Maddy Brook
Copyright Š 2015 Maddy Brook Designed on a small square format: 7x7 in (17x17 cm), softcover. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in review, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Blurb, Australia. May 2015.
I’d like to thank my Mum, for supporting me despite choosing art as a career and for all the help throughout this course. I would also like to thank the teaching staff at Gold Coast QCA for an enlightening three years. And last but not least, I would like to thank my friends, who are all so strong, talented and inspiring.
Typography: A Brief History
2 What is Typography? 3 Typography Timeline
The Calibri Conundrum
6 Calibri: The New Default 8 Why Change Default Fonts? 9 ClearType Font Collection
Calibri
12 Origins of Calibri 13 Font Family & Type Specimen 15 Distinguishing Features 16 Calibri in Design
Times New Roman
17 Origins of Times New Roman 18 Type Family & Type Specimen 20 Distinguishing Features 22 Times New Roman in Design
Myriad Pro
23 Origins of Myriad Pro 24 Type Family & Specimen 26 Distinguishing Features 27 Myriad in Design
Minion Pro
30 Origins of Minion Pro 31 Type Family & Specimen 33 Distinguishing Features 34 Minion in Design
Font Comparisons
References
36 39 Calibri V References Myriad Pro 37 Times New Roman V Minion Pro 38 Author’s Opinion
What is Typography? Typography is the design and use of typefaces as a means of communication. It is considered to have begun with Gutenberg and the development of moveable type. But typography has its roots in handwritten letterforms. Typography encompasses everything from calligraphy through digital type and type on Web pages. It also includes type designers who create new letterforms as well as designers and calligraphers who use the letters as part of their designs.
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Typography is a central component of design. It gives us an understanding of the heritage behind our craft. It’s one of the primary ways we, as a society, pass on information to others. Imagine a website, a magazine or even TV without text. From a descriptive point-of-view, typography is the arrangement of type. But there is so much more to it than that. It can mean different things depending on whom you ask. Your choice of typefaces and your technique of setting type give your composition its character, pace and style. Not only does it give the copy legibility, it also helps the reader gain a greater insight into the subject of the design.
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1470
Nicolas Jenson created Roman Type, inspired by the text on ancient roman buildings.
1734
William Caslon created what we call ‘old style’.
1780
1816
William Caslon IV created the first typeface without any serifs at all.
Firmin Didot and Giambattista Bodoni created ‘modern’ Roman typefaces
1957
Swiss designer Max Miedinger created Helvetica
Typography Timeline Throughout history, typefaces have been influenced by technological advances, culture shifts, and just general boredom with the state of typography. Here’s how it all went down...
1400’s
Gutenberg invented movable typefaces.
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1501
Aldus Manutius created italics.
1757
John Baskerville created what we now call Transitional type.
1815
Vincent Figgins created Egyptian, or Slab Serif.
1920’s
Frederic Goudy became the world’s first full time type designer.
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Calibri: The New Default Back in 2007 Microsoft changed the default font from Times New Roman to Calibri on their Word application. Many people were angry and at the least confused about this change. These people felt the need to express there outrage online in the form of memes and forums. Forum user Lins said, “I HATE this Calibri font. I work in an office, I need Times New Roman, Size 12. And what is worse, Word absolutely refuses to let me permanently change the default template to TNR. As soon as I close
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Word or have to reboot, that d*#n Calibri Size 11 comes right back up again.” User Pemburthy added, “Absolute horror. No matter how many times I change the default style, the hated Calibri keeps bursting out of its cage. The WORD designers have committed many crimes against humanity, but this is surely the worst.” SolidSnake35 said, “I agree that it is disgusting. Reflects on society really. I use Adobe Jenson Pro like a real man. And anyone found double spacing or 1.5 spacing in my house will receive a slap around the face.”
Some users were pro Calibri with user GazaAli saying, “Calibri is much more beautiful and easy on the eyes than Times New Roman, that s**t makes me cringe for some reason.” With user fox_hound fox agreeing, “I actually like Calibri as a sans serif font. It reads very nicely on a screen. Arial doesn’t read as nicely and I’ll always prefer a full-serif font on paper.” And some users were just confused, “I’m trying to understand why this is discussion worthy.”
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Why Change Default Fonts? The WORD designers have committed many crimes against humanity, but this is surely the worst.
