APRES-COLLEGE
AUXILARY PRE RELEASE EDUCATION SENTENCING ___Jesus Eduardo Maga単a __ SeniorThesis Project __ Cal Poly Pomona __ Winter 2007___ 1
•
Pelican Bay State Prison
Crescent City
Susanville
California Medical Facility CSP Solano CSP San Quentin
High Desert State Prison California Correctional Center
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Sacramento
Folsom State Prison CSP Sacramento (New Folsom) Mule Creek State Prison
•
•
Vacaville
•
•• San Francisco
Stockton
Tracy •
Deuel Vocational Institution
Sierra Conservation Center
•
Jamestown
Chowchilla • Correctional Training Facility Salinas Valley State Prison Pleasant Valley State Prison Avenal State Prison
•
Salinas
California Men’s Colony California Correctional Institution CSP Los Angeles County
•
•
Valley State Prison For Women Central California Women’s Facility
Fresno
CSP Corcoran Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison North Kern State Prison Wasco State Prison
San Luis Obispo • Bakersfield •Santa
Barbara
Los Angeles• Riverside
California Institution for Men California Institution for Women California Rehabilitation Center
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Calipatria State Prison Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility
• •
Chino •
Blythe
•SanEIDiego Centro •
•
Ironwood State Prison Chuckawalla Valley State Prison Centinela State Prison
Correctional Facilities Metropolitan City City
California Department of Corrections, May 2003
1.0. COVER PAGE. Condemn woman in exercise yard. Chowchilla Ca. there are over 500 inmates condemn to death in California. 2.0 MAP OF 33 California Correctional Institutions. 3.0 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Flow chart of the expressing the funnel effect in the criminal justice system. Does not show the Recidivism rate
CALIFORNIA AND THE CORRECTIONS
PrÉcis
When it comes to inmate reform, the California’s correctional system fails the test. California has the highest recidivism rate in the country. Not only is our prison population at its highest with over 172,000 inmates, but over 60% of the inmates have been previously incarcerated. The government’s response to this crime swell has been tougher policies and laws such as mandatory sentences and the three strike law. Not surprisingly perhaps, California now spends more than 7 billion dollars per year on prisons—more than twice the amount the state spends on higher education (Alpert, 2007). Yet, criminal reform seems not to be a budgetary priority. While there have been some successful social and behavioral rehabilitation programs for inmates, their lack of adequate funding is one of the biggest problems and failures of our correctional system. It is time to reform the prison system and its operational protocols. Rather than being human warehouses, the next generation of prisons must effectively focus on the rehabilitation of the inmate through work, education and training. The concept of rehabilitating inmates through programs of education and work services is an old concept. Most of our prisons systems incorporate alternating systems that involve education and rehabilitation programs. However, the current conditions in California have reached a catastrophic stage of overpopulation. Most of the 33 state prisons are operating at almost double their capacity. The courts have given the state officials an ultimatum to rectify the prison crisis. The prison system has obviously failed at controlling and rehabilitation the prison population, and it needs to be retrofitted. Instead of a complete reformation of the current prison system, it can benefit from an additional supporting facility that can provide the rehabilitation that fails to occur in the actual prisons. By providing an auxiliary facility, the prison system can reduce the recidivism rate which will lower the inmate population. The new additional system will focus solemnly in reforming the inmates.
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CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
TOPIC PRISON DESIGN HISTORY METHODOLOGY CONTEXT CASE STUDIES EXPERT WITHNESS
PART II
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
PROGRAM PROGRAM SUMMARY PROGRAM DATA SHEET RESOURCE ALLOCATION CODE SEARCH SITE ASSESMENT
PART III
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
PROJECT PROPOSAL CONCEPT DELIVERATION FLOOR PLANS BUILDING SECTIONS ENLARGED FLOOR PLANS HOUSING COMPONENTS EXTERIOR VIEWS PRESENTATION BOARD ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART I
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7 11 19 27 37 49 55 63 64 93 95 97 101 103 105 113 114 124 134 143 144
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5.0 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Flow chart expressing the funnel effect in the criminal justice system. The orange “backflow” represents the inmate population that return to prison for a second crime with in 3 years of being released .
TOPIC When addressing our criminal justice system, a common attitude is to “lock’em criminals up” and put them away for good. Unfortunately, most of us fail to realize that 98% of the inmate population is eventually returning to society, to our very own communities. We cannot simply sweep the problem under the mat, pretend it is not there. There is a real need for inmates to be not just punished, but reformed. Politicians profit from pushing agendas and giving discourses that makes them look tough on crime, but in seeking public support only they failed to look at the actual complexities of the crimeand-correctional-facilities problem. This blindiness is behind our shortcomings in promoting and developing effective criminal rehabilitation programs. The politicians’ typical response to public concerns is to enact tougher criminal laws, such as the three-strikes law and mandatory minimum sentencing. Seldom, we are presented with positive projects to address recidivistic crime. Today, California’s prison overcrowding and “repeat-offender” rates are the highest in the country. Shamefully, our prisons have practically become “crime universities” Adding insult to injury, the price of running our criminal detention facilities has overwhelmed state finances. It is estimated that each prisoner cost the state of California over of $34,000.00 per year—that is more than the annual cost of college tuition at a private university. (CDCR, Feb. 2007) The government is cutting $95 billion dollars of funding for rehabilitation programs in prisons, and is creating more facilities to alleviate the overpopulation problem instead. Certainly, overpopulation is a pressing issue, with prisons reporting 187% over their capacity limit. Yet, the public fails to see that criminals literally “don’t pay” for their crimes. It is our society that ends up paying not only for the crime and its consequences, but also for eventually inconsequential, momentary holding of such criminals. [* note: The acronym APRES is also a French word “après” that means “after” or “afterwards”]
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cali-
Returning Inmate Population
57%
PAROLE VIOLA Return To Cus
25 % 11 % 8% 2% .01 %
4.0. GRAPH OF INMATE POPULATION. The recurring inmate population consists of more than 70 percent of repeating felons within three years of being released. More than half them return with a new crime
PAROLE VIOLATO Return With New
Outpatient-substance abuse Returns
Escape Re
6%
Escape Returned to fini
Escape Returned with new term
If indeed correctional facilities fail to reform these individuals, and only enable them to increase their capacity for deviant behavior; then, its time to reconsider the logic behind our current “detention as punishment” system. We need a new system that will not only make criminals “pay” for their deeds, but that will also rehabilitate and reform them before releasing them.
OR. w Term
ATOR. stody
eturns
ish term
Escape Returned with new term
There are three apparent solutions to the problems with our current prison system. One is to double holding capacity in order to accommodate for the current overpopulation situation, and, if there are any resources left in the budget, the current rehabilitation programs that have been financially relegated could resume. Another solution would require reinventing the correctional system from scratch, seeking different penal laws and prison philosophies. Or, we can decide to work with what we have, and seek an answer to the faulty conditions in our prisons. From an architectural point of view, I believe that our correctional system can be greatly improved through the use of architectural planning, programming and design. The most obvious problem with our prison system is overcrowding. This has been a historical problem; however, the prison population surged more than 600% in the past four decades, forcing more than 19,000 offenders to be double and triple bunked in prison’s dorms, hallways and classrooms (Alpert, Jan. 2007). Great part of the problem results from the high rate of recidivism. Approximately 70% of all offenders released from prison commit another crime within three years of their release. From the 123,000 released inmates per year, two-thirds of them will commit another crime, create another victim, or break parole (Alpert, Jan. 2007). This adds at least 82,000 returning inmates to prison each year. This figures alone account almost entirely for the inmate overpopulation rate in California. If this correlation holds, it means that, if our prison systems could rehabilitate its inmates, there wouldn’t be an overcrowding problem. [Fig. 5.0] In order to alleviate our overloaded prisons, I propose an auxiliary system that promotes a broad rehabilitation of inmates without placing additional financial burdens on the system. The Auxiliary Pre-Release Education Sentencing, A.P.R.E.S.* College, is a three-prong approach system with a main focus on rehabilitation programs that will provide the inmate with a strong foundation to reenter society and remain a law-abiding citizen. This auxiliary program emphasizes self-improvement and discipline through achievement in education, manual labor, and job training. The supporting program facility provides the additional services and programs that current prisons lack. The system is based on the active integration of educational programs, work experience and vocational training in a way that encourages individual success through a progressive series of merit-based earned privileges. As program participants advance through the program, their educational level increases, their job opportunities widen, their day-to-day living conditions improve, and the rehabilitation program becomes more financially sustainable. This is why it makes sense to incorporate a separate, rehabilitation-centered component into our incarceration facilities. APRES will provide substantial, practical foundations for both prison and inmate reform, which are key to a safer, more prosperous future.
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3. PRISON DESIGN HISTORY
It is difficult to pinpoint the when or how prisons were first established. Some historical accounts tend to paint the horrible picture as the prison’s background when in fact, it can be said that incarceration was often considered a more humane alternative to punishment, public humiliation, exile, or torture. One of the earliest penitentiary’s practices was based on the philosophy that one was “paying penance for one’s sins while confined.”
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__Old Prisons In The U.S. In the United States, the earliest prison, the “Philadelphia Walnut Street Jail,” dates back to 1779. It had a system based on the complete isolation of its inmates and the incorporation of labor within each inmate’s cell. This was one of the first attempts in the country to develop a rehabilitation program that would result in some financial gain for the prison. Then came the “New York silent system” developed for Auburn State Prison in 1816. New York State had organized its prisoners into groups that performed hard labor during the day and were confined to single cells at night. The inmates were expected to be silent throughout the duration of prison term (The Human Cage, 1973). These two systems had mixed degrees of success, but it is difficult to assess them on the basis of their own merit. Their failure is mostly attributed to prison overpopulation, and to the fact that neither system achieved “self-sufficiency.” One response to prison management came to light with the foundation of the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners in Newgate, England. This association was rather a set of prisons that used designated programming in order to fulfill several of its needs. Through sets of specific duties and tasks, the system kept its prisoners occupied with skilled labor activities, which were intended to contribute to these women’s successful reentry into society upon their release. This system also served to manage inmates during their incarceration. Since program amenities were highly prized, these privileges could be granted or taken away as deem appropriate (Prison Journal 2004). It was this last form or reconditioning that led the way to new reforms in the prison system.
__The New Prison System, 1970’s The greatest reform to our penal system came during the 1970s when the National Clearing House for Criminal Justice Planning and Architecture (NCHCJPA) became responsible for creating guidelines for a new prison system (Design for Contemporary Correctional Facilities, 1985). Their design centralized services for inmates and thus began what is considered the second generation of prisons. This new system was intended to minimize security personnel through improved security technology and hardware. As a result, it created a bigger barrier between the inmates and the correctional staff. In general, conditions in these secondgeneration prison facilities were austere and designed to resist “expected” abusive behavior. The basic operational assumption was that inmates would exhibit negative and aggressive behavior simply because they were inmates. These facilities were organized to respond to behavior problems rather than to prevent them. Yet, second-generation prison design opened the door to further studies as it served as an experimental model. The third generation of correctional facilities presented a more humane approach to the prison problem. In this model, large prisons are divided into smaller groups of units controlled by staff. Prison staff, no longer considered wardens, worked directly with inmates. The creation of smaller units decentralized inmate services by placing them at the administrative housing level, where one unit manager makes the majority of decisions and operates the units as well. The National Institute of Corrections notes that the key characteristic of the facilities in this generation was that offenders were confined to an environment “as normal as possible” for both inmates and staff while maintaining necessary safety and security (Design for Contemporary Correctional Facilities, 1985).
8.0 THE NEW YORK STATE PRISON More commonly known as the “Sing Sing Prison” since inmates were condemn to sing wile performing hard labor early in the 18th century. 9.0 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HUMAN SCALE PRISON SYSTEM AND THE INSTITUTIONAL SCALE This is the major difference from the maximum security prison and the local community correctional facility.
The Institute further describes the principles for contemporary cor rectional design as follows: · The institutionalized atmo sphere should be as normal as possible for the welfare of both the inmate and the staff, and ultimately the public who will likely experience the behavior of released prisoners after confinement. · Inmates should expect to be confined humanely and safely. · Staff should be able to carryout responsibilities in a safe and humane environment. · Inmates should have opportunities and programs to participate in self-improvement in such areas as academics, vocational and social skills. · Staff should interact directly with inmates, as they should not be separated by architectural barriers that communicate a negative attitude. · A reasonable balance should be struck between the security features of a correctional facility and an architectural environment that projects a spirit of openness and reconciliation Design for Contemporary Correctional Facilities, 1985). From this, it becomes clear that the system was based on the primary premise that a normalized environment would foster normal behavior. The intent was to prevent negative behavior before it occurs. While both, second and third-generation of facilities are currently used in our prison system, it is the latter that guides contemporary design for the construction of new of prison facilities. The second-generation facilities remain active simply because most of our prisons date back into the early twentieth century and have not been redesigned. 13
__Prison Typologies. It is difficult to pinpoint the when or how prisons were first established. Some historical accounts tend to paint the horrible picture as the prison’s background when in fact, it can be said that incarceration was often considered a more humane alterna tive to punishment, public humiliation, exile, or torture. One of the earliest penitentiary’s practices was based on the philosophy that one was “paying penance for one’s sins while confined.”
__Contemporary Prisons Today’s new prisons can be classified into three major groups. These are: (1) decentralized secure adult institutions, (2) urban detention facilities, and (3) high-rise metropolitan correctional centers. There are several security levels categorized by the National Institute of Corrections. These security level
Decentralized Institutions The decentralized institution is characterized by its open space; it is campus-like facility with a secure perimeter. These conditions yield a good balance between good supervision and a sense of “normalcy” (Design for Contemporary Correctional Facilities, 1985). These facilities are usually designed for less than 130 inmates and use the same kinds of local materials found in other types of construction, rather than the callous prison hardware. Perhaps the most distinguishing element of these facilities can be found in the quality of the relationships among inmates and between the inmates and staff. These relationships are possible in part due to the fact that the facility is designed to foster direct interaction between prison staff and inmates. Additionally, because a smaller group of staff members manage these decentralized units, generally they are able to operate semi-autonomously.
Urban Detention Facilities The urban detention facilities are designed to retain 120 to 400 inmates, and their main purpose is to detain individuals awaiting trial or judicial hearings. Some people may be held at the detention center overnight; others may be held for several months before their cases are heard. In addition, most detention centers also house offenders who are awaiting sentencing as well as those who have been sentenced to short terms. The contemporary design approach suggested by the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) is similar to the design for the decentralized institutions. It consists of an open campus base with outdoor walkways and a secure perimeter with large outdoor spaces. While the design principles are relatively the same for both of these facility types, one primary difference is that the detention facilities need to be adjacent to judicial processing centers. This requirement complicates things because, typically, judicial processing centers and courthouses are located within cities and communities. Thus, these facilities must provide a high degree of security while visually adapting to their surroundings to disrupt as little as possible. Consequently, these centers must carry all of their functions within a limited site, usually within a single building.
Self-enclosing plan
Skyscrapers
Free layout
10.TYPICAL PRISON PLAN LAYOUTS These are the most common prison layouts utilized in the prison design.
Courtyard plan
Radial plan
Telephone pole plan
Panopticons
Campus plan 15
High-Rise Metropolitan Correctional Centers The high-rise metropolitan correctional centers, third type of design, are usually situated on limited sites in dense, urban settings. With a strong vertical profile, these correction centers use the lower floors for public use such as visitations or court proceedings, while the upper floors serve as living quarters. The top floors and the roof terrace serve as recreational and outdoors areas. These vertical profiles create several advantages to the correctional designer. First, the tower configuration maximizes the exterior perimeter on each floor. Second, the exterior shell of the building provides the secure perimeter that promotes greater freedom of movement within the premises. However, the cost of operation for these facilities, in ratio of the inmate capacity of the building is relevantly high. The construction of a high riser particularly in the downtown area is costly in comparison to a flat structure out in open land. Together these contemporary correctional facilities attempt, at least in theory, to achieve the goal of rehabilitating inmates. However, often times this goal is neglected in light of the need to control and guard inmates in facilities that are overcrowded. The more inmates a prison has, the more difficult it is to maintain control. As a result of this, the possibilities for rehabilitation diminish. Here lies the prison design paradox: how can detention facilities escape the pressures of overcrowding, under-funding and lack of self-sufficiency that have historically plagued them while guaranteeing internal order and promoting inmate reform? This is the conundrum of finding a balance between punishment, rehabilitation, and overall safety and control.
