van Oort, 1910 – Madagascar. • A. p. manilensis Meyen, 1834 – S & SE Asia, S & E China and Taiwan to Russian Far East, and S to Greater Sundas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Buru) and Lesser Sundas. • A. p. bournei de Naurois, 1966 – Cape Verde Heron – Cape Verde Is.

47. Ardea alba

Great White Egret LC HBW 1: 409 as Egretta alba

French: Grande Aigrette / German: Silberreiher / Spanish: Garceta grande Other common names: Great Egret Taxonomic notes. Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758, Europe. Frequently placed in Egretta or in monotypic genus Casmerodius, but DNA analyses indicate closer genetic link with Ardea1666. Distinctive characters in race modesta score highly against nominate alba and would result in treatment as a full species, but race melanorhynchos is intermediate; all four taxa score fairly highly against each other, and work is needed in order to establish differences in display repertoire during breeding season. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. a. alba Linnaeus, 1758 – Western Great Egret – C Europe E to C Asia (S to Iran), Russian Far East, NE China (Heilongjiang) and C Japan; winters SC Europe to N & C Africa, and Persian Gulf to S China and Korea. • A. a. modesta J. E. Gray, 1831 – Eastern Great Egret – Indian Subcontinent E to SE Asia, SE & E China, S Japan and Korea, S through Sundas, Wallacea and New Guinea region to Australia (except arid interior) and New Zealand. • A. a. melanorhynchos Wagler, 1827 – African Great Egret – Africa S of Sahara, Madagascar. • A. a. egretta J. F. Gmelin, 1789 – American Great Egret – NW USA and SE Canada S through much of North and Central America and Caribbean to S Chile and SC Argentina (Santa Cruz).

48. Ardea brachyrhyncha

Yellow-billed Egret LC HBW 1: 410 as Egretta intermedia brachyrhyncha

French: Héron à tête blanche / German: Weißhalsreiher / Spanish: Garza cuelliblanca Other common names: Pacific Heron Taxonomic notes. Ardea pacifica Latham, 1801, New South Wales, Australia. Monotypic. Distribution. Australia (except arid interior); regularly reported in Tasmania, on islands in Bass Strait and in S New Guinea.

French: Héron à bec jaune / German: Afrikamittelreiher / Spanish: Garceta piquicorta Taxonomic notes. Herodias brachyrhynchus A. E. Brehm, 1854, Blue Nile. Frequently placed in genus Egretta or sometimes in Mesophoyx, but DNA analyses indicate closer genetic link with Ardea1666. Hitherto considered conspecific with A. intermedia and A. plumifera (see under those species). Monotypic. Distribution. Africa S of Sahara, from Senegal E to N Sudan and S (avoiding Congo Basin and desert areas) to South Africa.

41. Ardea melanocephala

49. Ardea intermedia

HBW 1: 406

Black-headed Heron LC HBW 1: 406

French: Héron mélanocéphale / German: Schwarzhalsreiher / Spanish: Garza cabecinegra Taxonomic notes. Ardea melanocephala Children and Vigors, 1826, no locality = possibly near Lake Chad. Closely related to A. humbloti. Monotypic. Distribution. Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Eritrea and S to South Africa.

42. Ardea humbloti

Madagascar Heron EN HBW 1: 406

French: Héron de Humblot / German: Madagaskarreiher / Spanish: Garza malgache Other common names: Humblot’s Heron, Malagasy Heron Taxonomic notes. Ardea humbloti A. Milne‑Edwards and A. Grandidier, 1885, eastern Madagascar. Closely related to A. melanocephala. Speculation that present species may be a colour morph of A. cinerea, based primarily on observation of adults of both species attending a nest containing one apparent A. cinerea chick and one much darker chick1048, considered unlikely. Monotypic. Distribution. Madagascar, where occurs mainly in W. Status unclear in Comoro Is, where almost annual on Maore (Mayotte)1059.

43. Ardea insignis

White-bellied Heron CR HBW 1: 407

French: Héron impérial / German: Kaiserreiher / Spanish: Garza ventriblanca Taxonomic notes. Ardea insignis A. O. Hume, 1878, Sikkim terai, Bhutan duars, etc. Name A. imperialis, occasionally applied to this species, is a junior synonym of present name. Closely related to A. sumatrana. Monotypic. Distribution. Southern foothills of E Himalayas in Bhutan, NE India and N Myanmar. Formerly occurred widely over C & E India, Nepal (extinct) and at least W & C Myanmar; may occur still in SE Tibet. Individuals visit the Brahmaputra lowlands in winter.

44. Ardea sumatrana

Intermediate Egret LC HBW 1: 410 as Egretta intermedia

French: Héron intermédiaire / German: Asienmittelreiher / Spanish: Garceta intermedia Taxonomic notes. Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829, Java. Frequently placed in genus Egretta or sometimes in Mesophoyx, but DNA analyses indicate closer genetic link with Ardea1666. Hitherto considered conspecific with A. brachyrhyncha and A. plumifera, but differs from both when breeding in having black vs yellow-and-pink bill (3), much yellower lores and facial area (2), and black vs reddish tops of legs (2). Monotypic. Distribution. Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka E through SC & SE China to S Korea and S Japan, and S through SE Asia to Greater Sundas. Winters S to Philippines, Malay Peninsula and Indonesia E apparently to Moluccas. Occurrence as breeder in N Sulawesi and as non-breeder in Moluccas and E Lesser Sundas requires clarification.

50. Ardea plumifera

Plumed Egret LC HBW 1: 410 as Egretta intermedia plumifera

French: Héron plumifère / German: Pazifikmittelreiher / Spanish: Garceta plumífera Taxonomic notes. Herodias plumiferus Gould, 1848, New South Wales. Frequently placed in genus Egretta or sometimes in Mesophoyx, but DNA analyses indicate closer genetic link with Ardea1666. Hitherto considered conspecific with A. brachyrhyncha and A. intermedia, but differs from latter in characters listed under that species, and from former (to which it is much more similar despite greater geographical disjunction) in its smaller size (effect size for tail −3.08, score 2) but longer bill (effect size 1.809, score 1) (3); head tucked into chest vs head and neck horizontal in snap-display (2); “glock” and “kroo” call in alarm vs apparently none (allow 3); confirmation needed on this vocal evidence, but given the interposition of A. intermedia and the morphometric disjunction of the taxa this uncertainty is provisionally overruled here. Monotypic. Distribution. Lowland New Guinea and Aru Is, and S through Australia. In winter reaches Tasmania, and probably also Moluccas and E Lesser Sundas.

Great-billed Heron LC HBW 1: 407

French: Héron typhon / German: Rußreiher / Spanish: Garza de Sumatra Other common names: Sumatran Heron Taxonomic notes. Ardea Sumatrana Raffles, 1822, Sumatra. Closely related to A. insignis. Validity of race mathewsae considered dubious; species often treated as monotypic. Two subspecies tentatively recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. s. sumatrana Raffles, 1822 – coasts of Myanmar, Thailand and S Vietnam S to Greater and Lesser Sundas, E to Philippines, W Papuan Is and lowland New Guinea (including Biak I) and Aru Is. Old reports from Nicobar Is unconfirmed1472. • A. s. mathewsae Mathews, 1912 – coastal N Australia.

Block 5A_FINAL AE.indd 404

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typical

40. A. pacifica White-necked Heron

white morph

ssp cinerea

37. A. cinerea Grey Heron

39. A. cocoi Cocoi Heron

ssp monicae 38. A. herodias Great Blue Heron

ARDEA

41. A. melanocephala Black-headed Heron

42. A. humbloti Madagascar Heron

43. A. insignis White-bellied Heron 44. A. sumatrana Great-billed Heron

46. A. purpurea Purple Heron

45. A. goliath Goliath Heron ssp purpurea ssp bournei

ssp melanorhynchos ssp alba ssp modesta 47. A. alba Great White Egret

inches

48. A. brachyrhyncha Yellow-billed Egret

49. A. intermedia Intermediate Egret

ssp egretta

50. A. plumifera Plumed Egret

424

Family CHARADRIIDAE

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE Genus OREOPHOLUS Jardine & Selby, 1835 Sometimes subsumed within Eudromias, but validity of this monospecific genus is supported by analysis of phenotypic characters1045. Recent genetic study indicates that Oreopholus is sister to a clade consisting of Vanellus and Charadrius76. 5. Oreopholus ruficollis

Tawny-throated Dotterel LC HBW 3: 442

Subspecies and Distribution. • C. h. psammodromus Salomonsen, 1930 – NE Canada (casual breeder on Ellesmere I and Baffin I) through Greenland to Svalbard, Iceland and Faeroes; winters from SW Europe to W Africa. • C. h. hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 – S Scandinavia to British Is and NW France; winters from British Is S to Africa. • C. h. tundrae (Lowe, 1915) – N Scandinavia and N Russia E to Chukotskiy Peninsula, casual breeder also in N Bering Sea on St Lawrence I (USA); winters from Caspian Sea and SW Asia S to S Africa.

11. Charadrius semipalmatus

Semipalmated Plover LC

French: Pluvier oréophile / German: Orangekehl-Regenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlito cabezón Taxonomic notes. Charadrius ruficollis Wagler, 1829, Canelones, Uruguay. Races well marked, perhaps deserving further investigation. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • O. r. pallidus Carriker, 1935 – coastal N Peru (S to N La Libertad). • O. r. ruficollis (Wagler, 1829) – S Peru (irregularly from Lima) S through W Bolivia, Chile and W & NC Argentina to Tierra del Fuego; non-breeding E to E Argentina and SE Brazil. Isolated records (race unconfirmed) in S Ecuador, where occurrence appears to be extremely sporadic1510.

French: Pluvier semipalmé / German: Amerikanischer Sandregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo semipalmeado Taxonomic notes. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825, coast of New Jersey, USA. Probably closely related to C. hiaticula, with which in past sometimes considered conspecific; some hybridization on Baffin I (NE Canada). Monotypic. Distribution. Aleutian Is (W to Adak)1244, Alaska and N Canada E to Newfoundland, S to C British Columbia and S Nova Scotia. Winters on coasts of North and South America, from California to N Chile and from S Virginia to Patagonia; also Bermuda, West Indies, Galapagos Is.

Genus PHEGORNIS

12. Charadrius placidus

6. Phegornis mitchellii

French: Pluvier à long bec / German: Ussuriregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo piquilargo Taxonomic notes. Charadrius placidus J. E. Gray and G. R. Gray, 1863, Nepal. Has on occasion been considered a race of C. hiaticula. Monotypic. Distribution. Russian Far East, NE & E China, Korea and Japan; also NE India (W Arunachal Pradesh). Winters from E Nepal and NE India to N Indochina, S China, S Korea and Japan.

G. R. Gray, 1847 Genetic data74 support placement of this genus in Charadriidae, rather than, as earlier suspected, in Scolopacidae.

Diademed Plover NT HBW 3: 441

French: Pluvier des Andes / German: Diademregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo cordillerano Other common names: Diademed Sandpiper-plover Taxonomic notes. Leptopus (Leptodactylus) Mitchellii Fraser, 1845, Chile, probably in the province of Colchagua. Affinities uncertain; analysis of phenotypic characters suggested that it is most closely related to a group of Australasian dotterels1045. Monotypic. Distribution. Andes from NC Peru (Junín) through N Chile and W Bolivia to SC Chile (Maule) and SC Argentina (Neuquén).

Genus EUDROMIAS 7. Eudromias morinellus

C. L. Brehm, 1830

Eurasian Dotterel LC HBW 3: 438 as Charadrius morinellus

French: Pluvier guignard / German: Mornellregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlito carambolo Taxonomic notes. Charadrius Morinellus Linnaeus, 1758, Sweden. Often placed in genus Charadrius, and earlier thought possibly quite closely related to some or all of C. asiati cus, C. veredus, C. montanus and C. modestus, but genetic data74 indicate that placement in separate monotypic genus is appropriate. Monotypic. Distribution. N Britain through Scandinavia and N Siberia to Chukotskiy Peninsula, and NE Kazakhstan and NW China (extreme NW Xinjiang) E through S Siberia and N Mongolia to SE Russia; irregularly in Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, and also sporadically elsewhere in Europe, Caucasus and NW Alaska, and even once on Spitsbergen. Winters in N Africa and Middle East E to W Iran.

Genus CHARADRIUS 8. Charadrius aquilonius

Linnaeus, 1758

Northern Red-breasted Plover NT HBW 3: 424 as Charadrius obscurus aquilonius

French: Pluvier aquilonaire / German: Strand-Maoriregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlito maorí de Isla Norte Taxonomic notes. Charadrius obscurus aquilonius Dowding, 1994, Mangere International Airport, Auckland, New Zealand. Occasionally placed in Pluvialis, or this species and C. obscurus united in Pluviorhynchus. Has alternatively been linked with C. bicinctus. Only recently recognized taxonomically, on basis of differences in morphometrics, plumage, ecology and behaviour468, but evidence suggests that differences are at specific level, with aquilonius smaller in size, notably in length of mid-toe and claw (from published data, effect size −2.93, score 2), yet tail marginally longer (effect size 0.42, score 1); notably paler above and below in breeding birds (2), and with greater amounts of white on face, chin and flanks (1); and nesting in coastal environments close to sea, with no nest-lining vs inland and mainly upland nesting (riverbeds, mountain tops, grassy plains) with nest lined (1). Treatment here as a species tentative and provisional, acknowledging possibility that strong clinal shift has been lost with loss of South I populations, although evidence for this may not now be recoverable468. Monotypic. Distribution. North I, New Zealand.

