1.Nouns Nouns refer to persons, animals, places, things, ideas, or events, etc. Nouns encompass most of the words of a language.
Examples: - I read that book several times/Yo lei ese libro muchas veces - The time is 3.22 pm / La hora es las 3:22 pm - My father is a great man/ Mi padre es un hombre genial
-Some Rules of Nouns a) Some nouns are always singular. These are uncountable nouns. Articles A/An are not used with these nouns. These nouns are: Machinery, Work, Wood, Dust, Traffic, Electricity, Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Luggage, Information, Luggage, Hair, Money, b) Some nouns are always in plural form they don’t have singular form. Plural verb is used with them. These nouns are: Cattle, Assets, Alms, Police, Amends, Annals, Archives, Ashes, Arrears, Athletics, Wages, Auspices, Species, Scissors, Gentry, Trousers, Pants, Etc. c)
Some nouns have the same form in singular as well as in plural form. These nouns are:
Sheep, Fish, Crew, Family, Team, Carp, Pike, Trout, Deer, Aircraft, Counsel, Swine, Vermin, Species Etc. d) Nouns expressing number like hundred, dozen, score etc are used in singular with numerical adjectives. These nouns are: Hundred, Pair, Score, Stone, Dozen, Thousand, Million, Billion, Gross, Etc. e) Plural noun is used after One of, Neither of, Either of, and Each of.
f) Some nouns look plural but have singular meaning. Singular verb is used with them. These nouns are: Summons, News, Politics, Physics, Economics, Mechanics, Mathematics, Measles, Ethics, Rickets, Billiards, Draughts, Innings, etc. g)
Some nouns look singular but have plural meaning. Plural verb is
used
with them. These nouns are: Infantry, Children, Cattle, Cavalry, Poultry, Peasantry, Gentry, Police, Clergy, Etc.
2. Pronouns A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a proper noun or a common noun, Generally, a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. The pronoun refers to its antecedent. A pronoun helps us avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and speech. Examples: English
Spanish
Examples/ Ejemplos
I
Yo
I love magazines/ Yo amo las revistas
You
Tu
You are my friend/ Tu eres mi amigo
He
Él
He goes to the cinema/ Él va al cine
She
Ella
She plays tennis/Ella juega tenis
It
Él
It catches the ball/ El atrapa la bola
We
Nosotros We can sing /Nosotros podemos cantar
They
Ellos
They go fast / Ellos van rápido
You
Ustedes
You read the book/Tu lees el libro
Some rules about pronouns -
Pronouns are, most of the time at the beginning of the sentence
-
Pronouns is always before main verbs or verb forms.
3. Verbs Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing. Along with nouns, Verbs are the main part of a sentence or phrase, telling a story about what is taking place. In fact, without a verb, full thoughts can´t be properly conveyed, and a even the simples sentences, such as Maria sing, have one. Examples: To play __________Jugar I play soccer/ Yo juego futbol To like __________gustar A el le gusta la pizza/He likes pizza To Stay____________Permanecer She stays at home/ Ella permanece en casa Subject-Verb Agreement Rules -If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. -If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural -When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
4.Predicate It is the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers. Examples. -The cat is sleeping in the sun/ Mi gato esta durmiendo en el sol -I want to spend my vacations in Merida/ Yo quiero pasar mis vacaciones en Mérida. -My brother is a wonderful lawyer/ Mi hermano es un maravilloso abogado
5. Adjectives. An adjective describes or modifies noun/s and pronoun/s in a sentence. It normally indicates quality, size, shape, duration, feelings, contents, and more about a noun or pronoun. Adjectives
usually
provide
relevant
information
about
the
nouns/pronouns they modify/describe by answering the questions: What kind? How many? Which one? How much? Adjectives enrich your writing by adding precision and originality to it. Examples: -The team has a dangerous pet/El equipo tiene una mascota peligrosa -I have ten candies in my pocket/ Yo tengo diez dulces en mi bolsillo -I loved that red car/ Yo amo ese carro rojo
Some Rules of Adjectives Adjectives don't have a singular and plural form or a masculine, feminine and neutral form. Adjectives are always the same! Never add a final –s to an adjective. Adjectives can also be placed at the end of a sentence if they describe the subject of a sentence. Example: My doctor is excellent, as opposed to difficult books, which is incorrect Adjectives Are Placed Before Noun
6. Adverbs. An adverb is a word/a set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. It tells when, where, and how an action is performed or indicates the quality or degree of the action.
Some Rules about Abverbs Many adverbs end in -ly but some words which end in -ly (such as friendly) are not adverbs. Many words can be both adverbs and adjectives according to their activity in the sentence.
Examples: -Robin is always hungry for success/Robin esta siempre hambriento de éxito -I love her very much/ Yo la amo mucho -He is running fast/ El esta corriendo rápido