JIVA August 2011 9.2 by magnus paul

Vol. 9 Issue 2 August 2011

ISSN 0975-5195

JIVA

JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA www.jivaonline.net

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA (JIVA)

Journal of Indian VeterinaryAssociation, Kerala (JIVA), the official organ of Indian VeterinaryAssociation, Kerala is a quarterly scientific periodical with international status (ISSN-0975-5195) which bring about the latest updates in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Practices. The journal covers almost all topics of Dairying and Animal Husbandry besides special emphasis on Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Meat and Feed industry, Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. The Journal JIVA is in wide circulation among all stakeholders of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry sector including the Veterinary Professionals working with Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala Livestock Development Board, Milma, Techno Park, Veterinary and Medical Research Institutes of the country. The Online edition is available at www.jivaonline.net JIVA is indexed in EBSCO (World's Foremost Premium Research Database Service), SCOPE MED (International Medical Journal Management and Indexing System) and INDEX COPERNICUS INTERNATIONAL from 2010 onwards.

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA Vol. 9 Issue 2 August 2011

CONTENTS THEME TOPICS 1.

Avian Oncogenic Viruses Recent Advances on Diagnosis, Prevention and Control Prof. Venugopal Nair ..........................................................................................................................5 CLINICAL REPORT

RESEARCH ARTICLES 2.

Prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Healthy Swine Tonsils at Mato Grosso State, Brazil Faria, A.C.S., Oliveira Filho, J.X., Paula, D.A.J., Silva, G.F.R., Pitchenin, L.C., De Souza, Rl. , Nakazato, L. and Dutra, V. ...................................................................................................................9 3ULP DU\ $ QDVW RP RVLV9 HUVXV' LYHUW LQJ &RORVW RP \ $ Q( [ SHULP HQW DO6W XG\ ,Q5 DW V Aly Saber, Mohammed A Gad and Sherif H. Farrage ......................................................................12

Socio-personal Profile of Tribal Livestock Farmers in Relation to Degree of Belief and Extent of Adoption of Selected Indigenous Animal Husbandry Practices. Bimal. P. Bashir, P.J. Rajkamal, Reeja George P. , Rajeev T. S. and K.A.Mercey ...........................16

Comparative Development of Thymus and Spleen in Foetal Goat Asha Antony, S. Maya, K.R. Harshan and J.J. Chungath .................................................................21

Species Differences in the Concentration of Purine Derivatives and Creatinine in Spot Urine Samples George S. K., Dipu M. T., Verma A. K., Singh P and Mehra U. R ....................................................24

Electrolyte and Erythrocyte Profile During Pregnancy and Early Lactation in Crossbred Heifers Shibu .K. Jacob, Philomina, P.T. and Ramnath.V. ............................................................................27

Effect of Dietary Fat Manipulation and Calorie Restriction on Collagen in Ageing Skeletal Muscle M.T. Kuriakose, V. Leela, A. Thangavel and Geetha Ramesh...........................................................32

A Comparative Study on the Histomorphology of Ileum and Colo-rectum in Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) V.R. Indu, K.M. Lucy, A.R. Sreeranjini, N. Ashok and J.J. Chungath..............................................35

10. Effect of Polyherbal Feed Supplement and Antimycotic Product on Meat Quality Attributes of Chicken Waskar, V.S., Ravikanth, K. and Maini, S.........................................................................................39 11. Utilization of Coconut Water for the Preparation of Yoghurt C.Pandiyan, S.P. Malarkannan and P.I. Geewarghese .....................................................................43 12. Design, Fabrication and Field Level Study of a Model Rabbit Cage with Special Reference to Prevailing Rabbit Housing Systems in Kerala Prasad and Smitha S.........................................................................................................................47

CLINICAL REPORTS 13. Surgical Management of Oesophageal Foreign Body Obstruction in a Pup S. Anoop, John Martin K. D., Sherin B Sarangom, Bashir Ahmad Khan and Sarada Amma T. .....50 14. Leptospirosis in a Dog : A Case Report Riyas M. A. and K. Vijayakumar.......................................................................................................52

15. Surgical Repair of Upper Eyelid Laceration in a Horse Mir Aamir Ali and Honnappa T.G ....................................................................................................54 16. Hepatic Coccidiosis in Rabbits in Kerala Bindu Lakshmanan, Reghu Ravindran, vasudevan V,N. and Devada. K..........................................56 17. Malignant Histiocytoma of Spleen in a Lioness (Panthera leo) Swapna Susan Abraham, Arun George, S. Gopakumar, M. Sulfiker, E. K. Eswaran and H.Viswanathan ...........................................................................................................................58 18. Amphistomosis- An Unnoticeable Threat Subin K. Mohan ................................................................................................................................60 19. Prevalence of Reproductive Disorders in the Stray Dogs of Chennai City T.Sathiamoorthy and S.Raja .............................................................................................................62 20. Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis in Buffalo Bulls used for Natural Service in Mehsana Milk Shed Area, Gujarat P.A.Patel, L.C.Modi, S.P.Patel, K.M.Jadhav and Falguni Modi ......................................................64 GENERAL ARTICLES 21. Climate Change and Livestock Farming Bindya Liz Abraham .........................................................................................................................66 22. Ovulation Synchronization Strategies to Improve Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows Jayakumar.C , Anoop.J and Bipin.K. C ............................................................................................70 23. Significance of Methyl Donors in Poultry Production P. Selvakumar, S. Senthilkumar, P.Vasanthakumar and M.R.Purushothaman ..................................74 Association News.....................................................................................................................................78

The editor/editorial board and referees are in no way responsible individually or collectively for the views, data and technical details presented in the contributed papers

THEME TOPIC

AVIAN ONCOGENIC VIRUSES RECENT ADVANCES ON DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL Prof. Venugopal Nair Head, Avian Viral Diseases Programme BBSRC Institute for Animal Health Compton Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom E-mail: venugopal.nair@iah.ac.uk

Avian retroviruses are lipid-enveloped particles belonging to avian leukosis/sarcoma virus (ALV) and Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) groups. Each particle contains a homodimer of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded 7-11 kb genomes that encode the viral genes gag (expressing the viral capsid, matrix and other nucleocapsid proteins), pol (expressing the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase) and env (that express the bipartite membrane-anchored envelope glycoprotein) as well as a number of cis-acting regulatory sequences. These viruses produce tumours affecting multiple cell types resulting in multiple tumours including lymphoid/myeloid/ erythroid leukosis or multiple sarcomas. Historically, avian

Avian retroviruses are almost ubiquitous in commercial chickens worldwide, although many primary egg-type and meat-type breeding companies have instituted ALV eradication schemes to eliminate these pathogens from their flocks. Apart from losses from tumours, the presence of exogenous ALV infection can have an adverse effect on egg production, egg size, fertility, hatchability, growth rate, and non-specific mortality. Transmission of viruses between birds occurs by either (a) Vertical (congenital) transmission through the egg or (b) by horizontal transmission by bird to bird contact. The egg transmission is considered the

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RETROVIRUS DISEASES

retroviruses have played major roles in contributing to the fundamental understanding of several molecular mechanisms of cancer. One of the major triumphs that have come from the investigations into the molecular mechanisms of retroviral oncogenicity is the discovery of oncogenes. Since the first discovery of the src oncogene in Rous sarcoma virus in mid 1980s, hundreds of oncogenes, many of which were directly involved in the induction of tumours, have been identified (Moore and Chang, 2010). As simple viruses with only a limited set of viral genes, ALV relies on modulating the host gene expression to bring about neoplastic transformation. Although this can be achieved by the downregulation of tumour suppressor genes such as retinoblastoma or p53, in most cases this is achieved by the activation of cellular oncogenes that occur either by retroviral insertional activation or by transduction of viral oncogenes. More recently, insertional activation of small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs have been demonstrated in neoplastic transformation by avian retroviruses (Nair, 2008; Thompson et al., 2011).

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Cancer remains one of the major challenges facing modern Human Medicine. It is also a major challenge in Veterinary Medicine, particularly in poultry where it is a major risk to the 55 000 million chickens produced commercially every year. Unlike in humans, where more than 80% of the cancers are noninfectious, the vast majority of avian neoplastic diseases are caused by viruses. Two major groups of avian oncogenic viruses that threaten poultry health are the retroviruses and herpesviruses. In addition to their role in inducing diseases in chickens, avian oncogenic viruses have been instrumental in laying the foundations for much of the basic understanding on the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Thus the oncologist's debts to avian tumour viruses are enormous. For example, a number of major discoveries including those by Peyton Rous (Rous, 1911), Howard Temin (Temin, 1976), David Baltimore (Baltimore, 2006), Michael Bishop (Bishop, 1990) and Harold Varmus (Varmus, 1990), all of whom were subsequently awarded Nobel prizes, have come from studies avian viruses.

THEME TOPIC

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most important as congenitally infected birds remain the most important source of infection for the flocks. The infection by the congenital route is strongly associated with the presence of virus in vaginal swabs, egg albumen, and embryos, and the detection and elimination of these infected birds form the basis for diagnosis of infection and eradication programmes. The infective status of chickens in an ALV-infected flock can be categorised as to whether they are viraemic (V+ or V-), have antibodies (A+ or A-), and whether they shed ALV in droppings and egg albumen (S+ or S-). Congenitally-infected birds are usually viraemic, antibody-negative, shedders (V+A-S+) and form the most significant group in relation to the danger to other birds. Diagnosis of retroviral infections is done at different levels. Pathological diagnosis can be made from the gross and microscopic lesions. Gross lesions of lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid leukosis are not easily distinguishable to the untrained pathologists. However, histopathological examination can usually help in making a conclusive diagnosis. The identity of the tumour cell lineage can also be confirmed by identification of specific markers by immunocytological methods. Virological diagnosis include the isolation of the causative retrovirus in tissue culture using infected materials such as serum, buffy coat cells, tumour tissue, cloacal or vaginal swabs, egg albumen, embryos and meconium. Virus isolation is considered the 'gold standard' for diagnosis and is usually the starting point for further detailed studies. Avian retroviruses usually do not induce extensive cytopathic effects in cultured cells and the viral replication is detected indirectly by detecting the group-specific p27 antigen in cultured cells. Once isolated, further typing can be done by additional tests such as interference assays, host range analysis and neutralisation assays. More recently, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests specific for various subgroups are also used for typing of viral isolates. These tests are sensitive, rapid, and can be used to detect proviral sequences in tumour material or cultured cells. By using a reverse transcription step, the test can also be used to detect and quantify viral RNA. Detection of antibodies against retroviruses

can be used in flock surveillance and to identify particular classes of birds in epidemiological studies and in eradication programmes. This can be done using tests such as virus neutralisation and ELISA. Prevention and control of avian retroviral diseases: As no specific treatments or vaccines are available for the control of retroviral infections, the main method of control is the eradication of the virus from the infected flocks. This is done at the commercial primary breeding level, by continuous process of flock testing and removal of infected birds. Many of the primary breeding companies have made much progress in eradicating retroviruses from their elite lines. Additionally, genetic selection for disease resistance can also be attempted to create flocks resistant to retroviral infections. MAREK'S DISEASE Named after the Hungarian pathologist Jozsef Marek, Marek's disease (MD) is a neoplastic and neuropathic disease of poultry caused by a highly contagious, cell-associated herpesvirus. MD virus (MDV) is one of the first and by far the most oncogenic herpesviruses known and remains the only major neoplastic disease for which an effective vaccine has been widely used successfully. As a naturally occurring neoplastic disease, it still serves as an elegant model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus-induced latency and oncogenesis, as well as for dissecting the mechanisms of genetic resistance to tumours. With increasing reports of vaccination breaks and emergence of more virulent pathotypes, MD continues to pose severe threats to the poultry industry around the world. Developing more effective control strategies against MD remains a major challenge today. MDV genome has a size of 160-180 kb encoding more than 100 genes (Osterrieder et al., 2006). Advance in technologies for genetic manipulation of the viral genome has enabled the examination of the functions of a number of MDV genes. For example, development of the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based infectious clones of a number of MDV strains (Petherbridge et al., 2004; Petherbridge et al., 2003) has identified the functions of important genes such as Meq (Nair and Kung, 2004) and vTR (Jarosinski et al., 2010; Jarosinski and Osterrieder, 2010) in the induction of

THEME TOPIC

Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines forms the cornerstone of the control of MD. It is estimated that more than 22,000 million doses of MD vaccines are used annually for the control of the disease worldwide. The types of vaccines used are derived from the different serotypes of MDV and include the strains such as CVI988 (Rispen's strain), SB-1 and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT). These vaccine strains are used either

REFERENCES Baigent, S., Nair, V., Currie, R., 2006, Real-time quantitative PCR for Marek's disease vaccine virus in feather samples: applications and opportunities. Dev Biol (Basel) 126, 271-281; discussion 327. Baltimore, D., 2006, Science for life: a conversation with Nobel laureate David Baltimore. Interview by Barbara J Culliton. Health Aff (Millwood) 25, W235-240. Bishop, J.M., 1990, Nobel Lecture. Retroviruses and oncogenes II. Biosci Rep 10, 473-491. Jarosinski, K.W., Hunt, H.D., Osterrieder, N., 2010, Down-regulation of MHC class I by the Marek's disease virus (MDV) UL49.5 gene product mildly affects virulence in a haplotype-specific fashion. Virology 405, 457-463. Jarosinski, K.W., Osterrieder, N., 2010, Further analysis of Marek's disease virus horizontal transmission

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MD usually occurs in birds from 4 weeks of age. In some of the virulent pathotypes that produce severe cytolytic disease, the incubation period can be shorter. Different clinical forms of the disease can be observed depending on the virulence of the virus and the genetic resistance of the host. These include the classical form with predominant neural involvement, acute form with multiple lymphomas in visceral organs, acute cytolytic form with severe atrophy of the lymphoid organs, and transient paralysis form with birds suddenly developing ataxia and paralysis. As in the case of retrovirus diseases, diagnosis of MD is not extremely difficult, although differential diagnosis for the identification of the etiological agents can pose problems. However, gross pathological lesions assisted by histological studies can be valuable in confirmation of MD. Virological diagnosis can be made by isolating the virus in cell culture as well as by detecting viral proteins or genome in the samples. Materials commonly used for the isolation of the virus are the buffy coat cells from heparinised blood samples, or suspensions of lymphoma and spleen cells. As MDV is highly cellassociated, it is essential that the suspensions contain viable cells. These cell suspensions are inoculated into monolayer cultures of chick kidney cells or duck and chicken embryo fibroblasts. Evidence of MDV replication in the culture can be seen as plaques that appear in 3-4 days. Less commonly feather tips, from which cell-free MDV can be extracted, are also used for virus isolation. More recently, molecular biological techniques such as PCR tests have been used widely to differentiate between the oncogenic and vaccine strains, as well as for the quantitation of MDV genome copy numbers in various tissues and for assessing the efficiency of vaccination in flocks (Baigent et al., 2006).

alone or in combinations as multiple vaccines to benefit from their synergestic effects and improved the efficiency. Although vaccination has been widely used successfully in controlling the disease since the 1970s, evolution of virus towards increasing virulence and emergence of strains with the ability to break through the vaccine-induced immune responses does occur at alarming rates in the poultry houses regardless of the vaccination status. As a result, MDV pathotypes referred to as very virulent (vvMDV) or very virulent plus (vv+MDV) were isolated from flocks vaccinated with different vaccination regimes (Witter, 1997). Although the fundamental mechanisms of this evolution are not fully known, the role of vaccines themselves in assisting the drive towards increasing virulence has not been ruled out (Nair, 2005). If the viral evolution is allowed to continue at the present rate with the current vaccines and the vaccination strategies, MD could again emerge as a major economic problem for the industry. Continued introduction of newer vaccines that may succeed on short-term is unlikely to be a sustainable long-term strategy. The failure to prevent the infection, replication and shedding of virulent virus strains is a serious limitation of the current vaccines. Future research should aim at developing vaccines capable of inducing vaccines capable of inducing 'sterile immunity' that would prevent virus replication in the vaccinated hosts.