6.0 CHART OF HISTORICAL PRISON POPULATION. This chart shows the excessive jump in the prison population form 1980 till 2006. the population of inmates increased by 600 percent. 11.Jeanne Woodford. former warden of San Quentin State Prison. Photograph as she is being interview by David Sheff from the New York Times Magazine
LITTLE HOOVER COMMISSION
Milestones in California Corrections Commitment Offenses of the CA Prison Population, August 2006 Violent and serious crimes Violent crimes* Serious crimes Subtotal Nonviolent and other crimes Drug crimes Property crimes Crimes against people Other Subtotal Total
69,462 18,501 87,963 34,080 28,567 10,789 9,076 82,512 170,475
Prison Population 170,475 prisoners 33 prisons
160,000
161,000 prisoners 33 prisons
* A list of violent felonies is provided in the end notes of this report
110,000
99,145 prisoners 20 prisons
11,598 prisoners 4 prisons
1950
21,660 prisoners 8 prisons
22,339 prisoners 12 prisons
1960 1969 “Use a Gun, Go to Prison” enacted by the Legislature
1970
60,000
27,916 prisoners 12 prisons
1980
1976 California invoked determinate sentencing
1990
2000
2006
10,000
1994 Voters passed Three Strikes Law
1988 Voters approved the sale of $817 million in general obligation bonds for the construction of youth and adult correctional facilities to relieve overcrowding.
Sources: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, July – August 2006; the California Department of Justice, “California Criminal Justice Time Line, 1822-2000.” Sacramento, CA. California Department of Corrections. May 2003. “Correctional Facilities.” Available at the CDCR Web Site: www.cdcr.ca.gov/Visitors/docs/facility_map.pdf.
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13. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Flow chart expressing the funnel effect in the criminal justice system. The green belts represents prison system college APRES, and how it interacts with the entire criminal justice system.
4. METHODOLOGY
In order for any system to be able to successfully reform prisoners, it must be able to provide its program participants with three essential elements; work, education, and training. Ideally, upon his or her release, these elements will translate into financial selfreliability, know-how, and experience for the life outside of prison. I am proposing a new facility model that will serve as a program extension to current incarceration facilities and provide the services other facilities cannot. This extension will have the primary purpose of rehabilitation of inmates previous to their release. This facility, although, part of the prison system, acts independently in its regulations particularly with regard to the admission of inmates, service of programs, and relation to sentencing.
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__Mission Statement Under the Auxiliary Pre-Release Education Sentencing (APRES) program the main goal is to ensure the proper reconditioning of incarcerated felons, and to assure always that rehabilitation comes before constraint. The facility provides the inmate a secure and progressively welcoming environment that promotes self-advancement through a method of promotions and ascending privileges. The individual will achieve self-reformation, discipline, basic education and vocational skills with the help of the facility’s enhanced environment, which combines living, studying and working activities in a symbiotic program.
__Procedures and Policies By the time of their release, inmates should have completed a minimum curriculum of educational and social rehabilitating programs, as well as a minimum number of hours of work and job training. The system is based on the premise that release should be self-merited through the achievement of a series of goals set by both, the prison system and the individual. This means that the average time it would take for an inmate to complete the program would depend on the progress of each individual inmate. This system ensures that each inmate will have the time required to fully rehabilitate on his or her own terms; in a way, it personalizes each sentence. Because sentence completion is directly linked to rehabilitation program completion, the inmates have the privilege of applying to college with an original or remaining sentence of up to eight years. Since it is assumed that inmates may also be generally released early for good behavior, APRES allows the inmate to get ahead in the program through his own efforts. In order to complete the program, the inmates are required to finish several minimum requirements, either classes or hours, under three categories: education, vocation, and work. There are five housing units, each with different levels in the program as well as comfort levels. The average time schedule for the inmate to go through each level is one year, however, there are no punishment or restrictions for finishing them sooner or later.
12. INMATE POPULATION OVERCROWDING. This photograph is from a library of prison postcards that the inmates were able to purchase and send to their relatives or love ones.
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__Users Because most of the convicts will eventually be released back into society, the college option focuses on reducing the rate of recidivism among this population, which currently amounts to a whopping 60% in California—one of the highest in the country. This category of repeating offenders is usually represented by people with low levels of education, low income, and a history of drug abusers. In other words, this is the target population for APRES. One key criteria for the admissions into the program is a low to non-violent profile since the facility requires low security felons. Inmates must be capable of behaving on their own. This is a requirement for APRES participants due to the fact that the programs offered in incarceration institution are vulnerable to violence abuse, which often results in termination of such programs. The way the education program deals with this is by demoting inmates to lower levels and, eventually, by expelling participants from the program and sending them back regular into prison. The private sector will also be a frequent user. Under APRES, the program college has the freedom to hire and arrange for services with the private sector. Professors, educators and businessmen may work together in search for mutual gains. The facility must procure an environment that fosters a relaxed and safe place. Access between the institution and its surrounding services should be both eased and controlled. Surveillance technologies in the facility should be utilized to this end.
__Program Services The program services portion of the facility is the hearth of the institution. Rehabilitating the inmates is directly connected to these services. The expression of the program layout should reflect this relationship. The services are broken down into General Education, Vocational and Training, and general work activities. Each activity is interlinked with the others and they relate programmatically within the housing units. These programs change and get modify as the inmates are promoted to higher program levels. An education assessment is made once the inmate is admitted into the program. Under general circumstances, education begins with general education and literacy, and substance abuse. It follows with Adult Basic Education and GED. It concludes with a two-year-college degree, vocational education, and advance job and educational training. Vocational training shares classrooms with the educational programs, workshop laboratories with the work programs. Vocational educations are the link between education and work. The goal is to put theory into practice. The program is intended to teach the inmate that work means more than just receiving a paycheck. As the quality and comfort of housing in the facility increases, the inmates move from simpler tasks to more involved, expertise oriented vocational activities in areas like computer training, visual arts, technician related-jobs, etc. The facility must have enough flexibility with in its structure in order to accommodate these essential program needs. It must also allocate enough space for future program expansion.
__Activities The facility runs under the principle of constant motion and selfimprovement. The inmate does not get put into a single cell for years and years and expected to rehabilitate himself. There are five housing units that act as scale for relative inmate progress and improvement. Each housing unit includes an additional dormitory facility that houses the inmate worker program. The goal is to make the inmate aware that there is always a way to improve his or her conditions. Subsequently, that’s the reason for which the incentives are there. Eventually only the inmates alone can help themselves. There cannot be a successful rehabilitating program if there is no will to change on the part of the participant. The facility acts as a motivating element by providing all the required activities and rejecting idleness. There is a specific 6-week busy daily schedule base on 16 hour days (granting 8 hours for sleep and personal hygiene), that is linked to all three program components: study, work, and vocational training. The hours assigned to each activity vary according to the housing unit level. For instance, housing level one grants 8 hours to education, 5 to labor, 0 to vocational and 3 to recreational or personal time. Whereas, the schedule for housing level 3 allocates 4 hours to all three activities have including recreational time. For housing level five, the education time in only 2 hours a day, recreational time is 6 hours, and a combined vocational training-work experience is given 8 hours. The basics for these schedules vary depending on the corresponding demand for each activity, and they are rearranged on a trial-and-error basis. As the program is implemented, decisions will be influenced by experience of the participants and the facilitators. The reason for the initial rigidity of program is to maximize the inmate’s time and the facilities resources. Each inmate will have his or her time distributed according to his/her own needs, which will be determined in part by a counselor. However, because different inmates will have different needs, they will inmates have slightly different schedules. For this reason, that all parts of the housing unit will be active at all times. 23
__Circulation Flow There are three main types of circulation flows: people, information, and objects. These are further broken down by volume, frequency, and importance. People: Generally speaking, the main concern regarding the people circulation flow is that the inmates go in and out of their corresponding housing units. Because most of the activities occur within the housing unit, it is relatively easy to control the circulation of inmates within this area. Most of the circulation of people is done through sally ports that are controlled from the master control room. There are no keys given in the facility. Information: the flow of information occurs in different levels, administrative from external sources such as previous prisons, local between the faculty and administrative staff. There is also a flow of information that occurs at the inmate level. Things: this flow is also one of the most critical since it is vulnerable to contraband. There needs to be a rigid inspection and organization in the flow of materials and sources, especially from external sources. Because the college encourages vocational employment and productivity, there is a constant flow of products between the facility and private clients.
14. THE LEGISLATIVE ANALYT’S OFFICE. JULY 2006 “State of California Expenditures, 1984-85 to 2006-07
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SITE
16. Regional Location of the City of Chino, San Bernardino county. The two mayor crossing highways are freeway 60 and highway 71
5. CONTEXT
The context of the correctional facilities of California is closely related to the specific levels of security the specific facility accommodates. The California Department of Correctional Facilities defines seven different security levels. These levels are: level I –open dormitories without a secure perimeter. Level II-open dormitories with secure perimeter fences and armed coverage. Level III –Individual cells and fenced perimeters with armed coverage. Level IV-cells, fenced or walled perimeters, electronic security, more staff and armed officers both inside and outside the installation. SHU- Secure Housing Unit, the most secure area within a level IV prison designed to provide maximum coverage. RC-Reception Center provides short-term housing to process, classify and evaluate incoming inmates. And lastly, Cond.- Condemned holds inmates with death sentences. Generally, the higher the security level in a facility, the further away it is from any type of social cluster.
.5 TXETNOC
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17. Map of the City of Chino with corresponding parcel layout. Most of the northern part of the city is occupied by the residential sector. On the south part of the city lays most of the agricultural and open land sector. the city is divided in these two major zoning types by both the airport of Chino and the state property of the California Institute for Men (CIM)
__Regional Location 5.0.1 REGIONAL LOCATION
For the concept proposed, a facility that accommodates from medium to low level of security would be better suited to adopt alternative methods of rehabilitation. The California Institute for Men (CIM) prison, located on the south part of the city of Chino [Fig. 16] possibly serves as the best location for this new concept and approach to social refurbishment. The new alternative to prison reform will be well suited in these open lands of Chino for several factors; there is a decent proximity with a metropolitan nucleus of LA. The mixture of urban and rural landscapes provides support from both backgrounds giving the facility a wider range of opportunities. Chino has a wide variety of site classifications. Figure 17 shows the site layouts for the entire city of chino. This rich mixture offers the institution great opportunities of networking, as well as the possibility of expanding in the future.
__Metropolitan Adjacency 5.1 Metropolitan
Adjacency
One of the common problems with the rural and isolated location of certain Correctional Facility like Chuckawalla Valley State Prison (image 18) is the promoting of feeling of solitude and abandonment from the inmates. This notion alone is what instigates deviant attitude on the person. The punishment of cast from society cannot offer rectification to the person. While the inmate remains in prison distant from society, society along forgets the problem the inmate is causing and potentially will cause again once released. Having a prison being so isolated it’s like sweeping the problem under the rug, the California’s desert rug. This isolation is purely intent to avoid problems and discomforts a correctional facility of this size would bring. The disadvantages for a scenario like this are far worst than we might think. Besides the fact that it is considerably more difficult to provide programs for inmates in places so distant like this one here, the wardens that operate this facility are in many ways restricted by it too. They either live with in, or commute to it. Also the inmates’ relatives and prosperous visitors are disincentive to visit and socialized with inmates since the trip alone becomes a great burden. On the other hand, having a prison close to the community, like the California Institute for Men in Chino, (image 21) maintains both the inmate in prison and the societal individual aware of each other. Persons, who are interested in volunteering or visiting, are welcomer to do so. Private investors have more opportunities to exchange labor services having the source around the corner, literally.
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__Local Vicinity 5.1.1 Local Vicinity
Traditionally, prisons are located close to small isolated town. The location of the prison in chino allows for extended networks with the surrounding cities [fig. 20]. There are five major cities that border with the city of chino; each one provides different kinds of possibilities. Ontario has the international Airport. Pomona has the LA Fair grounds. Chino hills is high end residential. And Norco and Corona are known for their commuting families.
20. The City of Chino and its surroundings To the north there is the 60 fwy, the 15 fwy on the east and the 71 on the west..
18. Chuckawalla Valley State Prison, Blythe, Ca. The prison sits in 1,735 acres and holds 4,085 inmates in both security levels I and II. the nearest city, blythe is 18 miles away. 19. California Institute for Men, Chino, Ca. consist of three facilities located within the city of Chino on 2500 acres of state property and holds 6252 inmates in levels I and RC. CIM is 32 miles from Downtown LA. The two images are taken from google Earth at the same altitude of 35,000 ft. In order to compare the surroundings similarly
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__Rural vs. Urban The city of Chino is one of those cities founded as suburban infill responding to older cities like Pomona and Claremont to the north, Norco and corona to the east, and it is enclosed to the edge of the mountains of Chino Hills state park at the southwest. This geographic nature creates a mixture of young residential neighborhoods surrounding clusters of factories, warehouses and business centers, with the spotted farm crops. The correctional facility sits on several acres of farmland that surrounds the prison acting as a buffer between the city and the prison its self. A correctional facility can greatly benefit from having opportunities in reconditioning programs, from agronomy studies, to mechanic shops and manufacturing plants and clerical jobs. There is also the benefit of allocated room for future expanding.
site
Map ofthe thesurrounding surrounding Map of lots and lots and typologies its typologies Site Site New residential New residential Old residential Old residential industrial/comercial Industrial/commercial Active farmlands Active farmlands Active dairies Active dairies Airport of chino Chino Airport of Forrest/high biological sentitivity Forrest/high biological sensitivity
21. The current land use. Of the city of chino and its surrounding areas. Most of the north is populated by single family houses. where as for the south is predominated by farms and dairies. 22. The City of Chino Proposed Land Use Map. The major change in the land use for the city of Chino is the industrial land addition around the State Prison. and the new proposed “preserve� as an addition tot he city of chino.
__Existing Land Use The city of chino is rich in its land variety, and the state property for the “California Institute for Men” is in the middle of everything. The following map [21] shows the actual land uses that surround the state’s 2500 acres. There is a great amount of void in between the classifications, this is due in part to land open ness. The intention is to show the relationship between the floor to area ratio and the land use type. Most of the new development is taking place on the northern part of Chino. This is due in part to the location of the major freeways, 60 and 71. The location of El Prado Regional Park on the south also carries a big influence in the development patterns of the city. There is only one major land development occurring on the south part of chino, “the preserve.”
