Toxic Garden by Maarten Limburg

COMPLEX PROJECTS RESEARCH BOOKLET MSC 2 | PALERMO TU DELFT 2017/2018

TOXIC GARDEN BY MAARTEN LIMBURG

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Toxic Garden

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Maarten Limburg is an architecture student at the University of Delft. He currently works part-time for an architecture firm in Rotterdam and will start his graduation in February 2018. The topic of the graduation studio is to transform and re-use old colonial Dutch settlements in Bandung, Indonesia. For the Msc 2 project he works in cooperation with OMA Rotterdam for Manifesta 12. Manifesta is a nomadic biennial held every two years in a different city. This research booklet as well as a short film will be displayed during an exhibition in Palermo starting in June 16th and ending until November 4th 2018. In this research the focus is mainly on the waterfront of Palermo.

TITLE: COURSE: UNIVERSITIES: STUDENT: STUDENT#: DATE: TUTORS: Toxic Garden

Toxic Garden Msc 2 Complex Projects TU Delft & Unipa Palermo Maarten Limburg 4119606 26/01/2018 Ippolito Pestellini | Paul Cornet 3

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TABLE OF CONTENT

THE TOXIC GARDEN Introduction Statement Site

7 8 10

HISTORY Conca Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;oro The Turning Point Masochism Interviews

12 20 26 32

PRESENT Toxic Truth Routemap Waste Sources

36 38 43

Short Film Herbarium

48 68

FILM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PANORMUS

AN INTRODUCTION

Palermo is named after the Greek word Panormus, meaning “all-port,” due to its excellent natural harbour. It was through this port that the island came into contact with the most advanced civilizations. It’s not surprisingly that Palermo is the most conquered city in the world. The city has a lot of different nationalities which are rooted in European and Arabic history. Palermo used to be a popular destination for famous travellers doing their Grand Tour around Europe. Palermo, situated right at the centre of the Mediterranean is in constant contact, with Africa and accessible from Asia. The city has experienced continuous migrations over thousands of years, starting from the ancient Greeks, the Arabs and the Normans, to the most recent waves from Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Manifesta, the nomadic European Contemporary Art Biennial, will use this research in an exposition in Palermo. The 12th edition of Manifesta (M12), with OMA as creative mediator, takes place in Palermo, Sicily. Different studies have been made by OMA and the university of Palermo. Students from the Technical University Delft are asked to research different sites in the city with the Garden as main focus point.

During an trip at location, students gathered information about their specific research and documented this in a research style approach. The waterfront is an interesting area due to its radical changes. Palermo has always been in close contact with its sea, hence the name. This all changed after the second world war. Palermo got heavily bombed and the city changed forever. The debris of the war got dumped in the ocean forming a new waterfront. This area is still considered toxic today. After the war, due to ground speculation, a huge amount of concrete highrise buildings were constructed. These events changed the landscape in a negative way. The mafia dumped huge amounts of waste at the waterfront. This waste is still clearly visible in the area. Nature slowly took over the area and formed it’s own garden, a Toxic Garden. The stories behind these changes are important to understand the complexity of its present condition. To make the present conditions clear, a short film has been made at location. This film shows the current events of the waterfront and how the perception of this area could be changed.

This research is focused on the changes of the waterfront in Palermo. Palermo has a very rich history but it also contains dark layers. In this research booklet the new waterfront in the south coast of Palermo is examined and explored.

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STATEMENT The waterfront has changed severely the last couple of decades. The strong connection between the ocean and lands has been lost. WWII created a new land in front of the old city centre and during the Sacco di Palermo, mafia dumped vast amounts of debris on the beaches. All these events completely changing its geographics. The waterfront is being neglected and still used as a dump site were people get rid of their unwanted belongings. The mentality of the people needs to be changed. The perception of the waterfront plays an important role in its transformation. The waterfront is covered in plastics and is not used as it should. However, despite the vast destruction of the area due to several causes, the landscape has huge potential. There is hidden beauty, if one can look past the pollution. This beauty is present at several locations along the waterfront. Nature is left on its own and has adapted to the harsh living conditions it finds itself in today. The waterfront still has a very strong psychological connection with the Mafia. The perception of the waterfront plays an important role in its transformation. If this perception can be changed, it could benefit the entire city of Palermo.