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a somewhat controversial opinion (more when it would happen, not if).
Joe Friend, who managed the Word PM team during Office 2007, says there were two main reasons for the change.
To support digital consumption the new fonts were created to improve screen readability. They do this via a technology called ClearType. The collection of fonts introduced at this time are called the ClearType Font Collection.
1 Growth of digital consumption.
2 At the time, Office was looking
We believed that more and more documents would never be printed but would solely be consumed on a digital device. Given we started this work in 2003 (long before Surface, iPhone, iPad, Kindle, etc.) this was
a big impact on the modern look. The use of san serif Calibri as our default body font (instead of the old standard Times New Roman) was one of the more controversial changes. Calibri was just one of several fonts introduced at the time (ClearType Font Collection). Many other ClearType fonts for various languages have been released since.
to modernize the look and feel of documents created by the Office applications. They hadn’t changed substantially since the early 90s. Among many other improvements, the introduction of the new fonts had
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ClearType Font Collection ClearType is a software technology developed by Microsoft that improves the readability of text on existing LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays), such as laptop screens, Pocket PC screens and flat panel monitors. ClearType works by accessing the individual vertical color stripe elements in every pixel of an LCD screen. Before ClearType, the smallest level of detail that a computer could display was a single pixel, but with ClearType running on an LCD monitor, we can now display features of text as small as a
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fraction of a pixel in width. The extra resolution increases the sharpness of the tiny details in text display, making it much easier to read over long durations.
Sub-Pixel Positioning
A significant improvement over the previous version of ClearType is the use of sub-pixel positioning. Unlike the ClearType implementation found in GDI, the ClearType found in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) allows glyphs to start within the pixel and not just the beginning boundary of the pixel. Because of this extra resolution in positioning glyphs, the spacing and proportions of the glyphs is more precise and consistent.
Y-Direction Antialiasing
Another improvement of ClearType in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) is y-direction anti-aliasing. The ClearType in GDI without y-direction anti-aliasing provides better resolution on the x-axis but not the y-axis. On the tops and bottoms of shallow curves, the jagged edges detract from its readability. ClearType in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) provides antialiasing on the y-direction level to smooth out any jagged edges. This is particularly important for improving the readability of East Asian languages where ideographs have an almost equal amount of horizontal and vertical shallow curves.
The following two examples compare output from the earlier ClearType renderer with the new version of the ClearType renderer. Earlier version of ClearType
Later version of ClearType
The following example shows the effect of having no y-direction antialiasing. In this case, the jagged edges on the top and bottom of the letter are apparent.
The following example shows the effect of y-direction antialiasing. In this case, the top and bottom of the letter show a smooth curve.
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Origins of Calibri Calibri was designed in 2006 by font designer Lucas de Groot (Font Publisher: Ascender Corp./Design Owner: Microsoft). Calibri includes real italics, small caps, and multiple numeral sets. The well balanced proportions allow high impact in tightly set lines of big and small texts. A warm and soft typeface is characteristic for Calibri. The typeface was optimized for ClearType rendering environment and is a standard Windows font since Windows Vista and Office 2007. Calibri is available as OpenType, TrueType, and Webfont.
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The font features subtly rounded stems and corners that are visible at larger sizes. Its italic includes many calligraphic and serif font influences, which are common in modern typefaces. Candara and Corbel, from the same family, have similar designs and spacing. The typeface includes characters from Latin, Latin extended, Greek and Cyrillic scripts. OpenType features include small caps, subscripts and superscripts, extra ligatures and optional text figures. One problem with the font is a visible homoglyph, a pair of easily confused characters: the lowercase letter L and the uppercase letter i (l and I) of the Latin script are effectively indistinguishable.
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Uppercase
Lowercase
abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz Numbers
0123456789 Characters
!@#$%^&*()_+ ={}[];:â&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;?,./<>? 13
ITALIC BOLD BOLD ITALIC
8pt Calibri includes real italics, small caps, and multiple numeral sets. The well balanced proportions allow high impact in tightly set lines of big and small texts. A warm and soft typeface is characteristic for Calibri. 9pt Calibri includes real italics, small caps, and multiple numeral sets. The well balanced proportions allow high impact in tightly set lines of big and small texts. A warm and soft typeface is characteristic for Calibri. 10pt Calibri includes real italics, small caps, and multiple numeral sets. The well balanced proportions allow high impact in tightly set lines of big and small texts. A warm and soft typeface is characteristic for Calibri. 12pt
Calibri includes real italics, small caps, and multiple numeral sets. The well balanced proportions allow high impact in tightly set lines of big and small texts. A warm and soft typeface is characteristic for Calibri. 14
Distinguishing Features
Warm, rounded corners.