TELEPHONE
HARDING VERNON
CRAW
LESTER
BRIDGER
Commercial Land Use
ARLINGTON WOODSIDE
STERLING
ORANGE
ARLINGTON
HAMPSHIRE ARLINGTON
EGRET DOVE
FERN
CHUKAR
PINTAIL
LIME
Planning in Progress (*The Preserve development)
CHINO
ALCEDO
GARCIA
GROVES
EUCLID
LACEY
ALVARDO
FRANCESCA
CAROB
Agricultural Land Use
FINCH
NO RTH
WATERLOO
TAMARISK
KUMQUAT
ORANGE
ROBIN
MOUNTAIN
Open Space
Public Land Use
GLORIA
NIGHTHAWK WREN
LIME
KUMQUAT
ORANGE
JALEPENO
SMOKETREE
FALCON
BEECHTREE
JOSHUA
ROBIN
SARATOGA
ALFONSO
CYPRESS
JOSHUA
ARTH
MEADOW LARK RENATO
ROSEMARY
SARATOGA
BERMUDA
PALMER GRID
ANGELINA AVILA
LUNT CARTER PEONY
PEPPERDINE
SCHAEFER
ASH BARTLETT GREENBRIAR
RANCHO DEL CHINO
WELLESLEY PEPPERDINE
JOY
BUTTERCUP GAZANA PEONY
YALE
ELM
PINON
CHERRY
ASHLEY
PRESCOTT
CROCUS DOGWOOD
VILLANOVA
YALE
SYRACUSE
LIVE OAK
YORKSHIRE
JOSHUA
BRECKINRIDGE OXFORD
SYCAMORE
CLOVER
BARCELONA BUNKER HILL
ALFONSO
HARVARD
ASHLEY
CAMBRIDGE
DEVONSHIRE
SCARBOROUGH
AMBER
CARTER TAWNY
CLOVER
12TH
REDWOOD
TANGERINE
SEQUOIA 11TH
4TH
3RD
Industrial Land Use
R
EAGLE
POTOMAC POTOMAC GERMANTOWN GERMANTOWN
MANUEL
CARROTWOOD
SYCAMORE 19TH
18TH
17TH
16TH
SEQUOIA
11TH
10TH
12TH
14TH
13TH
5TH
7TH
6TH
4TH
3RD
2ND
ARAPAHOE
OLVERA
HU
VICENTE
BRECKINRIDGE YORKSHIRE
ASHLEY ASHLEY
SUSANA
ELENA
ORTEGA FELIX
DANITO
BURKE
ART
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E RK BU E GAT NE STO
PIERCE
HAYES SHERMAN
OLIVEWOOD
MULBERRY
FUCHSIA
APPLE
ORCHID
ACACIA
OLEANDER
SYCAMORE
ROSS
BIRCH
CARISSA
OAKS 18TH
MAGNOLIA
17TH
16TH
8TH 7TH
AVOCADO
PALM
HOLLY
CEDAR
VERNON
CATALPA CATALPA
MARSHALL
JACARANDA JACARANDA
TELEPHONE
BACA
LEWIS SADDLEBACK
MORGAN
HORSESHOE
HAMILTON LEE
PABLO
JOAQUIN
CARTER
IROQUOIS
GLORIA
MCCULLY EQUESTRIAN
MURRIETA
RENATO
TRUMAN
TRUMAN
FIG
IDA
ALFREDO ROSARIO
GRANT
LEE SERENE VERDUGO
PRIMROSE
EISENHOWER
HAMILTON LEE
ANITA
G
CHEYENNE
GRANT
SERENE
SALEM
JASMINE
FILLMORE KING
TRUMAN
ROSA
F
SCHAEFER
HARTFORD NANTUCKET
GRANT
BARBARA
CARILLO
CARDIFF
SAN CLEMENTE
CHESTNUT CREPE MYRTLE
LESTER LESTER
ABACHERLI DUNLAP TEBO 3RD
7TH
WRIGHT RHODES BRETON
STALLION
RIVERSIDE
H
CHEYENNE
PIERCE
TRONKEEL
C
BAY MEADOW
DERBY
SERENE PARK
D
SEMINOLE
SAN MARCOS
SANTA ANITA
CENTRAL
MONTE VISTA CARLISLE
CRYSTAL
DUNLAP
LESTER
VISTA
SERRA
YORBA
CRYSTAL
CARLISLE BROWN
DELPHEY
KELLOGG LEWIS
RUSSELL
LEWIS
LORRAINE
BAKER BAKER ANTHONY
THOMAS
RUSSELL
TIOGA
SANTA ANA
BALLESTEROS
YORKER DON JULIAN
LIDIA
ASTER
ISON
GARFIELD
WALNUT
B
WISTERIA
DAFFODIL
PRECIADO
RANCH
DOHENY
HARR AZALEA
GARFIELD
MONROE
WASHINGTON
PARK
SOUTH FORK
DOHENY
TERESITA
DAISY
MISTLETOE
LINCOLN CENTER
LARKSPUR
MARIGOLD CARTER
SAN JUAN
VAN HORN
ROSWELL
ALMA SAN ONOFRE
JUANITA
LAVENDER HEATHER SUNFLOWER
ALMA
TANO
JOSE
JOSE
TUCKER
MARSH
MARGARITA
SOPER
FRADY
LOLI
ALICIA
WILBUR
BECRAFT
AMANDA
SAMANTHA
BECRAFT
N IRO
MARIA
LILY
SAN MATEO BERNARDO MIGUEL
TA
LUPE
ON
OCEANSIDE
FORD
ARVIDSON
NOBLE
SADDLE
BRANDING IRON
ALICIA
BUTTERFIELD
ORGREN
D COR CON EASY BALTIMORE
MELROSE
CHINO
WAGON WHEEL
ST
COLUMBIA CARMEN CARMEN WHITNEY
CALICO
OXALIS COZZENS
EAST END
BISCAYNE
DURANGO
WASHINGTON
HARRISON
TRUMAN
MT VERNON
FRANKLIN GETTYSBURG
REDEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE ZONES
WILLIAMSBURG
EISENHOWER
ROOSEVELT
SUTTER
PARK
BO HACIENDA
BISCAYNE
JEFFERSON
WILSON LINCOLN
PORTSMOUTH
HARRISON
COLUMBUS
TYLER
GETTYSBURG
Residential Land Use
MONTICELLO
POMONA FWY (60)
MADISON
MT VERNON
PARK
MIRA MESA
CATALINA
LETICIA
ROOSEVELT
CALIFORNIA
SENECA
PHILADELPHIA
DAVIS
WILSON N
DAISY
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GUN
ORGREN OO
LARKWOOD
AT
ROOSEVELT
GETTYSBURG
SP
CONCORD
TH ER
RAINIER
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REVERE
HARRISON
HALL TERRY
HARMONY
WI
CHRISTINA
SEITAL
HARRISON
VICTORIA
POLK SANTA ANA
SHOLANDER
DATE
OL L
RIVERSIDE
PAMELA
SERENITY
CONCORD SANTA ANA
MUIR
OLIVE FARNDON
WELLS
VAN BUREN
RR
PILGRIMS ESTRELLA
MC KINLEY
MCCROSKY
JASMINE
OLIVE
MAXON
NAPA
COLONY
POLK
CA
CHAPARRAL
SPUR
LIBERTY
KENNEDY
WALNUT
KENNEDY KENNEDY
HARVEST
NY JEN
HILLVIEW
G DIN AN BR
MANZANITA
EL LAUR EDAM
DALTON
LINDSAY FARADAY
N
EUCALYPTUS
YELLOWSTONE BRYCE
ZION
TETON
LASSEN
site
YOSEMITE
CORPORATE CENTER
LA PALMA
SIERRA BONITA
MERRILL
VINEYARD
GROVE
EUCLID
TA VIS
L RIO DE
TELEPHONE
CHINO HILLS PKWY.
REMINGTON
CARPENTER
EUCALYPTUS
SUGAR PINE
CENTRAL
VINITA
SUGAR PINE
SAN ANTONIO
EDISON
BELL
TELEPHONE
CHEROKEE
NORTON
RAMONA
YORBA
MONTE VISTA
FREEDOM
FERN
AMSTERDAM
CHIPOLA
LAURELWOOD
D AN GR
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PIPELINE
O
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CH WALKER
PO
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NT
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ON ALT
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DU
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COMET
BON VIEW
KIMBALL CUCAMONGA
ON
FERN
NY
CAMPUS
CA
SAN ANTONIO
Industrial Land Use
NE
MOUNTAIN
BA
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KIMBALL LL BA KIM
AD PR
AY W
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FR
Residential Land Use
EL
FLOWERS
SULTANA
BICKMORE
Commercial Land Use
CYPRESS
Public Land Use
PINE
HEREFORD
COMET
Agricultural Land Use
JOHNSON
Open Space
PIONEER
Planning in Progress City Boundary Redevelopment Boundary
L
HELLMAN
MCCARTY
MIL
CIM AR RO N
ST
INDEPENDENCE
HANCOCK
PILGRIM
N
TIA
CITY OF CHINO
CHESAPEAKE
RAINTREE
RE
FRANCIS
UNION
INDEPENDENCE
SMOKETREE
LC
OR ARB CREST LAMPLIGHTER ROUNDTREE
ADAMS TWAIN CONSTITUTION
JACKSON INDEPENDENCE
REVERE
LA REATA
HIL
BELMONT WALDEN
LOCUST
JUNIPER
TAFT
TAFT
LA MASITA
LOMBARDY
TERRY
KER
BISCAYNE
STARLIGHT ALTURAS SUNVIEW
WINTRESS VALERIE
OLIVE
SHASTA
CEN
RAMONA
SILICON
PIPELINE
ROSWELL HUMBOLDT HUMBOLDT
FARNDON
INY O
MODOC
MILLS
AMADOR
RIVERSIDE TERRACE
GREENWAY
STARLIGHT
EVERGREEN LOCUST
WAKEFIELD
COUNTY
PLA
GREENWAY
BRYANT LOMBARDY
SONOMA
LA REATA
LA CAUSEY
MUSTANG
GOLDENROD JACKSON
COMPTON
PHILADELPHIA LAKE
MAXON
RIVERSIDE
CAMELIA
LEXINGTON
MUSTANG
DEL MAR
EAST END
FARNDON
LEXINGTON
COMPTON
DOVER DOVER
ORANGE BLOSSOM
LOCUST
JUNIPER
DUNLAP
ESSEX
SAN FELIPE
NORTON MAPLE
FRANCIS TAFT
ELM
ELM
CONCORD FRANCES
LOCUST
ORCHARD
DON FARN
KADOTA
BOYER
COLLEGE
LOCUST
BENSON
PHILLIPS ORANGE BLOSSOM
P HILLI PS
__Land Use Plan The map of the city planners for the city of Chino on the left [22] is a loyal representation of its current conditions from the previous map. One major thing to notice would be the huge new development “The Preserve” on the south. Looking at the prison site and its immediate land types, one can see how the industrial land use surrounds most of the prison site. This becomes a great opportunity for the programs that could be offered in the facility proposed.
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__Opportunities and Constrains In a closer look at the site, it reveals several land and location opportunities as well as constrains. The map below highlights several of these concerns that are worth evaluating into the design of APRES. One of the great advantages that the site poses is the abundant and close proximity to the industrial and commercial zones that surround the west and the southern parts of the site. Towards the south remains most of the open land that is available. Kimball Street, so to place on here would personalize the facility and separate it into its own. There are five major structures built into the site, two are on the east and are part of the juvenile center, and the other three are part of the CIM towards the west. The land between these two is unattended and overlooked. One of the possibilities is to create the College here in order to create a new order at an urban scale, and created a meaningful bond with the two major facilities. This site presents several challenges. There is a close proximity to the geographical flood line on the south. Any construction bellow ground level is sure to hit the waterbed. There is a water treatment pools on the southwest that limits this corner, which is the closest to the 71 freeway. There is a water canal that runs semicovered form north to south crosses the entire site. This creates a compositional and continuity challenge. The close proximity to Chino Airport could cause potential problems in the future and its adjacency cannot be neglected. There are two visual connections between the street and the facilities. One in on the west from Central Street, the second one is one Euclid as it looks into the juvenile center. The view into the facility can become a handicap or a resource depending on the design action taken. Currently you can see a whole lot of barbwire.
site access
Chino Airport
site visual friction major streets state property prison facilities adjacent commercial regional park water treatment and canal flood line airport arialactivity
23. the map is a diagrammatic expression of the surrounding concerns dealing with the site. Some of the major issues are the regional forest on the south, the flood line, and the proximity to the airport.
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6. CASE STUDIES The following case studies incorporate a range of subjects relating to the functionality, history and social behaviors of prison design.
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__The Panopticon System
The design for the panopticon style Prison was first brought up by the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham around the year 1813. The idea behind this system was to enforce behavior or a sense of control. The concept of the design is to allow the observer to observe all prisoners without the prisoners being able to tell if they are being observe or not. In the philosopher’s own words, this was “a sentiment of an invisible omniscience� (Johnson, 1973) The arrangement of this prison system consist of an axial tower of observation with direct visibility to all the rooms or parts being watch, usually separate cells. One of its many advantages was to allow a minimum amount of security staff to watch over great numbers of prisoners. By limiting staff and lowering the cost of operations, and by increasing the number of inmates in the prison, this was soon a popular system adopted by many countries. And, this system was soon also adopted by hierarchical structures like the army, schools, hospitals, factories and other similar institutions. This method, not only proved effective programming and space design but it was also a way to enforce a specific behavior or a sense of being controlled in the inmates themselves. Architecture had reached a new level of impact. Being able to alter and affect ones psychic or conscience by means of architectural design is one of my primary goals for my thesis project. There are a lot of lessons that can be thought to inmates by simple means of programs rearranging. They can be forced to socialize and interact according to cell layouts. They can also be encouraged to exercise if the program provides a variety of outdoors activities. The iconography of the building teaches us a lesson. The new prison system should arouse feelings of authority and demur. The great cathedrals and prestigious Universities arise in the individual a feeling of humbleness and pride. In a similar manner, the new system must have an iconography that expresses pride and its architecture should show it self as authoritarian. The former inmates should end up feeling proud of finishing a program in this place. The presence of the prison building should be a metaphor for a modern disciplinary of society. It should not only blend with the environment but it should complement the effort to rectify these citizens
24. Opposite. The Panopticon prison design One of the main facilities design using the panopticon style. 25. Top. Diagram of how the Panopticon design works. giving the inmate the sense of being watch 26.Prison Diner using the Panopticon system In this facility all the inmates are dining facing the center control post where they cannot tell if they are actually being watch.
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__Metropolitan Dentention Center, NY The New York Metropolitan correctional center was established in 1975 and its cost totaled more than $12 million dollars. It basically consists of an eleven-story structure adjacent to a courthouse in a narrow strip on land in downtown New York City. There is a bridge on the third level connecting the courthouse with the prison facility. The Correctional facility was one of the first to receive a citation in the Architecture for Justice exhibition due to the fact that it promoted positive interactions between the correctional staff and the inmates, also because its design was devoid of unnecessary structural barriers such as glass-enclosed control rooms in housing units, separate staff corridors, or gang locking doors. The layout of the building separates the top eight floors of the building for inmate living quarters. Each floor contains forty-eight rooms in clusters of eight, which surround two multipurpose dayrooms. The lower levels host the more public functions of the facility. The visiting rooms are in the second floor, where there are no bars or armed guards. The administration of the center is on the main lobby where the security and street facade are articulated in a cohesive manner. Inmate services include a medical unit with full medical and dental services. There are also psychiatric evaluation and treatment rooms. On the second floor there is a space used for educational and vocational testing in order to determine the specific correctional program needs of the newly admitted inmates. Record keeping and food preparation is located on the third floor. There, there are also
28. Left, New York Metropolitan Detention Center, NY. Architectural render of the proposed project
three eight-room modules that serve to house inmates while their housing arrangement is being determined for reincorporating into society. The living spaces are composed of two-story functional units with their own kitchen, recreation, education, social, and counseling spaces. The rooms are arranged in modules of eight rooms, four on each side of a corridor, allowing each room to have an outside view. The multipurpose area lies on a split-level between the upper units and the lower ones, this layout allows for supervision of all the rooms from this central space. (This idea comes directly from the panopticon system of observation, except it has been modified and reincorporated into the needs for the third generation of prisons). These living spaces have been warmed up by the use of bright colored furniture, large windows, and even wood handrails The staff team assigned to each unit is responsible for operating and planning the rehabilitation program according to the units needs. Since the units are operated separately, there can be numerous programs operating simultaneously. The rehabilitating programs no longer have to be constricted to specific schedules and the inmates have more flexibility on deciding among vocational programs and classes. The security of the structure is achieved with the use of its vertical composition.
31. Top Left, Interior Render of the Multi space housing unit The concept is to mimic a relaxed common environment 27. Top, Interior View of a Single Cell at NYMDC. The facility is recognized for its open floorplan and warm finishes. 32. Top Right, The Actual Multi-Purpose space. you can notice the finished materials and overall space quality does reflects a friendly environment.
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The exterior of the building is composed of pour-in-place concrete forming a secure envelope for the interior space. The interior walls are masonry block. The window panels are shatterproof glass with a polycarbonate plastic alarm film between the two tempered glass sheets. These windows are tinted a dark brown to minimized the contact with the people on the street. But besides the obvious security measures such as sally ports, central control room, and self-contain housing units, the space within the detention center remains relatively open. The New York Metropolitan Correctional Center is an example of the effort that has been put into prison design seeking a solution that works and better addresses inmates’ needs. Based on the third generation of prison design, this correctional center follows all the guides and specifications in accordance to the National Institute of Corrections. The main concern in this latter design is the rehabilitation of the individual. However, the problems affecting our prison systems remain. Tremendous inmate overpopulation persists, and there is not enough funding to properly operate these modern type correctional facilities. The next step is to find a system that can control inmate population, and provide a lucrative solution for rehabilitation program funding. Lets put our correction facilities to work!