9. Charadrius obscurus

Southern Red-breasted Plover EN HBW 3: 424

French: Pluvier roux / German: Berg-Maoriregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlito maorí de Isla Sur Other common names: Red-breasted Plover, Red-breasted Dotterel, New Zealand Plover, New Zealand Dotterel (when lumped with C. aquilonius) Taxonomic notes. Charadrius obscurus J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Dusky Sound, South Island, New Zealand. Occasionally placed in Pluvialis, or this species and C. aquilonius united in Pluviorhynchus. Has alternatively been linked with C. bicinctus. Hitherto considered conspecific with C. aquilonius (which see). Monotypic. Distribution. Stewart I, New Zealand. Formerly widespread in South I, but now only post-breeding flocks at S tip634.

10. Charadrius hiaticula

Common Ringed Plover LC HBW 3: 425

French: Pluvier grand-gravelot / German: Sandregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo grande Taxonomic notes. Charadrius Hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758, Sweden. Probably closely related to C. semipalmatus, with which in past was sometimes considered conspecific; some hybridization on Baffin I (NE Canada). Has occasionally been thought to include C. placidus as a race. Distinction between subspecies based on moult; features changing clinally N–S, rather than E–W, make it impossible to draw dividing line in NW Europe. Race psammodromus, based on minor differences in average size, often regarded as a synonym of nominate, but now thought to be sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition532. Proposed race kolymensis (from Kolyma Delta, in NE Siberia) considered inseparable from tundrae. Three subspecies recognized.

Block 5B_FINAL AE.indd 424

HBW 3: 425

Long-billed Plover LC HBW 3: 426

13. Charadrius dubius

Little Ringed Plover LC HBW 3: 426

French: Pluvier petit-gravelot / German: Flussregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo chico Taxonomic notes. Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786, Luzon, Philippines. In the past, birds of S Japan and China erroneously attributed to nominate race and those of New Guinea region erroneously placed in jerdoni. Proposed race papuanus (New Guinea) synonymized with nominate. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution • C. d. curonicus J. F. Gmelin, 1789 – Eurasia from British Is to Russian Far East, Korea, E China and Japan, also in N Africa and Canary Is; winters in Africa S of Sahara, Arabia, E China and Indonesia. • C. d. jerdoni (Legge, 1880) – Indian Subcontinent and SE Asia. • C. d. dubius Scopoli, 1786 – Philippines S to New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago.

14. Charadrius wilsonia

Wilson’s Plover LC HBW 3: 426

French: Pluvier de Wilson / German: Wilsonregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo piquigrueso Taxonomic notes. Charadrius wilsonia Ord, 1814, shore of Cape May, New Jersey, USA. Race beldingi sometimes subsumed within nominate. Birds breeding in Bahamas and Greater Antilles sometimes separated as a further subspecies, rufinucha. Population of NE Brazil was recently described as a new race, brasiliensis665, but name crassirostris, previously synonymized with nominate (and later with cinnamominus), applies to same population and has priority258, 259; brasiliensis is thus a junior synonym of crassirostris. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • C. w. wilsonia Ord, 1814 – E USA to E Mexico and Belize, Bahamas, Greater Antilles and N Lesser Antilles; winters S to N South America. • C. w. beldingi (Ridgway, 1919) – Pacific coast from extreme NW Mexico (Baja California) S to Panama and Ecuador, ranging S locally to C Peru. • C. w. cinnamominus (Ridgway, 1919) – coastal N Colombia to French Guiana; also Leeward Antilles, islands off NE Venezuela, S Lesser Antilles (Mustique and Grenada) and Trinidad. • C. w. crassirostris Spix, 1825 – coast of NE Brazil from Amapá to Bahia.

15. Charadrius vociferus

Killdeer LC HBW 3: 427

French: Pluvier kildir / German: Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo culirrojo Taxonomic notes. Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, 1758, South Carolina, USA. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • C. v. vociferus Linnaeus, 1758 – SE Alaska, S Canada, USA and Mexico, also very locally S to Panama; winters S to NW South America. • C. v. ternominatus Bangs & Kennard, 1920 – Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Is. • C. v. peruvianus (Chapman, 1920) – W Ecuador1510, Peru and extreme NW Chile.

16. Charadrius melodus

Piping Plover NT HBW 3: 427

French: Pluvier siffleur / German: Flötenregenpfeifer / Spanish: Chorlitejo silbador Taxonomic notes. Charadrius melodus Ord, 1824, Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA. In the past, subspecies recognized on basis of extent of breastband and breeding habitat, but subdivision rendered unsatisfactory owing to considerable individual and seasonal variation. Recent molecular study, however, revealed that inland-nesting circumcinctus differs genetically from coast-nesting melodus1169; although corroborating evidence needed, it seems likely that division into subspecies is appropriate. Two subspecies tentatively recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • C. m. melodus Ord, 1824 – Atlantic coast from Newfoundland S to North Carolina. • C. m. circumcinctus (Ridgway, 1874) – Great Plains and Great Lakes of C North America (CS Canada to NC USA). Winters on Atlantic coast of S USA, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas and rather locally in Greater Antilles; also W Mexico (Sonora).

25/06/2014 16:27:22

PHEGORNIS

OREOPHOLUS

EUDROMIAS 7. E. morinellus Eurasian Dotterel

ssp ruficollis 6. P. mitchellii Diademed Plover ssp pallidus

5. O. ruficollis Tawny-throated Dotterel

CHARADRIUS (1 of 3)

ssp hiaticula

9. C. obscurus Southern Red-breasted Plover

10. C. hiaticula Common Ringed Plover

8. C. aquilonius Northern Red-breasted Plover

ssp tundrae

12. C. placidus Long-billed Plover

11. C. semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover

ssp dubius

ssp curonicus

13. C. dubius Little Ringed Plover

ssp cinnamominus ssp beldingi ssp wilsonia 15. C. vociferus Killdeer

ssp vociferus bird with extensive breast band

14. C. wilsonia Wilson’s Plover 16. C. melodus Piping Plover ssp peruvianus inches

462

49. Larus californicus

Family LARIDAE

California Gull LC

53. Larus armenicus

Armenian Gull LC

HBW 3: 604

HBW 3: 610

French: Goéland de Californie / German: Kaliforniermöwe / Spanish: Gaviota californiana Taxonomic notes. Larus Californicus Lawrence, 1854, Stockton, California, USA. Races, formerly disjunct, have recently come together in N plains, where a zone of secondary contact is being created; genetic studies reveal little divergence between them. Two subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. c. albertaensis Jehl, 1987 – WC Canada from S Mackenzie (Great Slake L), Alberta and W Manitoba S to N USA (South Dakota). • L. c. californicus Lawrence, 1854 – W USA from E Washington and Great Basin to C Montana and Wyoming, and S to E California. Winters mainly from SW Canada to SW Mexico.

French: Goéland d’Arménie / German: Armenienmöwe / Spanish: Gaviota armenia Taxonomic notes. Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934, Lake Sevan, Armenia. Formerly commonly treated as a subspecies under an expanded L. argentatus, and more recently as a subspecies of L. michahellis, but species status, already recognized in HBW, suggested by very dark marking near bill tip of breeding bird (2); notably shorter bill (based on published measurements; allow 2); darker iris (at least 1); darker mantle (1); and narrow zone of hybridization with L. michahellis in C Anatolia1027 (score 2). Monotypic. Distribution. Caucasus through Armenia to W Turkey and NW Iran. Winters S to E Mediterranean, N Red Sea and N Persian Gulf.

50. Larus dominicanus

Kelp Gull LC HBW 3: 607

French: Goéland dominicain / German: Dominikanermöwe / Spanish: Gaviota cocinera Taxonomic notes. Larus dominicanus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823, coasts of Brazil. Species often treated as monotypic (e.g. in HBW), but recent studies of biometrics and wing pattern856, augmented by subsequent sex-separated analyses of these parameters858, indicate that recognition of subspecies is warranted, a conclusion supported by recent molecular study1743; but geographical delimitation of races requires further study, e.g. populations in S Patagonia appear close to austrinus, although they may be intermediate between latter and nominate. Form vetula recently suggested as perhaps a separate species on basis of eyering colour and skull morphology856; these characters, however, here considered not strong enough to justify species status. Six subspecies tentatively recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. d. vetula Bruch, 1853 – S Africa from Namibia (Cape Cross) around coast to NE South Africa (Rietrivier, in KwaZulu-Natal); has bred in Senegal534; non-breeders range on W coast N to Angola and rarely to Mauritania (Banc d’Arguin)1391 and SW Morocco (Khnifiss Lagoon)135, 881, and on E coast to S Mozambique712. • L. d. melisandae Jiguet, 2002 – S Madagascar. • L. d. judithae Jiguet, 2002 – subantarctic islands in Indian Ocean. • L. d. antipodus G. R. Gray, 1844 – SE Australia and New Zealand. • L. d. dominicanus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823 – N Peru and S Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) S on coasts to Tierra del Fuego; breeding reported from S Ecuador695, 1510. • L. d. austrinus J. H. Fleming, 1924 – South Georgia and Falkland Is S to Antarctica.

51. Larus fuscus

Lesser Black-backed Gull LC HBW 3: 611

French: Goéland brun / German: Heringsmöwe / Spanish: Gaviota sombría Taxonomic notes. Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758, Sweden. Closely related to L. argentatus, and in past sometimes considered conspecific, but in most areas of sympatry the two are reproductively isolated; molecular evidence separates present species from L. argentatus and L. cachinnans. Very complex systematics involving several of the races. Some evidence that heuglini overlaps nominate fuscus in range, perhaps without interbreeding; may merit specific status as L. heuglini, which may even include form vegae (currently treated as a subspecies of L. smithsonianus). Form barabensis has been treated as a race variously of present species, of L. argentatus, of L. cachinnans and of L. heuglini (when last-mentioned treated as a separate species), or as a separate species, L. barabensis, or considered to be a hybrid form not worthy of recognition at all (despite distinctive characters). Described form antelius (from W Siberia) is regarded as a synonym of heuglini; proposed form taimyrensis (Yenisey and Taymyr Peninsula) often considered inseparable from heuglini and, pending further molecular study360, this position taken here. (See also L. argentatus, below). Five subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. f. graellsii A. E. Brehm, 1857 – Lesser Black-backed Gull – Iceland, Faeroes, British Is, France and Iberia; winters from SW Europe to W Africa, and has increased dramatically on Atlantic coasts of America1083. • L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922 – Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, coastal Norway and SW Sweden, with isolated population in NE Spain (Ebro Delta); winters mostly in W Europe and W Africa. • L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 – Baltic Gull – Baltic Sea and Finland E to White Sea; winters mostly in Africa and SW Asia. • L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876 – Heuglin’s Gull – N Siberia from S Kola Peninsula E to Taymyr Peninsula; winters from Middle East S to E Africa and E to India, E China and S Korea. • L. f. barabensis H. C. Johansen, 1960 – Steppe Gull – C Asian steppes; winters mostly in SW Asia.

52. Larus argentatus

European Herring Gull LC HBW 3: 609

French: Goéland argenté / German: Silbermöwe / Spanish: Gaviota argéntea europea Other common names: Herring Gull (when lumped with L. armenicus, L. michahellis, L. cachinnans and L. smithsonianus) Taxonomic notes. Larus Argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Denmark. Taxonomy of present species and its close relatives represent one of the most complex challenges in systematic ornithology. The closely related taxa were often treated as a ring of subtle races until the two extremes (L. argentatus, L. fuscus) met in W Europe and did not freely interbreed. Many forms are now treated as separate species, since it is uncertain how to apply the biological or indeed phylogenetic species concept to the complex pattern of variation and interbreeding. Present species is reported as hybridizing extensively with L. hyperboreus in Iceland (disputed, but analysis of mitochondrial and microsatellite data strongly indicate recent hybridization there1859), but rarely with L. fuscus in Europe. Even after several decades of molecular study, uncertainty over the species boundaries of L. argentatus, L. cachinnans and L. fuscus prevails, with many of the identifiable races assigned at one time or another to two or even three of these species. The most extreme lumping has included L. glaucoides, L. fuscus and even L. californicus within L. argentatus; a more traditional treatment included L. armenicus, L. michahellis and L. cachinnans. Owing to sympatry without hybridization in W France, L. michahellis is now seen as a distinct species, further supported by molecular evidence and relatively strong morphological characters360. Much controversy surrounds the form omissus of the N Baltic region, with pink-legged individuals in a (formerly) predominantly yellowlegged population: it has been treated as a race either of L. argentatus or of L. cachinnans, but is probably simply a morph of L. argentatus (based mainly on voice and primary pattern). Recent trend to separate out smithsonianus as a full species accepted here (see below). See also L. fuscus, L. armenicus, L. cachinnans, L. smithsonianus. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. a. argenteus C. L. Brehm & Schilling, 1822 – Iceland, Faeroes, British Is and W France to W Germany; winters S to N Iberia. • L. a. argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 – Denmark and Fennoscandia to E Kola Peninsula; winters mostly in N & W Europe.

Block 5C_FINAL AE.indd 462

54. Larus michahellis

Yellow-legged Gull LC HBW 3: 610 as Larus cachinnans michahellis

French: Goéland leucophée / German: Mittelmeermöwe / Spanish: Gaviota patiamarilla Taxonomic notes. Larus Michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840, coast of Dalmatia. This species and L. armenicus have often been treated under L. argentatus (which see; for separation of armenicus, see above) or, more recently, under L. cachinnans. Described form lusitanius (Atlantic coast from SE Bay of Biscay to SC Portugal) sometimes recognized49, 600, but generally included within nominate race. Specific name sometimes misspelt michahelles442. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. m. atlantis Dwight, 1922 – Azores to Madeira and Canary Is. • L. m. michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840 – W & S Europe, NW Africa and Mediterranean N to Poland and E to Turkey.

