CLIL 1 Biology 1 Work in a small group. Look at the photo in the article. How many different characteristics can you see? Make a list.
2 In the article you are going to read about why individuals have different characteristics. Quickly read the text and note the examples of different characteristics mentioned in the text.
Genetics and inheritance The characteristics each individual possesses, such as hair colour, are not down to chance, but are passed from one generation to the next through genetic information. This is the reason why we tend to resemble our parents and often our grandparents. This passing down of genetic information is known as inheritance, and the study of inheritance is called genetics.
Genetic information is contained within our body in DNA. DNA is contained in almost all of our cells and is very long and thin. It is formed into short structures called chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of the cell. We have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell - half from our father and half from our mother. A gene is a section of DNA found within a chromosome that determines a particular characteristic. Some characteristics, such as eye colour, are controlled by a single gene, which may have different forms. These are called alleles. Alleles can be dominant or recessive: dominant alleles always express themselves (i.e. the person has this characteristic), regardless of which allele they are paired with. Recessive alleles will be suppressed or remain dormant if they are paired with a dominant allele. They will only express themselves if they are paired with another recessive allele.
b B Brown B
blue
b
Brown Brown Bb Bb Brown Brown Bb Bb
In order to help us to better understand this, let’s take the example of eye colour. The allele for brown eyes is dominant and the allele for blue eyes is recessive. Note: in genetic diagrams, dominant genes are always shown with a capital letter and recessive genes with a lower case letter. In the first diagram on the left, one parent has brown eyes. Both alleles are the dominant (brown) allele. The other parent has blue eyes. Both alleles are the recessive (blue) allele. All the different outcomes are shown in the square below. In all of the outcomes the child will receive one brown allele from one parent and one blue allele from the other. Because brown is dominant, all children will have brown eyes.
Now let’s take a look at an example with two brown-eyed parents. Each parent has one brown and one blue allele. The different outcomes are shown to the right. In three of the outcomes the child will have brown eyes. However if the child received the recessive blue-eyed gene from each parent, this would result in blue eyes. So, the assumption that two browneyed parents can only have a brown-eyed child is shown to be a misconception.
B Brown b B Brown b
Brown Brown BB Bb Brown Bb
blue bb
The study of genetics and DNA is invaluable. Not only does it help us to understand why we look the way we do and why only some of us can do certain things, such as roll our tongues, it can also identify whether individuals are at risk of inheriting life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a condition that is caused by a recessive allele.
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CLIL 3 Match each term from the text with the correct definition. 1 2 3 4 5 6
inheritance genetics DNA chromosome gene allele
a b c d e f
the long, thin material that contains genetic information genes that can have different forms and be either dominant or recessive the study of how characteristics are passed down a section of DNA that determines a characteristic short strands of DNA organised into pairs the passing down of characteristics from one generation to the next
4 Read the text in more detail and answer the questions. 1 Why do people tend to resemble their parents and grandparents? 2 What is a dominant allele? 3 What is a recessive allele? 4 Can two brown-eyed parents produce a blue-eyed child? Why/Why not? 5 How can the study of genetics and inheritance help in medicine?
5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 1 What did you find most interesting about the text? Was there any information that you found surprising? 2 Think about your own family. Who do you look like more, your mother or your father? Are there any characteristics that you’ve clearly inherited from one parent? 3 Can two blue-eyed parents produce a brown-eyed child? Why/Why not? ?
? DID YOU KNOW?
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Although each person’s DNA is unique (except in the case of identical twins), any two individuals actually share 99.9% of their DNA. It is only 0.1% that is different. Humans share a massive 98% of DNA with chimpanzees and 21% with worms!
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PROJECT 1 Work in pairs. Think of another characteristic that is determined by dominant or recessive genes, for example, hair colour, dimples, freckles, hair type, (e.g. coarse, curly, fine) free or attached earlobes. 2 Use the Internet to find a Punnett square to illustrate the chances of inheriting that characteristic. 3 Make notes on how to explain the Punnett square. 4 Tell the rest of the class about the characteristic you researched and explain the different possible outcomes. A
VOCABULARY FOCUS misconception [n]: a wrong belief or opinion as a result of not understanding something nucleus [n]: the central part of a cell that contains the chromosomes resemble [v]: to be similar to someone or something, especially in appearance suppress [v]: to stop an activity from happening
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2 Investigate and report on animal world: bats, eagles, bees and dolphins
Wordpower! *species *animals *birds *mammals *skeleton *insects *similarities *Charles Darwin
Starting point
Reading 1 Analysing the specific features of animals The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica present the overview of comparative anatomy: the definition, brief history, and key tenets. Comparative anatomy is the comparative study of the body structures of various species of animals. This science aims to reveal how they evolved from common ancestors and what changes have occurred. More specifically, comparative anatomy focuses on the vertebrate animals. Here is a brief overview of key milestones in the development of modern comparative anatomy: 1555 - Pierre Belon discovered that the skeletons of humans and birds had similar composition and arrangement. Therefore, Pierre Belon is considered a pioneer of modern comparative anatomy. XVIII century - the Count de Buffon and Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton opened new frontiers of knowledge by juxtaposing a significant range of animal species. Early XIX century - Baron Georges Cuvier introduced a more scientific foundation to the field by revealing that the interaction with the environment affected animals' structural
EXAM EXPERT How should you do the exam practice task? When a question asks why the writer mentions something, you should A. read the options (A, B, C, D) ad choose which one is factually true. B. read the text carefully to find the reason and then choose the option that best expresses it. Compare these animals. What are the similarities and differences of their body structures? What are the similarities between humans and birds?