30. Top. Front Elevation. the two main towers are connected by a bridge that links them to the courthouse 29. Bottom. NYC floor plan the plan reveals the 8-cell clusters surrounding the central common space 33. Opposite. Street view of the Facility Its Architectural Language does not reflects a harsh inhumane environment, but rather a recuperating facility
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__Contra Costa County Detention Facility, Ca. The Contra Costa County Detention Facility was completed in 1980 and was designed to house 500 inmates in a courtyard/campus like facility. The detention center is situated in a residential commercial neighborhood, and it maintains a similar profile to its surrounding buildings. Part of this solutionoriented design was to incorporate the slopes of the site for constructing a four-story facility that emphasizes horizontal lines, rather than vertical height (Design for Contemporary Correctional Facilities, 1985). Its design consists of a central courtyard with several small walled courtyards placed directly adjacent to the exterior walls. This layout replaced traditional fences; there is no barbwire in this facility. The overview of the building reveals six modular Y-like shapes arranged around the interior courtyard. These individual Y-shapes contain the housing areas consisting of individual cells. Theses single “rooms” are organized around a common open space. This central space contains classrooms, a library, recreational activities, and its own visitation space. Because of the different housing units, the facility can easily classify inmates into corresponding types. And, because the exterior of the building provides a secured external envelope – with its own walls, roof, and floors –inmate activity and internal security can be maintained without structural barriers.
The Chief Deputy of the facility, Larry R. Ard, mentions some of the new innovations considered in Contra Costa Detention Facility. “ We provided ‘dry cells’ not necessary for cost saving but it simply made common sense. Do any of you have toilets in your bedroom?” He also comments regarding the inmate programs, “One of the lessons we learned from the past was the need to increase the capacity for providing programming for inmates… if we did not construct adequate program space now, it might never be provided.” The facility carries as operating philosophy, “All inmates would either work or be involved in a program. If inmates do not work or study, they don’t live there” (Ard, Larry 1991). Many of the innovations in Contra Costa Corrections were developed through specific research and user-base evaluation. The conclusions to such evaluations were directly applied into its design, making this facility one of a kind.
35,Contra Costa West Detention Center, San Martinez, Ca Street view of the main entrance. the buildling creates its own envelope, thus avoiding wire fences. 34. View of the interior Multi-Purpose room. The interiors are open to the central courtyard allowing for natural light and exterior observation through glass partitions.
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36. Top, Interior View of the central courtyard. The facility opens its floorplan to a central court yard that is commonly share by various housing units 37. Bottom, Plan View of Contra Costa’s site and context. The location of the building engages its surrounding buildings to interact with the facility.
38. First and Second Floor Plans. the housing units are separated by the main courtyard and by their corresponding courtyards. each housing units serves as a classification system to better isolate inmates.
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7. EXPERT WITHNESS Practicing Architect Henry Chang, DJMJ H&N Henry Chang has been practicing architecture with DMJM H&N for over three years. He is currently involved in prison design. He explained that generally, the market for prison design goes hand-on-hand with courthouses and detention centers. Indeed, DMJM has a department that specializes in prison detention centers and courthouses. Apparently, the in business of making prisons, design relies on the market established by specific firms, rather than on individual projects with specialized research. In this sense, the treatment of prison design has become as mechanical as the making of office buildings. Currently, in the prison industry, the inmate populations are generalized regardless of the type of crimes committed by their members. If it is possible to agree that different crimes require different reform approaches, then architects should be more program-specific when it comes to designing prisons. A general priority regarding prison making is, inevitably, how safe these prisons really are. In Mr. Chang’s opinion, “security is the biggest concern.� He stressed that the facility must be escape proof. There should be a security perimeter that addresses this situation on different levels. The majority of the design should be focused on security issues such as enhancing the visibility of inmates to the warden.
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Chang also argues that security features are there to protect the warden but also the inmates themselves. The general trend in the priorities for prisonmaking is still safety, but why does this have to put aside the need to rehabilitating these individuals? Security should be the basic concern in prison design but perhaps not the biggest concern. If at the end of the process the only thing that is achieved is a secure holding institution, then the problem with prisons would remain unchanged. The primarily goal of prisons, and prison design for that matter, should be inmate reform, rather than the making of secure warehouse for troublesome humans. Another issue Architect Chang mentioned regarding humane detention conditions in contemporary prisons was the health status of the inmates. Every prison has a medical unit with equipped with everything that is needed to ensure the inmates remain healthy and stable, and are given appropriate medical attention when required. There are also exterior exercise areas such as sport courts and courtyards that contribute to inmate wellness. Another consideration brought up by Mr. Chang is location. When a new correctional facility is being designed, choosing the proper location is relevant to the type of facility that will be built. Regarding site selection, this prison design expert explained to me that the specific type of prison will dictate the kind of site that can be considered for its location. Detention centers, commonly know as jails, usually hold persons undergoing trial or those that are in for overnight detention. Jails must be close to their corresponding courthouses. The courthouses are generally in the centers of metropolitan areas; therefore the jails are generally located in or near downtowns. Prisons however, are placed as far away as possible from the rest of society. The population of prisons consists of criminals serving long-term sentences therefore access to these facilities is much more sporadic than for jails. The kind of sites deemed appropriate for prisons are probably less favorable to the improvement of the inmates social habits, since rehabilitation programs and community networks can be more disconnected as the distance between towns and the prison becomes greater. Conditions and specifications determining how prisons should be built come
40. Top, Illinois Maximum-Security Correctional Facility. DMJM H&N The Maximum Security Prison Holds over 1800 cells and it is equipped with biometric readers and video cameras. 41. Previous page. Carson City Public Safety Complex, Carson City Nevada. The Carson City Public Safety Complex consists of two adjacent buildings – an 80,000-square foot courthouse and an adjoining 32,000-square foot jail. 44. Upper, Carson City Public Safety Complex, View of the Master control room. The Complex is sited across the street from Nevada’s stately, gold-domed Capitol building, and it was essential that the building also reflect an appropriate sense of permanence, stability, and decorum. At the same time, the design of the jail component required a balance of contextual sensitivity and heightened security
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from the American Correctional Association (ACA). This set of regulations is mandatory in the state of California. When it comes to investigating and researching the program necessities and the client’s requirements Mr. Chang’s team does not seek any additional consultants—such as psychologist, or sociologist—beyond the common requirement. Teams of professionals may be better able to attack the problems our current prison system. In Mr. Chang’s opinion it is enough time and experience that helps you design a better prison. Another influential factor affecting prison design is the sources of founding for the project. The financing for prisons is usually done through bond measures. These facilities are of public domain; therefore it is taxes that finance their constructions. Normally the time it takes to design a prison is about six months to a year, from the pre-design phase to 100% construction. The expectancy of service for these structures is between 30 to 40 years typically. However the expectancy of service must also be linked to demographics and changes in policies. Finally, some of the issues involving a prison design deal with the ethics of the
42. Below, Marin County Jail, San Rafael California. Located on a hilltop, the project adjoins Marin County’s Hall of Justice and civic center, a national landmark designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. To preserve the character of Wright’s architecture, the facility is recessed into the hillside. 43. Opposite, First and Second Floor Plans. Unique design features include the use of gray water for flushing and landscaping, and the elimination of cell windows. All natural light is provided by skylights and clear lights in the cells. Through the use of multiple-occupancy cells, the facility can accommodate a total of 362 inmates.
designer. There is an ongoing architectural boycott for prison design (http://www. adpsr.org/prisons/index.htm) based on social responsibility. Mr. Chang shared with me his personal philosophy on the matter. He believes that, “incarcerating people is not necessary the best solution and perhaps policy making can provide a better solution. On the other hand, there is no such thing as an Ethiopian society, we can improve our systems and reduce the need, but there will always be a need to isolate those that need to be isolated from society.� As an architect, Mr. Chang finds his work very rewarding, full of responsibility and opportunity. He believes he is making a positive contribution towards the betterment of society.
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Unit Management
Secretary
General Storage
General multipurpose
multi purpos
counselor office
multi purpos
shower
caseworker office
Jan. Staff work area 250 sf
Vest. 100sf phones
Sleeping Cells
Jan. correction office
WC
Work Experience
food drink
Vocational Center
Eduacation
Shower
8. PROGRAM The program proposes a combination of strategies directed towards the achievement of the system’s main goal: inmate rehabilitation. The overall picture of prison reform needs to incorporate programs that go above and beyond the simple function of restrain. This new system requires hybrid spaces that may promote work, learning, and practice among the inmates. In order to successfully foster this kind of environment, the proposed new prison system is broken down into five housing groups. Each housing group would be oriented towards specific levels of education, vocational training and work experience, which the inmate must attain in order to complete the rehabilitation program. There is direct interaction among these corresponding spaces. For instance, a particular inmate would live, study and work within the same boundaries. This is achieved by matching the specific prison facility requirements with those of the education, vocational training, and work experience program.
55
__Supporting Spaces; Prison program Any kind of jail requires adequate supporting spaces in order to be operational and functional. The basic characteristics of most program spaces are directly derived from the “Jail Design Guidelines” drafted by the US Department of Justice and the National Institute of Corrections (NIC). Among other aspects, the Guidelines mostly take into account the activities of the wardens and supporting staff and how they ought to relate with the inmate. The administrative aspect is discussed since it deals with the running operations inside and outside the secure perimeter. Public spaces are also addressed given that both visitors and providers are routinely present within the prison. This sector is the public face of the facility and its aesthetic characteristics matters here the most. Some of the main spaces include the public lobby, the master control room, the staff development area, the administration, and medical service areas.
__Educational Programs Since the proposed system carries is focused on reforming the inmate, education achievement is one of its essential components. The average level of education within the inmate population is 7th grade. Some prisons currently provide educational programs as an alternative; the inmates are to participate in these programs in their own time. But, since there is no real reward or incentive for their participation, inmate sentenced to prolonged periods of time may not bother to join enroll. With this new prison system alternative, education is an integral part of the program. In order to advance, the inmate needs to participate. The implementation requirements of these programs are directly applied to the inmates’ living quarters. The library is part of the main dayroom, the classrooms are adjacent to the multipurpose rooms, which are also link to the dayroom. Most of the educational activities are part of the daily routine. Education counselors serve as both regular counselors and facility staff. The objective is to create an environment of constant learning, especially at the beginning stages of the process. Some of the essential educational programs include: Graduation Equivalency Degree GED, Adult Basic Education ABE, Pre-release, Advanced education, Associates Degree, substance abuse, and victim awareness.
__Vocational Programs The vocational training components of the program are a vital part in the institution’s success and inmate’s reform. It is through vocational training that the inmate is exposed to, and given the opportunity to learn skills that may enable him or her to pursue a career or profession after imprisonment with which to support and ease his/her reintegration to society. There are five major facilities that are used to facilitate vocational development. The classrooms as hands-on laboratories are where practice and learning are concurrent. While offering some vocational options, the inmate is engaged in a productive activity of his choice. The inmate learns the skills and value of work; the prison benefits from the labor of these inmates, which may include work in public accounting, manufacturing, and graphic design. The institution can optimize these programs and seek revenue by involving the private sector.
__Work Experience By providing work experience during the time of imprisonment both the prison and the inmates benefit. The inmate learns the value of work, and the prison may offset its operation costs through profits from inmate labor. The inmates may perform some daily running operations such as doing laundry or food preparation. Other extended job opportunities may be available that generate income, which can be utilized to supplement prison expenses or provide an incentive for the
46. CARL HAMMER GALLERY, Prison Guard. Bill Steber, Photographist, artist. black and white photograph
57
inmate to maintain a productive environment. Some of the spaces required to generate work experience overlap with other parts of the prison program such as the kitchen, facility maintenance warehouse and plant, and administrative offices in addition to the vocational workshops themselves. Work experience takes place throughout the vocational, the education and the supporting places. The extended job opportunities involve the dairy farm, croplands, mechanic shop, woodshop, landscaping, and janitorial. These activities are throughout the entire prison and require the inmates to move freely within the facility’s secured perimeter. Because the inmate-worker class is capable of carrying activities without the strictest direct supervision, extended opportunities are directly linked to the inmate-worker class.
__Housing Groups Housing groups are the catalyst that ensures the function of the hybrid system. From performing the simple task of enabling inmate observation and surveillance through the use of the open plan, to providing activities and resources that contribute to the ongoing rehabilitation of the inmate, housing group orchestrate multiple program activities. The supporting service spaces such as management offices and equipment storage facilities are held within the housing group. Educational spaces like classrooms and libraries, which are frequented as part of the daily activities of the inmates, are directly accessible. Vocational activities and education spaces are incorporated into the housing group as well. Each housing group represents a step up in the reforming process of inmates. As an incentive for continuous progress, every level up offers better services, opportunities, and comforts.
47. Left,CARL HAMMER GALLERY, Archman Penitentiary Work Gang. Bill Steber, Photographist, artist. black and white photograph 48. Next page, Curriculum Diagram of the different housing levels. the diagram expresses the relationship among all three programs in each housing group level.
Housing Group Level 1: Entry Level This is the fist face of the prison’s strategy. Education is the principal importance in this level. The inmate is introduced to the system of education and requirements. Generally, the services and the comfort level are at its most modest. Inmate cells are 65sf. (the states minimum required is 60sf.), and they have a limited window and natural light, and the furniture is affixed to the ground. The multipurpose rooms are furnished with sturdy finishes, and serve as classrooms for group counseling. The class curriculum concentrates on GED (Graduation Equivalency Degree) and substance abuse classes. Work jobs are noticeably harsh and mediocre like laundry services, kitchen staff, janitorial and others confined with in the general housing. Ideally, the conditions of the first level are not to be considered degrading or deplorable, instead they promote the idea of moving up. Once the inmates successfully finished the first level they are relocated into the next level
Housing Group Level 2: Developing face Inmates in the “developing face� of the education program are still housed within the primary activity space. Inmates at this housing group level still continue with their previous programs in education but new programs and vocational careers are introduced. General services and the living conditions are slightly improved and more comfortable. Inmate cells are now 70 square feet, have bigger windows and better natural light. The multipurpose room is bigger, taller, and has more recreational activities. The library includes more extensive collections and a media center. The working environment is also more rewarding, and the options expand to jobs other than the ones required with in the housing unit. Jobs opportunities include textiles and processing.
House Group Level 3: Intermediate Reform In this level, all three program elements, education, vocation, and work are implemented equally. In fact, there is a direct relation between the three elements: the education is now also being directed towards the development of specific vocational skills, and working activities relate to what is being learned in the vocational classes. The surrounding environment is also improved. The individual cells are 75sf, windows are bigger, and the furniture has softer finishes and some of it is no longer affixed. The multi-use dayroom is bigger and taller with more natural light. Inmates have access to better products in the commissary. Vocational classes may be held in the workshops, which are by now more accessible to inmates. Job options extend to vocational activities such as mechanics and computer design and others. The private sector may bring work to inmates relating their vocation, like accounting, light manufacturing, and data input.
House Group Level 4: Advanced Reform At the fourth level, vocational education and experience predominates. By the time the inmate reaches this level, he/she should have completed his general education and be able to access advanced educational courses. Ordinary labor is no longer required. Instead vocational practice is fully extended. Shifts become available outside the housing unit, at the workshops along with vocational studios. The housing unit has much improved furniture, the single cells are now 80sf with normal size windows, and personalized furniture is encouraged. The inmates have access to technology and better wardrobe. Inmates 59
begin shifts outside the housing group related to vocational workshops. Work experience and other jobs available my include those related to the daily operations of the facility like farming, dairy, maintenance, and other. The inmateworker concept is introduced and there are a few openings for internships within the program. The inmate assumes more responsibility and becomes more selfreliable and autonomous.