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disease. More recently, we have demonstrated the role of virus-encoded microRNAs in the induction of lymphomas (Zhao et al., 2011).

THEME TOPIC

confirms that U(L)44 (gC) and U(L)13 protein kinase activity are essential, while U(S)2 is nonessential. J Virol 84, 7911-7916. Moore, P.S., Chang, Y., 2010, Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology. Nat Rev Cancer 10, 878-889. Nair, V., 2005, Evolution of Marek's disease - A paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host. The Veterinary Journal 170, 175-183. Nair, V., 2008, Retrovirus-induced oncogenesis and safety of retroviral vectors. Curr Opin Mol Ther 10, 431438. Nair, V., Kung, H.J., 2004, Marek's disease virus oncogenicity: Molecular mechanisms, In: Davison, F., Nair, V. (Eds.) Marek's disease, an evolving problem. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford, pp. 32-48. Osterrieder, N., Kamil, J.P., Schumacher, D., Tischer, B.K., Trapp, S., 2006, Marek's disease virus: from miasma to model. Nat Rev Micro 4, 283-294. Petherbridge, L., Brown, A.C., Baigent, S.J., Howes, K., Sacco, M.A., Osterrieder, N., Nair, V.K., 2004, Oncogenicity of virulent Marek's disease virus cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes. J Virol 78, 13376-13380.

Petherbridge, L., Howes, K., Baigent, S.J., Sacco, M.A., Evans, S., Osterrieder, N., Nair, V., 2003, Replicationcompetent bacterial artificial chromosomes of Marek's disease virus: Novel tools for generation of molecularly defined herpesvirus vaccines. J Virol, 8712-8718. Rous, P., 1911, A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from tumor cells. . J Exp Med 13, 397411. Temin, H.M., 1976, The DNA provirus hypothesis. Science 192, 1075-1080. Thompson, R.C., Herscovitch, M., Zhao, I., Ford, T.J., Gilmore, T.D., 2011, NF-kappaB down-regulates expression of the B-lymphoma marker CD10 through a miR-155/PU.1 pathway. J Biol Chem 286, 1675-1682. Varmus, H.E., 1990, Nobel lecture. Retroviruses and oncogenes. I. Biosci Rep 10, 413-430. Witter, R.L., 1997, Increased virulence of Marek's disease virus field isolates. Avian Dis 41, 149-163. Zhao, Y., Xu, H., Yao, Y., Smith, L.P., Kgosana, L., Green, J., Petherbridge, L., Baigent, S.J., Nair, V., 2011, Critical role of the virus-encoded microRNA-155 ortholog in the induction of Marek's disease lymphomas. PLoS Pathog 7, e1001305.

VENUGOPAL NAIR obtained my Bachelors Degree in Veterinary & Animal Sciences and Master's degree in Veterinary Preventive Medicine from the Kerala Agricultural University. After obtaining PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1987, he started his research career as a post-doctoral scientist at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Dr. Nair then joined the Institute of Virology Oxford as postdoctoral research fellow in 1989, where he carried out extensive research on the molecular biology of arthropod-borne flaviviruses until 1994.

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He then moved to the Institute for Animal Health (IAH) to join to work on avian oncogenic viruses, and became the Head of the Viral Oncogenesis group. He has since been leading the research on the pathogenesis of avian oncogenic viruses such as Marek's Disease (MD). Dr. Nair is the OIE (Office International des Epizooties) Expert on MD and heads the International Reference Centre on MD at the IAH. He is also a Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and a Jenner Investigator at the Jenner Institute in Oxford. Currently, he is the Head of the Avian Viral Diseases (AVD) Programme at IAH, overseeing the entire programme dedicated to the viral diseases in poultry.

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His research group investigates the molecular mechanisms involved inthe induction of lymphomas and continuing increase in virulence of MDV strains. He has published more than 100 science publications in number journals and has contributed to a number of book chapters. He is also one of the Editors of the Diseases of Poultry.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

PREVALENCE OF Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IN HEALTHY SWINE TONSILS AT MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL Faria, A.C.S.1, Oliveira Filho, J.X.2, Paula, D.A.J.2, Silva, G.F.R.2, Pitchenin, L.C.3 4 5 6 de Souza, RL. , Nakazato, L. and Dutra, V. Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil. ABSTRACT The study analyzed 310 swine tonsils collected from slaughterhouse in Mato Grosso State Brazil. The agent Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie was detected by PCR technique and 4.19% animals were positive. Seven out of eleven municipalities have at least one positive animal to Erisipelothrix rhusiopathiae demonstrating that infection is widespread in Mato Grosso pig's farm with low occurrence. Key words: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Erysipelothrix tonsillarum, swine

due to nasal discharges, urine and feces contaminated. Considering the absence of data about this important pathogen in central western of Brazil this study aimed to describe the prevalence of E. 1

Post Graduate in Animal Science,2Post Graduate in Veterinary Science, 3Graduate in Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil. 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine Clinic Veterinary Pathology and Cirurgic Clinic - Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil. 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine Clinic Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory Veterinary Hospital - Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil. 6 Department of Veterinary Medicine Clinic Veterinary Microbiology laboratory - Veterinary Hospital - Federal University of Mato Grosso Brazil.

The number of samples was estimated according to the program EPI-INFO 2008 using 14% prevalence estimated from the media of results of other studies, 6% error and 1.069,301 million animals in the state according to the pigs farmer's association of the State of Mato Grosso (ACRISMAT). Samples were collected from swine tonsils in three slaughterhouses under federal inspection from June 2005 to July 2008, 30 samples in the first year and three collections of 30 samples were collected in each year, 310 samples were collected in total. The collection of batches was carried out according to the sequence of slaughter, collecting only 10 samples per batch. One gram of tonsil tissue were cultivate in 20 mL of try soy broth with violet crystal, tris and tween 80 as a preenrichment according to Yamazaki (2006), during 48 hours at 37Â°Celsius. DNA was extracted from 2 mL, by adding proteinase K followed by phenolchloroform treatment and isopropanol precipitation. DNA was dissolved in 20 microliters of ultrapure water. To detect E. tonsillarum, PCR reaction was performed with 0.16 pmol each primer MO101 and ERS-1S according Yamazaki (2006), 2.4mM MgCl2, 10X of TaqBuffer, 0.2mM of each DNTP, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase (FermentasÂŽ) 1,5 microliter of DNA and ultrapure water to 25 microliters final

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Thirty to fifty percent of healthy swine have E. rhusiopathiae in tonsils and lymphoid tissues and they are important source of infection during outbreaks

rhusiopathiae in healthy swine at Mato Grosso State - Brazil.

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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small rod, gram-positive and facultative bacteria]. Its distribution is ubiquitous, as commensal or associated to disease in human and animals, being swine an important reservoir. The economic losses due E. rhusiopathiae infections in swine production affect principally adult animals worldwide.Three clinical forms are described in humans: the localized cutaneous form (erisipeloid), generalized cutaneous and septic form with endocarditis and arthritis. These infections are generally associated to handling of infected animal tissues and skin lesions. Thus, it is an occupational hazard mainly associated to slaughterhouse employees.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

volume. Thermal cicling condition was 94°C/4min followed by 35 cycles of 94ºC/1min, 52ºC/1min, 72ºC/2.5min and a final step at 72ºC/5min. performed with 0.16 pmol each primer MO101 and ERS-1S according Yamazaki (2006), 2.4 mM MgCl2, 10X of TaqBuffer, 0.2mM of each DNTP, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas®) 1.5 microliter of DNA and ultrapure water to 25 microliters final volume. Thermal cicling condition was 94°C/4min followed by 35 cycles of 94ºC/1min, 52ºC/1min, 72ºC/2.5min and a final step at 72ºC/5min.

electrophoresis in gel agarose (2%), stained by ethidium bromide and analyzed in transilluminator. From 310 samples, 71 (22.9%) were positive to E. tonsillarum and 13 (4.19%) to E. rhusiopathiae as shown in table 1. All municipalities had positive animals to E. tonsillarum in Mato Grosso State but only 63.63% (7/11) had positive to E. rhusiopathiae. Prevalence studies about E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum shows great differences in many studies probably because diagnostic test used and local areas of study. Our results based on PCR show a high prevalence of E. tonsillarum (22.9%) compared to other countries, such Thailand countries (8.14%). In similar study realized in south and southeast Brazil it was find 4.7 to 43% of prevalence of E. rhusiopathiae but these results could have been underestimated because the low sensibility of technique employed or the immunization herd status.

Positive samples were submited to E. rhusiopathiae identification according Yamazaki (2006). PCR conditions were 0.16 pmol of primers ERY-1F and ERY-2R (16), 5mM MgSO4, 1X buffer PCR, 0.2mM DNTP, 1U of Taq DNA polimerase high fidelity (Platinum®) in final reaction volume of 25L. Thermal cycling condition were initial step at 94°C/4min followed by 35 cycles of 94ºC/1min, 58°C/40sec, 68°C/2.5min and a final step at 72ºC/5 min. All PCR products were separated by

Herein we found a lower prevalence of E. rhusiopathie comparing to others Brazilian regions,

Table 1 : Occurrence of E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum in swine tonsils during June 2005 to July 2008 at Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

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Positive samples (%)

Region

City

Middle northern

Middle southern

Southeast

Samples (n)

Erysipelothrix tonsillarum

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Diamantino Nova Mutum Sinop Sorriso Tapurah Lucas do Rio Verde Santa Rita do Trivelato

61 50 33 29 52 10 10

11 (3,54) 5 (1,61) 12 (3,88) 9 (2,9) 9 (2,9) 4 (1,29) 1 (0,33)

3 (0,97) 1 (0,32) 1 (0,32) 2 (0,65) 1 (0,32) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Poconé Santo Antônio do Leverger

3 (0,97)

0 (0)

6 (1,93)

1 (0,32)

Itiquira Pedra Preta Total

10 37 310

1 (0,33) 10 (3,22) 71 (22,9)

0 (0) 4 (1,29) 13 (4,19)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT To “Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado do Mato Grosso” (FAPEMAT) for Faria ACS scholarship granted. REFERENCES Associação dos Criadores de Suínos do Mato Grosso (ACRISMAT). Avaliação de Pedro de Camargo Neto, presidente da ABIPECS, sobre o ano de 2008. Accessed dez./11/2008. Online. Avaible in http://www.acrismat.com.br/mostrar_noticias.asp?id =4679. Eamens GJ, Forbes WA, Djordjevic SP. Characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from pigs associated with vaccines breakdowns. Vet. Microbiol. 2006; 115: 329-338. Fidalgo SG, Wang Q, Riley TV. Comparison of methods for detection of Erysipelothrix spp and their distribuition in some Australasian seafoods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000; 66: 2066-2070. Makino S, Okada Y, Maruyama T, Ishikawa K, Takahashi T, Nakamura M, Ezaki T, Morita H. Direct and rapid detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae DNA in animals by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1994; 31: 1526-153. Oliveira SJ, Rodrigues PC, Okatani AT, Lunge VR. Monitoria da Erisipela suína por análises bacteriológicas e moleculares em suínos de abate de granjas do Rio Grande do Sul. Arq. Inst. Biol. 2009; 76: 689-692. Opriessing T, Hoffman LJ, Harris DL, Gaul SB, Halbur PG. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: genetic characterization of midwest US isolates and live commercial vaccines using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2004; 16: 101-107.

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our region where just one animal was found unvaccinated to E. rhusiopathiae. E. tonsillarum was been detected widespread in swine of Mato Grosso State and was demonstrated that have a low prevalence of E. rhusiopatiae.