55. Larus cachinnans

Caspian Gull LC HBW 3: 610

French: Goéland pontique / German: Steppenmöwe / Spanish: Gaviota del Caspio Other common names: Yellow-legged Gull (when lumped with L. michahellis and L. armenicus) Taxonomic notes. Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811, Caspian Sea. In much of 20th century treated as a subspecies of L. argentatus, despite the perceptions of some authors; now widely accepted as a species, on basis of little or no hybridization with L. michahellis in area of contact (or near-contact) in Black Sea, plus clear suites of morphological characters956 and unique use of open-wing display during Long Call360. Molecular data also show it to be a distinct species, closer to L. fuscus, suggesting that the three species may have diverged during the Pleistocene. Form ponticus of the Caspian Sea is a synonym of cachinnans. See also L. argentatus. Monotypic. Distribution. Black Sea to Caspian Sea and E Kazakhstan and expanding westward in Europe (breeding regularly in Poland from 1980s)1237. Winters S to SW Asia, Middle East and NE Africa and increasingly in C & W Europe.

56. Larus smithsonianus

Arctic Herring Gull LC HBW 3: 609 as Larus argentatus smithsonianus

French: Goéland hudsonien / German: Kanadamöwe / Spanish: Gaviota argéntea americana Other common names: Smithsonian Gull (smithsonianus) Taxonomic notes. Larus Smithsonianus Coues, 1862, eastern and western coasts of North America. Taxonomy of present species and its close relatives represent one of the most complex challenges in systematic ornithology (see further comments under L. argentatus). Molecular work places present form at a distance from other taxa in the complexe.g.381, 1028, 959, 1743, and current trend to accept this arrangemente.g. 360, 442 followed here pending further investigations. Morphologically, however, it is so little divergent that adults are “near-indistinguishable” from argentatus6; moreover, acceptance of the split comes with caveat that “splits or lumps based solely on mtDNA cannot be regarded as robust”360. Nevertheless, races mongolicus and vegae have been treated as one or two separate species by some authors1083, 200. Bluish-legged birds of Russian Arctic islands included in vegae, but sometimes separated as birulai. See also L. fuscus, L. argentatus, L. armenicus, L. cachinnans. Hybridizes with L. glaucescens in Alaska. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. s. mongolicus Sushkin, 1925 – Mongolian Herring Gull – SE Altai and L Baikal to Mongolia, NE China and Korea; winters mostly in S Asia. • L. s. vegae Palmén, 1887 – Vega Herring Gull – NE Siberia; winters S to Japan, Korea and SE China. • L. s. smithsonianus Coues, 1862 – American Herring Gull – North America from Aleutians and S coast of Alaska inland across Canada to Newfoundland, and S in E USA to North Carolina; winters S to Central America.

57. Larus thayeri

Thayer’s Gull LC HBW 3: 609

French: Goéland de Thayer / German: Thayermöwe / Spanish: Gaviota esquimal Taxonomic notes. Larus thayeri W. S. Brooks, 1915, Banks Island, Canada. A highly controversial and variable taxon, treated as a race alternatively of a broad L. argentatus or of L. glaucoides. Interbreeds with L. g. kumlieni in N Hudson Bay and E Baffin I, prompting latter treatment as a race of L. glaucoides. Although seemingly random pairing occurred in N Hudson Bay, a deficit of intermediate plumages suggested that post-mating isolation may exist. Pending further studies, thayeri is best treated as a discrete species. Merging it with L. glaucoides would make latter species undiagnosable. Monotypic. Distribution. N Canada from Banks I E to N Hudson Bay and N Baffin I (E to vicinity of Home Bay), N through Ellesmere I to W Greenland (near Thule). Winters on Pacific coast from SW Canada (British Columbia) to NW Mexico (Baja California); regular but uncommon in Great Lakes region.

58. Larus glaucoides

Iceland Gull LC HBW 3: 608

French: Goéland arctique / German: Polarmöwe / Spanish: Gaviota groenlandesa Taxonomic notes. Larus glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822, Iceland. Formerly listed as L. leucopterus. Closely related to L. argentatus, and in past sometimes treated as conspecific. Taxonomic position of form kumlieni currently uncertain: sometimes considered a separate species, as birds with grey wingtips occur alongside those with white wingtips in Nearctic; on the other hand, sometimes regarded as a glaucoides × L. thayeri hybrid. E–W cline apparent, from pale glaucoides to slightly darker kumlieni to darker L. thayeri. Increasing tendency to lump L. thayeri with L. glaucoides refuted, however, as such treatment would make the species undiagnosable; yet kumlieni hybridizes with L. thayeri, and may be closer to latter than to L. g. glaucoides. Two subspecies provisionally recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. g. kumlieni Brewster, 1883 – Kumlien’s Gull – discontinuous colonies in Arctic Archipelago of NE Canada; winters from SE Canada (Labrador) S to E Great Lakes and Virginia (E USA). • L. g. glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822 – Iceland Gull – SW & E Greenland; winters S to NW Europe.

25/06/2014 16:37:51

LARUS (3 of 4)

49. L. californicus California Gull

50. L. dominicanus Kelp Gull

ssp fuscus

ssp argenteus

51. L. fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull ssp graellsii

52. L. argentatus European Herring Gull

ssp heuglini

ssp barabensis

ssp argentatus

55. L. cachinnans Caspian Gull ssp atlantis

53. L. armenicus Armenian Gull ssp michahellis 54. L. michahellis Yellow-legged Gull

inches

ssp smithsonianus ssp kumlieni

56. L. smithsonianus Arctic Herring Gull

ssp mongolicus

58. L. glaucoides Iceland Gull 57. L. thayeri Thayer’s Gull

ssp vegae

ssp glaucoides

500

125. Otus elegans

Family STRIGIDAE

Ryukyu Scops-owl NT

131. Otus mantananensis

Mantanani Scops-owl NT

HBW 5: 167

HBW 5: 165

French: Petit-duc élégant / German: Schmuck-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo elegante Other common names: Elegant Scops-owl Taxonomic notes. Ephialtes elegans Cassin, 1852, at sea off the coast of Japan. Probably part of a species-group centred on O. manadensis (which see). Formerly treated as conspecific with O. sunia, and until recently placed in O. scops, but separated specifically on basis of vocal characteristics and morphology (comparatively larger feet); has recently been included in O. manadensis, perhaps in error. S race calayensis (said to be morphologically distinct969, 1163) placed with O. mantananensis by some, but seems closer to present species, at least on vocal and geographical grounds; interpositus merged with nominate by some authors. Batan population sometimes separated as race batanensis. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • O. e. elegans (Cassin, 1852) – throughout Ryukyu Is (Nansei Shoto), S Japan. • O. e. interpositus Nagamichi Kuroda, 1923 – Daito Is (Minami-daito-jima). • O. e. botelensis Nagamichi Kuroda, 1928 – Lanyu I, off SE Taiwan. • O. e. calayensis McGregor, 1904 – islands of Batan, Sabtang and Calayan, off N Philippines.

French: Petit-duc de Mantanani / German: Mantanani-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de la Mantanani Taxonomic notes. Scops mantananensis Sharpe, 1892, Mantanani Island, Borneo. Probably closest to O. magicus, the two being closely allied to the O. manadensis species-group (see above). Previously treated as conspecific with O. scops or O. sunia, but vocally distinct from both. Island population off N Luzon (calayensis), included with O. elegans, is sometimes placed with present species. Sulu form sibutuensis has been considered a race of O. manadensis. Tumindao population, described as form steerei, regarded as inseparable from sibutuensis. Racial allocation highly tentative, however, as no specimens known for many of islands listed. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • O. m. romblonis McGregor, 1905 – Tres Reyes, Banton, Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan and Semirara, in C Philippines. • O. m. cuyensis McGregor, 1904 – S Calamian Is (Dicabaito, Linapacan) and Cuyo I, in W Philippines. • O. m. mantananensis (Sharpe, 1892) – Mantanani I, off N Borneo, and islands off S coast of Palawan. • O. m. sibutuensis (Sharpe, 1893) – Sibutu and Tumindao, in SW Sulu Is.

126. Otus siaoensis

132. Otus magicus

Siau Scops-owl CR

Moluccan Scops-owl LC

HBW 5: 167 as Otus manadensis siaoensis

HBW 5: 165

French: Petit-duc de Siau / German: Siau-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Siau Taxonomic notes. Scops siaoënsis Schlegel, 1873, Siau. Probably part of a species-group centred on O. manadensis (which see). Known from a single specimen. Until recently, treated as conspecific with O. manadensis, but separated during analysis that established O. collari, to which it is closest in morphology but from which it differs in its much smaller size (127 vs mean 161; allow 3); longer ear-tufts (at least 1); “more heavily marked and less conspicuously pale” throat (1); lack of “prominent pale nuchal collar” (2); “much more vermiculated, more regularly barred, and drabber” underparts (2); “fewer bands” on remiges and rectrices (ns[1 or 2]); “much more broadly, irregularly, and less strongly banded” tail (ns[1 or 2])993. Monotypic. Distribution. Siau I, N of Sulawesi.

French: Petit-duc mystérieux / German: Molukken-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo moluqueño Taxonomic notes. Strix magica S. Müller, 1841, Ambon, South Moluccas. Probably closely related to O. mantananensis, the two being closely allied to the O. manadensis speciesgroup (see above). Sometimes considered conspecific with O. manadensis, or variously to include O. enga nensis, O. insularis and O. beccarii as races, but all shown to be morphologically and/or vocally distinct; moreover, O. alfredi recently treated as a rufous morph of race albiventris of present species, but shown by morphological study to be distinct and separate species. See also O. jolandae (below). Until recently was considered conspecific with O. tempestatis (see below). Classification and true affinities of Otus taxa in SE Asia, particularly island forms, highly complex and still debatable, and relationship between present species and O. manadensis confused: form kalidupae currently included in latter, but sometimes placed with present species; current arrangement highly tentative, and further research required. Also, described races leuco spilus and obira have been thought possibly synonyms of nominate race of present species, although at least the former distinct enough; vocalizations of obira similar to those of nominate, leucospilus and albiventris, but somewhat more restricted in frequency range1790. Race bouruensis sometimes included in nominate. Six subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • O. m. morotensis (Sharpe, 1875) – Morotai and Ternate, in N Moluccas. • O. m. leucospilus (G. R. Gray, 1861) – Halmahera, Kasiruta and Bacan. • O. m. obira Jany, 1955 – Obi. • O. m. bouruensis (Sharpe, 1875) – Buru, in S Moluccas. • O. m. magicus (S. Müller, 1841) – Ambon and Seram. • O. m. albiventris (Sharpe, 1875) – W & C Lesser Sundas (Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Lomblen)1163.

127. Otus manadensis

Sulawesi Scops-owl LC HBW 5: 167

French: Petit-duc de Manado / German: Manado-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Célebes Taxonomic notes. Scops manadensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830, Manado, Sulawesi. Probably closely related to O. elegans and O. collari, and until recently considered to include O. siaoensis (see above), O. mendeni and O. sulaensis (see below); these six appear to form a species-group. Classification and true affinities of Otus taxa in SE Asia, particularly island forms, highly complex, with relationship between present species and O. magicus not fully understood. Formerly treated as conspecific with O. magicus; has been considered to include O. beccarii. Recently listed as including O. elegans, perhaps in error. Sulu form sibutuensis, currently included in O. mantananensis, sometimes placed with present species. Race kalidupae (sometimes considered a race of O. magicus442) has recently been treated as a full species969 on basis of “morphology and zoogeographical considerations”, but this needs fuller justification: kalidupae is larger than manadensis and with more orange eyes and more uniform plumage, but the voice is unknown969, so distinctiveness by no means well established, while biogeographical considerations also relatively tenuous (many Tukangbesi species are shared with Sulawesi). Two subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • O. m. manadensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) – Sulawesi Scops-owl – Sulawesi, Kabaena, Muna, Butung, Wowoni and Salayar. • O. m. kalidupae (E. J. O. Hartert, 1903) – Kalidupa Scops-owl – Kaledupa (in Tukangbesi Is, off SE Sulawesi).

128. Otus mendeni

Banggai Scops-owl VU HBW 5: 167 as Otus manadensis mendeni

French: Petit-duc des Banggai / German: Banggai-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Banggai Taxonomic notes. Otus manadensis mendeni Neumann, 1939, Peleng, Banggai Islands. Probably part of a species-group centred on O. manadensis (which see). Until recently treated as conspecific with O. manadensis, but vocally very distinct from it (based on recordings on xeno-canto and AVoCet—where split—subjectively allow 4); published photograph caption1163 further describes it as “distinctly smaller… with smaller feet, tarsi feathered nearly to base of toes, and primaries less distinctly banded on outer webs”, while original description refers to greyer, more obsolete and less variegated plumage, thus species status achieved on basis of smaller size (at least 1), greyer, less distinct plumage including reduced wing-barring (at least 1), and less feathering on tarsi (at least 1); for differences from O. sulaensis, see below. Monotypic. Distribution. Banggai Is (Peleng, perhaps also Labobo), off E Sulawesi.

129. Otus sulaensis

Sula Scops-owl NT HBW 5: 167 as Otus manadensis sulaensis

French: Petit-duc des Sula / German: Sula-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Sula Taxonomic notes. Pisorhina sulaensis E. J. O. Hartert, 1898, Mangole, Sula Islands. Probably part of a species-group centred on O. manadensis (which see). Until recently treated as conspecific with O. manadensis, but vocally very distinctive (based on recordings on xeno-canto and AVoCet—where split—subjectively allow 4), “considerably larger”718 (allow 2), and tarsus bare for “three-eighths of its length” (2); it differs from O. mendeni in its distinctive voice (song similar, but given in rapidly repeated sequence, recalling dove, fide recordings on AVoCet; score 3), much larger size (male wing 170 vs 1411238; score 3), less feathered tarsus (allow 1), and evidently more boldly marked plumage (allow 1). Morphologically appears to be closer to O. magicus. Monotypic. Distribution. Sula Is (Taliabu, Seho, Mangole, Sanana), E of Sulawesi.