Ascender Height
Calibri in Design MTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s logo symbolizes a brand that tells the public they are dealing with a professional organization. As the premier society for ocean engineering and technology, the MTS name and brand have a high value.
Cap Height X - Height
Baseline
No Serifs
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Logo design for a fictitious company called UCV - United Creative Victoria. This was a UNI Assignment. The constraint was we had to use the Calibri Typeface. The idea was to create a modern, timeless corporate identity for the company.
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Origins of Times New Roman
crosoft and Apple.) Since then, Mono type has sold the font as “Times New Roman” and Linotype has marketed its version as “Times Roman.”
Times New Roman gets its name from the Times of London, the British newspaper. In 1929, the Times hired typographer Stanley Morison of Monotype, a British font foundry, to create a new text font. Morison led the project and supervised Victor Lardent, an advertising artist for the Times, who drew the letterforms.
Meanwhile, typesetti ng technology has evolved, but due to its enduring popularity, Times New Roman has always been one of the first fonts available in each new format. This, in turn, has only increased its reach. In 1984, Apple licensed Times Roman for the Macintosh; in 1992, Microsoft licensed Times New Roman for Win dows. This put the font into the hands of millions of new users. The number of documents set in Times New Ro man exploded.
After Monotype completed Times New Roman, it had to license the design to then-rival Linotype, because the Times used Linotype’s typesetti ng machines. (Think of Monotype and Linotype as the Depression-era Mi
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18
Uppercase
Lowercase
abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz
0123456789 Numbers
Characters
!@#$%^&*()_+ ={}[];:’”,./<>? 19
8pt
ITALIC BOLD BOLD ITALIC
Times New Roman gets its name from the Times of London, the British newspaper. In 1929, the Times hired typographer Stanley Morison of Monotype, a British font foundry, to create a new text font.
9pt
Times New Roman gets its name from the Times of London, the British newspaper. In 1929, the Times hired typographer Stanley Morison of Monotype, a British font foundry, to create a new text font. 10pt
Times New Roman gets its name from the Times of London, the British newspaper. In 1929, the Times hired typographer Stanley Morison of Monotype, a British font foundry, to create a new text font. Morison led the project and supervised Victor Lardent, an advertising artist for the Times, who drew the letterforms. 12pt
Times New Roman gets its name from the Times of Lon don, the British newspaper. In 1929, the Times hired typographer Stanley Morison of Monotype. 20
Distinguishing Features Cap Height
Sharp, pointed edges.
Times New Roman in Design The current HSBC logo was unveiled by The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in 1983. It was designed by Henry Steiner, a famous Austrian graphic designer.
X - Height
Baseline
Serif Font.
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The name of the school is written in Times New Roman font, with “Adamson” stacked on top of “University.” The word “Adamson” is larger than the word “University” in proportion, and both are written in uppercase.
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Origins of Myriad Pro In the early nineties, when typeface designers Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly set out to design a new sans-serif for Adobe, the goal was to create something generic—jokingly calling the typeface ‘Generica’ during its design. “We wanted to make almost a totally invisible type of letter, just very generic… something that really didn’t show anyone’s personality too much,” explains Slimbach in Adobe Magazine. The two designers worked simultaneously on opposite ends of the typeface, swapping designs, and smoothing out each other’s strong
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characteristics. “We were always saying to each other, ‘Oh, let’s not do this or that weird thing.’ So we would always fall back on the more obvious optical shape of the face.” As a result, the duo ended up with a typeface that could stand on its own, without reflecting the style of either designer. Myriad MM (MM referring to Multiple Master) included 15 primary masters, ranging from Light Condensed to Black SemiExtended. With a weight axis ranging from 1 to 830 and a width axis ranging from 1 to 700, the technology could interpolate any combination imaginable. Modern variants of the typeface have since been released, including Myriad Pro (the OpenType version released in 2000) and Myriad Web.