Pal N, Bender JS, Opriessnig T. Rapid detection and differentiation of Erysipelothrix spp by a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay. J. Appl Microbiol. 2010; 108: 1083-1093. Romney M, Cheung S, Montessori V. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis and presumed osteomyelitis. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 2001; 12:254-256. Ruiz ME, Richards JS, Kerr GS, Kan VL. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003; 48:1156-1157. Shimoji Y, Mori Y, Hyakutake K, Sekizaki T, Yokomizo Y. Use of an enrichment broth cultivation-PCR combination assay for rapid diagnosis of swine erysipelas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998; 36:86-89. Shimoji Y. Patogenicity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Virulences Factors e protective immunity. Microbes. Infect. J. 2000; 2:965-972. Stephenson EH, Berman DT. Isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from tonsils of apparently normal swine by two methods. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978; 39: 187-188. Takahashi T, Sunama P, Satra J, Cholsindhu N, Kongthon S, Jitnupong W, Yamamoto K, Kijima M, Furuuchi S. Serotyping and Patogenicity of Erysipelothrix Strains Isolated from Tonsils of Slaughter Pigs in Thailand. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1999; 61: 1007-1011. Takahashi T, Takaji M, Yamaoka R, Ohishi K, Norimatsu M, Tamura T, Nakamura M. Comparison of the patogenicity for chickens of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. Avian Pathol. 2004; 23: 237-245. Wang Q, Chang BJ, Riley TV. Review Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Vet. Microbiol. 2010; 140: 405-417. Wang Q, Fidalgo S, Chang BJ, Mee BJ, Riley TV. The detection and recovery of Erysipelothrix spp in meat and abattoir samples in Western Australia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002; 92: 844 850. Yamazaki, Y. A multiplex pcr polymerase chain reaction for discriminating Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006; 18: 384-387.

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19.41% of positive animal which 86.87% were E. rhusiopathiae. This low prevalence of E. rhusiopathiae when compared to E. tonsillarum could be result from the vaccination scheme used in

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3 5 ,0 $ 5 < $ 1 $ 67 2 0 2 6, 6 9 ( 5 68 6 ' , 9 ( 5 7 , 1 * &2 / 2 67 2 0 < $ 1 ( ; 3 ( 5 ,0 ( 1 7 $ / 67 8 ' < , 1 5 $ 76 $O \ 6DEHU 0 RKDP P HG$ * DG DQG 6KHULI + ) DUUDJH 3RUW) RXDG* HQHUDO + RVSLW D ' O HSDUW P HQW R IJ HQHUDO V XUJ HU\3

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$ %67 5 $ &7 Anastomotic dehiscence, following colorectal surgery is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is responsible for one-third of deaths following colorectal surgery. Primary repair in a contaminated field was thought to be associated with leakage from bowel anastomosis but peritoneal contamination did not have any effect on hydroxyproline levels or the tensile strength of primary anastomosis in either the large or small bowel 4 days after surgery. In the present study we are aiming to assess the value of the covering colostomy. All surgical maneuvers were conducted in the special laboratory of department of surgery, faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez-Canal University, Egypt. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into two groups. Surgical procedure in Group A was done as end-to-end single layer extramucosal anastomotic construction. Colostomy fashioning was performed as a loop colostomy in Group B. Our data as regard to mortality rate, anastomotic failure and manometric study suggested that diverting colostomy had no beneficial effect on operative outcome than primary anastomosis and we concluded that primary anastomosis could be performed in most left colonic anastomosis with satisfying results.

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Issue 2 August 2011

, 1 7 5 2 ' 8 &7 , 2 1 Anastomotic dehiscence, following colorectal surgery is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and at least one-third of deaths were attributed to anastomotic leakage (Egger et al, 2001). Healing of intestinal anastomoses and in particular the development of early postoperative anastomotic strength may be compromised by numerous technical, local and systemic factors (Ender , et al.2001). Primary repair in a contaminated field was thought to be associated with leakage from bowel anastomosis. For this reason, major surgical textbooks have stated that primary repair has a very limited or no role in the face of peritoneal contamination (Makela, et al .2003) . Novel findings suggest that a diverting colostomy may increase intestinal leakage after anastomosis formation in the rat colon. Thus, the role of proximal colostomy in the protection of colorectal anastomosis needs to be reevaluated and further investigations are required to resolve the influence of surgical defunctioning on intestinal healing (Mansson et al.2000) .

To investigate the appropriate surgical method that should be selected in the localized fecal peritonitis due to colonic injuries, colonic injuries were performed in rats and the repairs were carried out after 24 hours. If the injured or perforated colon is surrounded by the organs and so the generalized peritonitis is avoided, primary anastomosis would have similar results with colostomy despite fecal contamination and prolonged intervention time (Kayaalp, et al.2003). In the present study, the author is aiming to assess the value of the covering colostomy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All surgical maneuvers were conducted in the special laboratory of Department of Surgery & Anaesthiology in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez-Canal University, Egypt. Male rats having an average weight 250-300 grams of Sprague-Dawley species, obtained from the documented animal house of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Suez-Canal University. Local ethics committee for the use of laboratory animals approved all experimental procedures. Appropriate animal care and use were performed according to implementation and compliance with the Animal WelfareAct.

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The anesthesia was induced with i.m. Ketamine (50 mg/kg), and xylazine (6 mg/kg), and conducted by a specialized teamwork of the Department of Surgery & Anaesthiology in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sues-Canal University ( Saber,2010).

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' , 6 &8 6 6 ,2 1 $ QLQW HUHVW LQJ H[ SHULP HQW DOZ RUNIRXQGW KDW V DQDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ HZ DVP DUNHGO\ LQFUHDVHGLQUDW Z LW KD G LYHUW LQJF RORVW RP \ X SWR D QGZ DV DVVRFLDW HG Z LW K D KLJ KHU P RUW DOLW \ UDW H FRP SDUHG W R FRQW URO DQLP DOV Mansson et al. . 7 KLVP HDQVW KDWOHDNDJ H IURP FRORUHFW DO DQDVW RP RVLV LV DP DM RU F RQFHUQ RV I XUJ HRQV G XH WR WKH IDFWW KDWW KHUDW HRI FOLQLFDOO\ DSSDUHQWDQDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ H DVUHSRUW HGLQP DQ\ VW XGLHVZ DVDVKLJ KDV SHUFHQWEnder , et al.2001 and Makela, 2003) 7 KHRYHUDOOP RUW DOLW \ LQW KHSUHVHQWVW XG\ Z DV UDW V J URXS$ D QGI RU J URXS% , Q J URXS$ P RUW DOLW \ I RU UDW H Z DV Z KLOH LQ J URXS % LWZ DV 2 XUGDW DFDP HLQ FRQFRUGDQFHZ LW K GDW DRI VW XGLHVRI VLP LODULQW HUHVWDVZ HOODVFOLQLFDO DVSHFW$ EHW H

All rats, with excessive leak or fecal peritonitis, showed clinical signs of toxaemia and pictures of intraabdominal sepsis as lethargy with diminished motor power, loss of appetite, loss of eye luster and piloerection. Those passed the two-week postoperative period, experienced rather normal attitude and activity. Severe abdominal infections are accompanied with a high level of endotoxin production, resulting in the socalled systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is often complicated by multiple organ failure (Parc, et al.2000). Our observational data met with those reported in rats of sepsis induced experimentally by caecal ligation and puncture, exhibited symptoms and signs of sepsis, including lethargy, piloerection, decreased grooming, and diarrhea (Yang, et al. 2003). 1 R LQW UDDEGRP LQDOOHDN FRXOG EHGHW HFW HG DW W KHVHFRQGORRNODSDURW RP \ EXWZ HFRXOGQRWH[ FOXGH W KHRFFXUUHQFHRI OHDN EHIRUHUHODSDURW RP \ $ VOHDN P D\ EH FOLQLFDOO\ HYLGHQWRU VXVSHFW HG FOLQLFDO DQDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ HZ DVFRQILUP HGE\ ODSDURW RP \ DQG FOLQLFDOO\ VXVSHFW HG DQDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ H Z DV FRQILUP HG RQO \ E\ FRQW UDVWUDGLRJ UDSK\ ,Q SDW LHQW V Z LW K DQDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ H GHDW K RFFXUUHG LQ RI SDW LHQW V 3DUF HW DO DQG$ OYHVHW DO Dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses is mostly seen during the first week after operation. Immediate postoperative wound strength mainly depended on the ability of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen fibers, to retain sutures. After this initial period, wound strength should be restored to the levels of uninjured tissue by deposition of new collagen fibers, produced by fibroblasts under direction of both the cellular and humoral immune system. Consequently, disturbed connective tissue metabolism may induce poor wound strength (M책nsson , et al.2002 and Makela, et al .2003)). Until now, we couldn't find any data comparing the manometric values in general, and colonic anastomotic healing depends on the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation; however, the role of collagen breakdown in wound healing is still not well understood (Ender , et al.2001. Kiyama ,et al.2001). In colostomy group, rats showed lower values of both bursting pressure and breaking strength [16712.04 and 1944.18] than those of primary

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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bete M, Ronchetti V, Casano A, Pescio G. (2003 ). $ QDVW RP RW LF OHDNDJ HDIW HUW UDGLW LRQDOVXUJ HU\ RI W KH FRORQDQGUHFW XP 0 LQHUYD&KLU $ OYHV$ 3 DQLV< and 3RFDUG 0 Management of anastomotic leakage after nondiverted large bowel resection.$ P& RO 6O XUJ

Mansson P, Forkb T and Blomqvista P. (2000). Diverting Colostomy Increases Anastomotic Leakage in the Rat Colon. ( XU6XU5 H 32:4:, 246-250. 3DUF< ) ULOHX[3 and 6FKP LW W* O Management of postoperative peritonitis after anterior resection: experience from a referral intensive care unit.' LV &RORQ5 HFW XP Saber A. ( IIHFWRI KRQH\ YHUVXV LQW HUJ HO LQ LQW UDSHULW RQHDODGKHVLRQ SUHYHQW LRQ DQG FRORQLF DQDVW RP RW LF KHDOLQJ $ UDQGRP L] HG FRQW UROOHG VW XG\L Q U DW V, Q-W6 XUJ Tornqvist A, Blomquist P, Jiborn H, Zederfeldt B. (1990). The effect of diverting colostomy on anastomotic healing after resection of left colon obstruction. An experimental study in the rat. ,QW - & RORUHFW DO ' LV 5(3):167-9

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2 XU GDW D Z HUH LQ FRQFRUGDQFH Z LW K W KDW UHSRUW HG E\ 7 RUQTYLVWDQG FROOHDJ XHV Tornqvist, et al.1990) DVW KH\ VDLG W KDWDIW HUD Z HHN W KHLUFRQW URO J URXS VKRZ HGDVLJ QLILFDQW LQFUHDVHLQERW KDQDVW RP RW LF KDQGFROODJ HQFRQW HQWW KDWZ DVQRWREVHUYHGLQ VW UHQJW W KH FRORVW RP \ J URXS 7 KH DEVHQFH RI LQFUHDVH LQ DQDVW RP RW LF VW UHQJW K LQ W KH FRORVW RP \ J URXS KDG QR DGYHUVH HIIHFWRQ DQDVW RP RW LF KHDOLQJ DVM XGJ HG E\ LRQV FRP SOLFDW

Egger B, Inglin R and Zeeh J. (2001).Insulin-like growth factor I and truncated keratinocyte growth factor accelerate healing of left-sided colonic anastomoses. %U - 6 XU, 88 (1), 90-98 Ender F, Labancz T, Furka I and Gamal EM.( 2001). Effect of pentoxifylline on the healing of experimental anastomosis of the left colon in rats. 0 DJ \ 6HE ;54(3):185-90. Correlation of ,NHXFKL' 2 QRGHUD+ and $ XQJ 7 tensile strength with bursting pressure in the evaluation of intestinal anastomosis. ' LJ 6 XUJ . D\ DDOS & %DONDQ 0 $ \ GLQ & 2 QHU . Comparison of primary colonic anastomosis and colostomy in experimental localized fecal peritonitis. 8 OXV7 UDYP D' HUJ Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Christensen H, Laurberg S. (1993).Decrease in collagenous proteins and mechanical strength of distal colon after diverting colostomy in rats. ,Q-W& RORUHFW D'O LV. 8(3):120-4. Kiyama T, Onda M and Tokunaga Al.( 2001 ). Effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on colonic anastomotic healing in rats J Gastrointest Surg. 5 (3):303-11 Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S. (2003). Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after left-sided colorectal resection with rectal anastomosis. ' LV &RORQ 5 HFW XP 46(5):653-60. M책nsson P, Zhang XW and Jeppsson B .( Anastomotic healing in the rat colon: comparison between a radiological method, breaking strength and bursting pressure. ,QW - & RORUHFW DO ' LV

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anastomosis [17313.03 and 2078.37]. Despite being different, these values were not significant p =1 in case of bursting pressure and in breaking strength measurement.

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SOCIO-PERSONAL PROFILE OF TRIBAL LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN RELATION TO DEGREE OF BELIEF AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF SELECTED INDIGENOUS ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES.* Bimal. P. Bashir1, P.J. Rajkamal2, Reeja George P.3 , Rajeev T. S.3 and K.A.Mercey4 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur. *Part of M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted by the first author to Kerala agricultural University, Thrissur.

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken with the objective of studying the socio-personal profile of tribal Animal Husbandry farmers in relation to the degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices. Stratified proportionate random sampling procedure was adopted. One hundred and twenty tribal livestock farmers were selected from all the three panchayats viz., Agali, Pudur and Sholayoor of Attappady block. A pilot study was conducted to identify various indigenous animal husbandry practices, which were prevalent in the area, through personal observation, group interviews of tribal animal husbandry farmers, discussion with local healers, head clan ('Moopan') and such other key informants. A total of 53 beliefs/ practices were selected for the final study. It was found that age and years of experience in animal husbandry were positively and significantly correlated with degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices, whereas herd size and literacy had no significant correlation with degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices.