1 Look at the title of the article you are going to read. Which of the things do you expect to be mentioned in the article? 2 Read the article quickly and check your answers to exercise 1.
3 PROJECT 1. In groups, compare different animals and make a cladogram (a diagram used to visualize hypothetical relations between different animal species and show how they are related and their common ancestors. 2. Please consult with your biology textbooks and reference materials. Additionally, search online how to make a basic cladogram. For instance, different educational websites provide video explanations on how to make a cladogram. 3. Make a Venn diagram to show similarities. 4. Make a reference list to refer to the sources used. 5. Present the animal's specific features through a cladogram and the Venn diagram at the Speaking class. You may want to use PPT. 6. Reflect on what you have learned and what you can do differently next time. 7. Reflect on cross-curricular links and how this task helps you to connect English and biology.
and functional characteristics. Furthermore, instead of embracing the traditional view of arranging animal kingdom in a single linear series from the simplest to more complex (humans), Cuvier designed his own classification. The French zoologist classified animals into four large groups (vertebrates, mollusks, articulates, and radiates) based on body plan. Mid-XIX century - two British scientists, Sir Richard Owen and Charles Darwin advanced the field of comparative anatomy. The former challenged Charles Darwin's theory of evolution based on his extensive knowledge of vertebrate structure. The latter developed his own theory of evolutionary descent by natural selection: so-called “survival of the fittest”. In his work “On the Origin of Species,'' Darwin argued that evolution by natural selection from a common ancestry explained the structural differences between different species. Key tenets of comparative anatomy include the study of homologous and analogous structures: Homologous body structures: a common ancestor's traits (body structures) that are found in different species regardless of their current function. To illustrate, although forelimbs of humans, birds, crocodiles, bats, dolphins, and rodents have different functions today due to evolution, their forelimbs come from the same ancestor: fins of crossopterygian fishes. Analogous structures: species' body structures might look similar and have the same function, but different evolutionary origins and structures. As a vivid example, while, the wings of insects and birds perform the same function, they have an analogous trait. In other words, these two groups of organisms developed a trait on their own from unrelated ancestral traits. (Adapted from Comparative anatomy, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed October 14, 2019, from: https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy) (Further suggested reading: https://www.britannica.com/science/evolution-scientific-theory/The-fossil-record#ref49847)
GLOSSARY analogous /əˈnæləɡəs/ (adj) similar to another situation, process, etc. ancestor /ˈænsestə(r)/ (n) refers to someone who is related to you and used to live a long time ago crossopterygian /ˌkrɒsɒptəˈrɪdʒɪən/ (n) an almost extinct type of fish with pairs of fins on either side of its body evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ (n) the scientific theory also known as Darwinism. As formulated by Darwin, animals and plants modify their structures over time to survive and adapt to their environment through natural selection fin /fɪn/ (n) 'a thin flat part of a fish's body that sticks out forelimb /ˈfɔːlɪm/ (n) 'an arm, or a limb that is located in the front of the body of an animal' homologous /hɒˈmɒləɡəs/ (adj) having the same relation, structure, etc. mollusc /ˈmɒləsk/ (n) 'an animal that has a soft body with no bones and is usually covered by a hard shell, for example a snail or an octopus' rodent /ˈrəʊd(ə)nt/ (n) a type of small species of animals with long sharp front teeth (e.g., a mouse) vertebrate /ˈvɜː(r)tɪbrət/ (n) an animal with a backbone (e.g., mammals, birds, and fish) (Adapted from General animal types, Macmillan Dictionary, accessed October 14, 2019, from: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/general-animal-types)
Think critically, Have your say!
WORK IT OUT! Find these words and phrases in the text and underline them. Can you work out what they mean from the context? *tenets *arrangement *juxtapose *embrace *descent *trait *origin
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How do you understand evolution? Compare and contrast knowledge gained from this article about evolution with knowledge gained from other spheres of life (technology, culture, etc.)
CULTURE SPOT: Inventions in Kazakhstan 1. Read the title, talk about what you expect the text to be about? What do you know about Kazakh inventors and inventions? Complete the bubles.
