GETTING IT RIGHT
1 Some things won’t have changed Future continuous Future perfect Discussing possible future lifestyles
Earrings which read our pulse rates and glasses which show videos, or a life expectancy of 120, and cats that glow in the dark? Different experts have different views on how we’ll be living in 2020. Some things won’t have changed much – people will still have to work, but they’ll be working longer and retiring later. Other areas of our life will have changed completely. Craig Cormick, of Biotechnology Australia, believes that people will live until they’re 120 thanks to advances in medicine. ‘The main difference between life now and then,’ he says, ‘is that doctors won’t be treating diseases any longer.’ Cormick sees a world where we’ll be able to wipe out disease by eating a banana. ‘We’ll be growing crops with vitamins and vaccines in them to prevent health problems.’ ‘You’ll also be able to change the colour of your cat or dog. We can already carry out operations to put genes into rabbits and fish and make them glow,’ Cormick points out. ‘So it will be perfectly possible to create a glow-in-the-dark cat or a designer dog.’ Nearly all researchers agree that wireless technology will have developed. Anything large enough to carry a microchip will have one. Scientists will have invented earrings which take our pulses, and glasses on which we watch videos. Instead of wristwatches, we’ll be wearing gadgets which will combine the functions of a phone, camera, MP3 player and computer. In the home, household equipment will have improved – there’ll be fridges which read the use-by date on milk cartons and order new milk when necessary. On the road, we won’t have got rid of cars, but we will have keyless electric cars which we can talk to. Will we get the balance right? Will we have created a bright new future, or will we all be living longer, but no more happily? Only time will tell.
Opener EXAM! 1 Is it possible to predict the future? Here are some famous
Reading 2 Read and listen to 2020 Vision and see if your predictions
‘bad’ predictions.
2.1
Radio has no future. Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible. X-rays will prove to be a hoax. Lord Kelvin, British scientist, 1899
Comprehension EXAM!
There is not the slightest indication that nuclear energy will ever be obtainable. Albert Einstein, 1932 There will never be a bigger plane. Boeing engineer after the first Boeing 247 flight, 1933 We don’t like their sound and guitar music is on the way out. Decca Records executive who missed out on signing the Beatles, 1962 What do you think life will be like in 2020?
3
are the same as those of the experts.
Answer the questions.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
What won’t have changed by 2020? W people be retiring earlier in 2020? Will What won’t doctors be treating then? How will food keep people well? What idea is shared by most thinkers about the future? What will we be wearing on our wrists in 2020? How will fridges know when to order new milk? What won’t the cars of the future have?
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UNIT
Speaking EXAM!
6
Interview two other students and note down their answers. Ask questions about what they will be doing, and what they will have done, in three months’ time. What will you be doing in three months’ time? Will you be … l l l l l l l l l
If the answer is ‘No’, ask ‘So what/who will you be …ing?’ What will you have done in three months’ time? Will you have …
Grammar
4
wearing the same clothes? listening to different music? texting the same friends? watching the same TV programmes? supporting a different football team? looking forward to the holidays? eating different food for breakfast? worrying ying about the exams? feeling happier than you are now?
l l l l l l l l l
Complete.
Future continuous They Doctors we all Future perfect Scientists have our pulses. We we
(work) longer. (treat) diseases any longer. (live) longer? (invent) earrings which take (get) rid of cars. (create) a bright new future?
been on holiday? Where? learnt nt a new skill? What? saved some money? How much? been to a party? Whose? made a journey? Where? bought something new? What? given someone a present? What? done something you’ve always wanted to? What? done something you haven’t wanted to do at all? What?
Vocabulary
7
We use the future to talk about events that will be in progress at a particular time in the future. We can also use the future continuous to talk about future arrangements. We use the future to talk about something which will/won’t have finished by a certain time in the future.
How many of these phrasal verbs can you find in this lesson? Match the verbs with their meanings a–e.
1 2 3 4 5
Check the answers: Grammar Summary page 111
carry out miss out on point out wipe out work out
a b c d e
calculate destroy do a particular piece of work f to take the chance to do something fail tell someone something they should know
Pronunciation
Grammar Practice EXAM! 5 Complete these predictions with the future continuous or
8
2.2
future perfect of eight of these verbs.