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INTRODUCTION In the field of animal husbandry, tribal societies have nurtured a vast fund of indigenous knowledge and practices. But they are sparsely documented and studied. These indigenous practices may be an alternative or complementary to modern technology and can generate ideas for future research. Indigenous knowledge in animal husbandry exists as beliefs that are transferred from generation to generation through folklore of people. These are mostly unwritten and are only recorded in the human mind. Grenier (1998) defined indigenous knowledge as unique, traditional, local knowledge existing within and developed around the specific conditions of women and men indigenous to a particular geographic area. Some of the synonyms of indigenous knowledge according to Seeland (2000) were 'traditional knowledge', 'folk knowledge', 'local knowledge' and 'wisdom of the elders'. Attappady, the location of the present study, is the largest tribal settlement area of Kerala. The tribal folk of Attappady are the most backward among vulnerable ethnic groups of the state. They have a

traditional economy depending mainly on land, livestock and forest. The population of Attappady (2001 Census) was 66,171 of which 27,121 belong to scheduled tribes. Tribes constitute about 41% of total population of Attappady, which comprises mainly of three ethnic groups, viz., “Irula”, “Kurumba” and “Muduga”. MATERIAL AND METHODS Attappady tribal block of Palakkad district was selected as the area of study. This tribal block is comprised of three panchayats which are Agali, Pudur and Sholayoor. Ten hamlets each from peripheral and deep areas were purposefully selected. Sixty respondents each were selected from the hamlets of peripheral and deep area following a stratified proportionate random sampling procedure. The present study was conducted in 2009. A pilot study was conducted to identify various indigenous animal husbandry practices which are prevalent in the area. Personal observations, group interviews of tribal animal 1 MVSc. Scholar, 2Professor and Head, 3Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension 4 Associate Professor, Department of Statistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur.

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husbandry farmers, discussion with local healers, head clan ('Moopan') and such other key informants were conducted to document the various beliefs and practices. A total of 53 belief based practices were selected for the final study. Operationalisation and measurement of variables a) The Socio-personal variables selected were age, literacy, occupation, years of experience in animal husbandry and herd size. b) The dependent variables selected were degree of belief in the selected indigenous animal husbandry practices and extent of adoption of selected indigenous animal husbandry practices. i.) Degree of belief in the selected indigenous animal husbandry practices Degree of belief was conceptualized as the level of agreement or disagreement of the respondent with the selected beliefs that the respondents were aware of. The respondents were individually rated over all the beliefs on a five point continuum viz., strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with respective weighages of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. Accordingly respondents were categorized into two as strong (>mean) i.e., (>172.5) and weak (<mean) i.e., (<172.5) believer groups on the basis of total score and mean. Table no. 1 Distribution of respondents based on age.

Adoption quotient of selected indigenous animal husbandry practices was calculated as follows Adoption quotient = Total number of selected indigenous beliefs adopted X 100 (Symbolic + Practice) ____________________________ Total number of selected indigenous beliefs studied RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a) Socio-personal profile of tribal Animal Husbandry farmers. i.)

Age

In the case of indigenous animal husbandry practices, among middle and young age categories there were more weak believers than strong believers, whereas among the old there were more strong believers (69.05%) than weak believers (30.95%). In the overall sample there were 44.17 percent strong believers and 55.83 percent weak believers regarding indigenous animal husbandry practices. That means youngsters are generally not interested in indigenous practices. In the case of indigenous animal husbandry practices, among the literates, weak believers were more (61.36%) as compared to strong believers n=120

Respondents

Strong believers

Weak believers

> 50 years

42 (35.0)

29 (69.05)

13 (30.95)

30-50 years

67 (55.83)

23 (34.33)

44 (65.67)

<30 years

11 (9.17)

1 (9.09)

10 (90.91)

Total 120 (100)

53 (44.17)

67 (55.83)

ii.) Extent of adoption of selected indigenous animal husbandry practices. Extent of Adoption of selected indigenous animal husbandry practices was measured in terms of adoption quotient as proposed by Ramkumar (1987). Adoption quotient was calculated for each individual in order to correlate with the independent variable.

(38.64%). But among illiterates 47.37 percent were strong believers and the rest weak believers (52.63%). In the overall sample there were 44.17 percent strong believers and 55.83 percent weak believers regarding indigenous animal husbandry practices. Literates seem to be weak believers and are not interested in indigenous practices.

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Category

Respondents

Strong believers

Weak believers

Large (>8.7)

48 (40.0)

21 (43.75)

27 (56.25)

Small (<8.7)

72 (60.0)

32 (44.44)

40 (55.56)

Total 120 (100)

53 (44.17)

67 (55.83)

b) Correlation between socio-personal variables and degree of belief and extent of adoption of modern animal husbandry practices Perusal of the Table 6 revealed that age was significantly and positively related to degree of belief in indigenous animal husbandry practices. This finding agreed with the finding of Kalaivany (1992), Ganadeepa (1991) and Sunil (2001) but was contrary to the findings of Selvanayagam (1986). Age was significantly and positively correlated

with extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices. This finding agreed with the findings of Somasundaram (1995) and Sunil (2001).The positive and significant correlation between age and degree of belief as well as extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices could be due to the fact that older generation had more faith in indigenous animal husbandry practices as compared to the younger generation. The data further revealed that literacy was negatively and non significantly correlated with the

Age Literacy Years of experience inAnimal Husbandry Herd size ** denotes significant at 1 per cent level.

r-value of indigenous animal husbandry practices Degree of belief

Extent of adoption

0. 508**

0.594**

-0.073

-0.087

0.501**

0.591**

0.024

0.028

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Socio-personal variables

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Table no.6. Correlation between socio-personal variables and degree of belief and extent of adoption of modern animal husbandry practices

RESEARCH ARTICLE

degree of belief and extent of adoption in indigenous animal husbandry practices indicating that illiterates had a more favourable attitude towards indigenous animal husbandry practices and eventually they were the majority among strong believers of indigenous animal husbandry practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Degree of belief of indigenous animal husbandry practices was significantly and positively correlated with years of experience in animal husbandry. This agreed with the findings of Ganadeepa (1991), Kalaivany (1992) and Sunil (2001) but was contrary to the finding of Selvanayagan (1986). The extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices was positively and highly significantly correlated with experience. This agreed with the findings of Somasundaram (1995) and Sunil (2001). The highly significant correlation could be because more experienced dairy farmers had comparatively more faith in indigenous animal husbandry practices.

Anonymous. 2001. Census report. Scheduled Tribes

The degree of belief in indigenous animal husbandry practices were positively and nonsignificantly correlated with the herd size. This observation agreed with that of Sunil (2001). The extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices was also positively and non-significantly correlated with herd size. This observation disagreed with the finding of Sunil (2001) and Somasundaram (1995). The positive correlation indicated that those with large herd size had more faith in the degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices

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To conclude the study revealed that mostly youngsters are not interested in indigenous practices and age and experience in A.H have got a significant relationship with adoption of indigenous practices.

Facilities provided by Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kerala Agricultural University are thankfully acknowledged. REFERENCES Department, Govt. of Kerala Ganadeepa, A. (1991). Techno-cultural Profile of rice farmers. Unpub. M.Sc. (Ag). Thesis, T.N.A.U., Coimbatore. Grenier, L. (1998). Working with Indigenous Knowledge - A guide for researchers, Ottawa: IDRC, 100p. Kalaivany, S. (1992). Techno-cultural profile of Gardenland farmers. Unpub. M.Sc. (Ag). Thesis, T.N.A.U., Coimbatore. Ramkumar, S. (1987). Impact of correspondence course in dairying and adoption of improved dairy practices. Unpub. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Department of Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, India, pp 59-70. Seeland, Klaus (2000). What is indigenous Knowledge and why does it matter today? In. Seeland, Klaus and Schmithusen, F., (eds.) Man in the forest- local Knowledge and Sustainable Management of Forest and Natural Resources in Tribal Communities in India, New Delhi: DK Print world, pp.33-47 Selvanayagam, M. (1986). Techno-cultural profile of dryland farming. Unpub. M.Sc. (Ag). Thesis, T.N.A.U., Coimbatore. Somasundaram, S. (1995). Indigenous Knowledge in farming system. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Extension. T.N.A.U., Coimbatore. Sunil, G. 2001. A study of the traditional belief system in dairy husbandry among tribals of Attappady. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 114 p. Velluva, S. 2004. Developmental Effects on livelihood strategies of Tribal people in Attappady, Kerala, Discussion Paper, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, C.D.S, Thiruvananthapuram, pp. 1-59

RESEARCH ARTICLE

COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THYMUS AND SPLEEN IN FOETAL GOAT * 1

Asha Antony, S. Maya, K.R. Harshan and J.J. Chungath College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala 680 651. *Part of M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted by the first author to Kerala agricultural University, Thrissur.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 41 goat foetuses. After recording straight and curved CRL (Crown Rump Length), the age of the foetuses was calculated using the formula derived by Singh et al. (1979), for goat foetuses, W1/3 = 0.096 (t - 30), where, W = Body weight of the foetus in g and t = Age of the foetus in days. Based on the age, the foetuses were divided into five groups corresponding to five months of gestation. Embryos and foetuses upto 90 days of age, were fixed as such. In still MVSc. Scholar, 2Associate Professor, 3&4 Professor Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thymus: 7 KH W K\ P LF SULP RUGLD DSSHDUHG LQ HP EU\ RV R IE \ G D\ V ) LJ % \ G D\ VWKH\ EHFDP HVROLGHSLW KHOLDOFRUGVZ LW KGHYHORSLQJ EORRG FHOOVDQGO\ P SKRF\ W HV3UHVHQFHRI GHYHORSLQJ EORRG FHOOV revealed the commencement of thymic haemopoiesis by this age of foetal life. It indicated that lymphocytic proliferation in the thymus started at an early stage, confirming the findings of Ackerman (1967) in foetal cats. Issue 2 August 2011

Protection of the body against deleterious effects of invading foreign substances is a critical function of the lymphatic system, which necessarily involves the activity of many organs and tissues. The lymphatic organs include central (primary) and peripheral (secondary) lymphatic organs. The central organs are the thymus and bursa Fabricii in birds or the bone marrow in mammals. The peripheral lymphatic organs consist of the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and Peyer's patches. This study comprised of a comparative developmental study of the thymus and spleen as representatives of primary and secondary lymphatic organs in foetal goat.

older foetuses, in addition to histology, the gross parameters like shape, colour, position, weight, length (long diameter), width (short diameter) and thickness of these organs were also noted to determine the age-related changes. The data collected were analysed statistically (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994).

Fig..1 Thymic primordia (arrows) at 22 days. H & E x 400

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

7 K\ P LF HSLW KHOLDO UHW LFXOXP EHFDP H LQYDGHG E\ EORRGYHVVHOVIURP W KHVXUURXQGLQJ P HVHQFK\ P HE\ GD\ V 7 K\ P LF W LVVXH H[ W HQGHG GLIIXVHO\ YHQW URODW HUDOW RW KH W UDFKHD IURP ODU\ Q[ W R FUDQLDO KLVDJ H W KHO\ P SKRF\ W HVILOOHGW KHVSDFHV W KRUD[ %\ W EHW Z HHQ HSLW KHOLDOFHOOV ) LJ P DNLQJ W KHRUJ DQ DSSURSULDW HW R EH NQRZ Q DV D O\ P SKRHSLW KHOLDO RUJ DQ

Fig. 2 Thymus showing lymphocytes (arrows) in the interstitial space at 60 days. H & E x 400

7 KHW K\ P XVZ DVGLYLGHGLQW ROREHVDQGHDFK RI Z KLFK Z DV VXUURXQGHG E\ D FRQQHFW LYH W LVVXH FDSVXOH 7 KLQ VHSW D H[ W HQGLQJ IURP W KH FDSVXOH SDUW LDOO\ VXEGLYLGHGW KHOREHVLQW RVHYHUDOOREXOHV

W KDWGLIIHUHQW LDW HGLQW KHGHHS FRUW H[ 7 KHFRUW H[ VW DLQHG P XFKGDUNHUW KDQW KHP HGXOODGXHW RDGHQVHUSRSXODW LRQ RI O\ P SKRF\ W HV ,Q W KH P HGXOOD D IHZ HSLW KHOLDO UHW LFXODUFHOOVKDG W KH VDP H VW UXFW XUH DVW KRVH LQ W KH KHP Z HUHP XFKODUJ HULQ FRUW H[ KRZ HYHU P DM RULW \ RI W VL] H Spleen: During initial stages of gestation, the mesenchymal primordium of spleen presented irregular vascular network with reticular fibres and cells. It appeared in the dorsal mesogastrium close to the stomach (Fig. 4). By third month the organ presented haemopoetic cells and reticular cells. The latter were with irregular cytoplasmic processes. The cellular haemopoetic areas masked the basic structure of the spleen in which the red and white pulps were indistinguishable. The number and size of these haemopoietic foci gradually reduced towards the terminal stages of gestation. The undifferentiated capsule presented only a single layer of cells by third month of age.

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Fig. 4 Cross section of coelomic cavity at 48 days. H & E x 100 Fig. 3 Thymus at 99 days. H & E x 100

1. Spleen

1.Cortex

By 81 days, the differentiation of splenic parenchyma into red pulp and white pulp was not evident. A thin capsule was noticed surrounding the organ, however, no trabeculae was seen extending into the parenchyma. The peritoneal covering seen on the external surface of the capsule presented one to two layers of cells. Clumps of haemopoetic areas and nonnucleated RBCs were also seen in the parenchyma.

2. Medulla

3. Thymic corpuscles

' LI I HUHQW LDW LRQ RI W KH W K\ P LF SDUHQFK\ P DLQW RFRUW H[ DQGP HGXOODZ DVREYLRXVE\ GD\ VRI J HVW DW LRQ 7 KH FRUW H[ FRP SULVHG RI DQ HSLW KHOLDOUHW LFXOXP Z LW KO\ P SKRF\ W HV $ WW KLVDJ H thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles appeared in the future medullary region the number of which increased as the gestational age advanced. 7 KH DSSHDUDQFH RI thymic corpusclesD OVRindicated an early maturation of this primary lymphatic organ. V DQG P HGLXP VL] HG / \ P SKREODVW O\ P SKRF\ W HV SUHGRP LQDW HG LQ W KH P HVKHV RI W KH SHULSKHUDO HSLW KHOLDO UHW LFXOXP Z KHUH P LW RW LF GLYLVLRQV RFFXUUHG SURGXFLQJ VP DOOO\ P SKRF\ W HV

2. Stomach

3.Dorsal mesogastrium

By 93 days of age, the splenic parenchyma resembled that of mature animals with distinct red and white pulps () LJ . Trabeculae extended from the capsule into the interior of the organ. The capsule and trabeculae were made up of connective tissue, smooth muscle fibres, blood vessels and nerves and had a thickness of 32Fm.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The size of the lymphocytes reduced from 5 to 4Fm as age advanced.

in contrary to an early progress in the development of thymus, a primary lymphatic organ, which was needed to develop immunity even before birth. This primary immunity will be sustained with utmost importance in the early postnatal period also, after which regression of the organ occurs. REFERENCES

4. White pulp

The mean values for length, width, thickness and weight increased with advancing age, confirming the observations of Baishya et al. (2001) in pigs. But the contribution of the weight of the foetal spleen to the body weight decreased as the age advanced. It was 0.96 per cent by third month, which got reduced through 0.41 per cent by fourth month to 0.17 per cent by fifth month. It was obvious that in the absence of antigenic stimuli, the spleen, which is a secondary lymphatic organ, developed very slowly and its final maturation was to take place only in the postnatal period. This was

Baishya, G., Sarma, K., Kalita, A. and Barman, N.N. 2001. Development of spleen in crossbred pig gross studies. Indian J. Vet. Anat. 13: 87-88. Singh, Y., Sharma, D. N. and Dhingra, L.D. 1979. Morphogenesis of testis in goat. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 49: 925-931. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1994. Statistical Methods. Eighth edition. Oxford and IBM Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 313.