Inventors, their inventions
2. Read the text. What inventions is the text about? Who are the inventors? Discuss with your partner.
INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS OF KAZAKHSTAN Kazakhstan is one of the most inventive countries in the world: 30 000 inventions were patented in the last 20 years. In 2013, on the sidelines of a round-table discussion dedicated to the improvement of Kazakhstan's Intellectual Property Law, Abzal Yestaev, the Chairman of the Intellectual Property Law Committee of the Ministry of Justice, said that “Considering the number of our population, our scientific potential is no worse than other countries. Kazakhstan is one of the world leaders by the number of inventions”. The inventions of Kazakhstan seem to be mostly concerned with chemistry, agriculture, and metallurgy that are leading fields of industry in Kazakhstan. A group of Kazakhstan scientists founded the ReLive company that has developed a unique platform designed to rehabilitate patients. The platform consists of equipment for reading brain signals, signal recognition software, a microcontroller and an upper limb exoskeleton. The system allows to mentally manage the exoskeleton, which speeds up the process of patients' recovery. It is mentioned that the mission of ReLive is to expand the functions of the neurorehabilitation robotic platform with the help of artificial intelligence. The company consists of researchers who have experience in the field of machine learning, artificial intelligence and robotics. During the International Exhibition Astana DigitalHealth, held in 2017 in Astana, the ReLive project was presented to the UNICEF executive director Henrietta Fore and the Minister of Health of Kazakhstan and received an award for the best digital solution among other large international companies. Kazakhstan patents about 8 000 inventions each year from creators of all ages. Notably, some of those inventions come from young people. The “Shapagat” National Invention Contest includes a “Best School-Aged Boy Inventor” category. The Republican contest aims to promote and support inventive activities, enhance the role of intellectual property, to stimulate creative activity among schoolchildren and to distribute knowledge in the field of intellectual property. This contest has been
held since 2004. In 2017, 40 participants made it to the final round. The organizers were Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan and “National institute of intellectual property” RSE (NIIP) together with Cranfield University in the UK. Forty finalists visited Cranfield University for a one-week educational trip. In 2017, the EXPO exhibition inspired scientists and inventors. They promoted their alternative energy developments. One of such inventors is the student of Nazarbayev University, Radkhan Sarmuratov. The graduate of the School of Engineering developed a unique programme on the rational use of energy resources. Special sensor installations were used for this purpose. Another inventor Marat Issekeyev created a prototype of a multilevel and multirow wind farm. The Inventor's know-how is made from materials manufactured in Kazakhstan. The invention works based on air steam. The given installation is 3-4-5 times cheaper. A young creator Nazifa Baktybaeva has invented a complex research model to study Venus. She has made calculations about the weight of the construction and found the proper materials to protect the research complex in the atmosphere of Venus. This invention is of the great scientific importance to the space industry. The young scientist has been invited to visit NASA and granted a scholarship to study in the USA. We have many inventors who keep receiving such awards and it shows that Kazakhstan has great inventing potential. Hopefully, their number will keep growing.
3. Read the text again and find the words that match these definitions. a. b. c. d. e.
to increase in size, number, or importance - ____________________ to restore someone's health - ________________ the action of installing something - _____________________ to rise in, to duble - _____________________ A hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures _________________________________________
4. Work in groups to discuss the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Is Kazakhstan one of the most inventive countries in the world? Why? What is a unique platform of the ReLive company and it's system? What is the aim of the “Shapagat” National Invention Contest? What did the young creators Nazifa Baktybaeva, Radkhan Sarmuratov and Marat Issekeyev promote and invent ?
Now You Go online and find some more information about other creators and their inventions in Kazakhstan.
CLIL 3 Psychology 1 Work with a partner. Compare and contrast the photos. What are they illustrating?
2 In the text you are going to read about conformity. What do you understand by this term? Quickly read the text to check your answer.
Conformity
C
onformity can be defined as a social influence, where individuals change their attitude, behaviour and/or beliefs in order to fit with the norms of a particular group in society. Norms are the unspoken rules that are shared by a group of individuals and govern how they interact with others. Conformity can occur at many different levels, from society in general to small groups. Although conformity is usually associated with group interactions, it can occur whilst alone. Examples of this include following social norms regarding hygiene and eating. So why do people conform? One of the main reasons is the desire to fit in and make friends. If we don’t fit in, we risk becoming a social outcast. Psychologists label this normative conformity. Another reason is when a person lacks knowledge of a particular situation and seeks guidance from the group, eventually changing their behaviour to align with the group’s norms. This is known as informational conformity. However, conformity has a wider social function – it enables societies to operate successfully and smoothly by minimising undesirable behaviours. It is therefore crucial for children to learn conformity, in order to be able to interact successfully in society in adulthood. In general, psychologists distinguish between three main types of conformity. Compliance is where an individual feels they ought to change their behaviour, despite not necessarily agreeing with the group, in
order to gain approval from (or avoid punishment by) the group. Internalisation is where a person changes their behaviour to fit in with the group, but does so because they agree with the behaviour (see informational conformity above). Finally, identification occurs when an individual must conform in order to maintain a positive relationship with another person or group. This often happens in jobs where individuals have to adopt a particular social role, for example nurses. As with compliance, the individual may still retain a different private opinion. Extensive research has been done by psychologists into the topic of conformity. One of the earliest experiments was conducted by Jenness (1932) in his famous bean jar study. In it, he filled a glass jar with beans. Participants were invited individually to guess the number of beans in the jar. They were then put together in a group and asked to provide a group estimate. Participants were then asked to guess the number individually again and allowed to change the guess they had originally made. He found that almost all revised their number to bring it more in line with the group estimate. A final point should be made about non conformity, where an individual makes an attempt to remain independent of the group. Psychologists have found that non conformity is more prevalent in countries such as the UK and the US, where the individual is considered more important than the group. In these countries, people tend to be more self-sufficient; not only do they feel that they don’t have to conform, they make an active choice to be independent.
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CLIL 3 Read the text again. Match the section headings below to the correct paragraph (1–5). Research What is conformity? Non conformity Main types of conformity Reasons for conforming
4 Are the sentences True (T), False (F) or is the information Not Mentioned (NM) in the text? Correct the false sentences. 1 Conformity only happens in the presence of other people.
T / F / NM
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? DID YOU KNOW?