Housing Group Level 5: Reintegration Face This is the final level in the inmate reformation and rehabilitation process. By now the inmate has completed all educational requirements from GED and substance abuse rehabilitation to advance education, be it a 2-year college degree or vocational education. Elective courses are offered along with accredited courses towards a vocation career degree or college preparation for those who intent to transfer to a four-year college. Work and vocational training are fused together at this point. The inmate solemnly performs tasks related to his vocational career such as landscaping, fashion design, hair styling, auto mechanics, business administration, accounting, or graphic design among others. The work these inmates generates revenue for both the inmate and the prison. Workloads flow between the shops and the outside private sector. Experience in the respected fields is enhanced and networks are created that may help the inmate enter the job market. Career days are scheduled. The living conditions are greatly improved. The cells are not longer single cells but rooms of 150sf with two roommates each. The windows are extra large with small operable portions. The day room is the biggest of all five housing units and includes better accommodations like technological access and an entertainment room. The classrooms are more informal and double as studios to create inmate-working spaces. Small appliances are allowed in the sleeping units. Inmates have controlled access in and out of the housing unit. The inmate is encourage to apply to the inmate-worker program, which will give him/her the opportunity to live in dormitories and work directly at the work shops. Generally, the inmate is encouraged to seek self-improvement and to value the progress he/she has made. Inmates participate in the re-immersion program that enables them to have a smoother transition back into society.
__Prison Program Curriculum Level 1
ENTRY LEVEL: · Prioritized in education, GED requirements, and “rehab” services · Work on entry-level position providing basic task and ordinary chores. Kitchen, laundry, janitorial,
live
Study
work
DEVELOPIN FACE: · Prioritized in education with orientation towards career and continuing education. General ED, AA, GED requirements finished. · Introduction to vocational careers. · Work on advanced position providing some external task such as assistant maintenance. Workload is provided externally form the housing units but with in the prison work load.
Level 2 live
Study
work
Voc
Level 3
INTERMEDIATE FACE: · Education, work and Vocational training are distributed in equal manner. AA completion. Advanced education concentrated on career goals. · Vocational training in extended face. Inmates have full shifts in vocational training · Work is relevant to vocational training. Some work is provide from external source
live
Study
work
Voc
Level 4
ADVANCED REFORM FACE: · Vocational education and training predominate. General education completed. Some advanced courses offered. · Full working shifts outside the housing unit and in vocational training · Work directly related to vocational training. · Most work is provide from external source
live
work
Study
Voc
Level 5 live Study
Voc
work
dorms
REINTEGRATION FACE: · Education is mostly completed, elective courses offered, independent studies and the option to apply to college · Vocational training and work are one. Inmates focus solemnly on experience for portfolio and resume buildup. Work is interchangeable with exterior sources. Both the inmate and the facility gain profit from this work produced. · Inmate worker program allows inmates to work around the entire facility and use all shops and resources. 61
Program Requirements
Proportional Spatial Requirements
Prison Program requirements 1. Master control 2. Intake-release/admissions 3. Housing-general 4. Unit management 5. Inmate worker quarters 6. Health services 7. Visiting 8. Recreational programs indoor/outdoor 9. Commissary 10. Administration/public 11. Public lobby 12. Staff 13. Warehouse 14. Engineer plant & maintenance 15. Physical plant 16. Transportation
1. 2. 3. 4.
Education-Prison Program Administration General Classrooms Substance abuse counseling General library
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Work and Work Experience Laundry Services Food Preparation Service Landscaping Janitorial Services. Clerical Work General Facility Maintenance Farming & Produce
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Vocational Training & Further Education General Dept. Technical Dept. Business Technical Dept. Young Worker’s Dept. Electrical Dept. Administration
9. PROGRAM SUMMARY Progressive Program Applicaiton
Personal Development
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10. PROGRAM DATA-SHEET
65
1. MASTER CONTROL ROOM The basic function of Master Control is the monitoring and control of all communications, life safety and security movement patterns, including entries and envelope of the jail. The master control must be laid our efficiently.
general requirements
Behavioral issues task and work independent and isolated form the rest of the prison. Should be able to control the entire facility if necessary . Nerve center of the jail
critical dimension N/A
critical height
user type
N/A
staff
WALL cmu
FLOOR concrete vinyl
Ambient Conditions separate heating/cooling. Toilet and janitors closet included. Sally port for access with view to port for identification purpose. Emergency key kept outside the institution for emergency. An equipment room required 400sf. adjacent or above/ below master control with a sally port. supporting areas: Control console desk equipment room bathroom janitor closet/storage entry vestibule
51. Master Control Room Diagram. one of the principal requirements for the master control room, is the capacity to observe as much as possible, clear of any obtrusion.
finishes CEILING acoustical ceiling
users- per 4hr shift 2
lighting fluorescent/ incandescent direct indirect
safety& security level 4 security. Secure access from inmate, staff and public
other shatter proof glass. Electrical, mechanical, and emergency power sources must be included or secured.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Line of sight 250 degrees Master Control room 200sf
Equipment Room 350sf
Vestibule 120sf
Jn. 25sf storage 50sf
wc
2. INTAKE RELEASE
general requirements
booking and admissions of arrestees or inmates from court or other facilities. It must facilitate inmate and staff flow and ensure integrity of the area and its functions. Conducts intake activities in admitting and releasing of the facility. The location of the intake-release area is vital to the efficient operation of the facility. it should be located within the secured perimeter and adjacent to a controlled entrance, preferably close to the public lobby and the visiting area. for the purpose of this facility, holding cells are not required since inmates are voluntarily transferred here as an alternative prison sentencing. instead of holding cells, they are interviewing rooms. and group holding can be group orientation. critical Behavioral issues dimension N/A provides the arrestee first impression. Because of the wide variety of mental 40sf. Temporary ce and physical states of the arrestees, this space should help reduce tension and create a calm, orderly, and secure intake process. Ambient Conditions WALL use conventional construction ribbed concrete materials, softer materials. Use bright masonry colors and provide normalized privacy screen with diversions such as television and view control magazines. Use durable yet attractive finishes.
critical height
user type
N/A 8+ feet
staff new arrestees officers temp. dĂŠtentes bond person attorneys
users- per 4hr shift 5 1-20 ea 1-4 ea 1-8 ea 1 ea 1-2 ea
finishes CEILING acoustic ceiling tile
FLOOR carpet
supporting areas receiving: vehicle sally port storage area secure entry vestibule booking area photo/fingerprint secure single-interviewing room** multi-purp/multi-occu. Orientation room** open waiting area staff toilet (ADA) inmate toilet (ADA) supply storage/janitor closet admissions: shower/change area street/previous clothes & valuables stor... Facility clothing stor.. linen stor.. Toiletries stor..
lighting artificial fluorescent incandescent natural
safety& security level 4 close monitored and with direct line of sight of the intake-release officer to the sequence of the receiving process other solid-core wood doors. Warm bright colors
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Secure Perimeter Fence Interview 80sf
52. Intake-Release relationship diagram. unlike regular prisons, the admmisions part of this program focuses on interviewing and qualifying the applying inmates.
Interview 80sf
wc
toiletries 40sf
Group Orientation 200sf
linen 80sf
wc
Vehicle Sally Port 800
Vest. 100sf
Booking 300sf
shower 160sf
Open waiting 300sf
prison clothes 150sf st. clothes store 150sf
storage 120sf
storage 140sf
Photo 80sf
67
general requirements
3. GENERAL HOUSING General housing consist of those areas that accommodate the typical or "average" inmate. The general population consist of pre-trial or posttrial status. In recent years the emphasis has shifted towards an improved environmental quality and improved safety, also towards the creation of a more normal environment. Each unit comprises to 40-65 inmates. Combining two units under one staff team is frequently necessary critical height user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical Behavioral issues dimension shift N/A staff 10 level 3 common and typical activities such as 35sf. Per person 60sf. Single cell 8ft inmate 60-80 inmates entry vestibule. sleeping, socializing, reading, eating, 70sf double cell 8ft case workers 2 Controlled access to etc. changes in the inmate population teachers 5 adjacent program must be address at this level. areas. Movement should be controlled. Non80"x30" bed counselors 2 housing activities should be easily 2-4sf desk accessible and within view. Avoid blind spots finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other facilitate control and movement. cmu carpet on secure concrete natural non-fixed institutional or Inmates must be protected form concrete base cement plaster on artificial 20 cndls. commercial furniture violence, assault, and exploitation by metal lath other inmates. Sound pollution should cement plaster on vinyl composite tile metal lath (VCT) steel panels be moderated. Artificial light should be sufficient. Cell temperature should also be moderate. supporting areas multi-use space 60-65 inmates 2000sf. inmate rooms 6080sf.wc,sink,bed,desk, chair, showers 1 per 4-10 inmates unit manager's office 120sf case worker's office 100sf. counselors' office 100sf. correctional officer's station 20sf. secretary's office 150sf. 2 other offices 100sf. Ea other multi-purpose 300 other multi-purpose 150 other multi-purpose 150 beverage-food 80sf telephone area(2 phones) storage rooms (2) 50sf. janitors closet (2) ea fl secure vestibules
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Unit Management
Secretary
General Storage
multi purpos
counselor office 53. General Housing. it is crucial that many programs run within the housing unit. there are five total housing units, each with a higher level
General multipurpose
multi purpos
shower
caseworker office
Jan. Staff work area 250 sf
Vest. 100sf phones
Sleeping Cells
Jan. correction office
WC
Work Experience
food drink
Vocational Center
Eduacation
Shower
4. UNIT MANAGEMENT
general requirements
The concept of providing unit management for inmate populations groups. the staff assigned to this area is responsible for all inmate activities associated within the housing unit population located there. critical height user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical Behavioral issues dimension shift N/A N/A Staff 15 They must provide a level of supporting staff 8 active 24 hours a day 7 understanding and communication with clerks 2 days. This space is inmates. Provides safety of officers and dean/chairmen 1 restricted to inmate inmates by facilitating communication unit manager 2 access with the unit. Provide ongoing personal manager of oper. 0.5 involvement with conditions, needs, and activities in the housing areas that comprise the unit management area finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other visual surveillance/direct observation of einforced concrete ocommercial carpetdinary ceiling mater fluorescent some electronic all housing unit entrances. Direct acent walls to hous CVT artificial devices. Copy & print. access to each housing unit. Unit egular wall finishes aLaminated flooring natural Emergency equipment manager meets regularly with staff other places assigned to the unit to discuss events, policy and direction and to foster a professional and consistent approach to managing the unit supporting areas NIC design guidelines diagrams: sally port Secure control room/rest room Unit management office assistant UM office Staff office Case managers/interview rooms meeting room/multi purp. staff toilet.??? janitor's closet General storage
Secure Vestibule Secure Control & Resting Unit Manager Office
Assistant Manager
Staff Office Desk
54. Unit Management. these become the leading head in every housing unit.
Case Manager detention room
Case Manager detention room
Meeting Multipurpose
Case Manager detention room
General Storage
Plug for other Services
69
5. INMATE WORKER QUARTERS The inmate worker housing area has the same characteristics as work release inmates and it refers to its space requirements. One exception is that inmate workers should have a telephone with an outside line for visits, and inmate worker housing areas should remain with in the bounding perimeter but separate from the other inmate housing areas. The inmate worker is responsible for the maintenance and running operations of the facility and the work related. Some small obligations and facility operations decisions can be assigned to ranked individuals. Vocational trainees could work with inmate workers.
general requirements
critical height critical Behavioral issues dimension 50sf x inmate 8ft Sleeping quarters are multi-occupancy 64 inmates max cells that do not require a vestibule. 4 inmates x shower The entry/exit should be separated from the intake area. Grants a feeling of independence and reliance.
Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR provide privacy and property protection. The dayroom and shower regular construction carpet, vinyl tile materials area should be separated to allow uses at different times of the day. Lighting should be controlled by both staff and inmates both natural and artificial.
user type work release staff maintenance
users- per 4hr shift varies 4 0.6
janitor
0.2
finishes CEILING acoustical ceiling
supporting spaces sleeping quarters 10 inmates (10 crews) toilet shower area locker room Storage equipment room dayroom Outdoor exercise laundry Staff control post/office Multi-purpose meeting room
level 2, CCTV it is critical to keep inmate workers separated from work release to avoid contraband in and out of prison.
lighting other natural/artificial ground fault outlets in controlled lighting sleeping rooms or in sleeping quarters dayrooms for electronic devices
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Locker Rooms
Sleeping
55. Inmate-Worker Diagram. the inmates get to work independently and move around in the advanced housing levels.
safety& security
Laundry
Toilet Showers
Storage Equipment
Dayroom Meeting Multipurpose
Outdoor Exsercise
Staff Control
6. HEALTH CARE SERVICES
general requirements
Essential to the well being or inmates it should be view as a basic human right. It purpose is not only to serve the individual's needs but also to prevent the spread of disease within the facility. The health care unit can also provide vocational training for inmates since a common problem of the facilities is the lack or willingness of service providers to come into the institution. critical height user type critical Behavioral issues dimension 80-100sf or N/A medical staff responding to inmate health complains, inmates first aid, medical counseling and other 180sf for emergen. care and additional supporting staff medical treatment. Significant differences in fictions and equipment reatment procedures such as changing needs such as , dental and medical or eye or ear exams and the projected number of examination inmate users. The key variables are work surface and access finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING provide health care staff office. Access reinforced concreteCommercial carpet reinforced around four-sided preferable. for wall adjacent to on staff steel concrete Medication storage is a "medical or Perimeter Vinyl tile security personnel only" area that must regular materials be secure from break-in. The location else where of the medication storage are should facilitate frequent use and convenient access by authorized staff. supporting spaces Treatment area Examination rooms (2) Laboratory Administrator's office Staff work area Storage closet Dental operating room Dentist office Dental Laboratory Secure Medications stor. Secure records storage inmate waiting area Inmate toilet (ADA) Emergency equip stor.
users- per 4hr shift 4 varies 8
safety& security Medication storage must be out of reach from inmates. Other inmates should not have close contact with the health services area.
lighting other artificial lighting medical instruments mostly need space allocation, some natural light such as examining indirectly over the tables and dental reception and chairs. Storing waiting areas compartment requires fire proofing for flammable materials
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
toiletries 40sf
Storage 150sf
wc
Med.Cab. 160sf
Records 50sf
Emerg sto 40sf
56. health services diagram. there is a clear distinction between the inmate access and medical staff shown with the red dashed line.