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1.Trabeculae 2. Capsule 3. Red pulp

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Fig. 5 Spleen at 93 days. H & E x 100

Ackerman, G.A. 1967. Developmental relationship between the appearance of lymphocytes and lymphopoietic activity in the thymus and lymph node of foetal cat. Anat. Rec. 158: 387400.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PURINE DERIVATIVES AND CREATININE IN SPOT URINE SAMPLES George S. K.1*, Dipu M. T1., Verma A. K2., Singh P2 and Mehra U. R3. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to compare the concentration of purine derivatives (PD) and creatinine in spot urine samples of various species of ruminants and rabbit. Urine samples were collected from 80 adult animals of each species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and rabbit) and were analyzed for PD (allantoin, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine) and creatinine. The concentration of allantoin (mg/L) was highest in the urine of cattle (1487.20) compared to other species. However, the level of uric acid (mg/L) was highest in goat urine (215.80). Xanthine and hypoxanthine were not detected in cattle, buffalo and rabbit urine. Sheep and goat had similar levels of PD in spot urine except for uric acid. The level of creatinine (mg/L) in the urine of rabbit (353.68) was lower compared to ruminants (588.12 to 685.60). The concentrations of allantoin and total PD when expressed as molar proportions of creatinine the values were highest in cattle and goat; and were lowest in buffalo urine. The study revealed that allantoin is the principal PD in spot urine samples of all the species studied while xanthine and hypoxanthine were absent in the urine of cattle, buffalo and rabbit.

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INTRODUCTION Microbial protein production in the rumen is an important function, which provides the necessary good quality protein for the animal. A simple noninvasive technique to estimate the production of microbial protein in the rumen would be of great value. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) has been successfully used to estimate the microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and subsequently digested in the lower gut of ruminants (Chen et al., 1990; Verbic et al., 1990). Some studies have also evaluated the use of PD: Creatinine ratio in spot urine samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants (Shingfield and Offer, 1998; Dipu et al., 2006). All the four PD (allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine) are present in the urine of European breeds of sheep (Chen et al., 1990) Granadina goats (Belenguer et al., 2002), red deer and llama, while the salvageable PD (xanthine and hypoxanthine) are below the detectable levels in the urine of European cattle (Verbic et al., 1990), Malaysian buffalo (Liang et al., 1994) and yak (Long et al., 1999). However, there are reports of the presence of trace amounts of salvageable PD in the

urine of swamp buffalo (Bos bubalus) and dromedary camel (Guerouali et al., 2004). Like ruminants, in single stomached herbivores like rabbits, the urinary excretion of PD may constitute a valuable index to estimate microbial protein intake from caecotrophagy. Since the studies conducted in exotic animals so far, allowed establishing prediction models for estimating microbial nitrogen supply using urinary PD, a preliminary study was conducted to compare the level of PD and creatinine in spot urine samples of various species of indigenous breeds and their cross breds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spot urine samples were collected from 80 unselected adult animals of each species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and rabbit) from Animal Nutrition Shed/Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, I.V.R.I., Izatnagar. The urine samples were transferred into plastic vials containing 10% H2SO4 (to maintain the pH below 3) and o stored at -20 C till analysis. PD and creatinine in urine 1

Assistant Professor, Animal Nutrition Department, COVAS, Mannuthy, Thrissur.* Corresponding Author 2 Principal Scientist, 3 Emeritus Scientist, Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

RESEARCH ARTICLE

samples were analyzed by the HPLC method of George et al. (2006). The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

the small intestine, but to differences in tissue metabolism for which mechanisms are not fully understood (Liang et al., 1994). Rabbit also had lower urinary allantoin as caecotrophagy contribute only 15 to 38% of total protein intake (Fraga et al., 1991). The absence of salvageable PD (xanthine and hypoxanthine) in cattle, buffalo and rabbit urine might be due to their high ability to oxidise absorbed purine bases to non-re utilizable PD (Chen et al., 1990). This is attributed to higher activity of the enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO) in the liver and intestinal mucosa of cattle, buffalo (Chen et al., 1996) and rabbits (Balcells et al., 1998). High XO activity determined in these species suggests that dietary nucleic acid bases are rapidly degraded to oxidized derivatives across the intestinal mucosa and through hepatic metabolism. However, in sheep and goats reusable-PD (xanthine plus hypoxanthine) accounted for a considerable proportion of total PD as also observed in European counterparts of these species (Chen et al., 1990).

RESULTS The concentration of PD and creatinine in spot urine samples of different species is summarized in Table 1. Allantoin was the major PD in urine for all the species studied. The level of allantoin was highest (P<0.05) in the urine of cattle compared to other species, while the concentration of uric acid was highest in goat urine. Sheep and goat had similar levels of PD in spot urine except for uric acid. Buffaloes had much lower level of urinary allantoin than cattle. Similarly, rabbit also had lower level of allantoin in urine. Significant amount of xanthine and hypoxanthine were not detected in cattle, buffalo and rabbit urine. Rabbit had lower urinary creatinine level compared to ruminants. The concentrations of allantoin or total PD when expressed as molar proportions of creatinine i.e. allantoin: creatinine (A/C) and PD: Creatinine (PD/C) the values were highest in cattle and goat; and were lowest in buffaloes.

It has been suggested that the excretion rate of creatinine is relatively constant in healthy animals (Chen et al., 1995). The use of creatinine as an internal marker of urinary out put relies on the assumption that the creatinine excretion through urine is affected neither by diet nor by the physiological status of the animal, but is excreted in proportion to body weight. It is conceivable that species differences in musculature and variations in body weight could account for the lower urinary

DISCUSSION Allantoin was the major PD in urine for all the species studied and thus colloborated well with the findings of previous workers (Verbic et al., 1990). Buffaloes had much lower level of urinary allantoin than cattle and this is not related to lower supply of microbial cells from the rumen, nor to absorption of purines from

Table 1. The concentration of PD and creatinine in spot urine samples of different species Buffalo

Sheep

Goat

1487.20±176.24 365.12±42.31 984.40±78.76

Rabbit

1139.08±88.38

382.96±47.45c

143.88±18.75b

55.84±8.60cd

86.36±10.60c

215.80±21.15a

35.32±6.62d

Hypoxanthine (mg/L)

72.40±12.21

92.08±16.00

Xanthine (mg/L)

Uric acid (mg/L)

Creatinine (mg/L)

668.48±52.79

33.72±7.25 a

588.12±63.97 685.60±52.90

0.52±0.05

0.61±0.06

A/C (mmol/L: mmol/L)

1.81±0.24

PD/C (mmol/L: mmol/L)

1.98±0.24

1.15±0.12

1.40±0.13

28.00±6.39 a

659.64±52.77

1.55±0.23

2.02±0.29

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Allantoin (mg/L)

Cattle

ND a

353.68±41.89b

1.17±0.26

1.26±0.26

Values within a row with different superscripts are significantly different, P<0.05 ND-Not Detected

b c

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Parameters

RESEARCH ARTICLE

creatinine level observed for rabbit in the present study. A number of studies in ruminant species (Daniels et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1995) indicated that purine derivatives: creatinine ratio (PD/C) can predict microbial nitrogen supply with reasonable accuracy as it is little affected by sampling time. Higher A/C and PD/C ratio in cattle and goat obtained in the present study is attributed to higher allantoin/PD level and similar creatinine when compared to other ruminants. The study revealed that allantoin is the principal PD in spot urine samples of all the species studied followed by uric acid, while xanthine and hypoxanthine were absent in the urine of cattle, buffalo and rabbit. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the NATP (CGPIII), ICAR, New Delhi for providing financial assistance for this study. The first author is indebted to UGC, New Delhi for providing financial assistance in the form of junior research fellowship. REFERENCES Balcells, J, Ganuza, J.M, Pkrez, J.F., Martin-Orue, S.M. and Gonziilez Ronquillo, M. (1998). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial-nitrogen intake in growing rabbits. British J. Nutr., 79: 373-380. Belenguer, A., Yanez, D., Balcells, J., Baber, N.H.O. and Ronquillo, M.G. (2002). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and prediction of rumen microbial outflow in goats. Livestock Prodn. Sci., 77: 127-135.

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Chen, X.B., Hovell, F.D.DeB., Orskov, E.R. and Brown, D.S. (1990). Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants: effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply on purine derivatives excretion in sheep. British. J. Nutr., 63, 131-142. Chen, X.B., Mejia, A.T., Kyle, D.J. and Orskov, E.R. (1995). Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 125: 137-143. Chen, X.B. Samaraweera, L., Kyle, D., Orskov, E.R. and Abeygunawardene, H. (1996). Urinary excretion

of purine derivatives and tissue xanthine oxidase activity in buffaloes (Bos bubalis) with special reference to differences between buffaloes and Bos Taurus cattle. British. J. Nutr., 75: 397-407. Daniels, Z.M., Chen, X.B., Kyle, D.J., Sinclair, K. and Orskov, E.R. (1994). Purine derivatives in urine and plasma of lactating cows given different levels of food intake. Anim. Prod., 58: 483. Dipu, M.T., George, S.K., Singh, P., Verma, A.K., Mehra, U.R. (2006). Measurement of microbial protein supply in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using urinary purine derivatives excretion and PDC index. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 19 347-355 Fraga, M .J., Perez de Ayala, P., Carabaiio, R. and de Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft feces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits. J. Anim. Science., 69: 1566-1574. George, S. K, Dipu, M.T., Mehra, U.R., Singh, P., Verma, A.K., Ramgaokar, J.S. (2006). Improved HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of allantoin, uric acid and creatinine in cattle urine. J. Chromatogr. B., 832: 134-137. Guerouali, A, Gass, Y.E., Balcells, J., Belenguer, A. and Nolan, J. (2004). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial protein synthesis in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). British J. Nutr., 92: 225232. Liang, J. B., Matsumoto and Young, B.A. (1994): Purine derivative excretion and ruminal microbial yield in Malaysian cattle and swamp buffalo. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.,47: 189-199. Long, R.J., Dong, S.K., Chen, X.B., Orskov, E.R. and Hu, Z.Z. (1999). Preliminary studies on urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine in yaks. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 133: 427-431. Shingfield, K.J .and Offer, N.W. (1998) Evaluation of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary purine derivative excretion in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Sci., 66: 557-568. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W. G. (1994). Statistical methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University, Iowa. Verbic, J., Chen, X.B., MacLeod, N.A. and Orskov, E.R. (1990). Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants: effects of microbial nucleic acids infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 114: 243-248.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

ELECTROLYTE AND ERYTHROCYTE PROFILE DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY LACTATION IN CROSSBRED HEIFERS* Shibu .K. Jacob1*, Philomina, P.T.2 and Ramnath.V.3 *Part of the M.V.Sc thesis submitted by the first author to Kerala Agricultural University

ABSTRACT The serum concentration of macroelements such as sodium and potassium as well as red blood cell associated traits like total red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, volume of packed red cells and erythrocyte indices were determined in crossbred heifers. The screening of macrominerals and RBC traits were undertaken in heifers before and after conception at regular intervals as well as during the 1st month of lactation. The serum concentration of sodium increased while potassium fluctuated as pregnancy advanced. The total RBC count reached the lowest value by 9th month of gestation. This reduction was compensated by the increase in MCV. The haemoglobin content and VPRC exhibited a declining trend throughout the period of gestation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy cross-bred sexually mature heifers maintained under identical managemental conditions in a single herd at Kerala Agricultural 1

MVSc. Scholar, Veterinary Surgeon, Mobile Farm Aid Unit, Ayravon, Pathanamthita, * Corresponding Author Mobile:- 9447112160; e-mail:- jkshibu@yahoo.com 2

Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Physiology, COVAS, Mannuthy, Thrissur 3 Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology, COVAS, Pookode, Wayanad

Blood was collected from all the twenty animals by jugular vein puncture as soon as they attained required adult weight and it was considered as the control group. Selected animals were then inseminated during estrous and pregnancy confirmed by rectal palpation method, after three months of insemination. Of the 20 animals inseminated, 11 got conceived which formed the experimental group. Blood was then collected at monthly rd th intervals from 3 to 9 month of pregnancy (7 times) as well as on 1st month of lactation from the experimental group. The health status of the experimental animals was regularly monitored throughout the period of experiment. Three ml of whole blood was collected in clean, dry, labeled vials using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at a concentration of 1-2 mg per mL of blood as the anticoagulant for the estimation of red blood cell parameters like total RBC count, haemoglobin content (Hb), volume of packed red cells (VPRC) and derived units like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

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Electrolytes have multifaceted functions in animal's body including maintenance of plasma osmolarity and volume, acid-base balance, nerve impulse propagation and as cofactors for various enzymes and thus play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. Alterations in the haematological, biochemical and electrolyte profile occur in the body, in and around parturition and during peak lactation. High producing dairy cattle are always on the verge of risk due to the high turnover of fluids, minerals and organic matter in the body during pre and post-partum periods thereby, disturbing the homeostasis which eventually lead to abnormal clinical situations as reported by Blood and Radostits (1989). Hence the study was undertaken to monitor major electrolytes especially sodium and potassium in serum and red blood cell profile along with erythrocyte indices during pregnancy and early lactation in crossbred heifers.