Although we are often told that conformity is always a good thing, we shouldn’t disregard the importance of non conformity. For example, it is thought that the first settlers in the United States were non conformists – people who did not fit into various social groups within their own native societies. The fact that they were non conformists allowed them to travel and discover new places.
PROJECT
1 Work in groups. Research another famous experiment into conformity. Choose one of the following experiments:
2 Conformity is important for society to run successfully. T / F / NM 3 Most children learn to conform at a young age.
T / F / NM
4 When people conform, their personal opinion always changes.
T / F / NM
5 Certain jobs require people to conform. T / F / NM 6 In Jenness’ experiment, almost all the participants showed conformity.
T / F / NM
7 Non conformity is only found in countries such as the UK and the US. T / F / NM
5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 1 Think of different ways in which you conform to a particular group or groups and describe them to your partner. Can you think of a personal situation where you have shown compliance, i.e. where you have changed your behaviour to fit with a group, without necessarily agreeing with the group? 2 How important is conformity in your culture? Do people tend to want to conform, or is non conformity valued by some people?
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Sherif (1935) Autokinetic effect experiment Asch (1951) Line judgement experiment Asch (1962) Face the rear experiment 2 Find out about the experiment and make notes under the following headings: ■ what the experiment aimed to find ■ what it involved (i.e. the procedure) ■ who the participants were ■ what the results were ■ what conclusions were made 3 In your group, prepare a presentation for another group who chose a different experiment.
A
VOCABULARY FOCUS align [v]: to organise activities or systems so they match or fit well together crucial [adj]: extremely important because it has a major effect on the result of something govern [v]: to control the way that things happen hygiene [n]: the practice of keeping yourself and things around you, clean norm [n]: accepted standards of behaviour within a society outcast [n]: someone who is not accepted as a member of society or a particular group prevalent [adj]: very common in a particular place or among a particular group retain [v]: to keep someone or something
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4 Investigate and report on timekeeping devices/ Science video
Reading 1 2. exam practice You are going to read an article about the history of timekeeping devices. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. A Digital wrist watch created by Apple is considered the top digital watch of all the time B With time, their design was advanced, and their structure was minimised. C To illustrate, one of the most widely known water clocks of that time was created by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari in 1206 D With the help of a series of markers on the ground, Egyptians managed to track time. E Gradually, the mastery and tradition of building various types of sundials, sand clocks, and water clocks have been accumulated over thousands of years. F More advanced sundial devices that were designed in Persia became the must-have item in maritime. G Notably, Plato invented the first water-based alarm clock.
EXAM EXPERT
Wordpower! *sundials *timekeeping *mechanical watch *sun *candle clock
Starting point Choose one of the photographs and explain how you can use it as a timekeeping device
1. Read the article quickly to find answersto these questions. 1. Why is Mesopotamia considered the birthplace of timekeeping devices? 2. What is the importance of the sun in the creation of sundials? 3. What were the limitations of using sundials to measure time? 4. What are the features of clepsydra? 5. What is the relationship between extensive overseas exploration and advancement of sundial devices?
How should you do the exam practice task? When you have chosen a sentence to fit each gap? A don't bother rereading the text with the sentences replaced to check if it makes sense as this takes too much time. B quickly reread the whole text with the sentences replaced to check if it makes sense.
3 Find forms of these words in the text. Match them to the correct definitions 1 clepsydra
A
relating to the scientific study of the stars and planets 2 sundial B an early clock using the flow of water into or out of a container 3 pendulum C an object that measures time by the position of a shadow made in sunny weather, consisting of a pointed metal piece on top of a flat piece of stone 4 astronomical D an instrument that shows information as a row of numbers 5 spring E a long thin piece of metal in the shape of a coil that quickly gets its original shape again after you stop stretching it 6 digital F a long thin bar with a weight at the lower end that swings from side to side, usually in order to keep a clock working
The history of timekeeping devices History of Watch website reports on the history of timekeeping mechanisms
Tracking of time using mechanical or other means was first documented over 5500 years ago in Ancient Egypt and Sumer, southern parts of the ancient region called Mesopotamia. 1 ____ As a result, traditions of building timekeeping devices spread across the Mediterranean and reached Greek, Roman, and Persian Empires who advanced the ancient traditions. As time went by, time was tracked via candle clocks, incense clocks, oil-lamp clocks, simple gear clocks, and astronomical clocks. The first modern timekeeping devices were introduced in the XV and XVI centuries. Sundials originated in Ancient Egypt approximately in 4th millennium BC: the earliest-known obelisk was made around 3500 BC. As ancient Egyptians considered the sun a divine power, measuring the sun shadow was widespread. To track time, inhabitants of Egypt divided daytime into 10 equal parts, while 4 additional parts were reserved for twilight hours at dawn and dusk. 2____Furthermore, a series of markers enabled them to determine the current season of the year. However, sundials did not prove to be effective in cloudy weather or at night. Therefore, novel methods for timekeeping were invented. Ancient Greeks and Romans dedicated their time to developing water clocks, which by 325 BC were more accurate than their predecessors. Clepsydrae devices used the flow of water into or out of a container to measure time and were employed as an alarm clock. 3 ___ Notwithstanding the growing number of innovations in the field, sundials remained popular throughout the existence of the Greek and Roman empires. After the collapse of the Roman empire, water clocks were refined and sophisticated by masters in Persia and China. 4 ___ By VI century, China introduced candle and incense clocks that reached the Middle East and Europe
PROJECT
in the XIII century. By that time, China made a breakthrough in the field of timekeeping mechanisms: Astronomical clocks were introduced. The Age of Discovery in Europe and extensive overseas exploration gave the impetus for having reliable and accurate timekeeping devices. 5 ____ Furthermore, starting from the XV century, precise sundials went beyond sailing and gained popularity in other spheres such as churches and kitchens. By the XVI century, the invention of mechanical devices based on pendulums and springs marked the new era of timekeeping. 6 ___ Consequently, by XIX century mechanical pocket, table, and wall clocks became commonplace all around the world. Nowadays, with the appearance of digital devices, access to timekeeping is available to everyone. (Adapted from History of Watch, Retrieved October, 10, 2019, from: http://www.historyofwatch.com/clockhistory/timekeeping-devices-history/)
WORK IT OUT Find these words and phrases in the text and underline them. Can you work out what they mean from the context? *enabled *advanced *became commonplace *spread across *made a breakthrough *gave the impetus
Think critically, Have your say! ● ● ●
What timekeeping devices are used in your family? Which of timekeeping devices mentioned in the text would you like to use and why? What is the importance of the Age of Discovery for the development of timekeeping devices? How do you think, what event can change the development of timekeeping devices in the XXI century?