Life in 2020 will have changed because of better medicine, later retirement, less disease, fewer health problems, wireless technology, more microchips, and improved household equipment.
become believe create invent learn live retire talk watch wear By 2020 1 Scientists the world’s first designer dog. 2 People to their cars. 3 Fridges intelligent. 4 People (not) from work earlier. 5 We W multi-function gadgets on our wrists. 6 People videos on their glasses. 7 People about 40 years longer than today. 8 But we to live together more happily?
New_Insp_SB4_006_055.indd 45
Listen and repeat this sentence, copying the stress and intonation closely.
Writing EXAM!
9
Look at the questions in exercise 6 again. Write two paragraphs about yourself saying what you will be doing in three months’ time, and what you will have done in three months’ time.
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GETTING IT RIGHT
2 Unless we take action now … First conditional with if and unless Time clauses with when, as soon as and until Talking about future possibility
Opener EXAM!
1
Look at the photo. What does it show and what problem does it highlight?
Reading
2
2.3
Read and listen to the text.
Comprehension EXAM!
3
True or false? Correct the false sentences.
1 Air pollution will increase when carbon emissions decrease. 2 We W will reduce the impact of global warming if we take action now. 3 We W won’t halt global warming if we stop flying. 4 If we travel by train, we’ll only produce a quarter of the emissions of a flight. 5 If you fly from London to Montreal, you will produce 1.46 tonnes of CO2. 6 We’ll W have to pay a carbon tax when we fly in the future. 7 Carbon offset projects will solve the problem of global warming. 8 The situation will improve if we all work together.
Grammar
4
A Question of Balance Global warming is no longer a threat – it is a reality. Most global warming has been caused by the production of greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide (CO2). Whenever we turn on the TV, drive a car or take a flight, we add more CO2 to the atmosphere. Today we talk to environmental campaigner Gina Freeman about carbon emissions. Is it too late to do something about carbon emissions?
No, it isn’t. And as soon as carbon emissions decrease, air pollution will decrease. But unless we take action now, we won’t reduce the impact of global warming.
You’re particularly concerned about the increase in air travel – why?
Air travel is a major source of carbon emissions. It’s estimated that by 2020 it will be the single biggest cause of global warming. I believe that we won’t halt global warming until we stop flying.
So what can we do?
Take holidays closer to home. If we don’t travel so far, we’ll reduce carbon emissions. And if we travel by train, we’ll only produce 12.5% of the emissions of a flight.
But how do I visit my grandparents in Canada? I can’t get there by train!
One solution is to ‘offset’, or balance, carbon emissions. For example, if you take a return London-Montreal flight, you will produce 1.46 tonnes of CO2. If you pay an organisation to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere by the same amount, you will offset your carbon emissions. There are several organisations which fund carbon offset projects.
What kind of projects?
For example, planting trees, which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
So it will be OK for me to fly if I plant enough trees.
It’s better not to fly at all. But if you can’t avoid producing carbon, the next best thing is to offset it. In the future when we fly, we’ll pay a compulsory carbon tax.
Will carbon offset projects No, they won’t. But the situation won’t improve unless we solve the problem of global all work together. And the future will look brighter when all governments agree to reduce carbon emissions. warming?
Complete.
First conditional if/unless + present simple, future simple If we (not travel) so far, we (reduce) carbon emissions. It (be) OK for me to fly if I (plant) enough trees. The situation (not improve) unless we all (work) together. when/as soon as/until + present simple, future simple In the future when we (fly), we (pay) a compulsory carbon tax. As soon as carbon emissions (decrease), air pollution (decrease). We (not halt) global warming until we (stop) flying. Check the answers: Grammar Summary pages 111–112
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UNIT
Pronunciation
7
Many English words are both nouns and verbs. The following two-syllable words have first-syllable stress when they are nouns, and second-syllable stress when they are verbs.
decrease desert export import increase permit produce suspect
1 There will be a decrease in pollution when carbon emissions decrease. 2 Our problems increase with the increase in global warming. 3 The soldier deserted the army in the desert. 4 The UK imports a lot of food but also sells food exports. 5 The police suspect the money was stolen and are questioning a suspect. 6 You Y aren’t permitted to work there without a work permit.