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Uppercase
Lowercase
abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz Numbers
0123456789 Characters
!@#$%^&*()_+ ={}[];:’”,./<>? 25
8pt
ITALIC BOLD BOLD ITALIC
In the early nineties, when typeface designers Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly set out to design a new sans-serif for Adobe, the goal was to create something generic—jokingly calling the typeface ‘Generica’ during its design.
9pt
In the early nineties, when typeface designers Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly set out to design a new sans-serif for Adobe, the goal was to create something generic—jokingly calling the typeface ‘Generica’ during its design. 10pt
In the early nineties, when typeface designers Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly set out to design a new sans-serif for Adobe, the goal was to create something generic—jokingly calling the typeface ‘Generica’ during its design. 12pt
In the early nineties, when typeface designers Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly set out to design a new sans-serif for Adobe, the goal was to create something genericduring its design. 26
Distinguishing Features
Simple, square edges.
Myriad Pro in Design
Cap Height
The wordmark is nice and friendly and has enough customization to feel more proprietary than out-of-the-box.
X - Height
Baseline Descender Line
San Serif Font
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In 2002, Apple gradually started using a variant of the Adobe Myriad font family in its marketing and packaging. As new revisions of its products were released, the text changed from the serif Apple Garamond to the sansserif Myriad Apple.
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Origins of Minion Pro
technology, yielding unprecedented flexibility and typographic control, whether for lengthy text or display settings.
Minion Pro is an Adobe® Original typeface designed by Robert Slimbach. The first version of Minion was released in 1990. Cyrillic additions were released in 1992, and finally the OpenType® Pro version was released in 2000.
The full Minion Pro family contains three weights and two widths, each with optical size variants, and each supporting a full range of Western languages, including Greek and Cyrillic. With its many ligatures, small caps, oldstyle figures, swashes, and other added glyphs, Minion Pro is ideal for uses ranging from limitededition books to newsletters to packaging. Another important feature of Minion is ligatures, where certain letters in sequence are joined. Most classical typefaces include “fi” and “fl” ligatures, but Minion Pro includes many more.
Minion Pro is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs. Minion Pro combines the aesthetic and functional qualities that make text type highly readable with the versatility of the OpenType® font
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30
Uppercase
Lowercase
abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz Numbers
0123456789 Characters
!@#$%^&*()_+ ={}[];:â&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;?,./<>? 31
8pt
ITALIC BOLD BOLD ITALIC
Minion Pro is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs. Minion Pro combines the aesthetic and functional qualities that make text type highly readable.
9pt
Minion Pro is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs. Minion Pro combines the aesthetic and functional qualities that make text type highly readable. 10pt
Minion Pro is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs. Minion Pro combines the aesthetic and functional qualities that make text type highly readable. 12pt
Minion Pro is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs.
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Distinguishing Features
Pointed corners with curved serifs.
Minion Pro in Design The DreamWorks logo features a boy sitting on a crescent moon while fishing. The general idea for the logo was the idea of company co-founder Steven Spielberg, who wanted a computer generated image.
Cap Height X - Height
Baseline
Serif Font
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In 2011, the logo was updated for the third time, and made the letters all uppercase, added the slogan â&#x20AC;&#x153;Fresh Fish. Live Lobster.â&#x20AC;? below it, smoothed the colors of the lobster, and filled in a black background. New and renovated restaurants with this logo use a flat roof with gables on different sides. 34
Times New Roman V Minion Pro
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Calibri V Myriad Pro
I like the look of san-serif Author's Opinion Personally, fonts over serif fonts. Whether that is Before I started writing this book I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have much of an opinion on typefaces, especially not default fonts, butnow Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve come to the relisation that they are there for a reason and that they are all special in their own way. The san-serif fonts, Calibri and Myriad Pro, are both easier to read on a screen and the serif fonts, Times New Roman and Minion Pro are beautiful to look at.
because Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve grown up with the more screen friendly san-serif fonts is a mystery to me. In conclusion I would like to say that typography and typefaces play a very important role in design and pick the right one for what you need is important and that there is often a reason for changes, so do some research before you complain on the internet. Happy Typing.
So, it really just depends on personal preference as to what you should set your default font as and to what type of document you want.