1. In groups, try to design your own timekeeping device (a sundial, an hourglass, etc.) depending on the resources you have (season of the year and required available materials) and measure time using a sundial or an hourglass. The following links might be helpful: https://www.wikihow.com/Read-a-Sundial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UGV8vzMLDA 2. Film your experience of designing a timekeeping device and measuring time using a mobile phone. 3. Share your video experiment in class at the Speaking Class. Deliver your presentation to the class, be open to feedback, and reflect on what you have learned and what would you do differently next time.
CLIL 5 Business, enterprise and entrepreneurship 1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos and describe what you can see. What do you think the article is about?
2 You are going to read a textbook article about business start-ups. In pairs, think of two or three questions about starting a business that you’d like to find an answer to. Read the text quickly to see if it answers your questions.
A risky business?
F
or young people leaving formal education, the type of career path they choose to embark on can vary enormously. Some may follow in a parent’s footsteps and go to work for the family firm. Others may choose to serve an apprenticeship. Others may end up with an entry-level job in a company. For those who want to be their own boss, however, the idea of a business start-up can be an attractive prospect. A new business start-up is known as an enterprise and the people who set them up are entrepreneurs. Setting up a new enterprise can be a daunting prospect, but there are clear benefits to doing it. First and foremost it can give the budding entrepreneur an immense feeling of satisfaction to create something out of nothing, often single-handedly. Being independent and able to implement one’s own ideas is another key advantage. It also has the obvious benefit of making a considerable profit, should the business succeed. However, for every benefit there is a possible risk. If the business fails, there is the potential to make a loss. Being independent also means there is no other support – the success or failure of the business lies solely with the entrepreneur. The first thing any entrepreneur needs to do is come up with a viable business plan. Countless business start-ups fail each year because the company lacks a clear and realistic business plan. Many people ignore the importance of market research, rushing forward without knowing what their customers really want or need. Once there is a solid business plan in place, the next thing to think about is funding. Starting a business requires considerable outlay – for example, to buy the product or the raw materials to make the product, as well as to pay for advertising, retail space, and/or
website design. Traditionally a small business will try the bank first for a loan. Many banks offer specific start-up loans for small businesses, provided they can show evidence of a sound business plan. However, many people are choosing to raise capital through crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter. In return for anything ranging from a free product to shares in the company, members of the public can donate money to small business start-ups. So, how do you know if a business start-up is for you? Along with a willingness to take risks and work hard, you’ll also need a number of other skills, such as resilience, determination and drive. The ability to think creatively in a number of different ways is also advantageous. Lateral thinking (thinking ‘outside the box’), deliberate creativity (using different thinking techniques to create new ideas) and blue-sky thinking (looking at an opportunity with fresh eyes) are all specific creative-thinking techniques that successful entrepreneurs employ. And finally, however good your product, and whatever lengths you go to to make it succeed, you will also need a certain amount of luck. There is a lot to be said for being in the right place at the right time!
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CLIL 3 Read the text again. Put these topics in the order in which they are mentioned. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Different types of creativity Risks of starting your own business The importance of luck in success Traditional funding Other skills needed to be a successful entrepreneur An example of a new way to fund a start-up Examples of different career paths Benefits of starting your own business The importance of a solid business plan
4 Read the text in more detail and answer the questions. 1 What kind of person makes a successful entrepreneur?
PROJECT 1 Work in pairs. You are each going to research a business start-up. One of you should choose a start-up that was successful and the other a start-up that was unsuccessful. Make notes on the following points: ■ the person or people who started it ■ the product ■ how they funded it (e.g. traditional funding, crowdfunding, or another way) ■ why it is/wasn’t successful. 2 In the next lesson, share your information and prepare a short presentation about your contrasting start-ups. 3 Work with another pair and take turns to give your presentations to each other. A
2 Why do many business start-ups fail each year? 3 Why do people donate to crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter? 4 Why do business start-ups need initial funding?
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? DID YOU KNOW?