Grammar Practice EXAM!
5
Complete with the present or future simple form of the verb.
1 If we 2 3 4 5 6
(continue) flying so much, global warming (get) worse. People (not stop) flying until train travel (become) cheaper. When flights (get) more expensive, people (use) other means of transport. Governments (have) to work together if they (want) to reduce carbon emissions. There (be) serious climate change unless we (take) action soon. As soon as everyone (take) global warming seriously, the situation (improve).
2.5
6
8
Say you want to fly to (place). Ask why you shouldn’t fly. Say why you want to go to (place). Say why you have to fly. Reply.
Montse Barcelona – Purpose Distance km CO2 emissions tonnes Adam W Warsaw – Purpose Distance km CO2 emissions tonnes
Now check your answers with another student.
Where does Montse want to fly to? Why does she want to go there? If she takes a return flight, how far will she travel?
Role play a conversation between two backpackers about travelling.
A
Listen to three people talking to Gina on a radio phone-in programme and complete the chart.
Claudia Rome – Purpose Distance km CO2 emissions tonnes
Now listen and check. Repeat the sentences.
Role Play EXAM!
Listening EXAM! 2.4
Mark the stressed syllable on the highlighted words in these sentences.
B
Suggest A avoids flying. Explain about carbon emissions. Suggest another means of transport. Explain how to offset carbon emissions.
Writing EXAM!
9
Complete this paragraph in your own words to explain why we should reduce carbon emissions.
Climate change will continue unless … . Global temperatures will increase if … . The polar ice caps will melt if … . The sea level will rise when … . Many islands will disappear if … . There will be droughts and floods unless … . As soon as there is a serious energy crisis … . We won’t reduce global warming until … . We’ll save the planet if … .
How much CO2 will her flight produce?
How else could Montse, Adam and Claudia travel?
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GETTING IT RIGHT
3 If you could choose … Second conditional wish/if only + past simple Talking about imaginary or unlikely situations Expressing wishes about the present
Opener
1
You are going to read about travel. Which of these words do you expect to find in the text?
autograph guesthouse hostel microchip out-of-date overland performance satellite scenery traditional trekking
Reading
2
2.6
Read and listen to the text.
Comprehension EXAM!
3
Match the beginnings with the endings. There are three extra endings.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hippies used to travel It’s still possible to travel V has visited Vic He would stay He wishes that people He wouldn’t stay Nepal is a great place V wouldn’t take Vic
a b c d e f g h i j k
in London drank a lot of tea. his friends with him. to meet mad people in. Kathmandu at least once before. in Kathmandu if he was on a long visit. overland to Nepal but it isn’t very safe. to Nepal lots of times. if you like walking long distances. in London lived at a slower pace. in the same hostel because of the garden. overland to Nepal in the 1960s.
Vic Gerrard, student, London
In Kathmandu, in Nepal. It’s a magical place with the world’s highest mountains and some of the most beautiful scenery.
If I had enough time, I’d travel overland. That’s the way the hippies went there in the 60s. And in theory you could still do it in 18 weeks from London to Kathmandu if you really wanted to. But at the moment it would be safer to fly to India and go overland from there.
I’d stay in the International Hostel, which is where I stayed last year. It’s a traditional Nepali guesthouse – lots of hand-carved wood, endless tea and no TV. If I could, I’d go back there because it’s got a lovely garden. And the guy who runs it has always got time for tea and a chat. If only people were like that in London!
If I was in Nepal for a short time, I wouldn’t leave Kathmandu – it’s a mad mixture of East and West, and you meet the most amazing people. But if I had more time, I’d definitely go trekking – Nepal’s a fantastic country to do it.
I wish I could take all my friends! No, not really. The whole point of travelling is meeting new people. So if I took all my friends, I’d spend all my time with them and not meet anyone new.
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UNIT
Grammar
4
Pronunciation
7
Complete.
2.8
Second conditional If I enough time, I travel overland. If I in Nepal for a short time, I (not) leave Kathmandu. If you choose, where you stay?
It’s hard. Really hard. It takes ages. Absolutely ages. It sounds silly. Extremely silly. They get angry. Very angry.
wish + past simple I wish I take all my friends!