Admin Off 100sf
Lab 100sf
prison clothes 150sf
dent. off 100sf
Staff work area 250 sf
Lab 100sf
st. clothes store 150sf
Vest. 100sf
Dent. Treat 200sf
Treatment 175sf
Inte 8
Interview 80sf
Exam 140sf Exam 140sf
Inmate Waiting 120sf
wc wc
Open waiting
71 300sf
general requirements
7. VISITING Visiting is one of the crucial links between inmates and the community. It provides a way for inmates to communicate other than by telephone or mail with people outside the jail with whom they need contact. Visiting is extremely important to inmates because it enables them to keep in touch with family members, friends, business associates, ministers, and attorneys. Because visiting is so important to inmates, it is one of the jail's most effective tools in managing behavior. Contraband is critical concern in this space and additional measure need to be employed critical height user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical Behavioral issues dimension shift 400sf min for 12ft to provide officer guard 5 Promotes inmate ties to family, friends, provide quick waiting area preferred visitors varies and community. The inmate becomes background checks and ADA bathrooms views public sector varies emotional and generally passive with safety bad downs within visitations. In previous systems, this a private area. Must be business varies was done in a separated room able to dispatch big altogether, by having visits within the crowds in visiting hours corporate officials 2 min housing units. the inmate adopts the in a quick routinely other varies place as home. manner finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other visitation happens at the inmate commercial commercial acoustical indirect natural bright warm colors to housing levels, however some area finishes finished floor ceiling panels and artificial reflect a cheerful preparation needs to allow for better wall paneling laminated fluorescent environment is management of the visitation activities. wood floor or some preferable. Also Some private areas need to be other resistant materials and finishes available in order to allow for the material that will tent to relax the inmate and his visit tension of the users. supporting areas reception desk/counter/space public waiting public restroom locker storage Secure entry vestibule Public search Inmate waiting Inmate search/clothes exchange contact visit area Non-contact visit booths Individual visit rooms
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Property limits
wc
visitation limits
private visit
reception
Multipurpose room
ate ce lls
Vestibule
Lobby
private visit private visit
Searching room
waiting area
housing unit
le i
nm
wc
library lockers
Sin g
57. Visiting Diagram. One of the greatest advantage in this programs is that the visits happen within the housing unit.
8. RECREATION PROGRAMS - INDOOR/OUTDOOR EXERCISE
general requirements
Active indoor and outdoor exercise outside the housing units is important to the physical and mental well-being of inmates and to facility security, providing a positive outlet for inmate energies. Outdoor exercise is thought to be especially beneficial to both emotional and physical well-being because of exposure to fresh air and sunlight and because it provides a temporary release from confinement within the building. critical height user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical Behavioral issues dimension shift outdoor courts indoor multi-sports sports director 14 this facilities need to be available most emergency intervention need to total a min court should have inmates varies 10-300 should be readily of the day, however access to them of 5 acres a minimum height staff varies need to be regulated through the available, constant clearance of a scheduling department in order to supervision wile sports ensure satisfactory completion of activities. CCTV education and work programs per regular gym - 22ft inmate. Extra curricular activities are offered to those interested. finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other locate gym adjacent to other central centralized services. Provide complete reinforced concrete Laminated wood skylights or other mostly natural light provide adequate ACA CMU Natural concrete translucent materia full lighting to be certified equipment visibility into the spaces. Provide Composite plastic space frame provided for interiors supervision with backup opportunity. Generally inmate disturbances are turf exterior activities common to this space. The use of for after sun down programmed activities will limit the and day-light loitering time that leads to devious savings. actions Prototypical Spaces NIC design guidelines diagrams: gymnasium space (basketball, Volleyball, etc.) recreational director office restrooms athletic equipment/chair storage exercise/weight lifting area activity rooms coat/hat storage outside recreational activities: basketball, baseball, soccer, etc.
Exersice & Weight room
Showers & Storage
Activities room
58. Recreational Programs diagram. the facility takes into a college sports activities scheme. inmates do not exercise at lance, but they are rather signed to specific activities
Gym indoor courts
outdoor activities Recreations office
73
9. COMMISSARY
general requirements
The commissary or canteen, offers for sale items that are not routinely issued to inmates by the institution, such as deodorant, soap, candy, cookies, ice cream, fruit, soda, greeting cards, radios, saving supplies and other. critical height critical Behavioral issues dimension 400 for storage 10ft min. generally the commissary provides service/secure inmate work opportunities. This job is not prosperous or rewarding, it should counter and vending be limited to daily operations. Inmate window. tend to manipulate this as a privilege. The canteen can possibly be substituted for electronic requested.
user type staff inmate worker inmate shopper
users- per 4hr shift 8 8 varies
supplier
2 weekly
finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING mini-mart like environment. Mostly over the counter sales. The commissary is reinforced concrete polished concrete reinforced concrete or secured wall or industrial or other sturdy only open a few hours a day so its paneling. quality materials material presence is not emphatically essential.
supporting areas
lighting fluorescent
safety& security level 3. The security of the commissary is limited to preventing theft. There is a loading access that also needs enhanced security
other service counter and other hardware should be heavy duty an d ACA certified.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Sales counter Waiting line Canteen office General storage room Refrigerator storage Janitor's closet
office
Refrigerator storage
59. Commissary Diagram. the inmates is able to get specialty items through his work earnings
Loadnig doc
shopping & waiting outdoor activities
sales
General storage Jan
10. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
general requirements
The administration and public reception areas of the jail are essential to the organization and management of daily business. They are also essential to accommodate the public's need for access to the facility and to information about inmates and other aspects of the jail operation. the administration should be accessible to both the public and the inmate-occupied areas of the jail without creating security conflicts. Behavioral issues locate administration outside the main security perimeter but adjacent to it. Some of the functions of the administration require frequent presence within the prison. A security pass-through will allow to transfer documents between the secured perimeter. allow for expansion. the lobby is the first impression of the public and greatly influences the image of the place Ambient Conditions meeting and conference usually to accommodate the public. The records area should be accessible to master control and intake-release areas. Staff should have separate entrance from their parkinglot. Lobby should be pleasant, comfortable, and with natural light if possible. avoid conflicting view with prison perimeter or booking and holding areas supporting areas Administration waiting area/reception Public toilets Warden's office Warden's toilet/shower Warden's conference room Associate warden of administration Executive secretaries/workspace Human resources director/workspace Dean of Education office Dean of Vocational training office Business manager office Business lobby supply storage
60. Public Administration diagram. unlike regular prisons, the administration is run by the three main influences in the program activities. the Dean of Education, Dean of Vocational Careers, and Business Manager.
critical dimension lobby 15sf x per
critical height
user type
12ft height.
master control receptionist facility staff clerical staff visitors
WALL commercial/ business finishes CMU/veneer
FLOOR Tile composite laminate wood
color finish or aluminum panel
users- per 4hr shift 48 48 varies 24 varies
safety& security security equipment store for helmets, batons, shields, and chemical agents. Must be store outside the secured perimeter
finishes CEILING lighting other acoustical ceiling direct and indirect acoustic treatment natural lighting should be provided fluorescent/ especially when large groups with children are incandescent in the area. Also to separate the lobby form administration and inmate areas NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Transaction counter Vault General workstations Inmate accounts stations General records storage Mail room Photocopy/facsimile Conference rooms (dividers) Office workroom Staff lounge/vending Staff toilet Janitor's closet Parking as needed
Main Conference room Public wc
Jan.
Warden’s Assistant
Dean of Education
Business Lobby
Public waiting area
JanWarden
Executive secretary
storage
work room
General workspace
stor.
copy color
Mail room
Human Resources
WC
Dean of Vcational career
Financial Adminis.
Warden’s Conference room
Business Manager
Warden Conference room
75
11. PUBLIC LOBBY the public lobby is the face of the entire facility. This is the only connection the general public knows about the institution. This place represents all the philosophies behind the structure. All persons addressing the facility are first drawn here. The lobby serves as the information unit to the public and it organizes the interactions between internal and external affairs.
general requirements
critical height critical Behavioral issues dimension 12ft the public lobby is exposed to different 15sf per person on the waiting area kinds of emotional distress and it needs to reflect a controlled environment.
Ambient Conditions WALL the environment to the lobby should be both welcome like, and professional. commercial wall finishes The architecture of the interior needs to express the general theory behind the facility's mission statement.
FLOOR finish commercial flooring
user type staff police officers visitors
finishes CEILING varies
supporting areas
users- per 4hr shift 3 0.5 varies
safety& security secured access to the visitor center
lighting both natural indirect and artificial fluorescent
other
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Weather vestibule Information center Facility lobby/ waiting area Receiving officer's desk Public restrooms Public sally port
Property limits
wc
Waiting
Weather Vestibule
Info center
Desk
Waiting
Sally Port
61. Public Lobby Diagram. This is the Face of the facility to the public or any one who is not inside.
general requirements
12. STAFF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES The state government can make a lasting contribution to positive employer-employee relations, staff , and productivity by making an architectural statement that clearly recognizes and accommodates the needs of its facility staff. The staff areas are defined as those spaces that are specifically intended for the private use of jai staff. this includes a lounge or break room, training areas, locker/shower rooms, and toilets critical height user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical Behavioral issues dimension shift 10ft min staff varies staff areas should be located outside provide access adjacent classroom of teaching professiona 3 the secured perimeter with the to administration and 500sf for 40 staff exception of the staff dining/break public lobby with sally members. Provide areas which are close to the kitchen. port. Staff break room a break room or Staff areas are not public areas and may be located within lounge of should be separated secured perimeter. approximately 800sf finishes Ambient Conditions allow sufficient protected parking. This area is to provide staff with training and professional development. It also provides space for staff locker facilities and staff assembly for pre-shift briefings.
WALL conventional studwall
FLOOR commercial quality finished floor
CEILING varies
supporting areas training director assistant training director training equipment storage assembly room/training/multi purpose male & female toilets, showers and lockers wellness center/ training room staff break room parking
62. Staff Development Service diagram. there are the basic needs to keep a well trained and professional staff.
lighting artificial and natural
other provide adequate ventilation to staff lockers.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Training Equipment storage
Training director
assis. T.D. mens shower/lockers
Assembly room Mulitpurose training
Wellness center/ training room
womens shower/lockers staff breakroom
77
13. WAREHOUSE
general requirements
the inside of the warehouse is used for the long-term storage of all items not delivered directly to certain specialized departments. Provisions should include an adjacent truck dock with both an overhead and pedestrian door. critical height critical Behavioral issues dimension since inmates help operate the inside 12 feet minimum provide a warehouse, goods stored there are height minimum of 4,500 generally more accessible. Secured sf. With a an storage for tools and equipment that additional 400sf. could be used to attempt an escape is For a as secured important. storage
user type operational staff inmate worker suppliers
Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR the requirement of inmates to operate this facility provides an mundane and CMU, concrete or polished concrete floors non-rewarding job. This task should be other strong time material rotated among most inmates as required for daily operations.
CEILING N/A
supporting areas Materials manager's office Buyers office secured storage general storage recycle storage hazardous materials storage garbage compactor Dock control office/area receiving dock janitors closet
users- per 4hr shift 1 2 varies
safety& security inmates need to be pad down before leaving.
lighting other both natural and the loading dock artificial requires controlled and organized access from vehicular circulation and it needs to be incorporated with the overall parking design.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Hazardous Material stor.
Secured Storage
buyers office
Materials Manager’s office
63. Warehouse Diagram. this space serves to hold supplies for the institution. But it can also hold produced goods from inmates.
Dock control office area
General Storage
Receiving Dock
Compactor
Jan.
Recycle storage
14. ENGINEER PLANT & MAINTENANCE
general requirements
maintains the physical plant and its equipment to create an environment required for an institution to function. It provides a comprehensive preventative program for the maintenance of the facility's mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems critical height critical Behavioral issues dimension each shop needs 15ft min on shops the engineering plant provides the a minimum of 600sf 8ft min on offices substantial work environment the for activities inmates can perform and learn as there is storage trade. This is a place of learning and and machine producing that becomes therapeutic at rooms normally times. But the risk factor is greater here since inmates have access to locked. potentially harmful equipment. Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR each shop is specially condition to concrete polished concrete perform individually with in the entire facility, even though they share most of interior walls are other strong finish regular stud the spaces. There should be a central
user type inmates staff officers private clients
finishes CEILING N/A
clear working area that allows for big or general projects. The shop managers need to provide activities for the inmates. inmates cannot loiter in the shop supporting areas Building Mngr. supervisors office Electrical maint supervisors office secretary office/area safety officer's office office record rooms open work area staff wc inmate wc supply room office Tool room Hazardous material storage Compressor room Receiving area Vestibule
safety& security secured controlled access provided at entrance of plant. Pad downs and metal detectors before leaving the shop are required.
lighting other most of the light is tools and equipment is provided naturally essential. Provide indirected. But enough electric power there should be to the plant and outlets. artificially light that Compressed air fully covers the circulation is also shops. essential.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Materials Manager’s office
Materials Manager’s office
Vestibule
users- per 4hr shift 30 to a shop 3 per shop 2 varies
Electric office
Supervisor’s office
Safety’s officers office wc
7
Shops working area
1
2
3
4
6
5 compressor room
Hazardous storage
Supply room
tool storage 79
15. PHYSICAL PLANT the physical plant is the energy center of the institution. It includes the boilers, chillers, electrical switchgear, and so forth in order to provide power, water, and electricity to the institution. It is generally located on the outside of the security perimeter. sometimes the qualified inmates can provide services to the plant but generally professional services outside the prison are hired to maintain the plant.
general requirements
Behavioral issues provides essential service 24 hrs 7 days. Action plans and other provisions need to be made in advance for emergency situations.
Ambient Conditions provide schedule for routine maintenance and repair.
critical dimension N/A
critical height
user type
N/A
STAFF Maintenance
WALL commercial penthhouse
FLOOR N/A
users- per 4hr shift 48 48
finishes CEILING N/A
supporting areas
lighting artificial
safety& security access to the physical plant is restricted at all times. Only those who operate the plant have secured means of access. other provide the required equipment to maintain the plant.
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
mechanical equipment room chiller equipment room fan room electrical room emergency generator room sewage treatment plant water/treatment storage janitor closet
Jan.
Chiller Equipment room
Fan room
Mechanical Equpment room
Electrical Room
Sewage treatment area
Emergency Generator
Water treatment/ storage
16. TRANSPORTATION/SECURE PERIMETER ACCESS entry into the institution should be provided in an orderly , timely , and secure manner for inmates, staff, visitors, vendors, public officials, and others to maintain the institutions security.
general requirements
Behavioral issues ideally there should only be two points of penetration of the facility perimeter for entry- one for pedestrians and one for vehicles.
Ambient Conditions locate always outside the secure perimeter. Provide space to accommodate the facility's largest vehicle size. Provide clarity of vehicular and site graphics.
critical dimension N/A
critical height
user type
N/A
staff guest
WALL N/A
FLOOR asphalt or paved
supporting areas
finishes CEILING N/A
users- per 4hr shift varies varies
safety& security some safety should be provided for the staff parking to prevent vandalism.
lighting other Natural. there should be enough a thridr of space to provide access the parking lots for emergency vehicles. should be well lid during the night
NIC design guidelines diagrams:
Visitor parking area public transportation staff parking area vehicular sally port pedestrian sally port auto repair
tire storage
staff parking
auto repair
parts storage
Bus stop
visitor’s parking
access by foot
Vehicle sally port
81
Academic/Educational Requirements
1. ADMINISTRATION The administration of the educational services focuses on the regular operations required to ensure that the inmates obtain the proper educative courses. The main components for the administration are divided in two major sectors. The general overall administration that is located along the administrative sector of the facility, and the administrative services at the local housing unit. this separation is intended to function in a hierarchical order of the housing units catering to the inmate, and the major administration advocating to private clients and issues involved with the institution over all Housing user type users- per 4 hr- Unit/ safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues Unit Management shifts faculty 50 provide areas of common interest that 100sf office rooms 8sf. Min for offices the administrative part 300sf min for 10ft min for meeting staff 30 are flexible for different levels of at the housing level Staff offices meeting rooms rooms clerks 10 education among inmates. Each requires to be secured clerk supporting staff varies housing unit administration caters to and separated form the dean 1 local teachers and instructors, granting rest of the inmate assistant dean 1 the maximum exposure of teacher to activities. The faculty inmate. Having the dean of education here double as security in the general administration staff partially. represents one of the main forces that Auditorium finishes Ambient Conditions classroom WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other inmates are observed during the Administration reinforced commercial quality varies fluorescent provide educational educational activities. The faculty of Dean of steel concrete finished flooring materials and enhanced each housing unit has their own eductation conventional wall technology available to offices, clerks, meeting rooms, and inside the admin. faculty staff. break rooms with in the unit clerk Teachers offices management inside the housing unit. clerk The administration becomes part of the housing conditions. there needs to be a l ti fi t t d supporting areas Full time program administrator administrator assistant clerk Adult Basic Education instructor General Equivalency Degree instructor ABE College level course instructor assistnant Continuing GED Continuing Education instructor Dean education educ. Vocational Training instructor supervisors office Dean of staff offices Education teachers offices clerk/teachers aid & records rooms Vocational Education
clerk
67 Administration Diagram. the top diagram show the relationship of the school administration and the regular administration. the bottom diagram shows the administration within the housing units.
Housing Unit/ Unit Management
Staff offices clerk
Auditorium classroom
clerk
Teachers offices clerk
Administration Dean of eductation
Academic/Educational Requirements
2. GENERAL CLASSROOMS locate the education area central to all inmate activity, with relative equally of access to /from all housing units and/or housing complexes. The classrooms are another part of the inmates general activities and they are an extension to the central common area critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues 1desk and chair 10ft mini inmates are introduced to the classrooms for education. Ideally these per classmate ADA accessibility part of the program needs to encourage the inmates to become better persons on their own. The faculty interacts with the inmates at a personal by having the Ambient level Conditions provide lighting control to dim lights if necessary. The bigger classrooms address lecture classes while the smaller classrooms are for inmate interaction and participation.