University, Cattle Breeding Farm, Thumburmuzhi were selected for the study. Animals were fed individually as per standard recommendations and water was provided ad libitum.

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Simultaneously 10mL of whole blood was collected in labelled test tubes for serum separation. After centrifugation, clear serum was transferred in clean, dry labelled vials and stored at -200C. The concentration of serum sodium and potassium were estimated using flame photometer as per the method of Oser (1976). The data obtained during pregnancy and early lactation were compared using paired 't' test and statistically analyzed for significance with controls (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994). Variations between months of pregnancy and early lactation were also analysed. RESULT The serum concentration of sodium and potassium of non-pregnant (control), pregnant (from 3rd month of pregnancy to the term) and early st lactating (1 month of lactation) cross-bred heifers are shown in table 1. Table 1. The serum concentration of sodium and potassium before and after conception and in early lactation in cross-bred heifers (n=11) Period / month of pregnancy

Sodium (mEq/L)

Potassium (mEq/L)

Non-pregnant (control)

188.07a ± 13.23

5.43a ± 0.34

158.73 ± 10.61

4.98 ± 0.39

167.54 ± 8.77

abc

4.45 ± 0.36

abcd

165.21

± 8.77

4.98 ± 0.44

179.80

abcde

± 8.50

4.10 ± 0.31

(p<0.01) in the serum sodium concentration from the basal value of 188.07 ± 13.23 mEq/L was noticed during rd th the 3 month of pregnancy. From the 4 month onwards the serum sodium level increased and reached a peak 216.74 ± 8.23 mEq/L nearing the term. The serum sodium level recorded during 1st month of lactation was slightly lower than the term value and was found to be 215.94±8.28 mEq/L. The serum sodium levels observed during 7th ,8th , 9th month of pregnancy and 1st month of lactation were significantly higher (p<0.01) when compared to the value obtained during 3rd month of pregnancy. The serum potassium concentration during 3rd th (4.98 ± 0.39 mEq/L) and 4 month of pregnancy (4.45 ± 0.36 mEq/L) were significantly lower than the control levels (5.43 ± 0.34 mEq/L). The potassium level reached the lowest value of 4.10 ± 0.31mEq/L by the 6th month of pregnancy. The potassium level increased from 7th month and during 9th month it reached the highest value of 5.66 ± 0.27 mEq/L. During the 1st month of lactation, serum potassium level dropped to 5.45 ± 0.30 mEq/L which was almost equal to the preconception level. The red blood cell traits such as total red blood cell count, haemoglobin (Hb) content and volume of packed red cells of non-pregnant (control), pregnant rd (from 3 month of pregnancy to the term) and early st lactating (1 month of lactation) cross-bred heifers are shown in table 2.

bcd

cde

4.35 bcdef ± 0.19

196.83aefg ± 6.76

4.82bcdfg ± 0.18

216.74afgh ± 8.23

5.66abdh ± 0.27

215.94afgh ± 8.28

5.45abdgh ± 0.30

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199.99af ± 4.69

Values bearing similar superscripts in the column did not differ significantly (p<0.01)

From the 6th month of pregnancy, the Hb content was significantly lower (p<0.01) than the control level and the lowest value was obtained in the 9th month of pregnancy st (8.23 ± 0.18g%). However, during the 1 month of lactation the Hb content further dropped to 8.18 ± 0.35g%.

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The erythrocyte count during 3rd month of pregnancy was significantly lower than the control levels and the value started to decline gradually and reached to the 6 lowest value of 5.48 ± 0.24x10 /μL during the ninth st month of pregnancy. During 1 month of lactation erythrocyte count was significantly lower than the control as well as pregnancy period.

A great deal of fluctuations in the serum sodium levels of cross bred heifers were observed during the period of study. A significant reduction

In the present study, it was found that during 3rd month of pregnancy VPRC was significantly lower (p<0.01) than the control levels. By the 6th month of

1 month of lactation

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Table.2 Red Blood cell traits before and after conception and in early lactation in crossbred heifers (n=11) Period / month of pregnancy Non pregnant (control) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1st month of lactation

Total Red blood cell count (millions/μL) a 6.40 ± 0.38 b 5.80 ± 0.16 5.86b ± 0.25 b 5.69 ± 0.22 5.64b ± 0.20 b 5.85 ± 0.26 b 5.63 ± 0.29 b 5.48 ± 0.24 5.22c ± 0.23

Haemoglobin (g%) a 10.09 ± 0.46 a 9.96 ± 0.60 9.98a ± 0.63 a 10.17 ± 0.36 8.64 b ± 0.26 b 8.77 ± 0.23 b 8.96 ± 0.34 b 8.23 ± 0.18 8.18b ± 0.35

Volume of packed red cells (%) a 32.27 ± 1.03 b 30.46 ± 0.81 32.18a ±1.43 b 30.36 ± 0.58 28.91b ± 0.53 a 30.55 ± 0.78 a 30.64 ± 0.72 b 29.27 ± 0.94 28.82b ± 1.05

Values bearing similar superscripts in the column did not differ significantly(p<0.01) Table.3 Erythrocyte indices before and after conception and in early lactation in crossbred heifers (n=11) Period / month of pregnancy (MCV) (fl) Non pregnant (control) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 st 1 month of lactation

Mean corpuscular volume 51.92a ± 3.26 52.79a ± 1.81 55.92 a ±3.40 a 54.43 ± 3.00 a 51.85 ± 1.96 a 52.72 ± 1.30 55.65 a ± 2.84 a 54.13 ± 2.45 55.95 b ± 2.59

Mean corpuscular Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (pg) haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (g%) a 16.33 ± 1.16 31.72a ± 2.03 a 17.29 ± 1.12 32.97a ± 2.34 17.06a ± 0.88 31.72a ± 2.58 a a 18.07 ± 0.93 33.67 ± 1.50 a a 15.58 ± 0.95 29.98 ± 1.14 a a 15.25 ± 0.78 28.89 ± 1.01 16.34 a ± 1.18 29.29a ± 1.10 a a 15.22 ± 0.70 28.38 ± 1.05 15.89 a ± 0.90 28.85 a ± 1.80

Values bearing similar superscripts in the column did not differ significantly(p<0.01)

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) varied throughout the various stages of study. The MCV value during 3rd month of pregnancy was 52.79 ± 1.81 fl whereas that of control was 51.92 ± 3.26fl. The MCV

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) during 3rd month of pregnancy was 17.29 ± 1.12 pg, whereas that of control was 16.33 ± 1.16 pg. Variations were observed in the MCH levels throughout the period of study which attained a value th of 15.22 ± 0.70 pg during 9 month of pregnancy and 15.89 ± 0.90 pg during the 1st month of lactation. The Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) level during 3rd month of

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The erythrocyte indices of non-pregnant (control), pregnant (from 3rd month of pregnancy to the term) and early lactating (1st month of lactation) crossbred heifers are shown in table 3.

during 9th month of pregnancy was 54.13 ± 2.45 fl, which later increased to 55.95 ± 2.59 fl by 1st month of lactation.

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pregnancy the lowest value of 28.91± 0.53% was obtained, which later increased to 36.64 ± 0.72% by 8th st month. During the 1 month of lactation, VPRC value further declined to 28.82 ± 1.05%.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

pregnancy and control were 32.97 Âą 2.34 g% and 31.72 Âą 2.03 g% respectively. The MCHC value showed variation throughout the period of study which reached to the lowest value of 28.38 Âą 1.05 g% during 9th month of pregnancy. DISCUSSION

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In the present study, it was observed that serum sodium concentration at the 3rd month of pregnancy was lower than controls and then by 6th month of pregnancy even though showed an increasing tendency, the values were lower than the preconception levels, which agree with recordings of Singh et al. (1999) who observed lower sodium rd th values in pregnant yaks from 3 to 6 month when compared with normal cycling ones. Sikka (1992) reported that requirements of sodium and potassium were considerably increased during pregnancy period. However , in the present study an increasing trend was noticed from the 3rd to 9th month of gestation with peak value at the 9th month of pregnancy, which was in close agreement with the findings of Deshpande et al. (1998). A gradual significant increase in the serum sodium level in crossbred cows during advancing stages of gestation may be due to an increasing demand of this mineral for the growing fetus. The serum sodium concentration decreased during 1st month of lactation than the advanced month of pregnancy, which was in consonance with an earlier report of Underwood (1981) who concluded that decrease in sodium level was most likely to occur during lactation due to the drainage of sodium in milk. Rowlands et al. (1975) and Deshpande et al. (1998) observed that serum sodium level was lowered from the day of parturition to the first two months of lactation. Similarly Murtuza et al. (1979) also reported that serum sodium levels in early lactating cows were lower than the late pregnant cows.

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Physiological conditions like pregnancy, parturition and lactation impose tremendous stress for the animal and animal must maintain homeostasis for survival.

In the present study, serum potassium level, rd th showed gradual declining tendency from 3 to 6 month of pregnancy. This observation was in

agreement with the observation of Krajnicakova et al. (1994), who found that potassium level decreased significantly from the day of insemination in ewes. It was earlier mentioned that serum sodium level was lower than pre-conception values during three to six months of pregnancy and the levels of the potassium and sodium decrease in the first few months of pregnancy might be due to an increased permeation of electrolytes into the uterine environment. Serum potassium level reached the highest value during 9th month of pregnancy, whereas during 1st month of lactation, it declined. These observations were in close agreement of Belyea et al. (1975) who concluded that plasma potassium increased in late pregnancy period and then declined during early lactation. The decrease in plasma potassium during early lactation is due to an increased transfer of this cation into milk. Sen et al. (1989) observed that the serum potassium levels declined significantly from the day of parturition till 21st day of lactation in crossbred cows. In the present study, it was recorded that the total red blood cell count fluctuated insignificantly between the different months of pregnancy and reached the lowest value during the 9th month of pregnancy. It was also observed that this insignificant reduction in erythrocyte count was being compensated by an increase in MCV values. In contrast to this observation Prabhakaran et al. (1997) reported an increased erythrocyte count, whereas Johnson et al. (1990) did not observe any significant difference in erythrocyte count of pregnant and non-pregnant cows. In the present investigation it was also found that the erythrocyte count further decreased during 1st month of lactation and it is in agreement with the report of Gupta et al. (1995) who found that total erythrocyte count was slightly lower in the postpartum period which might be due to the continuous lactational stress. In the present study the haemoglobin content varied to a greater extent between months of pregnancy th and reached a lower value during 6 month and the least at 9th month of pregnancy and it continued to decline st further during the 1 month of lactation. This observation was closely in consonance with the findings of Stilinovic et al. (1992), who reported that Hb content had a tendency to decrease till 75 days after parturition. This observation made in the present study also agree

The decreasing trend of volume of packed red cells (VPRC) as pregnancy advanced was in agreement with the observations of Wang Qung Lan et al. (1998), who reported that in dairy cows, VPRC decreased from three months before calving and reached the lowest value on the day before parturition. The declining trend of VPRC during first month of lactation was also in agreement with the findings of Prabhakar et al. (1999). In the present study, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly different when compared to controls. This observation was in full agreement with the findings of Klinkon and Nemec (1998) who reported that the MCV, MCH and MCHC values were not significantly affected by pregnancy. However, insignificant lower values for MCV, MCH and MCHC observed during ninth month of pregnancy and first month of lactation were positively correlated with the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and VPRC observed during the corresponding period. Monitoring of electrolytes and red blood cell values would help in the maintenance and improvement of productive health of farm animals through effective management. REFERENCES Belyea,R.L , Coppock, C.E and Lake,C. B.(1975). Effects of silage diets on health, reproduction and blood metabolites of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58: 13361346 Blood, D.C. and Radostits,O.M.(1989) “Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of disease of cattle, sheep, pigs , goats and horses”. 7th edn. (Asian). ELBS, Great Britain. Deshpande, S. M, Mantri, A.M, Talvelkar, B.A and Deshmukh ,B.T.(1998). Studies on macroelements during gestation and early postpartum period in Gupta,G.C, Pachauri, S.P and Rajora, V.S. (1995). Haematological profile in peri-parturient cattle and buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 65(11) 1225- 1227

Johnson, S.K , Johnson, A.R, Keefer, C.L. and Silcox, R.W. (1990). Blood constituents during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 34(4): 701-707 Klinkon, M. and Nemec, M. (1998). Erythrocyte count in Friesian dairy cows at parturient period. Veterinarske Novice 24(2) 47-50. Krajnicakova, M, Bekeova, E., Maracek, I and Hendrichovsky, V. (1994). Sodium and potassium concentrations and their relationships to ovarian harmones in ewes during oetrus synchronization and pregnancy. Veterinarni medicina. 39 (9) : 541- 550 Murtuza, Md., Pandey, M.D and Rawat, J.S. (1979). Concentration of certain minerals in the serum of Hariyana cattle under various physiological states. Indian Vet. J .56: 95-99 Oser, B.L. (1976).” Hawk's physiological chemistry”. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Co.Ltd., NewDelhi. 1141p Prabhakar, S, Nanda, A.S and Ghuman, S.P.S. (1999). Sequential changes in some blood indices during peripartal period in buffaloes. Indian Vet. J. 76: 1067- 1070p Prabhakaran,V, Chithravel, V., Kokilaprabhakaran.S. and Ravindranath, T.K (1997). Haemogram of pregnant Jersey heifers. Indian J. Anim. Hlth. 36(2) 185-186 Rowlands,G.J., Manston, R., Rita,M. Pocock and Sally,M. Dew. (1975). Relationships between stage of lactation and pregnancy and blood composition in a herd of dairy cows and the influences of seasonal changes in management on these relationships. J. Dairy Res. 42: 349- 362 Singh,M, Nigam,J.M, Mohinder Singh and Sharma, K.B. (1999). Blood plasma biochemical profile of pregnant and non-pregnant yaks in comparison with reported values in cattle. Indian Vet. J. 76: 568-570 Snedecor,G.W and Cochran,W.G. (1994). Statistical methods. 8th edn., Iowa state university press, Ames, Iowa. Stilinovic,Z, Lovrinov, D and Kronja, M. (1992). Haemoglobin concentrations in the blood of dairy cows during pregnancy and lactation. Veterinarski Arhiv. 62(6): 363-371 Underwood, E.J. (1981). “The mineral nutrition of livestock”. Commonwealth agriculture Bureau, London. Wang Qung Lan, Guo KeJun., Jiao Shuxian., Cheng DeMing and Wan Shaoyue (1998). Changes in the main haemorheological values in dairy cows during the perinatal period. Chinese J.Vet. sci. 18(6) : 574-576