Speaking EXAM!
8
if only + past simple If only people like that in London. We use the conditional to talk about imaginary present or unlikely future situations. We use only or + past simple to express a hope or desire for something in the present to be different. With the verb be we can use either was or were after I/he/she/it.
Grammar Practice EXAM!
Writing EXAM!
9
Complete with the correct form of these verbs.
be
can
have
know
Interview three other students using these questions from exercise 2 and take notes.
If you could choose … where would you be now? how would you get there? where would you stay? what would you do? who would you take with you?
Check the answers: Grammar Summary page 112
5
Listen and repeat these sentences from exercise 6. Mark the stressed words.
look
Use your notes to write one paragraph about two of the interviews.
If Sylvia could choose, she’d be in Spain now. She’d travel there in a minibus with lots of friends.
1 2 3 4 5 6
It’s raining. I wish I my umbrella. She feels lonely and miserable. She wishes she at home. He doesn’t speak French. He wishes he what they were saying. I want to buy that jacket so much. If only I enough money! What a car! I wish I how to drive. She has to log on to the computer now. If only she remember the password! 7 They love pets. They wish they a dog. 8 She wishes her new boyfriend like Brad Pitt.
Listening EXAM!
6
2.7
Listen to a radio phone-in called Secret Wishes and complete the chart. Name
Problem
Secret Wish: would like …
Karen
People don’t talk to They all talk to her
Will
Spends all his time on Feels sick when he
Alice
Has too many Never has time for
Sally and Frank
Their aren’t happy with their relationship.
.
to be an
.
. .
to
.
.
.
to be
.
. them to what they mean to each other.
Now tell another student what the callers’ secret wishes are.
Karen wishes she was …
Then tell each other what the callers believe. Do you agree?
Karen believes that if she was … , people would … .
Listen to each caller’s final words again. Can you complete the presenter’s final sentence to each caller?
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GETTING IT RIGHT
4 Integrated Skills Debating an issue
Opener EXAM!
1
What’s happening in the photo above? What other issues do people protest about?
Reading EXAM!
2
Read and complete the text with six of the phrases a–g. There is one extra phrase.
DIRECT ACTION For three famous people, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Emmeline Pankhurst, direct action was the only way to achieve their aims. They organised demonstrations and marches, sit-ins and hunger strikes, 1 . Largely as a result of their direct action, India became independent (1947), racial segregation ended in the USA (1964 and 1965), and women in Britain got the vote (partly in 1918 and fully in 1928).
‘Non-violence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time.’ Martin Luther King
a who are too young to vote b as has happened in antiglobalisation demonstrations c and act d and not on the streets e and attacked the police f who feel strongly about a particular issue g and generated enormous publicity
2.9
3
Now listen and check. Which words in the phrases helped you to complete the text? Find the highlighted words in the text which mean:
1 to do with right and wrong adj 2 take control of something (eg a plane) illegally v 3 protests in the streets by a large number of people n 4 extremely important adj 5 with changed genes adj 6 protests where people refuse to eat for a long period n 7 start fighting v 8 separation of black and white people n 9 well-balanced adj 10 protests where people take over a building n 50
New_Insp_SB4_006_055.indd 50
‘Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.’ Mahatma Gandhi
‘We have to free half of the human race, the women, so that they can help free the other half.’ Emmeline Pankhurst
So what are the arguments for and against direct action? Supporters of direct action say that their methods get results. For example, they claim that anti-GM food demonstrations have made people aware of the dangers of genetically modified food. And the world knows about the cruelty of whale hunting thanks to direct action against Japanese and Norwegian whaling ships. They also argue that direct action involves people who can’t or don’t vote in elections, such as those who are not registered or 2 . What’s more, they say there is evidence that when the media report direct action, for instance a million people on an anti-war march, politicians listen 3 . Opponents of direct action point out that non-violent protest can lead to violence as protestors and police clash, 4 . They also claim that it is easy for small groups of protestors 5 to ‘hijack’ demonstrations. In addition, they argue that the whole point of a democracy is that we elect representatives to take decisions for us. If we feel strongly about an issue, we should make our case with the elected representatives 6 .
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UNIT
4
Speaking EXAM!