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The perception of the waterfront plays an important role in its transformation.

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FORO ITALICO

PORTO DI SANT'ERASMO

ORETO RIVER

ROMAGNOLO BEACH

SPERONE

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RESEARCH SITE Map from 2018.

BANDITA BEACH

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ACQUA DEI CORSARI

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CITRUS AND ORANGE TREES

Palermo, the capital of Sicily, is situated on a bay on the nort-western coast of the island, facing the Tyrrrhenian sea. The coastline is very fertile know as the Conca d’Oro meaning Golden Shell. The area is famous for its orange and lemon groves and has provided the city with several different agricultural products since ancient times. The coastal waters at Palermo teemed with all kinds of fish, including swordfish and tuna. The island acted as a magnet to settlers, to whom it appeared a paradise. Giuseppe Barbera, a professor at the Universtiy of Palermo, writes about the Conca d’Oro: “The territory around Palermo has been an immense garden, very attractive to look at and extremely productive. In the history of the Conca d’Oro it is the trees that dominate the landscape and constitute the principal crops that over the centuries have substituted for the natural vegetative covering. The productive order of the market gardens and orchards, the centuries- old trees, survivors of the original plantations, the biodiversity incremented century after century, as well as the refreshing presence of water have earned the landscape the epithet of ‘fruitful and charming’. (Bongiovanni, The Conca D’oro)

“THE TERRITORY AROUND PALERMO HAS BEEN AN IMMENSE GARDEN, VERY ATTRACTIVE TO LOOK AT AND EXTREMELY PRODUCTIVE.

invaded by new forms of recreation, including agricultural experimentation. Around 200 new villa’s are built, often forming the beginning of new towns. The city started to expand beyond its city walls. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the period better known as the belle epoque, European royalty and celbrities visited Palermo. Because of its warm climate and exotic environment it became a popular destination for Northern Europeans. During the Spanish era, the ninteenth century, the aristocracy controlled the wealth of Siciliy. (Dumett, 2015, p99) The aristocracy had a lot of estates and orchards in the Conca d’Oro. The Mafia was already present during the heydays of Palermo. Water was scarce in Sicily and only a few controlled the water supply. Whoever controlled the water had the power. It is said that the mafia started to exist during a severe drought in 1893. The drought, which followed a bad harvest the year before, cut the island’s wheat crop in half and similarly crippled olive oil, wine, and barley production. This started a socialist movement, which began to spread around the cities. Landowners petitioned the Italian government to send troops to stop these movements, but the left wing Italian prime minister, Giovanni Giolitti was sympathetic to the peasants. So the elite turned elsewhere for protection: the Mafia. (Staley, 2017) The mafia turned out be a severe problem considering the change in landscape in Palermo for the coming centuries.

In the beginning of the 18th century is the countryside started to get Toxic Garden

CONCA D’ORO

CITRUS TREES OLIVES TREES VINEYARDS ORCHARD HIGH FOREST - COPPICE IRRIGATED VEGETABLE GARDEN PRICKLY PEAR ALMOND PLANTATION SUMAC PLANTATION ASH WOODS MULBERRY PLANTATION REED PLANTS VILLA’S CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS GREENHOUSES FARM LAND AND GRASSLAND UNCULTIVATED Source: Cerasola, 1994

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CULTIVATION MAP Map of 1912 showing the different usages of the soil. Most areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s were used for citrus trees and orchards.