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with the findings of Klinkon and Nemec (1998), who recorded lower values during four days after parturition than at parturition. Lower values for Hb content and erythrocyte count during 1st month of lactation than at 9th month of pregnancy may be due to the continuous stress of lactation.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT MANIPULATION AND CALORIE RESTRICTION ON COLLAGEN IN AGEING SKELETAL MUSCLE* M.T. Kuriakose1*, V. Leela2, A.Thangavel3 and Geetha Ramesh4 TANUVAS, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 7 *Part of the MVSc thesis submitted by the first author to TANUVAS,Chennai ABSTRACT The effect of short term dietary manipulation of fat with or without calorie restriction (at 40% level) on the collagen to minimize ageing process in skeletal muscle was studied. Twenty four male wistar albino rats were equally distributed as Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV. Animals in the Group I and Group III were fed with diets containing linoleic acid low (coconut oil) and linoleic acid rich (corn oil) ad libitum, whereas those in Group II and IV were fed the same diets at 40 per cent calorie restriction respectively from 18 to 24 months of age with free access to water. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 24th month and skeletal muscle was collected for analysis collagen. Biochemical estimation of collagen was done. Collagen level was found to be significantly increased in both ad libitum fed groups. This increase in collagen level can be attributed to the premature ageing of skeletal muscle accelerated by free radicals in adlibitum fed rats. The collagen level in the skeletal muscle of senescent rats was found to be decreased in both the calorie restricted diets.Histological and histochemical studies on the section of gastrocnemius muscle were taken up to reveal the dietary effects on muscle collagen distribution.

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KEY WORDS- Collagen, ageing, calorie restriction, skeletal muscle INTRODUCTION

Group

Diet

Collagen is the major insoluble fibrous protein in the extracellular matrix which helps the tissues to withstand stretching with great tensile strength. Collagen with other proteins of the muscle provides firmness, strength and resilience. As it is a macromolecule with complicated structure it is the target of ROS, due to this the structure become more complex with cross-linking of proteins hence it affects contractibility and excitability of the muscle.

Group I

Low Linoleic acid diet

Group II

Low Linoleic acid diet+ Calorie restriction

Linoleic acid rich diet

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were sacrificed at the age of 24 months. The gastrocnemius muscle was collected for histological and histochemical analysis of collagen as per the procedure of Neuman and Logan (1950). Collagen was estimated measuring hydroxyl proline which is the functional component of collagen. Histology of collagen was carried out from paraffin embedded 5-6 Îźm sections of gastrocnemius muscle using MassonÂ´s trichrome staining technique and histochemistry by per-iodic acid-Schiff method (PAS) (Luna,1968).

A trial was conducted in 24 wistar albino rats to study the effect of level of linoleic acid with or without calorie restriction on ageing skeletal muscle collagen architecture. The rats were divided into four equal groups, viz. group I to IV .Coconut oil (low linoleic acid content) was fed to groups I and II at adlibitum and 40% calorie restriction respectively. Similarly linoleic acid rich corn oil was fed to rats of group III and IV at adlibitum and 40% calorie restriction respectively. The trial was approved by the IAEC. The rats were fed with these diets from 18 to 24 months of age.

Group III

Group IV Linoleic acid rich diet + Calorie restriction Total

No. of Animals

6 24

MVSc Scholar, 2Professor, 3Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Physiology, 4-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, TANUVAS,Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Biochemical analysis of collagen revealed feeding of coconut oil at 40% calorie restriction reduced collagen levels in ageing skeletal muscle compared to corn oil fed rats at both levels. This was evident in histological and histochemical analysis presented in plates 1 to 4.

In the present study, the collagen level was found to be significantly increased in both ad libitum fed groups (Group II & IV). This increase in collagen level can be attributed to the premature ageing of skeletal muscle due to adlibitum feeding. Haseeb and Patnaik (1978) also observed a similar increase in

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Increased free radical production in senescent rat skeletal muscle causes increased accumulation of collagen due to the cross-linking of collagen molecules. The amount of collagen in skeletal muscle is related to its function. Increased amount of collagen cause more rigidity and toughness to skeletal muscle.

The data were subjected to the statistical analysis by completely randomized design, as per the method of Snedecor and Cochran (1989). Groups were compared by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by the post hoc Duncan test, with the level of significance set at p<0.05.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

collagen level in male garden lizard and Alnaqeeb et al. (1984) reported an increase in collagen accumulation within skeletal muscle associated with ageing skeletal muscle. The cross-linking of collagen molecules makes it more resistant to degradative enzymes. (Mohan and Radha, 1980).

Histological studies of gastrocnemius muscle in 24 month-old rats with ad libitum feeding of both corn oil and coconut oil confirmed higher collagen level by MassonÂ´s trichrome staining (Luna,1968). Histochemical techniques using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining further confirmed the collagen levels in ad libitum groups as PAS positive than calorie restricted group which recorded PAS negative, as reported by Bancroft and Gamble (2008) that the type IV collagen would be strongly positive to PAS method. Further it was stated by Ahtikoski et al. (2003) that type IV collagen is a major protein in the basement membranes surrounding and supporting skeletal muscle cells of gastrocnemius. Type IV collagen is closely associated with significant amount of carbohydrate complexes which gives strong reaction with PAS method. It strengthens the observation of this study that ageing profoundly affects cross-linking of proteins in skeletal muscle by increasing the collagen sheets which accounts for

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The collagen level in the skeletal muscle of senescent rats was found to be decreased in both the calorie restricted diets as reported by Boreham et al. (1988) in calorie restricted diets. This may be due to the effect of calorie restriction in retarding protein oxidation and cross-linking as reported by Zainal et al (2000). Among the calorie restricted rats the collagen level was found to be lower in the rats fed with coconut oil compared to the corn oil.It was postulated that the composition of fattyacids (medium chain) in coconut oil preserves the membrane from oxidative damage and discourages free radical production.

poor contractibility and excitability. Both the calorie restricted groups revealed reduced collagen deposition. REFERENCES Ahtikoski, A.M., S.O.A. Koskinen, P. Virtanen, V. Kovanen, J. Risteli and T.E.S. Takala, 2003. Synthesis and degradation of type IV collagen in rat skeletal muscle during immobilization in shortened and lengthened positions. Acta Physiol. Scand., 177: 473-481. Alnaqeeb, M.A., N.S. Al Zaid and G. Goldspink, 1984. Connective tissue changes and physical properties of developing and ageing skeletal muscle. J. Anat., 139: 677-689. Bancroft, J.D and M. Gamble. 2008. Theory and practice of histological techniques. 5th edn. Churchill livingstone, New York. Boreham, C.A., G.P.W. Watt, P.E. Williams, B.J. Merry, G. Goldspink and D.F. Goldspink, 1988. Effects of ageing and chronic dietary restriction on the morphology of fast and slow muscles of the rat. J. Anat., 157: 111-125. Haseeb, M.A. and M.A. Patnaik, 1978. Age related changes in collagenous and non collagenous proteins of skeletal muscle of a short lived species of reptile. J. Gerontology., 24: 343-347. Luna, L.G, 1968. Manual of Histological staining methods of the armed forces institute of pathology. 3rdedition. Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York. pp. 153-173. Mohan, S and E. Radha, 1980. Age related changes in rat muscle collagen. J. Gerontology., 26: 61-67. Neuman, E.R and M.A. Logan, 1950. The determination of collagen from skeletal muscle of rats. J. Biol. Chem., 184: 549-556. Snedecor, G.W. and E.G. Cochran, 1989. Statistical Methods, 8th edn., Iowa State University Press, USA. Zainal, T.A., T.D. Oberly, D.B. Allison, L.I. Szweda and R. Weindruch, 2000. Caloric restriction of rhesus monkeys lowers oxidative damage in skeletal muscle. FASEB J., 14: 18251836.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF ILEUM AND COLO-RECTUM IN PEAFOWL (Pavo cristatus) V.R. Indu1*, K.M. Lucy2, A.R. Sreeranjini3, N. Ashok4 and J.J. Chungath5 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy,

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The digestive system in the domestic fowl is very simple but efficient with many unique anatomical characteristics. The ileum and colo-rectum form the terminal parts of the small and large intestine respectively. While ileum functions both as an enzymatic digestion and absorption site as well as microbial-based digestion region for enzyme-resistant feeds, the relatively short colo-rectum retrieve nutrients remaining in the digesta from the ileum, prior to eventual expulsion from the digestive tract (Adeola, 2006). Hence to elucidate the basic structure of the terminal segments of the small and large intestines and paucity of coherent literature on histomorphology of these segments in peafowl lead to pursue the present study.

Samples were collected from ileum and colo-rectum of an eight month old female peafowl brought to the Veterinary College for post-mortem examination. After recording the topography and gross observations, tissue pieces were fixed using 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin and processed conventionally to obtain paraffin-sections. The sections were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and micrometry was done with the help of calibrated ocular micrometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ileum was pale red and extended from the Meckel's diverticulum of jejunum to the ileoceco-colic junction. It was almost straight and began at the midline ventral to the colo-rectum and cloaca and ran in the cranial direction as the long ascending part of ileum. At the level of ovary it bent dorsally and to the left and terminated in the colo-rectum

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* Corresponding Author, 1&3 Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 4&5Professor. Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, COVAS, Mannuthy.

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ABSTRACT The ileum extended from the Meckel's diverticulum of jejunum to the ileo-ceco-colic junction. It was straight and had a long ascending part and a short descending part. The colo-rectum was short and straight and opened into the cloaca caudally. The mucosa of ileum and colorectum showed villi which were longer in the latter. The surface of villi and crypts of the two segments of small and large intestine were lined with simple columnar epithelium comprising chief cells and goblet cells. The goblet cells were more in the colorectum. The epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn were smaller than those of the villi. The crypts were considerably reduced in depth and smaller in the colorectum as compared to that of ileum. Lamina propria was formed of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerve fibers in addition to the tubular glands. Central lacteals were absent in the villi. The muscularis mucosa consisted of a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres and extended into the corium of the villus in the colorectum. The submucosa was poorly developed so as to be almost non-existent in most part of the ileum and colo-rectum. The tunica muscularis consisted of smooth muscle fibers arranged in well developed inner circular and a thin outer longitudinal layer. The inner circular layer was thinner in the colo-rectum when comparedto that of the ileum. Externally a serosa was present. Key words : Histomorphology, ileum, colo-rectum, pea-fowl

RESEARCH ARTICLE

forming the short descending part. The ileum was flanked on both sides by the caeca, to which it was joined by the ileo-caecal ligament. The muscular stomach was seen on the left, jejunum on the right while spleen and ascending duodenum were located ventral to the ileum. The colo-rectum was short and light grey in colour which ran in nearly a straight line below the vertebrae and opened into the ileum cranially and cloaca caudally. The left caecum was seen ventrally on its left and right caecum was on its right side. These findings were in accordance with the reports of Bradley and Grahame (1960) in domestic fowl. The length and diameter of ileum and colo-rectum were recorded as 11 cm and 0.5 cm and 6 cm and 0.7 cm respectively. Gupta et al. (2008) reported that in adult White Leghorn fowl, the ileum measured 10.74 cm with a diameter of 0.54 cm while the length and diameter of colorectum was 6.04 cm and 0.82 cm.

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Histologically the wall of the ileum consisted of only three coats within outwards viz. tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The mucosa consisted of surface epithelium, lamina propria and lamina muscularis. The villi seen in the mucosa were club shaped with a thin base and a distal triangular part with a pointed apex (Fig. 1). These findings are in line with the report of Lim and Low (1977) in domestic fowl. The average length of the villi was 2.25 mm. Crypts of Lieberkuhn occupied most of the lamina propria between the bases of the villi and the muscularis mucosa (Fig. 1.). These observations colloborated the findings of Kalita and Singh (2010) in fowl.

Fig.1. Section of ileum of peafowl. H&E. x 100 1. Villi lined with simple columnar epithelium 2. Lamina propria 3. Crypts of Lieberkuhn 4. Lamina muscularis 5. Tunica muscularis (inner layer)

Fig. 2. Section of ileum of peafowl showing the villi. x 400 1. Lamina propria inside the villi 2. Goblet cells 3. Chief cells

H&E.

The villi and glands were lined by a simple columnar epithelium. The epithelium comprised the chief or main cells and the goblet cells (Fig. 2). The apical border of chief cells were striated. An oval nucleus was situated in the basal half of the cell, but was usually closer to the middle of the cell than to basal pole. The chief cells of the glands of Lieberkuhn differed from those of the villi. The crypts were simple tubular type with slightly globular bulged base. The nucleus was large and was situated close to the basal membrane. A striated border was absent and the cytoplasm had a stronger affinity for the dyes such as haematoxylin than that of the cells of the villi. Hodges (1974) noted that the chief cells appeared tall, narrow and columnar in shape in the villi and glands of duodenum. The chief cells measured 20 Fm in height and 4 Fm in width where as in fowl it measured up to 50 Fm in height by 8-10 ĂŹm in maximum width (Hodges, 1974). The goblet cells in the ileal villi of peafowl did not have a clearly defined striated border as stated by Kalita and Singh (2010) in Kadaknath fowl. In the lamina propria loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerves were observed in addition to glandular tissue. Diffuse lymphatic tissue could be seen in the core of the villi. Contrarily, Marshall (1960) identified solitary lymphatic nodules throughout the length of the small intestine. There was absence of central lacteals in the villi, each villus core being occupied by a capillary bed. Similar reports were made by Bell and Freeman (1971) in domestic fowl. This can be correlated with the poorly developed

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lymphatic system of the fowl and with the biochemical evidence for lipid absorbtion into the portal blood.