Do you agree with the ideas in the quotations from Gandhi, King and Pankhurst?
Linking words: adding information and giving examples
5
7
Have a class or group debate. Choose a chair and two speakers. Look at exercise 6 again and use this structure:
The Chair says what the motion is and introduces the speakers. Each speaker:
1 says what he/she is going to say. 2 makes three points about the motion. 3 summarises what he/she has said.
Find also, in addition, what is more in the text. Which two of these expressions usually come at the start of a sentence? Find for example, for instance, such as in the text. Which one of these expressions can’t come at the start of a sentence?
The Chair asks each speaker for a one-sentence statement of their views and then there is a vote.
Choose your own topic or one of these: l l l
Listening EXAM! Listen to the debate. What is the result? Then listen again and complete the speakers’ notes and the details of the voting.
Introduction CHAIR Hello, my name’s Jan and I’m chairing this debate. The motion today is: ‘If necessary, we should take direct action to protect the environment’. Tim is proposing the motion and Helen is opposing it. Tim, would you like to start?
Writing EXAM!
8
Look at exercise 2 again. Write two paragraphs giving the arguments for and against the topic of your debate, or one of the topics in exercise 7.
Real English
9
2
2
6
.10
People should be able to vote when they are 16. Mobile phones are dangerous and should be banned. A woman’s place is lot home.
.11
Tim’s notes for the start of his speech
In the expressions below, cross out the extra words. Then listen and repeat.
A B C D E F G H I
What I’m going to argue is that direct action can be necessary. Firstly, because big business is so 1 that even governments can’t stop it. Secondly, because direct action makes people aware of problems, take 2 for example. And thirdly, because it is often the only way to save an animal or the environment before it is 3 .
Only time will not tell. So what can we do it? But what if only I …? If only people were only like that … Y meet the most of amazing people. You The whole in point is … It takes many ages. It sounds much silly. What’s and more …
10 Complete the dialogues with the expressions from exercise 9.
Helen’s notes for the end of her speech
1 A: B: 2 A: B: 3 A:
What I’ve argued is this. Firstly, if 4 looked after their own environment we wouldn’t need direct action. Secondly, many protestors are better at getting 5 than actually changing anything. And thirdly, that political action is better than direct action – the environment is too important to be left to 6 .
Conclusion Thank you both very much. Now you have one sentence each to sum up your argument before we have a vote. TIM W We’ve only got one world. Let’s use direct action to save it. HELEN Show by the way you live your life that you care about the environment. CHAIR And now raise your hands to vote. Those in favour of the motion? Thank you. And those against? Thank you. The result is 7 votes for the motion and 8 votes against.
B: 4 A: B: 5 A: B:
CHAIR
So you think direct action is justified? Y Yes! , I think it’s often necessary. Doctor, is he going to be OK? It’s difficult to say now. . The only problem with travelling to Asia is that it’s such a long flight. I know! . I think direct action can influence people a lot! to make them change their way of thinking. Really? I thought it was to annoy them. His vision of the future is quite possible. Really? I don’t believe a word of it. .
2
11 Now listen and check.
.12
Unit 4 Communication Activity Student A page 107 EXAM! Student B page 117 51
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GETTING IT RIGHT
2
EXAM!
REVISION
S∏uchanie
Czytanie
1
3
.13
Za chwil´ us∏yszysz dwa teksty. Na podstawie ilustracji poni˝ej postaraj si´ przewidzieç, czego b´dà dotyczyç.
Poni˝szy artyku∏ zosta∏ opublikowany w gazecie jako cz´Êç serii dotyczàcej wizji przysz∏oÊci. Przeczytaj tekst i zastanów si´, jaki tytu∏ mo˝e mieç ta seria.
A Popular visions of the future. B Visions V of the future in literature. C Totalitarian T visions.
4
Przeczytaj zdania 1–4 i wska˝ w tekÊcie powy˝ej fragmenty, w których znajdujà si´ te informacje. Nast´pnie zaznacz w tabeli znakiem X, które z podanych zdaƒ sà prawdziwe (TRUE), a które – nie (FALSE).