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1800 | Franz Ludwig - Catel Spaziergang in Palermo

1829 | Francesco Zerilli - Borgo Santa Lucia

1850 | Franz Richard Unterberger 16

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1910 - Unknown - Foro Italico

1874 | Sanford Robinson Gifford - Oreto River

1969 | Unknow - Foro Italico Toxic Garden

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1872 | Lojacono Francesco - Summer in Sicily. Via Romagnolo

Source: IccD Toxic Garden

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WORLD WAR II

THE BOMBING

As the fighting went on in North Africa, Sicily was used as base for the Luftwaffe to attack ships passing the Mediterranean sea. Palermo started to get bombed from 1940, which intensified as the allies developed plans to invade the island. A massive bombardment arrived from a fleet of 200 aircraft in May, killing 1500 citizens and leaving thousands wounded. The relation between the city of Palermo and the sea changes dramatically on May 9 of 1943, the day of the city’s Allied bombing which completely destroyed the harbour area. Just before the invasion, Sicilian Americans with mafia contacts, were sent ahead to alert the local population of the arrival of American soldiers. Mafia members helped the Americans to land in Sicily in 1943. Mafia bosses seized the opportunity and raised the American flag.

The allies, as they looked for local leaders with anti-Fascist credentials to fill government positions, often choose men with a mafia background. (Dummett, 2015, p130) Many of these men were selected as mayors of cities, including Palermo. The mafia became once again strong after the war and became one of the biggest problems in the city during the twentieth century. Today the reclaimed land built from the ruins of the second world war has been considered too toxic by authorities for decades. Today the Foro Italico has become an area of multicultural activities. It is partially covered with lawn and trees and offers a ‘quiet’ place for citizens to relax. The area is also being used as playground for cricket and flying with kites.

When the war finished, Palermo was heavily damaged. Palermo’s city centre, with its great population density was the area most affected by the bombings of World War II. Out of the 170.000 “rooms” destroyed in Sicily, 70.000 were in Palermo. (Palermo Atlas, p199) The ruins of the bombing were thrown into the sea changing the waterfront drastically.

‘THE RUINS OF THE BOMBING WERE THROWN INTO THE SEA CHANGING THE WATERFRONT DRASTICALLY.’

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Stills of bombing of Palermo during WWII. Source: https://www.youtube.com

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Upper image showing destroyed Porta Felice. Source: Badalamenti, 2014)

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SACCO DI PALERMO

DESTROYED

Until a few years ago, Palermo’s historical center was largely without residents. After the bombings of World War II, it was left to crumble, while in the rest of Italy, historical centres were renovated and brought back to life. The historical city centre of Palermo was left semi-abonded. Its population shrunk from 200.000 in 1945 to 125.000 in 1951 and 50.000 in 1974. (Dummett, 2015, p133) Palermo started to grow fast in population and due to the bombing, housing was scarce. The construction industry, which was the largest employer of unskilled labour was very vulnerable for mafia infiltration. Because of this situation this resulted in an uncontrolled construction boom. Many nineteenth century villa’s built along the Via della Liberta, known for there Liberty or art nouveau style and citrus orchards were being destroyed to be replaced with cheap rows of apartment blocks. The most clear example of a Liberty style villa that got destroyed is the demolition of Villa Deliella. This villa was designed by the architect Ernesto Basile, famous representative of art nouveau style. The villa got destroyed in 1959 over just one weekend, a day before it should be declared a national Heritage building. A car park is now in its place. The once so beautiful rich Conca d’Oro was changed forever. High rise concrete apartment buildings changed some parts at the coastline drastically. The orange and lemon groves of the Conca d’Oro mostly disappeared.

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Between 1951 and 1961 the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000, caused by a rapid urbanisation of Sicily after World War II. Because of land reform and mechanisation of agriculture, many people moved towards the city. Landlords moved their investment into urban real estate. The years 1957 to 1963 were the highest in private construction, followed in the 1970s and 1980s where more public buildings were being build. From a citizenry of 503,000 in 1951, Palermo grew to 709,000 in 1981, an increase of 41 percent. (Schneider & Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny, p. 14-19) These constructions provided a huge profit for the involved companies. This event is later know as the Sacco di Palermo. Corrupt politicians as well as mafia member controlled these devastating events. In order to make the most profit, the waste of these destroyed villa’s and soil was dumped at the waterfront. These dumps were first done during the day but after some protests from local citizens the dumping shifted towards the night. A huge new waterfront appeared. This waterfront is however considered toxic. It consist of many unknown waste sources and is still being used as dump area. The area is mostly abandoned due to its inaccessibility an unattractiveness.