WALL conventional stud wall or other similar
user type teachers faculty inmates guest
users- per 4hr shifts 6 2 60 varies
safety& security access to classrooms are only granted for classes and services. Consider different access for teacher and inmates.
finishes FLOOR CEILING lighting other commercial grade acoustical ceiling artificial controlled provide safe furniture finish materials and hardware that will resist some abuse
supporting areas Two rooms 500sf two rooms 350sf one room 800sf video classroom media preparation room storage work room
Multipuropse classroom
General classroom
Housing Unit
Auditorium classroom
Media prep.
General classroom
storage
Multipuropse classroom
83
Academic/Educational Requirements
3. SUBSTANCE ABUSE/COUNSELING this is the smallest element of the program but one of the most important one. All inmates entering the entry level have to complete all the substance abuse courses and programs. Most of the re-entry inmates have severe substance abuse problems that need taking care of. critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues 80sf for private 8 feet this program deals with emotional and counseling psychological emotions of the inmates. 5sf per each inmate Some disruptive behavior can occur for the group through an emotional outburst. counseling Ambient Conditions the group counseling space requires comfortable furniture preferably moveable to ensure closureness for the inmates.
WALL conventional materials
FLOOR commercial grade finish floor
user type inmate counselors psychologist therapist
finishes CEILING varies
users- per session 30-Jan 2 1 1
the needs to be an immediate staff access in case of an emotional disturbance
lighting other natural light create a soothing non is preferred intimidating some artificial environment. light is required
supporting areas Group counseling room Individual counseling room (2)
Private counceling
Housing Unit
safety& security
Group Counceling
Private counceling
Academic/Educational Requirements
4. GENERAL LIBRARY there are general libraries on all five housing units to ensure inmate's proper educational resources. The intentions of the library besides providing educational needs, is to ensure that inmates have positive leisure activities on their free time. originally the library was critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues 1sf per 60 volumes 6 feet tall inmates are encourage to freely bookshelves browse for material. There are without obstructing allocated reading lounges that enhance the view. the reading experience. The library 55" tall for free provides the inmate a connection to the standing shelves world of literature, that to some it is limitless Ambient Conditions assure to provide a minimum of 20 books per inmate bed. The library shares the common multipurpose space so it must be ensure from noise distractions and possible vandalism.
WALL conventional wall materials for non-perimeter bounding walls
FLOOR commercial soft finish floors
user type
users-per 4hr shift varies 1
inmate staff
finishes CEILING acoustical ceiling
safety& security provide clearance and visual clarity among book stocks.
lighting non reflectivenon direct lighting
other
supporting areas Collection Legal library Library storage room Stack area Reader area Work area Computer/work station Study carrel area
Housing Unit
study ara work area
Storage
computer room
Library
Reading area
Stack area
85
Vocational Training & Further Education
1. GENERAL DEPARTMENT/ADMINISTRATION the general department caters to Career guidance, Work referral, and Accounting services for the rest of the vocational service areas. This area serves as the home-base for the rest of the vocational departments. Most of the counseling offices and career major directors office could be located in this area. since there is a wide variety of user type, the facility must control its access in and outwards. observation is critical and responsibility should be assigned based on qualification different shifts should be provided to control the inmate type using the user type No. of users safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues inmates level facilities are exposed to different levels controlled access in and N/A 22' commercial 3,4,5, per shift (3,4hr shif out. CCTV with control of education within the college. Staff bldng height staff varies and outside authorized personnel have post within facility. auth. Personal varies access to the facilities. The work supporting staff varies environment reflects the business type, varies vocational staff where inmates and users are auto priv. Sector guest. on appointment sufficient. 80-120 total Ambient Conditions provide reception areas as well as professional looking common areas. Inmates are allowed access to most of the facility. Materials assimilate a normalized environment.
WALL regular const.
FLOOR cast cont. polished conc VCT
finishes CEILING lighting mmercial business c N/A
other
supporting areas Sally port (optional) Administrative production area records & media storage computer and production room Industry director office Industry clerical staff supp. Office Secured supply storage Security screening area/metal detectors janitors closet. clerical industries space vocational classrooms
Counceling General Administration accounting
Publiciting Accounting and telecomunications
Bussines Administration
Career Guideance
Work Refferal
Vocational Training & Further Education
2. TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT The technical department focuses on Mechanics, Plumbing, Carpentry, and other technical professions requiring a shop. This facility specializes in educating and training inmates into these specific vocations. It required more space as the other departments and it is likely to become productive and profitable for the prison itself. shifts should be enforced to separate the different classes of inmates. user type users- in hours safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues per day inmates level facilities are exposed to different levels controlled access in and N/A 3,4,5, per shift (4, 4hr shif out. CCTV with control 22' warehouse type of education within the college. Staff possibly multiple bldg staff varies and outside authorized personnel have post within facility. authorized persona varies access to the facilities. The work varies supporting staff environment reflects the shop qualities varies vocational staff of a local business. This areas are private sector guess subject to be exposed to the public through a controlled access 120-180 total finishes Ambient Conditions WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other multiple shops with in one area. type materials cast concrete N/A commercial rated Working individually and task commercial grade varies lighting assignments. Tools and power tools available. Industry services and possibly mass producing.
supporting areas Sally port Industry production area Raw material storage Finished product storage/garage Industry director office Industry clerical staff supp. Office Secured tool storage Security screening area/metal detectors janitors closet. vocational industries space vocational classrooms
Vocational Training
CAD Production
private sector labor
Carpentry
87
Vocational Training & Further Education
3. BUSINESS TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT this department is in charge of providing vocational training and work activities in Business Administration, Publicity and Telemarketing, CAD design, and Computer Graphics. The nature of the activities is business and professional type. Technology an business activities predominate the environment. this facility is subject to provide productivity and work output for the prison in general. Behavioral issues computers and technology driven activities take place here. Controlled access and supervised activities are required to protect the equipment. This is an advanced level of education for the college inmates. Exposure to outside personnel is of concern but d Ambient Conditions
critical dimension critical height
user type
users- in hours per day
safety& security
inmates level 4 & controlled access in and 5 per shift (2, 6 hr shi out. CCTV with control staff varies post within facility. authorized persona varies varies supporting staff varies vocational staff private sector guess varies 100-150 total finishes WALL FLOOR CEILING lighting other computer rooms and telephone lines are abundant. Spaces must provide a rofessional busines polished concrete acoustic ceiling business/classroomcomputer rooms, regular materials CVT quality lighting computer equipment normal and relaxed working rooms. Networking environment. Activities should be host, broadcasting supervised and controlled by staff at all antennas. Recycling times. area. N/A
N/A
supporting areas Sally port (optional) computer production classrooms records & media storage computer and production room Industry director office Industry clerical staff supp. Office Secured supply storage Security screening area/metal detectors janitors closet. clerical industries space vocational classrooms
General Administration accounting
Publiciting Administrative and services telecomunications
private sector labor
Publiciting and telecomunications
Vocational work
CAD Production
The young workers department provides the basic work skills and opportunities to which the entry level inmate can be engage into. These are: Culinary Arts, Agriculture, Landscaping, Textile, and Hair styling. These activities are intended to provide the basic services for the prison and prisoners. these department is fundamental for the auto-efficiency of the facility. to these activities are also linked most of the work experience activities user type users- in hours safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues per day inmates level 1, 2 because of the variety of activities CCTV. Position varies varies &3 varies involved in this department, it is likely detection devices. staff varies to separate and breakdown this facility authorized persona varies into its individual activities and its supporting staff varies requirements. These facilities are varies vocational staff oriented to general work and inmates should be closely watch 100-150 total
individual kitchens per housing groups food warehouse hair department agricultural warehouse Industry director office Industry clerical staff supp. Office delivery dock green house janitors closet. clerical industries space sweatshop vocational classrooms
WALL varies
FLOOR varies
n
he Kitc
finishes CEILING varies
lighting varies
Kitch
en
other
Kitch
en
n
Ambient Conditions food preparation requires full kitchen with scrabble area per housing group. Barber shop can be centralized and grouped with the textiles department. The agricultural department requires a big ware house and a nursery and green house, as well as access to the crop fields. the landscaping requires i l i areas t t supporting
Kitch
Kitc
Kitche
Vocational Training & Further Education
4. YOUNG WORKER'S DEPARTMENT
hen
en
Ward House Hair Sty.
Delivery
Nursery School Program
Green House
FIELD OF CROPS 89
Vocational Training & Further Education
5. ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT the electrical department serves the purpose of providing education and maintenance in Electric installations, Air Conditioning and Lighting configuration and rearrangement. Basically the vocation is more limited to train these two careers while at the same time these provide maintenance to the prison. the inmates involved in this major have a more direct access to the physical plant, the engineer plant and maintenance and the general warehouse the inmates are restricted from the regular living quarters as these are required to live in the user type users- in hours safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues per day N/A N/A inmate-worker varies inmates are required to maintenance inmate- worker cannot staff the prison and its facilities. They have unsupervised supporting staff assume a big role of responsibility. access to inmate living public authorized quarters or inmate programs. Ambient Conditions alternative hours of operation. Inmate worker status, grants access to the inmates to most of the facility. Provide inmate-worker quarters at various points of the prison.
WALL varies
FLOOR standard materials
finishes CEILING
50-80 total lighting
supporting areas separate living quarters unit management general warehouse general shop Industry director office Industry clerical staff supp. Office Secured supply storage Security screening area/metal detectors janitors closet. clerical industries space vocational classrooms
Electrical plant & Maintenance
installations
CAD & Comp installations
Lighting & Networks
other
Work & Work Experience
WORK AND WORK EXPERIENCE the work and work experience serves two primary functions: it keeps the inmate occupied in a productive activity, and it serves for the facility to produce revenue and profit for its operation cost. The previous system would partially engage in product fabrication as a source of revenue. this types of activities were not rewarding and the inmate felt like slave work. today we enhanced the work and productivity to mix the daily operation activities and vocational work and experience. the institution becomes a business corporation. The services provided are offered to private investors. the business department is in charge of seeking contracts and other means of income. They are also in charge of ensuring the facility's required daily operations user type users- per 4hr safety& security critical dimension critical height Behavioral issues shifts N/A N/A inmate worker varies there are mixed levels of working CCTV. Inmate working staff varies activities that run from mundane and requires routinely managing staff varies non-rewarding, to production and screening of inmate recreational, and lastly vocational jobs staff some inmate that seek to prepare the individual for require electronic the life outside prison positioning monitoring. Ambient Conditions WALL some activities require for the inmate to leave the housing unit. Other activities CMU or are with in the housing unit. Lastly there are several activities that grant reinforced concrete random access to the entire facility.
FLOOR Tile
finishes CEILING varies
lighting fluorescent
General maintenance
other
Landscaping
supporting areas receiving staging shipping laundry offices staff wc laundry area (washers driers) laundry issue mending area secure detergent storage inmate break area inmate wc janitor's closet
food preparation
Laundry Services
clerical work
Jan. Jan.
76.Work And Work Experience diagram. There are many kinds or jobs within the facility. They mostly fall within these cathegories of relation between the kind of job and the facility’s protocol.
janitor work
farm & Produce
Jan. Jan.
General maintenance
Landscaping
inmate worker
inmate worker
Dairy farm
inmate
private sector
91
ESTIMATING BUILDING COST BASED ON UNIT CELL TO SQUARE FOOTAGE RATIO
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
if a detailed estimate of space needs in not available, you may estimated form 350 to 450sf per inmate bed for a rough idea of space for an adult jail. This square footage can be estimated at $250.00 s.f.
Total facility area using area per bed ratio of 400sf (gross SF) current construction cost: 550 beds 400sf ea.
gross SF 220,000sf
unit price x 250sf =
total construction cost soft cost: escalation factor (3 yrs) : 4% x Architects fee: 9% x Furniture equipment: 8% x Testing & expenses: 1% x Administrative cost: 0.2% x site acquisition cost:of 2500 acres of state property Site development: Construction contingency: 10% x Total soft cost: Total Project Cost
77. Estimating Chart. This Chart measure the cost based on the required square footage per bed ratio
$55,000,000.00
$55,000,000.00 $55,000,000.00 $55,000,000.00 $55,000,000.00 $55,000,000.00 $55,000,000.00 2500acres
= = = = = no cost
$55,000,000.00
=
$2,200,000.00 $4,950,000.00 $4,400,000.00 $550,000.00 $110,000.00 $0.00 undeclared $5,500,000.00 $17,710,000.00
$72,710,000.00
11. RESOURCE ALLOCATION In order to allocate the required funds needed for the project their needs to be a calculation of the construction cost for the actual building. There were three methods of calculation that were used to calculate the cost for the new APRES College; the cost base on square footage to cell ration, the average cost per cell, and the cost per square foot of area. All three methods use different approaches and they yield different results. Their differences are a good source of prediction. “Estimating the cost based on the assigned ration of total square footage per unit cell”. This is an estimate figure produced by the National Institute of Corrections, where they assigned between 350 to 450 square feet of total program per cell [table 1]. Their calculations are based on the presumption that all the prisons provide the same function and require the same function needs. With this prediction it is likely that our facility’s cost estimation might not be as accurate. On one hand the program requires more functions than the regular prison. But it also combines mixed functions. The second method of calculation is based on the cost of the building prisons based on the “cost divided by the number of cell” [table 2]. This allows to break-down the price per unit. The thing to consider would be the position in California regarding that average. If the actual cost of building prisons in California could be below the average, but because this institution is above and beyond the regular institutions the price could be thrown off due to the required extensive programs of education and vocational practices. The third method of calculating the square footage is based on the actual “cost of building a prison per square feet” [table 3]. This is the most common way to measure the cost. However, this calculation can also be wrong if the building per square footage is generalized because building a warehouse would cost less than building the medical unit. With an average calculation of the three methods there is a clear comparison between the three, and the average cost points to a round figure close to 70 million dollars.
93
ESTIMATING BUILDING COST BASED ON PRICE PER CELL CONSTRUCTION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
The estimation of total construction can also be based on the cost of constructing prison in comparison to the bed capacity. Althoug this is not an accurate way of measuring the cost, it is generally how prisons are compared in their cost of building and operating. California is not rankes anong the top ten most expensive prisons but the construction cost of the new facility inculdes numerous more program activities that it is likely that the cost of construction per bed in this new institituion will not lie within the others' cathegories. however, this information will be useful when compare with the other two methods of cost construction estimation. number of inmate beds Total number of beds from all groups
National average cost of Prison construction for level I &II per bed 550 x $86,785 = $47,731,750.00
total construction cost
$47,731,750.00
soft cost: 4% x escalation factor (3 yrs) : Architects fee: 9% x Furniture equipment: 8% x Testing & expenses: 1% x Administrative cost: 0.2% x site acquisition cost:of 2500 acres of state property Site development: Construction contingency: 10% x
$47,731,750.00 $47,731,750.00 $47,731,750.00 $47,731,750.00 $47,731,750.00 2500acres
= = = = = no cost
$47,731,750.00
=
Total soft cost:
$15,369,623.50
Total Project Cost 78. Above, Estimating Chart 2. This Chart measure the cost based on the average cost of a signle cell. The figure was taken from the National Budget chart.
$1,909,270.00 $4,295,857.50 $3,818,540.00 $477,317.50 $95,463.50 $0.00 undeclared $4,773,175.00
$63,101,373.50 79. Below, Estimating Chart 3. the last chart measure the total cost based ont the total square foot area times the square foot construction cost of prisons.