People have always felt the need to predict the future, and
2
2
.13
Us∏yszysz ponownie dwa teksty. Na podstawie informacji zawartych w nagraniu wybierz poprawnà odpowiedê w zdaniach 1–6: zakreÊl liter´ A, B lub C. Zdania 1–3 odnoszà si´ do pierwszego tekstu, natomiast zdania 4–6 do drugiego.
Text 1 1 Students who join the action programme: A will be given the necessary equipment. B don’t need any equipment at all. C will get some bags and gloves even if they are late. 2 Students participating in the event: A have to be green activists. B have to be over 15. C are invited to an evening event.
science fiction writers have tried to imagine what the world would be like in several years’ time. One of the most popular visions of the future in literature is the world view presented by George Orwell in 1984. And although it may not be the future for us, it surely was for the author, when the book was published in 1949.
‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ is a novel set in a world beyond our
imagination. Orwell draws a picture of a totalitarian system with constant surveillance and control, where the individual is always subordinate to society. The story takes place in Oceania, one of three ‘countries’ in the world. Oceania is ruled by The Party, whose leader, Big Brother, controls the actions and thoughts of all citizens.
The main character, Winston Smith, is an obedient civil
servant. However, he becomes disillusioned with the surrounding world and rebels against Big Brother. Will his rebellion change anything? Does he stand a chance of converting the manipulated and controlled society into something different?
‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ is definitely a classic. The themes of
3 The text is: A a TV advertisement. B a school announcement. C a piece of world news
repression, censorship and totalitarianism are equally scary every time you read the novel. Its cultural influence is huge – who hasn’t heard of Big Brother, Room 101 or Newspeak? Finally, some of the things described in Orwell’s bleak vision have actually happened.
Text 2 4 Which is not a feature of holidays in Bali? A Low prices. B Good weather. C Surfing opportunities. 5 Jill: A would like to take Mark to London. B wishes she had more money. C doesn’t like visiting galleries and museums 6 Where are Mark and Jill having the conversation? A At school. B At the travel agency. C At home.
TRUE FALSE 1
Orwell described the world 30-40 years into the future.
2
The citizens of Oceania are free to do and think what they want.
3
Winston Smith decides to obey the rule of Big Brother.
4 None of Orwell’s predictions came true.
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UNIT
ZnajomoÊç Êrodków j´zykowych
Wypowiedê pisemna
5
7
Przet∏umacz zaznaczone fragmenty zdaƒ na j´zyk polski.
1 By the end of next week, I will have finished redecorating my flat. 2 In the future, people will be travelling to other planets. 3 You Y won’t pass the exam unless you study harder. 4 If he doesn’t arrive on time, we’ll start without him. 5 I wish I didn’t have any tests next week. 6 If I got more pocket money, money I’d save up and buy an money, iPod. 7 If only I was a bit taller. 8 If I could go anywhere in the world, I would go to New York. 9 I wish my sister was nicer to me. 10 Call me as soon as you have more information.
6
Niedawno w Twojej klasie organizowaliÊcie debat´. W liÊcie do kolegi/kole˝anki z Anglii: • napisz, w jakich okolicznoÊciach zosta∏a przeprowadzona debata i czego dotyczy∏a, • opisz krótko jej przebieg, • wyraê swojà opini´ na omawiany temat. Dear my Maggie, I’m writing to tell you about a debate that we had in the our science class last week. We discussed the consequences of scientific developments. Some students claimed inventions are good because they make our lives more easier. Others said that some developments may become dangerous.
Uzupe∏nij zdania 1–5, t∏umaczàc fragmenty w nawiasach na j´zyk angielski, tak aby powsta∏e zdania by∏y logiczne i gramatycznie poprawne. W ka˝dym zdaniu brakuje maksymalnie czterech elementów. Wymagana jest pe∏na poprawnoÊç ortograficzna wpisywanych wyrazów.