130. Otus collari

Sangihe Scops-owl LC HBW 5: 167

French: Petit-duc des Sangir / German: Sanghile-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de la Sangihe Taxonomic notes. Otus collari Lambert and Rasmussen, 1998, Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Probably part of a species-group centred on O. manadensis (which see). Original specimens, collected in 1866 and 1867, thought to be of same species as O. manadensis. Subsequent authors placed it very tentatively with O. magicus, though without critical examination of specimens, and more recently again with O. manadensis, still without real knowledge of vocalizations or morphology. Later, in 1996, photographs and taped vocalizations revealed some differences from both O. manadensis and O. magicus; despite strong similarities to some individuals of O. manadensis, sufficient and constant morphological and vocal differences support treatment as separate species993. Monotypic. Distribution. Sangihe I, N of Sulawesi.

Block 6A_FINAL AE.indd 500

133. Otus jolandae

Rinjani Scops-owl NT HBW SV: 202

French: Petit-duc de Lombok / German: Lombok-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Rinjani Taxonomic notes. Otus jolandae Sangster et al., 2013, Lombok, 1500 feet [c. 500 m], Lesser Sundas. First collected in 1896, and population hitherto treated as belonging to O. magicus albiventris owing to similar plumage and geographical proximity. Territorial song, however, markedly different, recalling those of O. rufescens and O. lempiji cnephaeus, both of which differ considerably in morphology, the latter also being geographically remote in S Malay Peninsula; the single-whistle songs of these three appear to form a cluster, somewhat distinct from other forms that have a single-whistle song, including O. manadensis manadensis, O. collari and O. lempiji (other races), while song of O. mindorensis was not analysed. Closest relatives unclear. Monotypic. Distribution. N Lombok (Lesser Sundas).

134. Otus tempestatis

Wetar Scops-owl LC HBW 5: 165 as Otus magicus tempestatis

French: Petit-duc de Wetar / German: Wetar-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Wetar Taxonomic notes. Pisorhina manadensis tempestatis E. J. O. Hartert, 1904, Wetar. Until recently considered conspecific with O. magicus, but differs969 from nearest-neighbour O. m. albiventris in its well-spaced groups of 4–6 short-spaced barking calls vs well-spaced barking calls (same in Flores and Moluccas), those of tempestatis being slightly higher-pitched (3); slightly longer tail (no overlap, but tempestatis n=3) (allow 1); weaker dark markings on upperparts (1); notably more clearly barred tail (1); shorter ear-tufts (1); high incidence of rufous morph (6 of 13 specimens719) (ns[1]); belly more patterned, rather than largely white (ns); whiter and seemingly more extensive barring on the primaries (ns) (these last two not scored as particular to albiventris). Monotypic. Distribution. Wetar (EC Lesser Sundas).

135. Otus beccarii

Biak Scops-owl VU HBW 5: 167

French: Petit-duc de Beccari / German: Beccari-Zwergohreule / Spanish: Autillo de Biak Taxonomic notes. Scops beccarii Salvadori, 1875, Misori [Biak Island]. Sometimes treated as conspecific with either O. manadensis or O. magicus; song similar to latter’s, but significant differences from both in plumage. Monotypic. Distribution. Biak I, in Geelvink Bay (NW New Guinea).

Genus PYRROGLAUX

Yamashina, 1938

136. Pyrroglaux podargina

Palau Owl LC HBW 5: 182 as Pyrroglaux podarginus

French: Petit-duc des Palau / German: Palaueule / Spanish: Autillo de las Palau Other common names: Palau Scops-owl Taxonomic notes. Noctua podargina Hartlaub and Finsch, 1872, Palau Islands. Often placed in Otus, but appears to be more distantly related to that genus. Monotypic. Distribution. Palau Is (Babelthuap, Koror, Ngeruktabel, Peleliu and Angaur).

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OTUS (5 of 5)

ssp manadensis

ssp elegans

ssp calayensis 126. O. siaoensis Siau Scops-owl

rufous morph ssp kalidupae

brown morph

125. O. elegans Ryukyu Scops-owl

127. O. manadensis Sulawesi Scops-owl

ssp mantananensis ssp sibutuensis

130. O. collari Sangihe Scops-owl

129. O. sulaensis Sula Scops-owl

128. O. mendeni Banggai Scops-owl

brown morph

rufous morph

131. O. mantananensis Mantanani Scops-owl

ssp magicus

ssp albiventris

inches

133. O. jolandae Rinjani Scops-owl

grey-brown morph

rufous morph

132. O. magicus Moluccan Scops-owl

dark rufous-brown morph

134. O. tempestatis Wetar Scops-owl rufous morph

dark brown morph

135. O. beccarii Biak Scops-owl

PYRROGLAUX

136. P. podargina Palau Owl

556

237. Buteo auguralis

Family ACCIPITRIDAE

Red-necked Buzzard LC

243. Buteo oreophilus

Mountain Buzzard NT

HBW 2: 188

HBW 2: 187

French: Buse d’Afrique / German: Salvadoribussard / Spanish: Busardo cuellirrojo Taxonomic notes. Buteo auguralis Salvadori, 1865, Ethiopia. Monotypic. Distribution. Guinea and Sierra Leone E to Sudan, South Sudan and W Ethiopia, and S to SW DRCongo and NW Angola; outside breeding season, occurs farther N in Sahel zone.

French: Buse montagnarde / German: Bergbussard / Spanish: Busardo montañés Taxonomic notes. Buteo oreophilus E. J. O. Hartert and Neumann, 1914, Koritscha, Ethiopia. Closely related to B. buteo (with B. japonicus and B. refectus) and perhaps B. brachypterus, and possibly also to B. jamaicensis and B. ventralis; in one major genetic study, however, association with B. brachypterus not supported982. Has been considered conspecific with B. buteo, genetic differentiation from which difficult to establish982. Until recently, considered conspecific with B. trizonatus (see below). Monotypic. Distribution. Highlands of Ethiopia S, patchily, to Tanzania and Malawi.

238. Buteo augur

Augur Buzzard LC HBW 2: 189

French: Buse augure / German: Augurbussard / Spanish: Busardo augur oriental Other common names: Archer’s Buzzard (“archeri”) Taxonomic notes. Falco (Buteo) Augur Rüppell, 1836, Ethiopia. Closely related to B. rufofuscus, and sometimes considered conspecific, but differs in calls and in plumage coloration; limited range overlap with latter in C Namibia. Population in N Somalia formerly accorded species status (e.g. in HBW) under name B. archeri, but first shown to be conspecific with present species311 and then determined to be a colour morph of it313; genetic data, however, counter this view, suggesting that archeri is basal to the clade of Afrotropical buzzards, is not closely related to B. augur or B. rufofuscus, and therefore clearly merits species rank1513; full review needed. Monotypic. Distribution. Ethiopia, W Eritrea and highlands of N Somalia S through E Africa to Zimbabwe; SW Angola and N & C Namibia.

239. Buteo rufofuscus

Jackal Buzzard LC HBW 2: 189

French: Buse rounoir / German: Felsenbussard / Spanish: Busardo augur meridional Taxonomic notes. Falco rufofuscus J. R. Forster, 1798, South Africa. Closely related to B. augur (see above). Monotypic. Distribution. South Africa, S & C Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland; marginal in extreme S Mozambique and extreme SW Botswana.

240. Buteo buteo

Eurasian Buzzard LC HBW 2: 185

French: Buse variable / German: Mäusebussard / Spanish: Busardo ratonero Other common names: Common Buzzard Taxonomic notes. Falco Buteo Linnaeus, 1758, Sweden. Has sometimes been considered conspecific with B. oreophilus, B. trizonatus and also B. brachypterus, and until recently included B. japonicus and B. refectus (see below); closely related to all four, and possibly also to B. jamaicensis and B. ventralis. Has hybridized with B. lagopus in Norway642 and Finland576, with B. rufinus cirtensis in Strait of Gibraltar region (S Spain)529, and with B. jamaicensis (escaped captive)1319. Form vulpinus may be approaching species threshold (in which case with menetriesi as a race). Island form bannermani found in one study to be genetically closer to B. socotraensis and B. rufinus982, and sometimes placed with one or other of those442 (see also B. socotraensis, below). Some other island races poorly defined and possibly better rejected; thus, rothschildi often subsumed within insularum, harterti within nominate, and arrigonii within pojana. Suggested separation of Spanish population as hispaniae1853 generally not accepted. Nine subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • B. b. rothschildi Swann, 1919 – Azores. • B. b. harterti Swann, 1919 – Madeira. • B. b. insularum Floericke, 1903 – Canary Is. • B. b. buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasian Buzzard – Europe (except CS region) E to Sweden, Poland, Romania and Turkey; winters in S of range, and irregularly S to W Africa. • B. b. arrigonii Picchi, 1903 – Corsica and Sardinia. • B. b. pojana (Savi, 1831) – C & S Italy and Sicily. • B. b. bannermani Swann, 1919 – Cape Verde Buzzard – Cape Verde Is. • B. b. vulpinus (Gloger, 1833) – Steppe Buzzard – Finland and European Russia E to R Yenisey, and S to N Caucasus and C Asia (Altai, Tien Shan); winters mainly in E & S Africa and also in S Asia. • B. b. menetriesi Bogdanov, 1879 – S Crimea and Caucasus S to E Turkey and N Iran.

241. Buteo japonicus

Japanese Buzzard LC HBW 2: 185 as Buteo buteo japonicus

French: Buse du Japon / German: Taigabussard / Spanish: Busardo japonés Other common names: Eastern Buzzard Taxonomic notes. Buteo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, Japan. Usually considered conspecific with B. buteo and, by extension, B. refectus, B. oreophilus, B. trizonatus and also B. brachypterus; closely related to all five, and possibly also to B. jamaicensis and B. ventralis. Weakly distinct morphologically from B. buteo and B. refectus1471, 982, more so vocally1471 and strongly so genetically982; evidently much hybridization in recent past, and species boundaries likely to be redrawn with further research, but present arrangement, although unlikely to be supported by the scoring system used herein, appears appropriate in the interim. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • B. j. japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 – L Baikal area and N Mongolia E through Amurland and NE China to Sakhalin, Japan and S Kuril Is; winters from Korea and Japan to S & SE Asia . • B. j. toyoshimai Momiyama, 1927 – Izu Is and Bonin Is. • B. j. oshiroi Nagahisa Kuroda, 1971 – Daito Is (E of C Ryukyu Is).

242. Buteo refectus

244. Buteo trizonatus

Forest Buzzard LC HBW 2: 187 as Buteo oreophilus trizonatus

French: Buse forestière / German: Kapbussard / Spanish: Busardo de El Cabo Taxonomic notes. Buteo buteo trizonatus Rudebeck, 1957, Knysna, Cape Province. Closely related to B. buteo and B. brachypterus and their relatives (see above) and possibly also to B. jamai censis and B. ventralis. Has been considered conspecific with B. buteo982. Until recently was considered conspecific with B. oreophilus, but differs in its unstreaked vs streaked chin and throat (2); plain white band across breast vs all-streaked breast (2); weaker (non-existent) terminal tailband (2); plain white vs dark-spotted undertail-coverts (ns[1]); rufous tones in various parts of plumage including back and tail, tarsal feathering and wing-coverts (ns[1]); slightly smaller size (effect size for bill −1.94, score 1) (see further published details316, 982). Has occasionally been referred to as B. tachardus, but that is a nomen nudum. Monotypic. Distribution. S & E South Africa (breeding only in Western Cape and Eastern Cape).

245. Buteo brachypterus

Madagascar Buzzard LC HBW 2: 187

French: Buse de Madagascar / German: Madagaskarbussard / Spanish: Busardo malgache Taxonomic notes. Buteo brachypterus Hartlaub, 1860, Madagascar. Closely related to B. buteo and perhaps B. oreophilus, and possibly also to B. jamaicensis and B. ventralis; association with B. oreophilus, however, not supported in one major genetic study982. Has been considered conspecific with B. buteo. Monotypic. Distribution. Madagascar.

246. Buteo rufinus

Long-legged Buzzard LC HBW 2: 187

French: Buse féroce / German: Adlerbussard / Spanish: Busardo moro Taxonomic notes. Falco rufinus Cretzschmar, 1829, upper Nubia, Shendi, Sennar and Ethiopia. Previously thought to be close to B. hemilasius, and sometimes considered conspecific, but one molecular study found no evidence of close affinity between the two709 (see below). Several records of hybridization with B. buteo497, 1129, and race cirtensis has hybridized successfully with latter in extreme S Spain529; extensive hybridization with B. hemilasius in C Asia1373. Race cirtensis may warrant treatment as full species; extreme variation of both races, however, renders their separation difficult1546. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • B. r. rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829) – Northern Long‑legged Buzzard – SE Europe, Turkey and Israel E through Transcaucasia, Iran, Afghanistan and C Asia to NW China, and S to N Pakistan and NW India (Kashmir); winters to NE Africa, Middle East, Pakistan and N India to Bangladesh. • B. r. cirtensis (J. Levaillant, 1850) – Atlas Long‑legged Buzzard – N Africa from NW Mauritania to Egypt and (probably this race) Arabia; recently bred in S Spain (near Strait of Gibraltar)528, 529 and Italy (Pantelleria I, between Sicily and Tunisia)367.