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In 2014, in the UK, there were over half a million business start-ups. However, on average, around 20% of business start-ups fail in the first year, with 50% not surviving beyond five years.
VOCABULARY FOCUS budding [adj]: at the very beginning of a career and likely to be successful at it capital [n]: money you use to start a business crowdfunding [n]: the process of getting a large group of people to finance a particular project, especially by using a website where people can make contributions daunting prospect [phr]: something that is going to happen that makes you feel worried, because you think it will be difficult or dangerous to do first and foremost [phr]: used for emphasising the main point or the most important reason for something immense [adj]: extremely large or great implement [v]: to make something such as an idea, plan, system or law start to work and be used outlay [n]: the amount of money you must spend to start a new project or business resilience [n]: the ability to become strong again after a disappointment or problem viable [adj]: able to be done or worth doing
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CLIL Engineering 1 Look at the photos below and discuss the question. Why do you think engineers sometimes decide to build tunnels rather than bridges and other overground structures?
2 Read the text quickly. Which sentence below best describes what it is about? 1 New technology in constructing tunnels. 2 Important factors when building a tunnel. 3 Environmentally-friendly engineering
An engineering feat: building the world’s longest tunnel In such dangerous situations, safety is also a major consideration. Emergency exits were built between the GBT tunnels every 325 metres. Even the doors to these exits had to be designed to withstand the ten-tonne force of passing trains.
Tunnelling methods Another crucial factor is the precision of the digging. During the GBT project, skilled surveyors used a combination of GPS and a network of reference points both above and below ground to ensure the route was perfectly $13.2 billion to build accurate. The tunnel was built in five sections to speed up the work and engineers 65 passenger trains waited nervously at the ‘breakthrough’ – and 260 freight the moment when two tunnel sections trains per day are supposed to meet. If they had miscalculated, it would have cost the project billions, but incredibly this 57 km long, linking never happened. It took ten years and Zurich to Milan 700 people to dig the huge tunnels, at a cost of over $13.2 billion.
Gotthard Pass, Switzerland
E
ngineers are faced with solving some of our most difficult travel problems. As the world’s population grows, our demand for more products increases. As a result, the roads are getting overcrowded and pollution is increasing. The geography of the landscape also forces engineers to think creatively. Mountainous areas of high peaks and deep valleys often mean it is slow and difficult to connect communities. One Gotthard Base way to overcome these issues is to put Tunnel The construction of the GBT will transform the traffic on trains and go underground. the landscape and make a huge difference Initially this idea might seem impossible, but to the local communities. It has shortened the engineers have the creativity, skill and ambition journey between two major social and economic to make it a reality. These strengths were expertly centres, Zurich and Milan, to under three hours. So shown in the building of the Gotthard Base Tunnel next time you travel through a tunnel, take a moment to (GBT), which is currently the world’s longest tunnel. Stretching consider the amazing engineering 57 km between central Switzerland and northern Italy, it lies feat it took to construct it. 2500m deep below the snowy Alpine peaks above. It is a truly remarkable piece of engineering.
Construction considerations Before construction can begin, you have to study the geology carefully and plan your route according to the type of rock. During the building of the GBT, it was crucial to avoid pockets of water-filled rock, where the liquid would have destroyed the entire project if hit. There are also design considerations. Some projects, such as the Channel Tunnel, have three parallel shafts, whilst others decide on one tunnel with two tracks. The GBT has two shafts but, unusually, the twin tunnels go straight and flat through the Alps, saving energy, compared to older tunnels and roads which had to climb the mountains.
Building conditions The working conditions underground are very demanding. Temperatures can reach over 45ºC, making it impossible to work, so refrigerated units and fans are brought in to cool the engineers.
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Gotthard Base Tunnel
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CLIL 3 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 Why are some roads becoming so overcrowded? 2 What geological problems can occur in tunnel construction? 3 How do tunnel workers cope with challenging conditions underground? 4 How do engineers ensure the tunnel digging is accurate?
4 What do these numbers in the text refer to? 1 45 2 325 3 ten 4 2500
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? DID YOU KNOW?
The GBT is the first tunnel project in the world to recycle its waste rock. 8000 tonnes of rock were excavated each day during its construction, making a total of 25 million tonnes over the ten-year project. Half of this went into building the railway through the tunnel. The innovative engineers decided to turn the other half into sand and gravel to make concrete. This concrete is then used to line the inside of the tunnel. Engineering really can be environmentally-friendly too.
PROJECT
1 Work with a partner. Choose an innovative engineering project in your country or another country. 2 Find out information about the following: ■ main features (include interesting statistics) ■ the design considerations ■ the technology and equipment used in construction ■ the challenges faced by the engineers ■ the impact it has had on the local environment 3 Present your research to the class. If possible, try to find photos to show the project. A
5 700
5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 1 Engineers are highly trained workers. What kind of personality characteristics does an engineer need? Would you like to be an engineer? 2 Think of the journeys you take every year. Could any of them be improved by building a tunnel or other infrastructures?
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VOCABULARY FOCUS overcrowded [adj]: containing too many people or things demanding [adj]: difficult, challenging feat [n]: achievement, accomplishment overcrowded [adj]: when somewhere has too many people or things overcome [v]: solve precision [n]: accuracy surveyor [n]: a skilled person who assesses land and buildings using specialist equipment withstand [v]: survive, tolerate
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CLIL ICT 1 Look at the photos. What do you think is happening in each picture?