1 (Gdyby by∏a szczuplejsza), she could become a model. , she could become a model. 2 You’ll Y miss the bus, (chyba ˝e si´ poÊpieszysz). You’ll miss the bus . 3 I wish (mieç wi´cej czasu) – we could go to the shopping centre. I wish – we could go to the shopping centre. 4 (Gdybym tylko by∏a) more beautiful – Derek might go on a date with me. more beautiful – Derek might go on a date with me. 5 Do you think it’s possible that in 2070 (b´dziemy mieszkaç) on the moon? Do you think it’s possible that in 2070 on the moon? 6 ((Je˝eli Je˝eli b´dzie padaç), we’ll have to stay at home. , we’ll have to stay at home. 7 If I didn’t have a test today, (by∏bym bardziej) relaxed. If I didn’t have a test today, relaxed. 8 (Przeczytam) this book by tomorrow morning. this book by tomorrow morning.
Popatrz na zadanie egzaminacyjne poni˝ej. Przeczytaj przyk∏adowà odpowiedê, znajdê w niej 6 niepotrzebnych wyrazów i je wykreÊl.
At the first, the class was divided, but later the group in favour of science convinced the rest that scientific development was positive. I was ‘for’ from the beginning. I don’t think we could live without inventions. It is true that scientists shouldn’t interfere to with nature, but we should let them do their jobs. And what do you think about it? Please write back to me. Best of wishes, Peter
8
Oglàda∏eÊ/oglàda∏aÊ wczoraj w telewizji debat´ na bardzo kontrowersyjny temat. W liÊcie do kolegi/ kole˝anki napisz: • czego dotyczy∏a debata, • co T Tyy sàdzisz na ten temat, • co sàdzili o dyskutowanej sprawie uczestnicy debaty w studiu.
Podpisz si´ jako XYZ. Rozwiƒ swojà wypowiedê w ka˝dym z trzech podpunktów, pami´tajàc, ˝e d∏ugoÊç listu powinna wynosiç od 50 do 100 s∏ów.
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EXAM!
3
1 The sea bed is dark that 2 Submersibles are expensive things to build that 3 The water around a ‘chimney’ is different from the rest of the ocean that 4 The molten rock deep in the Earth is hot that 5 Hydrothermal vents are a recent discovery that
Grammar
1
Complete with so or such and match the beginnings with the endings.
Read and complete. For each number 1–10, choose word or phrase A, B or C.
a we still don’t know how many new species there are around them. b submersibles need very thick walls and windows. c the animals that live around it are unique. d there are still only a few of them in the world. e submersibles need to have powerful lights.
4
Complete with the most suitable form of the verbs: future simple, present simple or present continuous.
One day, spaceships 1 (fly) from Europe to Australia in half an hour. People 2 (have) conversations like this: This boy lives in Mumbai, India, where an estimated 300 people arrive every day from the countryside. They come to look for work. But they also need somewhere to live. While Mumbai is expanding really quickly, 1 . Where are all these new arrivals other cities are growing even 2 ? Until we take this question seriously, the problem 3 worse. Every day almost 180,000 people around the world move into cities from the countryside – that’s about 70 million people a year. A recent report predicts that two billion more people 4 to cities by 2030. 5 something is done, up to half of these 6 in the worst kind of housing: slums. In 2005 one billion people were living in slums worldwide – about a third of the people who live in cities. By 2030 it is predicted that a further billion 7 in slums. If people were more aware of the situation, they 8 their governments to act. But poor housing receives little media attention. If only the TV and newspapers 9 as much attention to world poverty as they give to sport. Until they 10 , the situation can only get worse.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
A A A A A A A A A A
more rapid live will get have moved Unless live live will get gave are doing
B B B B B B B B B B
more rapidly living is getting are moving As long as will live are living would get give do
C C C C C C C C C C
rapid going to live gets will have moved If will have lived will be living will have got are giving will do
Complete with the correct adverbs, using the information in Expanding Cities where necessary.
1 The number of new arrivals in Mumbai has been growing . (incredible/quick) 2 But other cities are expanding even than Mumbai. (fast) 3 We W must take this problem than we do. (serious) 4 ‘Which city in Africa is growing ?’ ‘Lagos.’ (rapid) 5 Nearly half the people of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, are living (extreme/miserable) in slums. 6 The media could be at informing people about poor housing. (good)
kim cathy kim cathy kim cathy kim cathy kim cathy kim
5
What 3 (you/do) this afternoon? Oh, I 4 (fly) to Australia after lunch on one of the new spaceships. When 5 (it/leave)? At three o’clock and it 6 (get) there at half past three our time. But what 7 (be) the time in Australia? Er, half past midnight. So all the shops 8 (be) closed and everyone 9 (be) asleep. I know. But I 10 (only go) for the ride. I 11 (come) back on the next flight. And when 12 (that/leave)? At 1am Australia time. So it 13 (arrive) back here at half past four our time. I see. So what 14 (do) this evening?