GROWTH OF PALERMO

1818

1881

1954

1973

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Source: Palermo Atlas, OMA*AMO

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1912

1937

1989

2018

1912 Map showing the Conca Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;oro with citrus orchards and multiple agricultures.

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1987 Map showing the dump area and new land that was formed during the WWII and the Sacco di Palermo.

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MARE MEMORIA VIVA MUSEUM Videos from Palermo citizens translated Source: Youtube

INTERVIEWS

‘In the old days, you used to be able to dive into the sea and the water was clear, but gradually the water became cloudy and whitish. A nearby brick factory dumped waste water into the sea’ PIETRO LA ROCCA - citizen of Palermo

‘They ruined everything, that’s why we went on strike. I occupied a town hall when I was a trade unionist. We spent three days sleeping in there, finally the trucks stopped coming. We waged a war against them.’ AGOSTINO PRESTIGIACOMO - citizen of Palermo

‘By dumping all the waste, the harbour has become useless, at the expense of local fishing. They did not care what happened to the locals, people were regularly hit by hurried trucks, since they were paid per ride.’ ANDREA D’AIELLO - citizen of Palermo

‘The government was aware that the coast was used as a landfill. When they noticed a bit of resistance they simply carried out the work in the evening or further away. All this to keep the costs as low as possible. Courtyards and gardens made way for concrete housing and infrastructure.’ GIULIA PETRUCCI - citizen of Palermo

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AMOUNT OF BUILDINGS Overview of building construction dates in Palermo. More or less 78 % was constructed during the Sacco di Palermo. Source: Ambitions of Palermo, 2015.

Between 1946 - 1991 After 1991 1919 - 1945 Before 1919 78%

7% 12%

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DESTROYED BUILDINGS Comparison of some destroyed buildings during the Sacco di Palermo and its present condition. Source: https://laguilla.wordpress.com/ville-nonpiu-esitenti-di-via-liberta/

VILLA DELIELLA - Piazza Croci Famous for being demolished the night before it became part of protected heritage. The only remains of the villa are the corner pillar and fences.

VILLA CUSENZA - via Duca della Verdura e Piazza A. Gentile The only tangible remains are the plamtrees at the square.

PALAZZO DI PAOLA - Via Notarbartolo corner Via LibertĂ The new building has the same footprint as the historical one, only way taller.

PALAZZO BARRESI - Via Filippo Cordova Palace demolished for the construction of a glass palace.

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THE SOUTH COAST

The south coast of Palermo had endured a lot the last couple of decades. After WWII the debris of destroyed homes was being dumped at the Foro Italico. Short after, the Sacco di Palermo made it possible to dump illegal waste on the waterfront, forming an entire new land. The area is at some places desolated and unsuitable for staying. The area is simply to toxic too roam. Many designs have been made to reinvigorate this area but all failed.

Ellen MacArthur, a record breaking sailor, has seen more of the world’s oceans than almost anyone else. Now she is warning that there will be more waste plastic in the sea than fish by 2050, unless the industry cleans up its act. (Wearden, 2016) This all starts with the mentality of people.

The connection with the nearby villages has been lost. The ‘new’ waterfront acts as a barrier between the ocean and the land inward.

‘THE ‘NEW’ WATERFRONT ACTS AS A BARRIER BETWEEN THE OCEAN AND THE LAND INWARD.’ The layers of the new waterfront are considered historical. There is a layer of soil that consists of destroyed gardens and citrus orchards. A layer that is made of historical villa’s and pallazo’s. And a layer that contains all sorts of building debris and waste. Nature took eventually over and is literally growing on top of Palermo’s once rich grandeur. Because the land is still considered toxic in a way, the plants growing in this area are also considered toxic. The area is now covered with waste where plastics are the dominantly the main source of waste. The water is too polluted to swim and lots of plastics floats in the ocean.