ESTIMATING BUILDING COST BASED ON PROGRAM GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
this is based on the program requirements square footage, which includes prison requirements 134,665sf, education requirements 28,400sf and Vocational training 36,500sf. This is a total footage of 199,565 SQ. FT. this footage is calculated at $250.00sf. in the same way as the first sample. However, this sample lacks all the exterior activities and sports courts, as well as parking and site development s.f. number of inmate beds gross square footage
National average cost of Prison construction for level I &II per bed 199,565 x $250 = $49,891,250.00
total construction cost soft cost: escalation factor (3 yrs) : 4% x Architects fee: 9% x Furniture equipment: 8% x Testing & expenses: 1% x Administrative cost: 0.2% x site acquisition cost:of 2500 acres of state property Site development: Construction contingency: 10% x Total soft cost: Total Project Cost
$49,891,250.00 $49,891,250.00 $49,891,250.00 $49,891,250.00 $49,891,250.00 $49,891,250.00 2500acres
= = = = = no cost
$49,891,250.00
=
$1,995,650.00 $4,490,212.50 $3,991,300.00 $498,912.50 $99,782.50 $0.00 undeclared $4,989,125.00 $16,064,982.50
$65,956,232.50
12. CODE SEARCH UBC Building occupancy group and division Group I Institutional Section Division 3 Table 5-B
308.1 Requirements for Group I occupancies Mental Hospitals, mental sanitariums, jails, prisons, reformatories and building were personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained. Basic allowable building height
Height Area Type I F.R.
Types of construction I F.R. UL UL
II F.R. 2 15,100
Fire resistive non-combustible. Steel, Iron, concrete or masonry 3hr exterior walls 3hr structural frame 2hr floor ceiling assembly 1 ½ hr roof protection
Type II F.R. Protected Non-combustible. Steel, Iron, concrete or masonry 2hr exterior walls 2hr structural frame 2hr floor/ceiling/roof protection
95
80. San Bernardino County Parcel Map. This map is of th county records shoing the parcel lots the Institude for Men is located.
13. SITE ASSESSMENT The government property of the California Institute for Men prison that is located in the city of Chino, which is part of the San Bernardino County. This county is one of the biggest in California. It extends from the border of the Nevada desert, and it covers the forest regions of Big Bear and Mount Baldy. The lowest smallest portion of the county is the city of Chino. Here is the proposed site for APRES. The parcel number is most of the entire book number 1026 of the County of San Bernardino. The map below shows the land being dispensed for the state prison. The proposed structure will sit within the boundaries of the state’s property. Since the facility acts as an auxiliary program for the correctional prison system of California, acquiring the land will cost nothing. The CIM is the prison in California with one of the largest property allocated to its facilities. It consists of 2500 acres but it only uses a small portion of it. Despite de fact that there are three facilities for the CIM and there are two additional facilities for juvenile delinquency on the east side, there is still a vast amount of land available. This allows for three potential options for the new APRES College.
97
81. SIte Option A Located on the south east region of the State property with cross streets Kimball and Euclid 82. SIte Option B Located on the west region of the State property imediately available with in the main entrance of the existing facility 83. SIte Option C located on the center of the terrain between the CIM and the Youth authority facility on the east.
Site option A Pros. The site is adjacent to some industrial and corporational buildings so a link can be created for those inmates that are allowed to work outside the prison, and work can be brough inside the prison. The crossing streets allow for the facility to identify with the street as an outstanding structure granting a further level or normalness. Cons. There would be required a separate entrance since this setup ignores the other correctional structures. There is a water canal that crosses the site limiting some design possibilities.
Site option B Pros. The site sits directly south of the Receiving C___ compound and it can share the main access if desired. There can be a direct relationship with the two existing facilities the one north with an axial relationship and the one south enbeded in the site gets redesigned. The overall layout of the structures is more rational in relationship with the adult facility and the juvelile camp on the east side which are separated by the canal Cons. The existing level 1 facility needs to be considered into the program and it can add unwanted spaces. The existing access is limiting to the actual conditions which are not favorable. There is a close proximity to the water treatmen area on the south side.
Site option C Pros. The site in fills the entire central area and grants the opportunity to organize the spaces around it. The main axes to all the facilities would remain the same. The location of the site gives extra layers of security since it is in between facilities. Cons. There are no opportunities with the surrounding typologies. There would be no visual presence to the public therefore allowing to ignore the facility. Aesthetically, the building looses importance to the outer attention since it is isolated form the rest of the society. the importance of the design would require strengthening from the inside
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Project Proposal
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Concept Evolution One key element in the design was to consider the current flow of criminals through the prison system. This is graphically expressed in the Criminal flow chart diagram. APRES is intended to readapt the current flow by incorporating three acting elements to it: Education, Vocation, and work experience. The overlapping staging of these programs and the flow of its members takes shape as a parallel to the similar conditions of the geographical elements of the site. Throughout the city of City of Chino, and it’s adjacency, there is a series of storm drain systems that flow from the mountains on the north to a common lower ground. When mapping this system, one can see the different levels and routes created in order to accommodate the required flow. Because there is a common goal, the variety of its parts produces the whole.
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Floor Plans Site Plan
Massive Diagram
Educational Technical Support Housing
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First Floor Plan
Circulation Diagram
Controlled Staff Circulation Inmate Circulation Support Circulation
5th. Level Housing Library Learning Center
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Cafeteria Kitchen
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3rd Level Housing
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Recreational Center
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Engineer Plant Warehouse Staff Plant & Support Center Intake/Release Administration
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Second Floor Plan
Function Diagram
Social Activities Multi-purpose Staff Control Support Work Experience Sanitary Systems Indivitual Units Eduactional
5th. Level Housing Library Learning Center
Technical Shops
4th Level Housing
Personal Services Bakery
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3rd Level Housing
2nd Level Housing
Recreational Center
1st Level Housing
Engineer Plant Warehouse Staff Plant & Support Center Control Point
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Roof Plan
Completed Program Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
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Sections Section L Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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Enlarged Floor Plans Public Administration Intake-Release Health Services
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Public Lobby. Proccess Desk. Screened Guest Lobby. Mail Room. Bussiness Lobby. Bussiness Reception Desk. Restrooms. Lockers. Search Room. Storage Work Stations. Active Records Inactive Records Conference Room Viewing Room Line-up Room Contact Visitation Lounge Kitchen Contact Visitation Kitchen Group Orientation Main Control Console Desk Open Waiting Area Booking Desk Office/Records Interviewing Room Sally Port Clothes Exchange Shower rooms Medical Examination Inmate Waiting Room Laboratory Storage Staff office Business Development Directors Office Elevator Multipurpose/support Rm.
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Automobil Shop Welding Shop Paint Vaccum Shop Office Shops Tool/Material Storage Toilets Sally Port Loading area Preparation area Plumbing Shop Air Generator room Control Room Sally Port Business Development office Staff Circulation Storage Textiles Electrical Shop Wood Shop Tool Room
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Technical Shops: Computer Drafting Graphic Design Data Entry 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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Library 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Food Service Personal Care 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Food Scramble area Delivery and storage Food Warehouse Fresh food preparation area Range, oven preparation area Food serving counter Dry storage Cold storage Toilet rooms Dish washing station Hall Kitchen Classroom Barbershop Canteen Storage Food Services staff office Bakery Office/Storage Kitchen Bakery Staff Lounge area Staff Secured circulation
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Education Center
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Recreation Center
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Support Center
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Armory Locker Rooms Staff Showers Fitness Center Lounge/ Break Room Strategy Room Records Support room Staff Office Directors Office Conference Room Secure Staff Circulation
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Housing Level 1 Components
Entry Level This is the fist face of the prison’s strategy. Education is the principal importance in this level. The inmate is introduced to the system of education and requirements. Generally, the services and the comfort level are at its most modest. Inmate cells are 65sf. (the states minimum required is 60sf.), and they have a limited window and natural light, and the furniture is affixed to the ground. The multi-purpose rooms are furnished with sturdy finishes, and serve as classrooms for group counseling.
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The class curriculum concentrates on GED (Graduation Equivalency Degree) and substance abuse classes. Work jobs are noticeably harsh and mediocre like laundry services, kitchen staff, janitorial and others confined with in the general housing. Ideally, the conditions of the first level are not to be considered degrading or deplorable, instead they promote the idea of moving up. Once the inmates successfully finished the first level they are relocated into the next level 125
Housing Level 2 Components
Developing face nmates in the “developing face� of the education program are still housed within the primary activity space. Inmates at this housing group level still continue with their previous programs in education but new programs and vocational careers are introduced. General services and the living conditions are slightly improved and more comfortable. Inmate cells are now 70 square feet, have bigger windows and better natural light. The multipurpose room is bigger, taller, and has more recreational activities.
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The library includes more extensive collections and a media center. The working environment is also more rewarding, and the options expand to jobs other than the ones required with in the housing unit. Jobs opportunities include textiles and processing. 127
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Housing Level 3 Components Intermediate Reform In this level, all three program elements, education, vocation, and work are implemented equally. In fact, there is a direct relation between the three elements: the education is now also being directed towards the development of specific vocational skills, and working activities relate to what is being learned in the vocational classes. The surrounding environment is also improved. The individual cells are 75sf, windows are bigger, and the furniture has softer finishes and some of it is no longer affixed. The multi-use
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dayroom is bigger and taller with more natural light. Inmates have access to better products in the commissary. Vocational classes may be held in the workshops, which are by now more accessible to inmates. Job options extend to vocational activities such as mechanics and computer design and others. The private sector may bring work to inmates relating their vocation, like accounting, light manufacturing, and data input. 129
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Housing Level 4 Components Advanced Reform At the fourth level, vocational education and experience predominates. By the time the inmate reaches this level, he/she should have completed his general education and be able to access advanced educational courses. Ordinary labor is no longer required. Instead vocational practice is fully extended. Shifts become available outside the housing unit, at the workshops along with vocational studios. The housing unit has much improved furniture, the single cells are now 80sf with normal size windows, and personalized furniture is encouraged.
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The inmates have access to technology and better wardrobe. Inmates begin shifts outside the housing group related to vocational workshops. Work experience and other jobs available my include those related to the daily operations of the facility like farming, dairy, maintenance, and other. The inmate-worker concept is introduced and there are a few openings for internships within the program. The inmate assumes more responsibility and becomes more self-reliable and autonomous. 131
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Housing Level 5 Components Reintegration Face By now all educational requirements are completed. Elective courses are offered along with accredited courses. Work and vocational training are fused together at this point. The inmate solemnly performs tasks related to his vocational career such as landscaping, fashion design, hair styling, auto mechanics, business administration, accounting, or graphic design among others. The work these inmates generates revenue for both the inmate and the prison. Workloads flow between the shops and the outside private sector.
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The living conditions are greatly improved. The cells are not longer single cells but rooms of 150sf with two roommates each. The windows are extra large with small operable portions. The day room is the biggest of all five housing units and includes better accommodations like technological access and an entertainment room. The classrooms are more informal and double as studios to create inmate-working spaces. Small appliances are allowed in the sleeping units. Inmates have controlled access in and out of the housing unit. 133
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Exterior Views
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Presentation Board
APRES APRES APRES APRES
COLLEGE COLLEGE
AUXILIARYPRE-RELEASE PRE-RELEASEEDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONALSENTENCING SENTENCING AUXILIARY CHINO,CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA CHINO, SOUTH ELEVATION SOUTH ELEVATION
CALIFORNIA THE CORRECTIONS CALIFORNIA AND THE AND CORRECTIONS 1. PRÉCIS 1. PRÉCIS Whentoitinmate comesreform, to inmate the California’s correctional system fails the test. When it comes thereform, California’s correctional system fails the test. California has the highest recidivism in the country. is our prison California has the highest recidivism rate in the rate country. Not only isNot our only prison at its highest with over 172,000but inmates, butof over of the inmates populationpopulation at its highest with over 172,000 inmates, over 60% the 60% inmates been previously incarcerated. The government’s response to swell this crime swell have been have previously incarcerated. The government’s response to this crime has been tougher policies and as laws such as mandatory has been tougher policies and laws such mandatory sentences sentences and the and the strike law. Not surprisingly perhaps, now California now spends than 7 billion three strikethree law. Not surprisingly perhaps, California spends more than more 7 billion year on prisons—more twice the the state dollars perdollars year onper prisons—more than twice than the amount theamount state spends on spends higher on higher education (Alpert, 2007). education (Alpert, 2007). Yet, criminal reform to be a budgetary priority. Yet, criminal reform seems not seems to be anot budgetary priority. While thereWhile have there been have been some successful and behavioral rehabilitation programs for inmates, some successful social and social behavioral rehabilitation programs for inmates, their lack offunding adequate funding is one of the biggestand problems and failures of our their lack of adequate is one of the biggest problems failures of our correctional system. It is time to reform the prison system and its operational correctional system. It is time to reform the prison system and its operational being human warehouses, the next generation protocols. protocols. Rather thanRather beingthan human warehouses, the next generation of prisons of prisons must effectively focus on the rehabilitation of the inmate through work, education must effectively focus on the rehabilitation of the inmate through work, education and training. and training. The of rehabilitating inmates through of programs of and education The concept ofconcept rehabilitating inmates through programs education work and work is an oldMost concept. of our prisons systems incorporate services isservices an old concept. of ourMost prisons systems incorporate alternatingalternating systems involve and education and rehabilitation However, systems that involvethat education rehabilitation programs. programs. However, the currentthe current in have California have reached a catastrophic stage of overpopulation. Most conditions conditions in California reached a catastrophic stage of overpopulation. Most of the 33 state are at operating at almost double theirThe capacity. of the 33 state prisons areprisons operating almost double their capacity. courtsThe courts givenoffi thecials stateanoffi cials an to ultimatum to prison rectify the prison have givenhave the state ultimatum rectify the crisis. The crisis. prisonThe prison has failed obviously failed at controlling and rehabilitation prison population, system hassystem obviously at controlling and rehabilitation the prison the population, and it needs to be retrofitted. and it needs to be retrofitted. Instead of areformation complete reformation of the current prison system, it can benefi t from Instead of a complete of the current prison system, it can benefi t from an additional supporting facility that can provide the rehabilitation that fails to occur an additional supporting facility that can provide the rehabilitation that fails to occur in prisons. the actual Byan providing auxiliary prison in the actual Byprisons. providing auxiliaryanfacility, thefacility, prison the system cansystem reducecan reduce the recidivism whichthe willinmate lower the inmate the recidivism rate which rate will lower population.population.
billion dollars per 7 billion7 dollars per year onyear on prisons—more thanthe twice the amount the state spends on education higher education prisons—more than twice amount the state spends on higher (Alpert,(Alpert, 2007). 2007).
EDUARDO MAGAÑA JESUSJESUS EDUARDO MAGAÑA SENIOR PROJECT SENIOR PROJECT SPRING 2007.05.06 SPRING 2007.05.06 PROFF. HELMLE PROFF. PAUL PAUL HELMLE
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14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
14. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Works Cited Alpert, Michael E: “Solving California’s Corrections Crisis: Time is Running Out” The Little Hoover Commission. Report #185 January 2007 http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/report185.html Feb. 15 2007 Brown, Aaron A., comp. Designs for Contemporary Correctional Facilities. National Institute of Corrections. Crofton Maryland: Capitol County, 1985. 3-91. This was a editorial newspaper monogram with selected case studies regarding contemporary prisons. All the advanced technologically and sociologically methods that have been done to today’s prisons have been dictated in this committee. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) State of California Home Webpage. “California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitations” Second Quarter 2006 Facts and Figures http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/DivisionsBoards/AOAP/FactsFigures.html Updated: 02/08/2007 Casey, Roy. The Modern Jail: Design, Equipment, Operation. 1st ed. Keene, Texas: Continental P, 1958. 24-47. This book contains all of the technical requirements for the contemporary prisons. There is nothing in particular with regards of the correctional or rehabilitation programs there should be in a prison “Correctional Standards Authority.” California Department of Corrections And Rehabilitation. 12 June-July 2006. State of California. 14 Oct.-Nov. 2006 <http://www.cya.ca.gov/index.html>. official website for the CDCR. Here are the latest data and graphs regarding state inmate population and officials. Hutchings, Aia, Bruce L., comp. National Student Competition on Correctional Architecture. The American Institute of Architects. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois, 1975. 7-26. Johnson, Norman. Forms of Constrain. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Illinois, 2000. 51-141. Johnson, Norman. The Human Cage: a Brief History of Prison Architecture. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York: The American Foundation Inc., 1973. 5-16. May, John P., and Khalid R. Pitts, eds. Building Violence. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc., 2000. 18-23. US Department of Justice. “Jail Design Guide, A Resource for Small and Medium-Sized jails” National Institute of Corrections. Dennis A Kimme, A.I.A. 1998 Ch. 3 & 4