247. Buteo socotraensis

Socotra Buzzard VU HBW SV: 193

French: Buse de Socotra / German: Sokotrabussard / Spanish: Busardo de Socotora Taxonomic notes. Buteo socotraensis Porter and Kirwan, 2010, Hadibu Plain, north Socotra. Although known for more than 110 years, this population was not named until 2010, having often been assumed to be referable to B. buteo. It is genetically closest to Cape Verde race bannermani of that species and to B. rufinus, but differentiated morphologically from both, sharing morphological features mainly with Afrotropical B. oreophilus. Contrary to some earlier statements, morphological and morphometric similarities between present species and Azores race rothschildi of B. buteo thought to be due more likely to phylogenetic relationship than to convergent adaptation to dry-country habitat (Azores presenting an extremely wet environment, rather than a dry one). Monotypic. Distribution. Socotra.

248. Buteo hemilasius

Upland Buzzard LC HBW 2: 187

French: Buse de Chine / German: Mongolenbussard / Spanish: Busardo mongol Other common names: Mongolian Buzzard Taxonomic notes. Buteo hemilasius Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, Japan. Closely related to B. rufinus, of which has been considered a race, but one molecular study found no evidence of close affinity between the two709; moreover, proportions different, with size larger but wings relatively narrower. Extensive hybridization with B. rufinus reported in C Asia1373. Monotypic. Distribution. Extreme E Kazakhstan, S Siberia and Mongolia E to NE China, and S to C China and Tibet and NW India (Ladakh). Winters from S Altai to Himalayas (N India and Nepal), C & E China and scarcely in Korea.

Himalayan Buzzard LC HBW 2: 185 as Buteo buteo refectus

French: Buse de l’Himalaya / German: Tibetbussard / Spanish: Busardo del Himalaya Taxonomic notes. Buteo japonicus refectus Portenko, 1935, Yushu, Qinghai, China. Until past decade considered conspecific with B. buteo, but separated (under the name burmanicus; confusion over correct name now resolved442, 443) from B. b. vulpinus on account of size, plumage and vocal differences1471 and this now supported by molecular evidence982. Monotypic. Distribution. S Tibet and Himalayas.

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BUTEO (3 of 3)

normal morph

239. B. rufofuscus Jackal Buzzard

237. B. auguralis Red-necked Buzzard

melanistic morph

“archeri”

238. B. augur Augur Buzzard

dark morph pale morph

ssp bannermani

ssp buteo

241. B. japonicus Japanese Buzzard

240. B. buteo Eurasian Buzzard

ssp vulpinus

inches

242. Buteo refectus Himalayan Buzzard

ssp menetriesi

243. B. oreophilus Mountain Buzzard 244. B. trizonatus Forest Buzzard

245. B. brachypterus Madagascar Buzzard

pale morph typical morph dark morph pale morph ssp rufinus

dark morph

247. B. socotraensis Socotra Buzzard 248. B. hemilasius Upland Buzzard 246. B. rufinus Long-legged Buzzard

ssp cirtensis

582

15. Merops leschenaulti

Family MEROPIDAE

Chestnut-headed Bee-eater LC

22. Merops ornatus

Rainbow Bee-eater LC

HBW 6: 339

HBW 6: 338

French: Guêpier de Leschenault / German: Braunkopfspint / Spanish: Abejaruco cabecirrufo Other common names: Bay-headed Bee-eater Taxonomic notes. Merops Leschenaulti Vieillot, 1817, Java; error = Sri Lanka. Relationships unclear. Recent molecular phylogeny suggested that present species and M. viridis (with M. americanus) are part of a subclade, with M. orientalis (including M. viridissimus and M. cyanophrys) as sister1099. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. l. leschenaulti Vieillot, 1817 – S India and Sri Lanka; N India and Nepal E to S China (Yunnan), Indochina and Malay Peninsula. • M. l. andamanensis Marien, 1950 – Andaman Is and nearby Coco Is (Great Coco and Little Coco). • M. l. quinticolor Vieillot, 1817 – S Sumatra, Java and Bali.

French: Guêpier arc-en-ciel / German: Regenbogenspint / Spanish: Abejaruco australiano Taxonomic notes. Merops ornatus Latham, 1801, New South Wales, Australia. Taxonomically isolated, but thought to be distantly derivative of the M. superciliosus species-group. Monotypic. Distribution. Breeds in Australia, including Rottnest I (SW Western Australia) and SW islands in Torres Strait, and in E New Guinea (at least Port Moresby area and Ramu Valley); possibly also in E Lesser Sundas. S populations winter in N of breeding range, mainly in and around New Guinea; also W throughout Wallacea.

16. Merops viridis

Blue-throated Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 338

French: Guêpier à gorge bleue / German: Malaienspint / Spanish: Abejaruco gorjiazul Taxonomic notes. Merops viridis Linnaeus, 1758, Java. Relationships uncertain. Recent molecular phylogeny suggested that present species (with M. americanus) and M. leschenaulti are part of a subclade, with M. orientalis (including M. viridissimus and M. cyanophrys) as sister1099. Until recently, treated as conspecific with M. americanus (see below). Javan population sometimes considered subspecifically distinct on grounds of plumage, with race sumatranus consequently resurrected to include other populations; but detected differences appear to be related merely to age or wear. Monotypic. Distribution. SE China (including Hainan), S Thailand and Indochina (except much of Laos) S to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and N Natuna Is.

17. Merops americanus

Rufous-crowned Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 338 as Merops viridis americanus

French: Guêpier à gorge verte / German: Rotscheitelspint / Spanish: Abejaruco filipino Taxonomic notes. Merops americanus Statius Müller, 1776, “Isle de France”; error = Philippines. Relationships uncertain. Until recently was treated as conspecific with M. viridis, but differs in having blue of throat and upper breast reduced to slight tinge spreading from malar area, so that underparts appear virtually all green (2); crown to mantle rich rufous rather than dark chestnut (2); wing feathers and coverts with little or no metallic mid-blue coloration (ns[1]); much broader and unfraying vanes of central rectrices, shafts remaining black (vs shading to white), vanes retaining intense blue of rest of tail (vs shading to pale greenish or fraying to nothing), and broadly and squarely tipped black (vs tapering to two bare points) (3); see further details in recent taxonomic review of some Philippine birds342. Monotypic. Distribution. Philippines.

18. Merops philippinus

Blue-tailed Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 338

French: Guêpier à queue d’azur / German: Blauschwanzspint / Spanish: Abejaruco coliazul Taxonomic notes. Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1767, Philippines. Forms a species-group with M. superciliosus and M. persicus, and the three have often been regarded as conspecific (see M. superciliosus). Present species, however, breeds sympatrically with M. persicus in N Pakistan and India; perhaps more closely related to M. superciliosus, with which it is still often treated as conspecific, but shows significant plumage differences. On grounds of coloration, birds of Sulawesi have been awarded race celebensis and those of E New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago race salvadorii, with nominate restricted to Philippines and all remainder of range attributed to race javanicus; some authors recognize one or more of these442, but differences in hue only very slight and here considered insufficient for recognition. Treated as monotypic. Distribution. N Pakistan, C & N India, Nepal and SE Sri Lanka E to Myanmar, SE China (Yunnan to Guangdong and Hainan) and Philippines, and S to Sulawesi and Flores (Lesser Sundas); also E New Guinea and New Britain. In winter also in S India, Sri Lanka, Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas.

19. Merops superciliosus

Olive Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 337

French: Guêpier de Madagascar / German: Madagaskarspint / Spanish: Abejaruco malgache Other common names: Madagascar Bee-eater Taxonomic notes. Merops superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766, Madagascar. Forms a species-group with M. philippinus and M. persicus, molecular data further indicating that these three form a clade with M. apiaster and M. ornatus1099. The three have often been regarded as conspecific, and recent molecular study found low genetic divergence among them, arguably suggesting that subspecific rank may be more appropriate1099. Present species perhaps more closely related to M. philippinus, with which still frequently treated as conspecific, but differs significantly in some plumage characters; striking plumage differences from M. persicus. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. s. superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766 – E Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya through E Africa S to S Mozambique and Zambezi Valley; also Comoro Is and Madagascar. • M. s. alternans Clancey, 1971 – W Angola and NW Namibia.

20. Merops persicus

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 337

French: Guêpier de Perse / German: Blauwangenspint / Spanish: Abejaruco persa Taxonomic notes. Merops persica Pallas, 1773, shores of the Caspian Sea. Forms a species-group with M. philippinus and M. superciliosus (which see), and the three have often been regarded as conspecific. Present species shows striking plumage differences from M. superciliosus, and breeds sympatrically with M. philippinus in N Pakistan and India; in some regards, those two species are more similar to each other than either is to present species. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. p. chrysocercus Cabanis & Heine, 1860 – borders of W Sahara from Morocco to Algeria, perhaps E to Tunisia and W Libya, and from Senegal patchily to L Chad; winters in sub-Saharan W Africa S of 15° N. • M. p. persicus Pallas, 1773 – Egypt (Nile Delta), N Israel (irregular), W Jordan and SE Turkey, S to Persian Gulf, and E to N shores of Caspian and Aral Seas, S shores of L Balkhash, N Afghanistan (Hindu Kush) and N & W India (Delhi and Gujarat); winters mainly in E tropical Africa.

21. Merops apiaster

European Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 339

French: Guêpier d’Europe / German: Bienenfresser / Spanish: Abejaruco europeo Taxonomic notes. Merops Apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, southern Europe. Apparently related to species-group centred on M. superciliosus (which see) and also to M. ornatus. Monotypic. Distribution. NW Africa (Morocco E to Libya) and SW Europe (Iberia) E to W Russia and C & SW Asia (E to L Balkhash and L Zaysan, in Kazakhstan), S to Afghanistan and Oman; also S Namibia and South Africa. Winters at lower latitudes in tropical Africa.

Block 7A_FINAL AE.indd 582

23. Merops boehmi

Böhm’s Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 334

French: Guêpier de Böhm / German: Böhmspint / Spanish: Abejaruco de Boehm Taxonomic notes. Merops (Melittophagus) boehmi Reichenow, 1882, Bumi, Tanzania. Has sometimes been placed together with M. albicollis in genus Aerops, as both species combine long outer primary with some characters of small Melittophagus group (see M. bullockoides) and with some features of large Merops species. A somewhat enigmatic species, closeness to M. albicollis considered unlikely1099 and supposed affiliation with M. orientalis doubtful. Monotypic. Distribution. SE DRCongo, SW Tanzania and N & C Zambia, with disjunct population in E Tanzania and C & S Malawi and adjacent Mozambique.

24. Merops hirundineus

Swallow-tailed Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 331

French: Guêpier à queue d’aronde / German: Schwalbenschwanzspint / Spanish: Abejaruco golondrina Taxonomic notes. Merops hirundineus A. A. H. Lichtenstein, 1793, Oranje River, South Africa. Has been placed in monotypic Dicrocercus due to tail shape; but this appears to be merely an exaggeration of the incipiently fish-tailed shape of M. oreobates, M. variegatus and M. pusillus, to which all other morphological and biological characters indicate present species to be closely allied. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. h. chrysolaimus Jardine & Selby, 1830 – Senegal E to N Central African Republic. • M. h. heuglini (Neumann, 1906) – NE DRCongo, N Uganda, S South Sudan and SW Ethiopia. • M. h. furcatus Stanley, 1814 – S DRCongo, N Tanzania and SE Kenya S to C Angola and Mozambique. • M. h. hirundineus A. A. H. Lichtenstein, 1793 – S Angola, SW Zambia and W Zimbabwe S to N South Africa (Northern Cape Province).

25. Merops lafresnayii

Ethiopian Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 331 as Merops variegatus lafresnayii

French: Guêpier de Lafresnaye / German: Hochlandspint / Spanish: Abejaruco etíope Other common names: Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater Taxonomic notes. Merops lafresnayii Guérin-Méneville, 1843, Ethiopia. Has been placed with other small, rounded-winged species lacking tail-streamers in genus Melittophagus, also including M. bullockoides, M. bulocki, M. oreobates, M. variegatus, M. pusillus, M. gularis and M. muelleri (and forms previously included within these species). Sometimes lumped with M. variegatus or M. oreobates, and recently shown to be much closer to and hybridizing with latter1832, but differs from both: from variegatus in its rich blue forehead and supercilium (3), slightly darker belly (1), much broader dark tailband (usually twice width) (at least 1), much larger size (effect size for wing 4.43, for tail 4.74; score 2); and from oreobates in its rich blue forehead and supercilium (3), rich blue, not black, upper breastband (3), buffy-yellow basal secondaries and basal outer tail (2), barely discernible greyish vs distinct white narrow tips of secondaries (ns), with unknownwidth zone of apparent intergradation or hybridization in N & W Kenya1832 (score 1). Monotypic. Distribution. Eritrea, Ethiopia and E South Sudan.

26. Merops oreobates

Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 332

French: Guêpier montagnard / German: Bergspint / Spanish: Abejaruco montano Taxonomic notes. Melittophagus oreobates Sharpe, 1892, Mount Elgon, Uganda–Kenya. Has been placed with other small, rounded-winged species lacking tail-streamers in genus Melittophagus (see M. lafresnayii). Sometimes regarded as forming a species-group with M. variegatus; although some geographical overlap exists between the two, they are segregated altitudinally. M. lafresnayii often treated as conspecific with present species, and this arrangement recently reaffirmed1832; but see above. Monotypic. Distribution. E African highlands: South Sudan–Uganda border (Lolibat and Nangeya Mts); E DRCongo (Lendu Plateau, and S to around Makungu region on W side of L Tanganyika); SW Ugandan highlands S to Mt Mahari in W Tanzania; Mt Elgon on Uganda-Kenya border; and NC Kenya (Mts Kulal, Nyiru and Marsabit, Cherangani Hills, Maralal and Meru) and W & C Kenyan highlands S to N & E Tanzania (Crater Highlands, Kilimanjaro, Arusha National Park, Pare Mts, W Usambara and E Uluguru ranges). Reported sightings from S Ethiopia probably all refer to M. lafresnayii.