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ROUTEMAP

CARDBOARD PLASTIC BAGS CIGARETTES

FORO ITALICO PORTO DI SANT'ERASMO

ORETO RIVER

DOOR SOFAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PIPELINES BRICKS TIRES CEMENT

TIRES JERRYCANS

OIL TANK SCOOTER BOATS REFRIGIRATORS CARWRECKS HELMET PLASTIC BAGS

ROMAGNOLO BEACH

SPERONE

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KITCHE E COUNT T CLOSE E

OBJECTS FOUND AT THE WATERFRONT Exploration of the south coast from Foro Italico stretching until Acqua dei Corsari. Several objects were found.

EN SINKS TERTOPS ETS CRATES PLASTICS

MATRESSES BOOKS SHOES

CARWRECKS

CHAIRS CERAMICS BRICKS BUCKETS WINDOWFRAMES

JERRYCANS PLASTIC BOTTLES ROPES TILES METALS

BANDITA BEACH

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;It would almost be possible to build and decorate an entire house with the objects found at the waterfront. The area is still being used as a dump, nothing changed...â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;According to the opinion of chemical experts and the Municipality of Palermo people can safely enter the site. The municipal gardeners could carry out maintenance and cleaning of the area using all the necessary hygiene measures (suits, gloves, masks, etc.), even if the site is not yet open to the public.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; RICCARDO GUECI - retired civil servant of Palermo, August 22 (2015)

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PIE CHART OF WASTE SOURCES Overview of different types of waste streams along the waterfront of Italy. Half of the waste on the Italian beaches comes from the mismanagement of urban waste, this includes poor waste management, fly tipping and recreational activities. Source: Littermap Legambiente

SANITARY & SEWAGE LITTER 7%

FISHING & AQUACULTURE 14 %

PACKAGING 33 %

MISMANAGED URBAN WASTE 49 % UNDEFINED SOURCE 30 % SMOKING ITEMS 10 %

BUILDING MATERIALS 4 % PLASTIC BAGS 2 %

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BANDITA BEACH Type of most frequent waste found at the beach in 2017. The sampling was performed on an area of 10.000 m2. Of the 1116 objects found, 69 percent were over 25 cm. Data: Littermap Legambiente

DIFFERENT 12% CONSTRUCTION WASTE 4%

GLASS 4% METALS 6%

PLASTICS 65%

CIGARETTES 9%

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ROMAGNOLOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BEACH Type of most frequent waste found at the beach in 2017. 95 percent of the waste on this beach consist of plastics Data: Littermap Legambiente

TEXTILE & CLOTHES 3% GLASS 2% DIFFERENT 1% RUBBER 2%

PLASTICS 92%

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‘The problem with Southern Italy and Sicily is that we do not identify with the State…. However, we do need to build some serious civil conscience, otherwise we will keep having these and other problems over and over…. Stop thinking it is all our politicians’ fault, it is our fault too! The politicians are just a mirror of who we are as people’. CITIZEN OF PALERMO - excerpt from Kate Ludlow

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THE FILM The research in Palermo mainly focusses on the new waterfront south of the old quarters. The entire waterfront starting from Foro Italico stretching as far as Acqua Dei Corsari was being documented. The film consists of several clips showing its current condition. The film describes the transformation of the area and the effects it has on its environment. The intention of the film is to show that despite the waste there is still beauty to be found. This beauty of the landscape is in vast contrast with the pollution and toxic environment. The waterfront nowadays is mostly unused by humans and a lot of peculiar objects were found, like cars, tables, chairs etc.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;THE INTENTION OF THE FILM IS TO SHOW THAT DESPITE THE WASTE THERE IS STILL BEAUTY TO BE FOUND.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The area is desolated and nature is completely left to fight for his own. Humans only dump waste and toxins into the area making it more difficult for some plants to grow. The short film as well as a herbarium and a soil sample will be displayed during the Manifesta 12 biennial in Palermo.