Complete with the future continuous or future perfect of the verbs. l
l
l
l
l l
Louis Pasteur’s theory of germs is ridiculous fiction. Soon we 1 (inject) ourselves with diseases in order to get better! Whatever next! French professor, 1872. By the time he is 70 the average American 2 (eat) 2,400 animals – 2,287 chickens, 70 turkeys, 31 pigs and 12 cows. The average teenager 3 (eat) his or her own weight in additives – things added to food to make it look or taste good – by the time she or he is 17. The ‘telephone’ has too many problems for us to take it seriously. In 100 years’ time we 4 (send) still messages by hand. US company executive, 1876 W Worldwide, the number of robots in people’s homes 5 (pass) twenty million by 2020. W 6 (not use) planes to fight wars in the future – We they are just interesting things to play with. French general, 1898.
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6
Complete with the past simple of the verb or would, and answer the questions for yourself.
Everyday nightmares 1 What (you/do) if you (drop) your mobile down the toilet? 2 If the police (arrest) you, who (you/ phone) from the police station? 3 How (you/get) home if you (not have) enough money for the bus? 4 If you (have to) choose, which (you/give up): being able to see or being able to hear? 5 If you (be) on holiday and lost your passport, who (you/ask) for help? 6 What (you/do) if you (be) in a shop and there was a robbery? 7 If you (have to) go into hospital, what three things (you/take) with you? 8 What problems (you/have) if you always (have to) tell the truth? 9 What (you/say) if a stranger (ask) you for money? 10 (you/panic) if (you/be) at home alone and (hear) footsteps?
7
can
grow
have
realise
1 when you are tricked into believing something that isn’t true 2 take in, eg gas or liquid 3 when you do something because you have to 4 difficult dif or dangerous situation 5 become less, get smaller 6 shine with a soft light 7 regular movement of blood around the body 8 very hot rock, metal or glass which is liquid
10 Match the verbs in list A with the phrases in list B. Then write sentences using four of the expressions.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
spend try
Six wishes for a better world 1 I wish people to understand each other better. 2 Everyone wishes there peace on Earth. 3 We W wish that we do more to help with the AIDS crisis in Africa. 4 If only countries less money on guns and more food. 5 If only people that the future of the world is in their own hands. 6 We W wish that everyone enough to eat and somewhere safe to sleep.
A achieve fund generate make play reduce travel vote
B publicity a case in an election an aim a project a part the impact of something overland
11 Find the odd word or phrase. 1 carbon dioxide carbon emissions global warming greenhouse gas 2 demonstration protestor march sit-in 3 biologist chemist scientist physicist 4 approximate accurate exact perfect 5 argue oppose predict propose 6 bacteria disease illness sickness
PROGRESS CHECK
Vocabulary
Complete with these words.
atmosphere balance expectancy flood protestors retire rotate wireless
Match these words with their definitions.
absorb compulsory crisis decrease glow hoax molten pulse
Complete with the correct form of these verbs.
be
8
9
1 2 3 4
march
1 Women W have a longer life than men. 2 There were lots of at the anti-war demonstration. 3 Air travel causes serious pollution in the . 4 My computer is , so I can use it anywhere. 5 At the moment in Britain, many people from work at the age of 65. 6 How fast does Earth at the Equator? 7 There is a in central London today to protest about GM food. 8 After heavy rain the river rose and there was a in the town. 9 You Y can or offset your carbon emissions by planting trees.
Now you can …
5 6 7 8
Describe and compare the way things happen Make exclamations Express result T about future events, schedules, arrangements Talk and plans Discuss possible future lifestyles T about future possibility Talk T about imaginary or unlikely situations Talk Express wishes about the present
Look back at Units 3 and 4 and write an example for 1–8.
1 Life developed extremely slowly. How good are you? Tick a box. HHH Fine n HH OK n H Not sure n Not sure about something? Ask your teacher.
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