27. Merops variegatus

Blue-breasted Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 331

French: Guêpier à collier bleu / German: Blaubrustspint / Spanish: Abejaruco variegado Other common names: White-cheeked Bee-eater Taxonomic notes. Merops variegatus Vieillot, 1817, Malimbe, Cabinda, Angola. Has been placed with other small, rounded-winged species lacking tail-streamers in genus Melittophagus (see M. lafresnayii). Sometimes regarded as forming a species-group with M. oreobates (see above). Has often been treated as conspecific with M. lafresnayii (which see). Three subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. v. loringi (Mearns, 1915) – extreme SE Nigeria (Obudu and Mambilla Plateaux) and S Cameroon E to Uganda, NW Tanzania and W Kenya. • M. v. variegatus Vieillot, 1817 – Gabon E to SC DRCongo (Kasai), Rwanda, Burundi and S to N Angola. • M. v. bangweoloensis (C. H. B. Grant, 1915) – C Angola, Zambia, S DRCongo and SW Tanzania.

28. Merops pusillus

Little Bee-eater LC HBW 6: 331

French: Guêpier nain / German: Zwergspint / Spanish: Abejaruco chico Taxonomic notes. Merops pusillus Statius Müller, 1776, Senegal. Has been placed with other small, rounded-winged species lacking tail-streamers in genus Melittophagus (see M. lafresnayii). Races all intergrade along narrow corridor where respective ranges meet; proposed races sharpei and landanae considered intermediates. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • M. p. pusillus Statius Müller, 1776 – Senegal and Guinea E to SW Sudan (to c. 29° E) and NDR Congo. • M. p. ocularis (Reichenow, 1900) – from C Sudan E to Red Sea coast of Eritrea and W Ethiopia, S to NE DRCongo and NW Uganda. • M. p. cyanostictus Cabanis, 1869 – C & E Ethiopia, NW & S Somalia and E Kenya. • M. p. meridionalis (Sharpe, 1892) – E Africa (except E Kenya), and from equator S to Angola and NE South Africa. • M. p. argutus Clancey, 1967 – SW Angola, N Namibia, N & E Botswana, SW Zimbabwe and N South Africa (North West Province).

25/06/2014 17:12:34

MEROPS (2 of 3)

ssp leschenaulti

ssp andamanensis

15. M. leschenaulti Chestnut-headed Bee-eater

16. M. viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater

17. M. americanus Rufous-crowned Bee-eater

ssp quinticolor

green-crowned bird 18. M. philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater

ssp superciliosus

normal bird

ssp alternans

19. M. superciliosus Olive Bee-eater

ssp chrysocercus ssp persicus

21. M. apiaster European Bee-eater

20. M. persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater

ssp chrysolaimus

inches

ssp hirundineus ssp heuglini

23. M. boehmi Böhm’s Bee-eater

24. M. hirundineus Swallow-tailed Bee-eater

22. M. ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater

ssp variegatus

ssp pusillus

ssp ocularis ssp cyanostictus

25. M. lafresnayii Ethiopian Bee-eater

26. M. oreobates Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater

ssp bangweoloensis 27. M. variegatus Blue-breasted Bee-eater

ssp meridionalis

28. M. pusillus Little Bee-eater

682

219. Dryobates pubescens

Family PICIDAE

Downy Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 490 as Picoides pubescens

French: Pic mineur / German: Dunenspecht / Spanish: Pico pubescente Taxonomic notes. Picus pubescens Linnaeus, 1766, South Carolina, USA. Closely related to D. nuttallii (with which has hybridized) and D. scalaris, and all three previously placed in genus Picoides; DNA analyses indicate relationship also with D. minor, strongly supported by recent molecular study1947. Nominate race and medianus intergrade widely in C USA. Clinal variation in size, decreasing from N to S. Additional named races nelsoni (Alaska to Alberta) and microleucus (Newfoundland) considered unacceptable. Seven subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • D. p. medianus (Swainson, 1832) – C Alaska and Canada (E of Rockies, from S Mackenzie and Alberta) E to S Quebec and Newfoundland, and S in USA to Nebraska and Virginia. • D. p. glacialis Grinnell, 1910 – SE Alaskan coast. • D. p. fumidus Maynard, 1889 – W British Columbia S along coast to extreme NW USA (W Washington). • D. p. gairdnerii (Audubon, 1839) – coastal W USA from Oregon to NW California. • D. p. leucurus (Hartlaub, 1852) – Rocky Mts from SE Alaska S to NE California, Arizona and New Mexico. • D. p. turati (Malherbe, 1860) – inland Washington and Oregon, and California (except NW & NE). • D. p. pubescens (Linnaeus, 1766) – Kansas E to North Carolina and S to SE Texas and Florida.

220. Dryobates scalaris

Ladder-backed Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 490 as Picoides scalaris

French: Pic arlequin / German: Texasspecht / Spanish: Pico mexicano Taxonomic notes. Picus scalaris Wagler, 1829, central Veracruz, Mexico. Most closely related to D. nuttallii (with which it occasionally hybridizes) and D. pubescens, and all three previously placed in genus Picoides; DNA analyses indicate relationship also with D. minor, this strongly supported by recent molecular study1947. Has possibly interbred with Leuconotopicus villosus. Considerable individual and some clinal variation; described races symplectus (SE Colorado and W Oklahoma S to NE Mexico), cen trophilus (W Mexico), azelus (S Mexico), giraudi (EC Mexico), ridgwayi (SE Veracruz) and percus (Chiapas), and several others, all regarded as indistinguishable from existing races. Nine subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • D. s. cactophilus Oberholser, 1911 – SW USA (from SE California, S Nevada, SW Utah, SE Colorado, W Oklahoma and W Texas) S to NE Baja California and S in C Mexico to Michoacán and Puebla. • D. s. eremicus Oberholser, 1911 – N Baja California. • D. s. lucasanus (Xántus442, 1860) – S Baja California. • D. s. soulei (Banks, 1963) – Cerralvo I, off SE Baja California • D. s. sinaloensis Ridgway, 1887 – coastal W Mexico from S Sonora S to Guerrero, SW Puebla and CS Oaxaca. • D. s. graysoni (S. F. Baird, 1874) – Tres Marías Is, off W Mexico. • D. s. scalaris (Wagler, 1829) – Veracruz to Tabasco and Chiapas. • D. s. parvus (S. Cabot, 1844) – N Yucatán Peninsula, including Cozumel I and Holbox I. • D. s. leucoptilurus Oberholser, 1911 – Belize, Guatemala and El Salvador to NE Nicaragua.

221. Dryobates nuttallii

Nuttall’s Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 489 as Picoides nuttallii

French: Pic de Nuttall / German: Nuttallspecht / Spanish: Pico de Nuttall Taxonomic notes. Picus Nuttalii [sic] Gambel, 1843, Los Angeles County, California, USA. Most closely related to D. scalaris and D. pubescens (with both of which it occasionally hybridizes), and all three previously placed in genus Picoides; molecular analyses indicate relationship also with D. minor1947. Present species has sometimes been included in Veniliornis. Specific name emended on basis of internal information from original description. Monotypic. Distribution. SW USA from N California S (mainly W of desert areas) to extreme NW Mexico (NW Baja California).

Genus LEUCONOTOPICUS

Malherbe, 1845 Recent molecular analyses1947 found that all species previously placed in Veniliornis could be united with most Picoides and three (or four) Dendrocopos in a greatly expanded Dryobates; an alternative option, with the advantage of avoiding polyphyletic genera, was to split this large group into three genera, namely Dryobates, Leuconotopicus and Veniliornis, as herein.

222. Leuconotopicus villosus

Hairy Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 492 as Picoides villosus

French: Pic chevelu / German: Haarspecht / Spanish: Pico velloso Taxonomic notes. Picus villosus Linnaeus, 1766, New Jersey, USA. Close to L. stricklandi (with L. arizonae) and L. albolarvatus, with which it forms a relatively closely related cluster of taxa that is linked with L. borealis; all were previously placed in Picoides. May have interbred with Dryobates scalaris. Genetic analysis suggests very close relationship also to L. fumigatus, previously placed in genus Veniliornis. Spectacular variation in size, coloration and plumage pattern is largely clinal in nature, associated with temperature and moisture, races intergrading in many areas. Recent phylogenetic study957 found that races formed three main clades (each c. 1.5% divergent from others), one from N & E zones of North America, another from W & SW North America, and third a disjunct population in Costa Rica and Panama; the W & SW clade was further divided into three geographically and genetically isolated groups (Paciﬁc-coast ranges; interior ranges; S Mexico); races in Bahamas not adequately sampled in study (just one individual), but genetic differentiation of piger was small, in contrast to its striking morphological differentiation (moreover, the two Bahama forms exhibit clear morphological differences from each other; further examination needed). Same study957 indicated also that coastal British Columbian forms such as sitkensis (previously considered N forms of harrisi) belong to the E assemblage of taxa, and possibility that neither harrisi nor monticola extends N into Canada; and that extimus, previously lumped with sanctorum, is genetically very distinct from latter. Otherwise, a large number of races described, of which many are unsustainable: e.g. scrippsae (N Baja California), intermedius (mountains of E Mexico), parvulus (N El Salvador to N & W Honduras) and fumeus (highlands of S Honduras and N Nicaragua). Seventeen subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. v. septentrionalis (Nuttall, 1840) – from tree-line in Alaska E across S Canada to Ontario, and S to SC British Columbia, Colorado, N New Mexico, Montana and North Dakota. • L. v. sitkensis (Swarth, 1911) – coast of SE Alaska and N British Columbia. • L. v. terraenovae (Batchelder, 1908) – Newfoundland. • L. v. villosus (Linnaeus, 1766) – Eastern Hairy Woodpecker – from E North Dakota E to S Quebec and Nova Scotia, and S to E Colorado, C Texas, Missouri (Ozark Plateau) and N Virginia. • L. v. audubonii (Swainson, 1832) – from E Texas, S Illinois and SE Virginia S to Gulf coast. • L. v. piger (G. M. Allen, 1905) – N Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Mores).

Block 7C_FINAL AE.indd 682

• L. v. maynardi (Ridgway, 1887) – Bahamas Hairy Woodpecker – S Bahamas (Andros, New Providence). • L. v. picoideus (Osgood, 1901) – Queen Charlotte Is, off British Columbia. • L. v. harrisi (Audubon, 1838) – Pacific Hairy Woodpecker – coastal region from S British Columbia to NW California.

• L. v. hyloscopus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) – W California S to N Baja California. • L. v. orius (Oberholser, 1911) – Cascade Mts in British Columbia S through C Oregon to E California. • L. v. monticola (Anthony, 1896) – Rocky Mountains Hairy Woodpecker – Rocky Mts from C British Columbia S to W South Dakota, W Nebraska and N New Mexico.

• L. v. leucothorectis (Oberholser, 1911) – SE California, S Nevada and SW Utah to C Arizona, New Mexico and extreme W Texas.

• L. v. icastus (Oberholser, 1911) – SE Arizona and SW New Mexico S in W Mexico to Jalisco. • L. v. jardinii (Malherbe, 1845) – South Mexican Hairy Woodpecker – C Mexico from San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Jalisco, Guerrero and Oaxaca.

• L. v. sanctorum (Nelson, 1897) – S Mexico (Chiapas) and Guatemala SE to Nicaragua. • L. v. extimus (Bangs, 1902) – Costa Rican Hairy Woodpecker – Costa Rica and W Panama. 223. Leuconotopicus arizonae

Arizona Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 492 as Picoides stricklandi arizonae

French: Pic d’Arizona / German: Arizonaspecht / Spanish: Pico de Arizona Taxonomic notes. Picus arizonæ Hargitt, 1886, Santa Rita Mts, Arizona. Apart from L. stricklandi (see below), closest to L. villosus, L. borealis and L. albolarvatus, and all previously placed in Picoides. Recent trend to treat present species as separate from L. stricklandi followed here, given its creamy mid-brown vs dark brown mantle, back, rump and wings (2); uniform, unmarked mantle, back and rump vs bold white-barred and brown pattern (3); broad spots on underparts rather than streaks (2); central rectrices with rusty wash (increasingly strong towards tips) (ns[1]); longer bill (effect size of smaller fraterculus vs stricklandi 3.18, score 2). Birds from SE Sinaloa E to W Zacatecas and S to S Jalisco separated as race websteri, but apparently only an intermediate form between arizonae and fraterculus. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. a. arizonae (Hargitt, 1886) – SW USA (SE Arizona, extreme SW New Mexico) and Mexico in Sierra Madre Occidental (S to NE Sinaloa and neighbouring parts of Durango). • L. a. fraterculus (Ridgway, 1887) – S Sinaloa and adjacent Durango S to Michoacán.

224. Leuconotopicus stricklandi

Strickland’s Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 492 as Picoides stricklandi

French: Pic de Strickland / German: Stricklandspecht / Spanish: Pico de Strickland Taxonomic notes. Picus (Leuconotopicus) Stricklandi Malherbe, 1845, Mount Orizaba massif, Veracruz, Mexico. Apart from L. arizonae (see above), closest to L. villosus, L. borealis and L. albolarvatus, and all previously placed in Picoides. Recent trend to treat arizonae (with fraterculus) as a separate species followed here. Birds from C Mexico (E Michoacán to Distrito Federal) named as race aztecus, being less heavily marked below than other populations, but this character apparent only in very fresh plumage and also subject to clinal variation, degree of streaking increasing towards E. Monotypic. Distribution. E Mexico from E Michoacán E to WC Veracruz and Puebla.