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FILM FACTS An overview of the short film shot at the south coast of Palermo.

SHORT FILM Film: Trip date: Locations: Film length: Shots in film: Total km walked Camera: Tripod: Mobile phone: Total films shot: Average film time: Software used: Pictures shot: Total hours at site: Soil collected: Plants collected: Total hours spent: Amount of coffee:

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https://vimeo.com/user78689901 26 Nov. 2017 - 3 Dec. 2017 Foro Italico until Acqua dei Corsari 05:22 minutes 30 shots 120 km Nikon D3300, 35-105 mm Hama Star 63 Samsung S6 238 clips 25 seconds Adobe premier pro CC 2017 120 DSRL | 30 mobile phone 27 hours 1.5 kg 9 species 16 hours per day 12 cups

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TOXIC PLANTS

DISPLAY

A collection of plants have been collected at the site. These plants are considered ‘toxic’ in a way. Because the plants grow on toxic soil some of these plants can absorb the toxics of this contaminated soil. This process is called Phytoremediation. The displayed plants in the herbarium are found at the Foro Italico and near the abandoned no-man’s land of Mare Memoria Via museum. The natural environment of the new waterfront is harsh. The exact pollution in the soil is unclear but this can have its effects on the plants growth. When chemical pollutants build up in aquatic or terrestrial environments, plants can absorb these chemicals through their roots. Phytotoxicity occurs when toxic chemicals poison plants. Signs of phytotoxicity include poor growth, dying seedlings and dead spots on leaves. This begins as a chain of pollution, animals eating the plants working its way up in the food chain. (Laine, Seatlle PI) The environment plays a role on the develpmont of the plants. These plants are adapted to their living conditions.

survive and reproduce. To defend their territory against invading competitors, plants employ so-called allelochemicals, toxic compounds that can limit the growth and development of other plants. The existence of this chemical warfare, referred to as ‘allelopathy’. Plants are able to release chemical compounds from their roots into the soil, where the substances decay or are modified by microbes. Some of these products are toxic when the roots of neighbouring plants take them up. (Max Planck Gesellschaft, 2015) The plants found at the site could be toxic. Especially the reed species. The reed sample taken at the waterfront near Sperone was found in a more contaminated area then the plants found at Foro Italico. Some of these reed species are also used in the cleaning of contaminated soil, using Phytoremediation. The plants absorb the toxics and they can be harvested, removing harmful substances from the soil. These plants can live in very harsh environments and are dominantly present at the southcoast of Palermo.

Not only the environment is declared toxic, also the plants itself are in constant chemical warfare with each other. Plants are in a constant competition with their neighbours for limited resources such as light, nutrients and water. Only the fittest Toxic Garden

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MALVA SYLVESTRIS

Malva Sylvestris originates from Western Europa to North America and Asia. As it migrated from its native home in Western Europe, North Africa and Asia through the English-speaking world. Malva sylvestris is a vigorously healthy plant with bright purple flowers. It was found at the edge of an open grass field at the Foro Italico. This area was heavily bombed during WWII and the soil is still considered toxic. When grown on nitrogen rich soils (and particularly when these are cultivated inorganically), the plant tends to concentrate high levels of nitrates in its leaves.

Category: Synonyms: Family: Origin: Flower color: Leaves: Bloomtime: Height: Type of soil: Exposure: Irrigation: Attracts:

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perennial herb blue Mallow Mallow Family – Malvaceae Europe & Asia purple blade kidney-shaped July–September 30–100 cm moist soil sun to part shade needs medium water butterflies | honeybees | bumblebees

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MALVAVISCUS ARBOREUS

Malvaviscus Arboreus blooms for most of the year. A great large shrub that if left untouched grows tall with well-spaced branches, giving it an open appearance. Flowers are attractive to birds, butterflies and bees. Malvaviscus Aboreus has been widely cultivated as a garden ornamental. This species has repeatedly escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in natural habitats. Once established, M. Arboreus has the potential to completely out-compete native vegetation principally in wet areas. Malvaviscus arboreus has an extensive range from the subtropical areas of southern Texas and Florida south through the cloud forests of Mexico through the Caribbean down to South America.