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References
sans-serif-font-family/27362>
TEXT
Calibri wiki 2015, Characteristics, wiki article, 6 May, viewed 13th May 2015, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri>
Skrilloff, S 2014, A Brief History of Typography and Typefaces, viewed 9th May 2015, < http://www.ashworthcreative.com/ blog/2014/07/brief-typography-typefaces/>
Butterick, M, A brief history of Times New Roman, viewed 14th May 2015, < http://typographyforlawyers.com/a-briefhistory-of-times-new-roman.html>
Kyrnin, J 2014, What is Typography?, viewed 9th May 2015 < http://webdesign.about.com/od/fonts/qt/ typography-basics.htm >
Calland, S 2011, Know your type: Myriad, viewed 17th May 2015, < http://idsgn.org/posts/know-your-typemyriad/>
Bailey, C 2011, The Basics of Typography, viewed 9th May 2015, < http://designinstruct.com/tools-basics/thebasics-of-typography/>
Adobe 2013, Minion® Pro Read Me, viewed 18th May 2015, < https://www.adobe.com/type/browser/ html/readmes/MinionProReadMe.html> Caputo, P 2010, Get to Know a Typeface! Minion, viewed 18th May 2015, < http://www.interpretationbydesign. com/?p=2991>
Woods, P 2012, Times New Roman vs Calibri… the Word 2007 Default Font Showdown, viewed 11th May 2015, < http://thenewpaperclip.com/2007/01/26/ times-new-roman-vs-calibri-the-word-2007default-font-showdown/> Why does Microsoft Word now use Calibri as its default font?, 2014, viewed 11th May 2015, < http://www.gamespot.com/forums/offtopicdiscussion-314159273/why-does-microsoftword-now-use-calibri-as-its-def-30979133/> Friend, J 2013, Why did Microsoft change the default font to Calibri?, viewed 13th May 2015, < http://www.quora.com/Why-did-Microsoftchange-the-default-font-to-Calibri> Microsoft 2015, ClearType Overview, viewed 13th May 2015, < https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ ms749295(v=vs.110).aspx> Petzold, D 2013, Calibri – Modern Sans Serif Font Family, viewed 13th May 2015, < http://weandthecolor.com/calibri-modern-
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IMAGES TIMELINE
http://www.unostiposduros.com/wp-content/ gallery/caslon/caslon-abc.gif http://luc.devroye.org/TimRolandsMirandaPro-2012.png
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fLmZOZUh0Lw/ UFaT5r2n7NI/AAAAAAAAAA0/QNpIDbBxn5Q/ s1600/Vincent+Figgins%252C+two+lines+pica %252C+Antique%252C+c.+1815.gif http://luc.devroye.org/myfonts-inscribed/ Linotype-CopperplateGothic-2013-11-22.gif http://www.housenumberlab.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Helvetica-L.jpg
MEMES
http://i.imgur.com/sz3qh8n.jpg http://i.imgur.com/NfnuW9S.jpg http://treasure.diylol.com/uploads/post/ image/335217/resized_creepy-willy-wonkameme-generator-oh-you-like-calibri-that-snice-now-use-times-new-roman-d6cde8.jpg
LOGOS
https://www.mtsociety.org/publications/MTSStyleGuide.aspx http://vladkitanoski.com/244623/1362554/ projects/logo-design-ucv http://www.famouslogos.us/hsbc-logo/ http://www.adamson.edu. ph/?page=viewnews&newsid=697
http://www.alterlittera.com/myfonts.com/ ALOTGutenbergA-Poster2.png
http://www.underconsideration.com/ brandnew/archives/less_hyphen_more_ burst_for_wal.php#.VVmq7tqqqko
http://luc.devroye.org/KlausPeterSchaeffel-1999Cancellaresca-1999.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography_of_ Apple_Inc.
http://scm.ulster.ac.uk/~B00666916/DES106/ BASKERVILLE.png
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Red_Lobster
http://assets.fontsinuse.com/static/ use-media-items/19/18024/full2434x2860/534070b7/cbs-didot-typeset. jpeg?resolution=0
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/SJS469zigp8/ maxresdefault.jpg
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Typography and the use of typefaces is a very in depth and complex subject. There are thousands of fonts and typefaces available but only a handful have been chosen as a go to font for programs and applications. This book is a small look into the reasoning behind default typefaces, their origins, structure, their usage in design and peoples reactions to font changes.