225. Leuconotopicus borealis

Red-cockaded Woodpecker NT HBW 7: 491 as Picoides borealis

French: Pic à face blanche / German: Kokardenspecht / Spanish: Pico de Florida Taxonomic notes. Picus borealis Vieillot, 1809, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA. Basal relationships with L. villosus, L. stricklandi and L. albolarvatus, and all previously placed in Picoides. Birds from C & S Florida named as race hylonomus on basis of smaller size, but unacceptable, since size decreases clinally from N to S. Monotypic. Distribution. Patchily in SE USA, from SE Oklahoma and E Texas E to Atlantic coast: extends N to SE Virginia, S to C Louisiana, S Mississippi and Florida.

226. Leuconotopicus albolarvatus

White-headed Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 493 as Picoides albolarvatus

French: Pic à tête blanche / German: Weißkopfspecht / Spanish: Pico cabeciblanco Taxonomic notes. Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin, 1850, Oregon Canyon, California, USA. Closest to L. villosus, L. stricklandi (with L. arizonae) and L. borealis, and all previously placed in Picoides. Races rather poorly differentiated, with variation possibly clinal. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. a. albolarvatus (Cassin, 1850) – SC British Columbia S, discontinuously in mountains, to Washington, W Idaho, Oregon, California (S in Coast Ranges to NW Colusa, and along Sierra Nevada in E), and extreme W Nevada. • L. a. gravirostris (Grinnell, 1902) – SW California (mountains around Los Angeles and San Diego).

227. Leuconotopicus fumigatus

Smoky-brown Woodpecker LC HBW 7: 500 as Veniliornis fumigatus

French: Pic enfumé / German: Rußspecht / Spanish: Carpintero ahumado Taxonomic notes. Picus fumigatus d’Orbigny, 1840, Yungas, Bolivia. Previously placed in genus Veniliornis; recently placed in Picoides, molecular analysis suggesting very close relationship to L. villosus (at that time included by most authors in Picoides)1197, 442. Races intergrade to some extent; birds from SW Ecuador may be intermediate between nominate race and obscuratus. N Colombian (Santa Marta) birds previously separated as race exsul, those of NE Venezuelan mountains as tectricialis, and those of C Colombia and Ecuador as aureus, but all appear insufficiently different to warrant recognition. Five subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • L. f. oleagineus (Reichenbach, 1854) – SW & E Mexico (Nayarit to Guerrero, and SW Tamaulipas to Puebla and W Veracruz). • L. f. sanguinolentus (P. L. Sclater, 1859) – C & S Mexico (Veracruz and N Oaxaca) to W Panama. • L. f. reichenbachi (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) – N & NE Venezuela (Coastal Range). • L. f. fumigatus (d’Orbigny, 1840) – E Panama and Colombia (including Santa Marta Mts), Sierra de Perijá, and Andes from W Venezuela S through Ecuador and E Peru to W Bolivia and NW Argentina (Jujuy). • L. f. obscuratus (Chapman, 1927) – SW Ecuador (El Oro and W Loja) to NW Peru (Huancabamba and bend of R Marañón).

25/06/2014 17:32:37

DRYOBATES (2 of 2)

219. D. pubescens Downy Woodpecker

ssp cactophilus ssp eremicus

ssp pubescens

ssp gairdnerii

220. D. scalaris Ladder-backed Woodpecker

ssp leucurus

ssp parvus

221. D. nuttallii Nuttall’s Woodpecker

ssp scalaris

inches

ssp sinaloensis

ssp monticola

LEUCONOTOPICUS

ssp jardinii

ssp harrisi

ssp villosus

ssp extimus

ssp picoideus

222. L. villosus Hairy Woodpecker

ssp septentrionalis ssp maynardi

224. L. stricklandi Strickland’s Woodpecker

223. L. arizonae Arizona Woodpecker

ssp fumigatus ssp oleagineus

ssp sanguinolentus

225. L. borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker

226. L. albolarvatus White-headed Woodpecker

227. L. fumigatus Smoky-brown Woodpecker

712

Family PSITTACIDAE

Genus ALIPIOPSITTA Replacement for name Salvatoria, which has been shown to be preoccupied257.

Caparroz & Pacheco, 2006

Distribution. Jamaica, chiefly in Cockpit Country E to Mt Diablo and Worthy Park, and in limestone forest of John Crow Mts; local in Blue Mts1932.

60. Alipiopsitta xanthops

69. Amazona leucocephala

Yellow-faced Amazon NT

Cuban Amazon NT

HBW 4: 473 as Amazona xanthops

HBW 4: 467

French: Amazone à face jaune / German: Goldbauchamazone / Spanish: Amazona del Cerrado Other common names: Yellow-faced Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus xanthops Spix, 1824, interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This species was previously placed in Amazona, but various studies indicate that it belongs in its own, monotypic genus151, 493, 1575, 947. Monotypic. Distribution. Interior Brazil (from S Maranhão and S Piauí S to Mato Grosso do Sul and NW São Paulo) and E Bolivia (NE Beni, N Santa Cruz); reported but unconfirmed in Paraguay725.

French: Amazone de Cuba / German: Kubaamazone / Spanish: Amazona cubana Other common names: Cuban Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, eastern Cuba. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage (see A. agilis, above). Has been thought to be closest to A. collaria and A. ventralis, and these three sometimes believed possibly to be conspecific. Birds of I of Pines formerly awarded race palmarum, now considered doubtfully distinct from nominate. In Bahama Is, race bahamensis extinct in Acklins I, and surviving Bahamian populations proposed as races abacoensis (Great Abaco) and inaguaensis (Great Inagua)1493; in a separate study it was suggested that these three forms represent three distinct phylogenetic species1577; further investigation needed. Four subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. l. bahamensis (H. Bryant, 1867) – Great Abaco and Great Inagua, in Bahama Is. • A. l. leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) – Cuba and I of Pines. • A. l. caymanensis (Cory, 1886) – Grand Cayman I (W Cayman Is). • A. l. hesterna Bangs, 1916 – Cayman Brac and formerly Little Cayman (E Cayman Is).

Genus AMAZONA

Lesson, 1830 Incorporates Chrysotis. Genetic studies have indicated that relationships within present genus are not as traditionally believed; sequence of species in following list reflects recent findings1575, 1298.

61. Amazona bodini

Northern Festive Amazon NT HBW 4: 470 as Amazona festiva bodini

French: Amazone de Bodinus / German: Blauwangenamazone / Spanish: Amazona festiva norteña Taxonomic notes. Chrysotis bodini Finsch, 1873, America = middle Orinoco. Hitherto considered conspecific with A. festiva, but differs in its green (not royal-blue) outer vanes of primaries (3); powder-blue vs emerald-green cheeks (2); multicoloured crown beginning red and mottling to violet-blue and green vs red-fronted emerald-green crown with strong blue postocular patch (distribution of colours well marshalled) (2). Monotypic. Distribution. E Colombia E through Orinoco basin of Venezuela, sporadically into NW Guyana.

62. Amazona festiva

Southern Festive Amazon NT HBW 4: 470

French: Amazone tavoua / German: Blaubrauenamazone / Spanish: Amazona festiva sureña Other common names: Festive Amazon, Festive Parrot (when lumped with A. bodini) Taxonomic notes. Psittacus festivus Linnaeus, 1758, Indies; error = Brazilian Amazon River. Hitherto considered conspecific with A. bodini (see above). Monotypic. Distribution. SE Colombia (Vaupés and Amazonas), E Ecuador (Sucumbíos and Orellana) and E Peru E through Amazon Basin to E Amapá and N Pará, in NC Brazil.

63. Amazona vinacea

Vinaceous-breasted Amazon EN HBW 4: 475

French: Amazone vineuse / German: Taubenhalsamazone / Spanish: Amazona vinosa Other common names: Vinaceous Amazon, Vinaceous-breasted Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus vinaceus Kuhl, 1820, Brazil. Genetic data suggest that this species is sister to the A. tucumana and A. pretrei pair1575. Monotypic. Distribution. E Brazil from Minas Gerais S to N Rio Grande do Sul (probably extirpated from Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro)146, E Paraguay (Canindeyú, Alto Paraná and Caaguazú; probably extirpated from other areas)330 and NE Argentina (Misiones).

64. Amazona tucumana

Tucuman Amazon VU HBW 4: 468

French: Amazone de Tucuman / German: Tucumanamazone / Spanish: Amazona tucumana Other common names: Tucuman Parrot Taxonomic notes. Chysotis tucumana Cabanis, 1885, Tucumán, Argentina. Sometimes considered conspecific with A. pretrei, but the two are better regarded as forming a species-pair; genetic data suggest that A. vinacea is sister to these two1575. Monotypic. Distribution. S Bolivia (Tarija, Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz) and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca).

65. Amazona pretrei

Red-spectacled Amazon VU HBW 4: 469

French: Amazone de Prêtre / German: Prachtamazone / Spanish: Amazona charao Other common names: Red-spectacled Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus pretrei Temminck, 1830, Mexico?; error = southern Brazil. Sometimes considered conspecific with A. tucumana, but the two are better regarded as forming a speciespair; genetic data suggest that A. vinacea is sister to these two1575. Monotypic. Distribution. S Brazil, chiefly in Rio Grande do Sul, in winter also in SE Santa Catarina; very rare or vagrant in Paraguay1063 and Argentina166.

66. Amazona agilis

Black-billed Amazon VU HBW 4: 468

French: Amazone verte / German: Rotspiegelamazone / Spanish: Amazona jamaicana piquioscura Other common names: Black-billed Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Jamaica. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage, which includes also A. albifrons, A. collaria, A. leucocephala, A. ventralis and A. vittata1575. Monotypic. Distribution. Jamaica, from Cockpit Country E to Mt Diablo and E slopes of the John Crow Mts146.

67. Amazona albifrons

White-fronted Amazon LC HBW 4: 467

French: Amazone à front blanc / German: Weißstirnamazone / Spanish: Amazona frentialba Other common names: White-fronted Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus albifrons Sparrman, 1788, south-western Mexico. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage (see A. agilis, above). Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. a. saltuensis Nelson, 1899 – Pacific slope of NW Mexico (S Sonora, Sinaloa, W Durango). • A. a. albifrons (Sparrman, 1788) – Pacific slope of W Mexico (Nayarit) S to SW Guatemala. • A. a. nana W. deW. Miller, 1905 – E Mexico (from SE Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula) to Belize and N Guatemala and S to W Costa Rica.

68. Amazona collaria

Yellow-billed Amazon VU HBW 4: 467

French: Amazone sasabé / German: Jamaikaamazone / Spanish: Amazona jamaicana piquiclara Other common names: Yellow-billed Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus collarius Linnaeus, 1758, Jamaica. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage (see A. agilis, above). Has been thought to be closest to A. leucocephala and A. ventralis, and these three sometimes believed possibly to be conspecific. Monotypic.

Block 8B_FINAL AE.indd 712

70. Amazona ventralis

Hispaniolan Amazon VU HBW 4: 467

French: Amazone d’Hispaniola / German: Haitiamazone / Spanish: Amazona de La Española Other common names: Hispaniolan Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus ventralis Statius Müller, 1776, Martinique; error = Hispaniola. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage (see A. agilis, above). Has been thought to be closest to A. collaria and A. leucocephala, and these three sometimes believed possibly to be conspecific. Monotypic. Distribution. Hispaniola, occurring in both Haiti and Dominican Republic; also on several satellite islands. Introduced to Puerto Rico and US Virgin Is.

71. Amazona vittata

Puerto Rican Amazon CR HBW 4: 468

French: Amazone de Porto Rico / German: Puerto-Rico-Amazone / Spanish: Amazona puertorriqueña Other common names: Puerto Rican Parrot Taxonomic notes. Psittacus vittatus Boddaert, 1783, Santo Domingo = Puerto Rico. Part of the Greater Antillean lineage (see A. agilis, above). One extant subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. v. vittata (Boddaert, 1783) – E Puerto Rico (Caribbean National Forest). A population has recently been established from released birds in Rio Abajo State Forest, in WC part of the island (first wild nests with eggs recorded in 2013)146. †† A. v. gracilipes Ridgway, 1915 – Culebra I (off E Puerto Rico).

72. Amazona finschi

Lilac-crowned Amazon EN HBW 4: 469

French: Amazone à couronne lilas / German: Blaukappenamazone / Spanish: Amazona guayabera Other common names: Lilac-crowned Parrot Taxonomic notes. Chrysotis finschi P. L. Sclater, 1864, Mexico. Molecular study suggests that this species is closest to A. autumnalis (presumably with forms previously included within it) and A. viridigenalis1575. Proposed race woodi (from N parts of range) very poorly differentiated; sometimes recognized897, 574, but here considered invalid. Monotypic. Distribution. W Mexico from SE Sonora and SW Chihuahua to Oaxaca. Feral population in Los Angeles (SW California), in SW USA.

73. Amazona autumnalis

Red-lored Amazon LC HBW 4: 469

French: Amazone à lores rouges / German: Rotstirnamazone / Spanish: Amazona frentirroja Other common names: Red-lored Parrot, Yellow-cheeked Amazon Taxonomic notes. Psittacus autumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, West Indies; error = southern Mexico. Molecular study suggests that this species (presumably with forms previously included within it) is closest to A. finschi and A. viridigenalis1575. Usually considered conspecific with A. lilacina and A. diadema (see below). Race salvini fairly distinctive, lacking yellow in face of nominate (although intergradation exists across at least two countries), but red on inner webs of outer rectrices, indicated as a diagnostic character in some works572, appears variable and is present in some Mexican autumnalis. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. • A. a. autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) – Caribbean seaboard and slope from E Mexico (S Tamaulipas) to NE Nicaragua. • A. a. salvini (Salvadori, 1891) – E Nicaragua S to SW Colombia and NW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá; recorded also in W Andes of Mérida1903).