Category: Synonyms: Family: Origin: Flower color: Leaves: Bloomtime: Height: Type of soil: Exposure: Irrigation: Attracts:

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PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS

Phragmites australis can grow in damp ground, in standing water up to 1 meter, or even as a floating mat. Common reed is very important for wildlife and conservation, particularly in Europe and Asia, where several species of birds are strongly tied to large Phragmites stands. This sample was taken near Sperone, the south coast of Palermo. A lot of these grass species grow in the area, especially near the Oreto river. The plant has a defence mechanism. Gallic acid released by Phragmites is degraded by ultraviolet light to produce mesoxalic acid, effectively hitting competing plants and seedlings with two harmful toxins. Phragmites are difficult to control that one of the most effective methods of eradicating the plant is to burn it over two to three seasons. Some species of the grass can be used to clean soil, so called phytoremediation. Plants take up the toxins from the soil, where-after the plants can be harvested for removal.

Category: Synonyms: Family: Origin: Flower color: Leaves: Bloomtime: Height: Type of Soil: Exposure: Irrigation: Attracts:

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grass reed Poaceae all around the world grey | dark purple bluish green June- August four meters wet soil to standing water | adapts to less moisture full sun needs medium water birds | gives cover for wetland wildlife species

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archive IccD http://www.fotografia.iccd.beniculturali.it/index.php?r=collezioni/immagini&fondo=Gabinetto+Fotografico+Nazionale&page=484 Badalamenti, N. Palermo 9 maggio 1943. (9 May, 2014) https://ninobadalamenti.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/palermo-9-maggio-1943/ Bongiovanni, G., The Conca D’oro. Images, History, Memories. Regione siciliana, Assessorato dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Dipartimento dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, (2015) Cerasola, M. Studio Argricolo Forestale del Territorio Comunale. (1994) Dummett, J., Palermo city of kings. (2015) Gueci. R., Il Parco intitolato a Libero Grassi? (22 August, 2015) http://www.lavocedinewyork.com/homepage/2015/08/22/il-parco-intitolato-a-libero-grassi/ Laine, D.C. How Does Water Pollution Affect a Plant’s Life Cycle? Seattle PI. http://education.seattlepi.com/water-pollution-affect-plants-life-cycle-4815.html Legambiente. Litter map (2017) https://www.legambiente.it/contenuti/comunicati/rifiuti-spiaggiati-legambiente-presenta-i-dati-beach-litter-2017-e-gli-eventi-d

Lo sviluppo urbanistico della città di Palermo. (30 March, 2013) http://aroundartedintorni.blogspot.nl/2013/03/losviluppo-urbanistico-della-citta-di.html Ludlow, K. A novel approach to Palermo’s rubbish problem. (31 October, 2013) https://kateludlow.wordpress.com/2013/10/31/a-novel-approach-to-palermos-rubbish-problem-2/ Mazzon, A., Salfi, N. Den Ouden, E., Valkenburg, R. Ambitions of Palermo. TU/e LightHouse. Comune di Palermo. Ambitions of Palermo. (2015) Sacco di Palermo. Ville e Palazzi non più esitenti di Palermo: Via della Libertà https://laguilla.wordpress.com/ville-non-piu-esitenti-di-via-liberta/ Schneider & Schneider. Reversible Destiny, p. 14-19. (2003)

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Staley, O. How a severe drought in Sicily in 1893 created the Mafia. (2017) https://qz.com/1161015/how-a-severe-drought-in-sicily-in-1893-created-the-mafia/ Max Planck Gesellschaft. Plants defend their territory with toxic substances. (5 November, 2015) https://www.mpg.de/9731123/plants-allelochemicals-competition Wearden, G. More plastic than fish in the sea by 2050. The Guardian. (2016)

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