2 How often do you make or watch videos? Do you know how digital devices perform these tasks? Tell your partner how you think videos are stored and then transferred to our screens.
Video compression: why we need data fast!
W
e take our digital devices for granted these days. Our phones, tablets and laptops have become everyday objects that are embedded into our lives. In a world dominated by the media and social networks, many of us use our gadgets to record our lives and post it online. With a push of a button or a swipe of a finger, our videos and messages are uploaded. Have you ever wondered how this happens?
Binary data All the information we record, whether audio or visual, is actually made up of ones and zeroes. This is known as binary data. The individual frames and images of our videos are represented digitally using this binary code. Within each video file, there are billions of ones and zeroes, making the file enormous. In order to transfer this file to websites and social networks, it needs to change. It would take far too long to upload and take up far too much digital space if we left it as it is.
Encoding the file One way of changing the file is to encode the binary data. Think of the last video you took. There will be hundreds of repeated images in each frame, each stored as raw binary code. Computer programmers write a series of logical instructions, called an algorithm, to remove any repeated and therefore unnecessary data. The algorithm will search the video file and delete any identical binary values. The device will then only store the differences. This reduces the file size, making it faster to upload or stream.
File compression This reduction in the size of files is known as compression. Compression allows us to store hundreds of files on our gadgets. There are two main types of compression:
Lossy compression
Lossless compression
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■
■ ■ ■
Reduces file size by removing
redundant data forever Cannot restore file to original size Clarity and definition/resolution of picture can be impaired Any loss in picture/sound quality is permanent
■ ■
■
Downloading and streaming Once the file is encoded, compressed and uploaded, it needs to be downloaded or streamed. This has become an increasingly vital part of the process as we want to watch whatever we like, wherever and whenever we like. To keep up with public demand, some news networks provide 24hour live streaming of their coverage. To achieve this, journalists upload their reports which are then available to watch simultaneously online. The compressed news reports are decoded using a codec. This is a specially designed computer programme to read audio and video files.
Reduces file size without losing detail can be uncompressed back to Files
their original size Need a fast broadband connection to stream files or you might spot oddcoloured pixels on screen Could experience buffering as the streaming process is delayed by slow broadband speed
Luckily, all the programming, encoding and compressing is done automatically when we make or stream a video. The vital technology is already embedded in your device, so next time you pick up your favourite gadget to make or watch a video online, remember the amazing journey it has taken to get there.
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CLIL 3 Read the text carefully. Then read the definitions and write the correct word(s). 1 digital information made up of ones and zeroes: 2 a series of logical instructions written by a computer programmer: 3 the reduction in size of digital files: 4 a quick form of compression, where unnecessary data is permanently removed: 5 a form of compression which does not lose detail: 6 a computer programme which reads audio and video
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? DID YOU KNOW?
The American news network, CNN, were the first to stream live news coverage online and on mobile devices. In July 2011, CNN announced that they had created an app so audiences could view the news on any of their devices. General Manager, KC Estenson, said, ‘CNN is taking a significant step forward in offering live news coverage to our audiences whether they are on their couches at home or have their toes in the sand on the beach.’ Since then, other major news organisations, like the BBC and Al Jazeera, have also harnessed improvements in computer programming to bring us the news 24 hours a day.
files:
4 Read the text again and circle the best answers. 1 Binary files need to be compressed because they … a take up too much storage. b are poor quality. c are too small. 2 Reducing a file size makes it … a slower to upload. b faster to upload. c impossible to upload. 3 Algorithms are programmes which find and … a delete repeated images. b save repeated images. c copy repeated images. 4 Lossy compression can … a restore picture resolution. b improve picture resolution. c reduce picture resolution. 5 To decode compressed files, you need … a a codec. b fast broadband speed. c an algorithm.
5 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 1 Describe the journey a video file takes from when you make it to when someone watches it online. 2 Have you ever experienced some of the problems caused by file compression, as described in the text?
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PROJECT
1 Work with a partner. You are going to make a short video about one aspect of video compression. Choose one of the following subjects and find out more about it: ■ binary data ■ codecs ■ algorithms ■ file compression. 2 Use a mobile phone or tablet to make a video about your chosen subject. 3 Show your video to another pair or to your class. Explain how your process works, also using illustrations if possible. Upload your finished video to the school website so that other students can learn from you! A
VOCABULARY FOCUS embed [v]: fix firmly into something encode [v]: put something into code frame [n]: single scenes from a film or video impair [v]: affect something negatively pixel [n]: tiny square of colour that makes up the image on a screen post (online) [v]: upload raw [adj]: basic, unchanged redundant [adj]: unnecessary restore [v]: return simultaneously [adv]: at the same time store [v]: keep stream [v]: watch or listen to a file from the Internet as you download it
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9
Reading 1 Fashion design and manufacturing clothes
Clothes journeys Wordpower! *Manufacturing *factories *brands *garment production *sewing *fashion design
Starting point Look at your outfit of the day and try to find out where everything comes from. In groups, talk to each other and discuss these questions: ● Why is it important to know where and how your clothing was manufactured? Try to determine the origin of your clothes (fabric, manufacturer, and the location of a garment factory) and fill in the table. Compare within your group. Item of clothing
Fabric
Jeans
Cotton
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Brand/ Location of the manufacturer garment factory Bangladesh
What are the stages in the process of manufacturing clothes do you know? ● What is the connection between climate change, sustainable development, and manufacturing clothes?