74. Amazona lilacina

Lilacine Amazon EN HBW 4: 469 as Amazona autumnalis lilacina

French: Amazone lilacée / German: Ecuadoramazone / Spanish: Amazona lilacina Taxonomic notes. Amazona (psittacus) Lilacina Lesson, 1844, vicinity of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Usually considered conspecific with A. autumnalis and A. diadema, but differs in its all-black upper mandible (2); red of forecrown continuing over eye (2); lilac of crown not extending onto nape (2); paler, clearer green cheek (ns[1]); possibly no red on chin (ns[1]); narrow, sharp yellow edges of wing-coverts and flight-feathers (ns[1]); retiring, non-aggressive behaviour (quite different at least from autumnalis882) (ns[1]); smaller bill (tiny museum sample size supplemented by photographs; 1). Specific status considered appropriate also in unpublished recent taxonomic study1390. Monotypic. Distribution. W Ecuador.

75. Amazona diadema

Diademed Amazon EN HBW 4: 469 as Amazona autumnalis diadema

French: Amazone à diadème / German: Diademamazone / Spanish: Amazona diadema Taxonomic notes. Psittacus diadema Spix, 1824, Rio Solimões, Brazil. Usually considered conspecific with A. autumnalis and A. lilacina, but differs from lilacina in certain characters outlined under that species (see above), and from both in its nares being covered in red feathers, with rest of red patch on face sharply delineated to form a distinct rectangle, quite different from shape of red patches on other taxa in complex, and allowing blue on crown to extend forward to border the frons (3); powdery dorsum, resembling more that of A. farinosa (1); bill black but with pale patch below nares (2); head much flatter and longer in lateral profile (mensural score 1). Monotypic. Distribution. Lower R Negro and adjacent N bank of Amazon, in NW Brazil.

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ALIPIOPSITTA

AMAZONA (1 of 3) 63. A. vinacea Vinaceous-breasted Amazon

61. A. bodini Northern Festive Amazon

62. A. festiva Southern Festive Amazon

60. A. xanthops Yellow-faced Amazon

ssp saltuensis

ssp albifrons 67. A. albifrons White-fronted Amazon

66. A. agilis Black-billed Amazon 65. A. pretrei Red-spectacled Amazon

64. A. tucumana Tucuman Amazon

ssp caymanensis

69. A. leucocephala Cuban Amazon 68. A. collaria Yellow-billed Amazon

ssp bahamensis

70. A. ventralis Hispaniolan Amazon

ssp leucocephala

72. A. finschi Lilac-crowned Amazon 71. A. vittata Puerto Rican Amazon

inches

ssp salvini ssp autumnalis 75. A. diadema Diademed Amazon 73. A. autumnalis Red-lored Amazon

74. A. lilacina Lilacine Amazon

766

15. Raphus cucullatus

Appendix 1: Extinct Species (illustrated)

Dodo EX (see page 188)

French: Dronte de Maurice / German: Dodo / Spanish: Dodo Taxonomic notes. Struthio cucullatus Linnaeus, 1758, India = Mauritius. Sometimes placed, together with †Pezophaps solitaria, in family Raphidae; molecular study, however, indicates that the two, which are sister-species, are embedded within Columbidae along with other pigeons1665. Monotypic. Distribution. Mauritius. Known from numerous bones, specimen fragments, reports and paintings1760. Became extinct on mainland Mauritius probably in early decades of 17th century; birds thought to represent the last individuals were killed on I d’Ambre (islet off NE Mauritius) in 1662, although statistical estimates suggest that the species may have persisted until 16901529. Primary causes of extinction were heavy hunting for food by settlers, egg predation by introduced mammals, including pigs and crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and destruction of forest habitat.

16. Pezophaps solitaria

Rodrigues Solitaire EX

21. Coua delalandei

Snail-eating Coua EX

(see page 314) HBW 4: 581 French: Coua de Delalande / German: Delalande-Seidenkuckuck / Spanish: Cúa de Delalande Other common names: Delalande’s Coua Taxonomic notes. Coccycus [sic] Delalandei Temminck, 1827, Madagascar. Monotypic. Distribution. NE Madagascar. Known from 13 or 14 specimens, all apparently collected on I Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha); no evidence of occurrence on mainland Madagascar at any time. Most recent definite record dates from 1834351, 1203. R eports from 19301951 unfounded, and the species is now considered extinct353. Cause of extinction presumed to be the total deforestation of I Sainte-Marie658, perhaps accompanied by capture for food and feathers, and predation by introduced rats353, which may also have depleted its principal food source (snails).

22. Cabalus modestus

Chatham Rail EX

(see page 188) French: Dronte de Rodrigues / German: Rodrigueseinsiedler / Spanish: Solitario de Rodrigues Taxonomic notes. Didus solitarius J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Rodrigues. Sometimes placed, together with †Raphus cucullatus, in family Raphidae; molecular study, however, indicates that the two, which are sister-species, are embedded within Columbidae along with other pigeons1665. Monotypic. Distribution. Rodrigues I (E of Mauritius). Known from numerous historical accounts696, 280, and many bones376. Reported in 1761, but had become extinct by 1778280. Main causes of its demise were hunting by humans and predation by introduced cats.

(see page 342) French: Râle des Chatham / German: Chathamralle / Spanish: Rascón de las Chatham Taxonomic notes. Rallus modestus F. W. Hutton, 1872, Mangere, Chatham Islands. Sometimes placed in genus Gallirallus or Rallus. Monotypic. Distribution. Chatham Is (Chatham, Mangere and Pitt), E of New Zealand. First discovered on Mangere in 1871, and 26 specimens collected there are known from museum collections. The last confirmed live individuals of this species were found in 1893. By 1895 it was extinct1783. Reasons for its demise on Mangere uncertain, but predation by rats and domestic cats (introduced in 1890s), destruction of habitat to provide sheep pasture (all of Mangere’s bush and tussock grass destroyed by 1900), and grazing by introduced goats and rabbits presumed to be main factors1091. Former presence on Chatham I and Pitt I known only from 19th-century bones.

17. Alectroenas nitidissimus

23. Hypotaenidia poeciloptera

Mauritius Blue-pigeon EX

(see page 206) French: Founingo hollandais / German: Mauritiusfruchttaube / Spanish: Paloma azul de Mauricio Taxonomic notes. Columba nitidissima Scopoli, 1786, Mauritius. Monotypic. Distribution. Mauritius. Known only from three skins280 and a number of descriptions and paintings1828, 280. The last specimen was collected in 1826, and the last reported record was in 1832, but the species was apparently extinct by the mid-1830s280. The estimated date of extinction is taken as 1835 (although it may have survived in remote places until 1837799). Habitat destruction and hunting, coupled with introduction of alien predators, appear to have caused this species’ demise.

18. Ptilinopus mercierii

Red-moustached Fruit-dove EX

(see page 212) HBW 4: 216 French: Ptilope de Mercier / German: Rotbart-Fruchttaube / Spanish: Tilopo de Mercier Other common names: Marquesas Fruit-dove, Moustached Dove Taxonomic notes. Kurukuru Mercierii Des Murs and Prévost, 1849, Valley of Mohana, Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands. A member of the large P. purpuratus species-group, and most closely related to P. dupetithouarsii (see page 212); within the group, usually associated with the P. purpuratus subgroup. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. †† P. m. mercierii (Des Murs & Prévost, 1849) – Nuku Hiva (N Marquesas Is). †† P. m. tristrami (Salvadori, 1892) – Hiva Oa (S Marquesas Is). Nominate mercierii known only from the type specimen, collected during the Venus voyage of 1836–1839, and was not found during the 1922 Whitney Expedition772; date of extinction estimated at 1849663. At least eleven specimens of race tristrami known, last of which collected by the Whitney Expedition in 1922772. The taxon was presumed extinct by middle of 20th century, and reports from Hiva Oa in 1980724 were apparently mistaken353. Causes of extinction of these two taxa uncertain; introduction of Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus to Hiva Oa may have played a part, but introduction of rats and cats to both islands more likely to have been responsible.

19. Chlorostilbon bracei

Brace’s Emerald EX

(see page 286) French: Émeraude de New Providence / German: Bracesmaragdkolibri / Spanish: Esmeralda de Brace Taxonomic notes. Sporadinus Bracei Lawrence, 1877, New Providence, Bahamas. Known only from the type specimen, taken in 1877. Fossil hummingbird bones found on New Providence670 are probably also referable to this species1281. Monotypic. Distribution. New Providence, Bahamas. Likely to have become extinct around 1877, since collectors visiting the island soon afterwards found no trace of it670. Cause of extinction probably human disturbance.

20. Chlorostilbon elegans

Caribbean Emerald EX

(see page 286) French: Émeraude de Gould / German: Gouldsmaragdkolibri / Spanish: Esmeralda de Gould Other common names: Gould’s Emerald Taxonomic notes. Erythronota ? elegans Gould, 1860, locality unknown. Described from a single specimen, dated 1860; recently shown to be a valid species1897. Monotypic. Distribution. Not known. Probably Jamaica or Bahamas. Its year of extinction is estimated at 1860. Cause of extinction not known; possibly degradation or loss of habitat, perhaps combined with predation by introduced mammals.

Appendix 1-2_FINAL AE.indd 766

Bar-winged Rail EX (see page 344) HBW 3: 161 as Nesoclopeus poecilopterus French: Râle des Fidji / German: Fidschiralle / Spanish: Rascón alibarrado Other common names: Fiji Rail Taxonomic notes. Rallina poeciloptera Hartlaub, 1866, Viti Levu, Fiji. Previously placed in genus Nesoclopeus; has at times been placed in Rallina or even Rallus. Closely related to H. woodfordi, and has been considered conspecific. Monotypic. Distribution. Fiji: twelve 19th-century specimens from Viti Levu and Ovalau; unconfirmed reports from Taveuni in 1971155 and from Viti Levu (Waisa, near Vunidawa) in 1973769. There have been no convincing recent reports from Ovalau or Taveuni, which remain free of mongooses (Herpestidae) and where other rail species were recorded during surveys and other fieldwork in 2002–2005505. Elsewhere, predation by introduced cats and mongooses is thought to have been responsible for its decline and ultimate extinction. 24. Hypotaenidia wakensis

Wake Rail EX

(see page 344) French: Râle de Wake / German: Wakeralle / Spanish: Rascón de la Wake Taxonomic notes. Hypotænidia wakensis Rothschild, 1903, Wake Island, latitude 19º N, longitude 167º E, Pacific Ocean. Sometimes placed in genus Gallirallus. Monotypic. Distribution. Wake I and Wilkes I, in WC Pacific Ocean (N of Marshall Is). Although not uncommon before Second World War, this species was extinct by 1946, its entire population presumably having been taken for food by the starving Japanese garrison between 1942 and 1945672. It is likely that powerful storms caused periodic inundation of the islands, resulting in significant loss of wildlife. Predation by rats, with which the rail had co-existed probably since prehistoric times, considered unlikely to have played a part in its extinction1284.

25. Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii

Dieffenbach’s Rail EX

(see page 344) French: Râle de Dieffenbach / German: Dieffenbachralle / Spanish: Rascón de Dieffenbach Taxonomic notes. Rallus Dieffenbachii G. R. Gray, 1843, Chatham Islands. In the past was placed by some authors in monotypic genus Nesolimnas1365; sometimes placed in Gallirallus. Monotypic. Distribution. Chatham Is (Chatham, Mangere and Pitt), E of New Zealand. Known from two specimens. The species was already scarce when the type was collected, in 1840, and by 1872 was extinct1091. Its demise was almost certainly due to predation by introduced rats, cats and dogs, combined with habitat loss caused by fire1091.

26. Hypotaenidia pacifica

Tahiti Rail EX

(see page 344) French: Râle tévéa / German: Tahitiralle / Spanish: Rascón de Tahití Other common names: Tahitian Red-billed Rail Taxonomic notes. Rallus pacificus J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Tahiti. Sometimes placed in genus Gallirallus. Previously listed under older name Rallus ecaudata, but that apparently refers instead to a form of H. philippensis442. Monotypic. Distribution. Society Is (Tahiti, in French Polynesia). Known only from Forster’s painting from Tahiti961, done during Cook’s second voyage, in 1773. There were reports of this species from Tahiti until 1844, and from nearby island of Mehetia until 1930s. Esti mated date of extinction is taken as 1935. The rail was flightless, and its extinction was presumably caused by introduced mammalian predators232.

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15. Raphus cucullatus Dodo 16. Pezophaps solitaria Rodrigues Solitaire

17. Alectroenas nitidissimus Mauritius Blue-pigeon

ssp mercierii

18. Ptilinopus mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-dove

19. Chlorostilbon bracei Brace’s Emerald ssp tristrami

20. Chlorostilbon elegans Caribbean Emerald

21. Coua delalandei Snail-eating Coua 22. Cabalus modestus Chatham Rail

23. Hypotaenidia poeciloptera Bar-winged Rail

24. Hypotaenidia wakensis Wake Rail

26. Hypotaenidia pacifica Tahiti Rail 25. Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Dieffenbach’s Rail

Figures not painted to same scale.

806

Appendix 3: Reference Maps / 29. E South America

Appendix 3: Reference Maps / 30. S South America

807