Encyclopaedia Britannica presents the stages of fashion design and manufacturing. Interestingly, many people think that designers could set trends in fashion if they wanted. However, the majority of designers adapt trendsetting styles into marketable garments for average customers to meet consumer demands. Therefore, the manufacturing of clothes is an elaborated, meticulous, and creative process that has many stages. First, designers create sketches of future clothes after drawing some inspiration from media, street styles, and an active lifestyle. Nowadays, traditional design methods (doing sketches on paper and draping fabric on mannequins) have been ousted or supplemented by computer-assisted design techniques. The latest computer technologies enable designers to introduce quick changes to a proposed design's silhouette, fabric, trimmings, and other elements and share updates with their colleagues. Sampling is the second stage in garment production that follows the design/sketch stage. 1_____ The third crucial stage in garment production is pattern making: a clothing design is translated into a pattern in a range of sizes. As the proportions of the human body can fluctuate in weight, pattern making cannot be adjusted uniformly using a basic template. Notwithstanding the advanced technologies in computer programming, adjusting designs in larger sizes for every figure remains a challenge. The pattern (either drawn on paper or
1. Read the article quickly, ignoring the gaps for now, and decide which of the statements below best sums up the passage. 1. Manufacturing clothes (garment production) is an easy and straightforward process that is defined by designers only because they set the trends 2. The complex process of manufacturing clothes (garment production) includes many stages and depends on various factors such as customer needs and weight, computer-assisted technologies, and others.
2. Read the article again about the processes of manufacturing clothes. Use information from the article to complete the flowchart.
1 Design/sketch
6 Retail
2 ......................
3 ......................
5 ......................
4 ......................
programmed as a set of computer instructions) defines how the fabric should be cut into pieces (cutting) to be joined for garment production. 2_____ Assembly of the garment is the next stage of production that includes different processes of sewing/stitching, thread trimming, and others. Due to the development of computerguided machinery, some stages of garment assembly are automated. However, the overall process of sewing is extremely labour-intensive causing clothing manufacturers to look for low-wage environments where they can locate their factories. 3______ The final stage entails different processes collectively known as finishing. After sewing, a garment is washed, steam-
EXAM EXPERT
WORK IT OUT!
How should you do the exam practice task? a If a sentence ending fits, grammatically, it must be the correct answer. b A sentence ending must fit grammatically and must make logical sense for it to be the correct answer.
3. exam practice You are going to read the article about the processes of manufacturing clothes. Choose from sentence endings A-F the one which fits each gap (1-4). There is one extra ending which you do not need to use. A this cutting can be performed by computerised high-intensity lasers or by manually operated and computer-guided knives (blade cutting machines). B retail (the process of purchasing clothes from manufacturers) happens when retailers make initial purchases for resale three to six months in advance before customers can buy clothes in stores. C customers have different preferences about brands and fabric. D this results in the issues of cheap labour, exploitation of workers, and industrial safety that appear in some factories in China and Southeast Asia. E the materials required for garment production (for instance, fabric, linings, buttons, and others) should be sourced and ordered and samples should be made to present them to retail buyers.
ironed, and goes through the process of adding: (a) decorative elements (embroidery, beading); (b) fasteners (buttons and buttonholes, hooks and eyes, snaps, zippers, etc.); (c) hems and cuffs; (d) labels (brand-name labels and other often mandatory labels that specify fibre content, laundry instructions, and country of manufacture. Finished items are pressed, packed, and folded to be ready for dispatch. Although retailing is not part of garment production, it is vital. 4 _____ (Adapted from Fashion Industry, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/art/fashion-industry).
Find these words in the article and the missing sentence endings and underline them. Can you work out what they mean from the content? *garment *enable *purchase *pattern *assembly * low-wage environment
4. Write a word or a phrase from the article in each gap to complete the sentences 1. The first stage of garment production starts with doing ____________ (paragraph 1) 2. At the second stage of garment production, ________ should be presented to retail buyers (paragraph 1) 3. The third stage includes the translation of a clothing design into a_____ (paragraph 2) 3. Embroidery and beading are _________ elements rather than functional ones (paragraph 4) 4 . As sewing is _________________, many manufacturers look for cheap labour (paragraph 3) 5. _____ such as buttons and buttonholes, hooks and eyes, and zippers are used to hold together and connect two or more pieces of material (paragraph 4) 6. Fibre content, laundry instructions, and country of manufacture are specified on _________(paragraph 4) 7. To __________ means to ship finished garments to manufacturers and brands (paragraph 4) 8. People who buy finished garments from manufacturers and sell them to customers are _______ (paragraph 4)
? Think critically, have your say! ●
What are your thoughts about manufacturers who seek cheap labour to do labour-intensive sewing and who avoid providing decent working conditions? ● What is the impact of technology on fashion design and manufacturing? ● How fair is to exploit workers to save on labour-intensive sewing and paying wages?
PROJECT 1. In pairs, make a sketch of your garment (clothing item) using paper or a computer. 2. Design a PowerPoint Presentation where you present your design and explain the process of designing garments. 3. Deliver your presentation to the class, be open to feedback, and reflect on what you have learned and what would you do differently next time.