In the colo-rectum the villi were longer and measured about 3.20 mm. The mucosa was folded extensively to increase the absorptive area (Fig. 3). Hodges (1974) reported that the condition of mucosa depended upon the degree of distension of the intestine. When the intestine was contracted, the villi appeared as numerous long flat leaf shaped structures which filled a large proportion of the lumen. The crypts of Lieberkuhn were considerably reduced in depth and opened not only around the villi, but also on the flat areas between them. The lamina propria was infiltrated with lymphoid cells but nodular arrangement could not be located contrary to the reports of Calhoun (1954) in adult fowl. The epithelium was similar to that seen in ileum but the chief cells were obscured by the relatively larger number of distended mucous cells (Fig. 4). The goblet cells were so numerous that they were even found to be among the

Fig.4. Section of colo-rectum of peafowl showing the villi filled with goblet cells. H&E. x 400 1. Goblet cells 2. Lamina propria inside the villi

glandular cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. These findings are in line with the reports of Hodges (1974) in fowl. The muscularis mucosa was 160 Fm thick and extended into the corium of the villus. In the tunica muscularis, the inner circular layer was thinner (1.12 mm) than that seen in the ileum. The outer longitudinal layer measured 0.65 mm. Well developed tunica muscularis might facilitate the movement of the extensively folded mucosa. The presence of more number of chief cells and well developed crypts of Lieberkuhn in the ileum as compared to the colo-rectum might help in completing much of the digestion of the food in the small intestine. The mucous cells were more in colorectum to facilitate the passage of the contents of large intestine. The efficiency of the absorption in the terminal part of the large intestine was increased by the well developed villi and folds in the mucosa which increased its surface area for absorbtion of all the nutrients prior to evacuation.

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The tunica muscularis consisted of smooth muscle fibers arranged in two layers viz., a well developed inner circular and a weakly developed outer longitudinal muscle layers. Thickness of the inner layer was about 2.24 mm while that of the outer layer was 0.65 mm. Contrarily Kachave et al. (2009) stated that in small intestine of chicken lamina muscularis mucosae was absent and the tunica muscularis consisted of smooth muscle fibers arranged in three layers viz., inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal. This might be due to the very thin nature of the submucosa and the consequent difficulty in separating the muscularis mucosae from the tunica muscularis. The tunica serosa consisted of loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves and was lined externally by mesothelial cells.

Fig.3. Section of the colo-rectum of peafowl. H&E. x 100 1. Folded mucosa 2. Villi 3. Lamina muscularis 4. Tunica muscularis

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The muscularis mucosa was 240 Fm thick and consisted of a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres. Farner et al. (1972) opined that the muscularis mucosa could be a compact functionally effective layer in birds. The submucosa was poorly developed and almost non-existent in some places. It consisted of very thin layer of connective tissue separating the tunica muscularis from the muscularis mucosa. Hodges (1974) reported identical observations in fowl.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

REFERENCES Adeola, O. 2006. Review of Research in Duck Nutrient Utilization. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 5 (3): 201-218. Bell, D. J. and Freeman, B. M. 1971. The structure of the alimentary tract. Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. Vol.1. Academic Press, London, New Work. Bradley, 0. C. and Grahame, T. 1960. The Structure of the Fowl. 4th Ed., Edinburg, Oliver and Boyd. 31-50. Calhoun, M. L. 1954: Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System of the Chicken. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. 1-108. Farner, D. S., King, J. R. and Parkes, K. C. 1972. Digestion and the digestive system. Avian Biology. Vol. II. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London. 343-405. Gupta, S. K., Prakash, A. and Ram, R. 2008.

Morphometric study of the intestine of adult White Leghorn fowl. Indian J. Vet. Anat. 20 (1):16-18. Hodges, R.D. 1974. The Histology of the Fowl. Academic Press, London. 105-112. Kachave, C. D., Bhosle, N. S., Mamde, C. S. and Lambate, S. B. 2009. Histological observations on small intestine in broiler and layer of poultry birds. Royal Vet. J. India. 5 (1): 5-9. Kalita, P. C. and Singh, G. K. 2010. Histology and Histochemistry of the small intestine of the post-hatch Kadaknath fowl. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 80 (7): 656-660. Lim, S. S. and Low, F. N. 1977. Scanning electron microscopy of the developing alimentary canal in chick. American J. Anat. 150: 149-173. Marshall, A. J. 1960. Digestion and the digestive system. Biology and comparative physiology of Birds. Vol. I. Academic Press, New York and London. 411-449

KVASU NEWS INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION FAIRAND OVERSEAS EDUCATION SEMINAR HELD AT POOKODE.

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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University celebrated the first Foundation day celebrations of the University on 14 June 2011. As part of the foundation day celebrations, in order to exploit the potentials of overseas education and to create awareness on study abroad programmes among the students, University organised an International Education fair and a one day workshop on overseas education at Pookode campus,Waynad from 14th to 15th June 2011. Experts from overseas education initiatives, which promote awareness programmes on overseas education in India like British Council, United States India Education Foundation, Canadian Education Center, Australian Education Center, Campus France, etc, participated in the Edufair and Workshop.

Hon. Minister for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Govt of Kerala, Sri. K.P.Mohanan inaugurated the foundation day celebrations and launched the new courses of the University on14th June2011. Wayanad District panchayat President Sri. K.L.Poulose inaugurated the One day workshop on overseas education and International Education Fair. Hon'ble MLA Sri. Sreyamskumar presided over the function. Kalpetta Block panchayat President Sri. Salim Memana released the overseas education directory and Milma Chairman Sri.P.T.Gopalakurup inaugurated the GIS application for locating Veterinary Services in the state. Elected representatives from District, Block and Grama Panchayat offered felicitations. Vice Chancellor, KVASU Dr.B.Ashok IAS welcomed the gathering and Registrar Dr.C.B.Manomohan expressed vote of thanks. Around 2000 students from different universities in the state visited the Edufair and 200 final year students participated in the one day workshop

RESEARCH ARTICLE

EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL FEED SUPPLEMENT AND ANTIMYCOTIC PRODUCT ON MEAT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CHICKEN Waskar, V.S.1, Ravikanth, K.2 and Maini, S.3 Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Livestock Production & Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Dist. Latur, Maharashtra, India. (Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University) 2 Head, Research & Development Centre, Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, India. 3 Senior Scientist- Clinical Research,, Research & Development Centre, Ay u r v e t L i m i t e d , B a d d i , I n d i a . E m a i l : drshivi29@yahoo.com

sensory evaluation of cooked meat of broilers supplemented with polyherbal feed supplement & mycotoxin binder (Vilocym). MATERIALS & METHODS Vilocym is a polyherbal formulation comprising of herbs viz. and many more scientifically well known to possess antimycotic activity. However, the impact of its usage on carcass and cooked meat quality is yet to be explored. With this objective the present study was conducted at Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Udgir, Dist. Latur, Maharashtra, India on 50 unsexed day old broiler chicks. Chicks were randomly assigned equally in two groups: control (C) group was offered basal diet without any polyherbal feed additive and treatment group (T) supplemented with Vilocym@1Kg/tonne of feed (supplied by Ayurvet Ltd. Baddi, India) for 6 weeks. Two types of basal diets (starter and finisher) were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks as per standard recommendations of NRC, (1994). Ad libitum water was offered throughout the experimental period as well as artificial lighting was provided 12 hours on daily basis. Both the groups were housed in a brooder cum grower house randomly with standard and identical

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INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, global food security is the major concern. Raw and cooked meat quality is of immense consideration to consumers. Appearance is the major criterion for purchase, selection and initial evaluation of meat quality. The ISO definition of quality is â&#x20AC;&#x153;the totality of features and characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needsâ&#x20AC;? (ISO, 1986). Quality aspects of meat include food safety, sensory quality, animal welfare and sustainability of production. With respect to sensory quality, appearance is important in choosing meat and factors like taste may dominate over appearance in repurchase of meat (Dransfield et al., 2005). There is dearth of data on efficacy of supplementing polyherbal phytoadditives to poultry, especially on its carcass characteristics and cooking attributes. Taking this into consideration, the present study was undertaken to evaluate carcass traits, effect of microwave cooking and

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ABSTRACT To study the impact of inclusion of polyherbal feed supplement and antimycotic formulation on carcass and cooked meat quality aspects I chicken was conducted in 50 unsexed day old broiler chicks that were randomly divided into two groups, one control and treatment. Untreated control (C) was administered standard basal diet without any herbal feed supplement while treatment group was offered polyherbal feed supplement & toxin binder product Vilocym@1Kg/tonne of feed (supplied by Ayurvet Ltd. Baddi, India) alongwith basal diet. Carcass quality traits, cooked meat quality attributes, organoleptic characteristics of cooked meat and proximate analysis of cooked meat were studied at the end of 6 week experimental trial by slaughtering representative birds of both the groups. Supplementation of polyherbal feed supplement & toxin binder product in basal diet was found to be efficacious in improving overall meat quality attributes such as carcass yield, dressing percentage (%), giblet yield, fillet and tender yield, sensory meat characteristics, organoleptic cooked meat parameters, overall palatability and acceptability of meat. The product doesn't have any residual or adverse effect on eating and cooking quality of meat and hence is safe for usage. Key Words: mycotoxin, carcass, meat quality, organoleptic, polyherbal

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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managemental, nutritional and environmental conditions. All the chicks were vaccinated as per routine farm practices. Post-Slaughter observations: At the end of 6 week experiemental study, all the birds of both the groups were slaughtered and dressed using humane methods and hygienic aspects. Dressed weight, fillet and tender yield, total giblet weight i.e. combined weight of heart, liver and gizzard were recorded. Cooked yield and proximate analysis of microwave cooked breast fillets (MWBF) and microwave cooked chicken tenders (MWCT): carcasses were dressed into basic parts (breasts, thighs, drumsticks, wings, pelvis and backs observing the method prescribed by the Poultry Meat Quality Regulation (Official Gazetteer of the SFRY 1/81 and 51/88). Dressed carcasses were packed in packing material (LDPE bags) and kept for chilling in refrigerator at 4±1°C for 20 hours. From the breast, the fillets (Pectoralis major) and the tenders (Pectoralis minor) were removed without disturbing the shape. These dressed carcasses were further used for the evaluation of cooked meat quality attributes, microwave cooked breast fillets and microwave cooked chicken tenders. Standard power-time combination prescribed by the manufacturer of the microwave oven was followed for the cooking and grilling of meat. Marinated fillet and tender pieces were forked and grilled using power-time combination. Weight of the marinated material was recorded. Proximate analysis of microwave cooked breast fillets (MWBF) and microwave cooked chicken tenders (MWCT) - Moisture (%), protein% and fat% were evaluated for microwave cooked fillets and tenders by adopting the standard methods as per AOAC (1995).

Organoleptic and sensory evaluation - For the consumer sensory testing on the broiler breast fillets, an 8 point hedonic scale (score 8 as excellent and score 1 as extremely poor) as per the method given by Keeton, (1983). Tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and overall preference on microwave cooked chicken breast fillets and tenders of two groups were determined. A minimum of 60 consumer panelists were used in this study. Parameters were evaluated by a trained panel of 6 members. The members were trained on flavour, tenderness, juiciness, and attachment of the meat to the bone. Data was summarized in tabular form for each individual group and the data was analyzed using randomized block design as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Evaluation of carcass and meat quality parameters revealed that the treatment group had higher dressed and eviscerated percentage (%). Dressing % of treatment group supplemented with Vilocym (59.64) was significantly (P=0.05) better than the untreated control group (53.22) (table1). Data of breast muscle and fillets (gm) reveal significantly (P=0.05) higher yield in the treatment group T (221.25 of fillet and 55.15 of tender) than control group C (188.0 of fillets and 48.5 of tender) (table 1). Total giblet yield (gm) was found to be significantly (P=0.05) higher in treated birds (111.75±2.07) than control (85.33±0.91gm), (table 2). This is suggestive of beneficial effect of polyherbal feed supplement product in improving the delicacy (giblet) yield in addition to dressing % and carcass yield. It can also be inferred that the polyherbal mycotoxin binder product is a combination of herbs having active constituent that plays important role in improving quantitative carcass traits of broilers and do not have any residual effect in carcass and meat.

Table1: Mean Carcass traits of slaughtered birds of control and treatment groups: Carcass traits Carcass yield (gm)

Control Group (C) 1067.75

Treatment group (T) 1230.58

Dressing %

53.22a

59.64b

Fillet yield (gm)

188.0

221.25

Tender yield (gm)

48.5

Means bearing different superscripts differ from each other at (P=0.05)

55.15

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Table 2: Mean giblet Weight of slaughtered birds of two groups (control and treatment) Weight (gm)

Control Group (C)

Liver

35.33

Heart

41.50

Gizzard

8.50

Giblet Weight

85.33a

Treatment group (T) 53.25

46.67

11.67

111.75b

Means bearing different superscripts differ from each other at (P=0.05) Table 3: Mean Proximate Analysis data of microwave cooked meat of control and treatment groups Traits/groups

Fillet Control Group (C)

Tender

Treatment group (T) Control Group (C)

Treatment group (T)

Moisture %

70.11

68.48

70.29

65.64

Protein %

55.25

57.51

59.88

55.44

Fat %

7.46

6.5

9.47

8.58

Table 4: Mean Sensory evaluation of microwave cooked meat (fillets and tenders) of control and treatment groups

Control Group (C)

Tender Treatment group (T) Control Group (C)

Treatment group (T)

Appearance

6.3

7.3

6.83

Colour

6.1

6.83

6.5

Odour

5.8

6.33

5.83

Juiciness

6.1

5.66

6.33

6.16

Texture

6.3

6.5

6.33

Tenderness

6.16

6.5

6.66

Flavour

6.0

6.5

6.66

Overall Palatability

6.3

6.66

6.83

7.0

Proximate analysis of cooked meat (table 3): Moisture, Protein and fat% of cooked meat of polyherbal mycotoxin binder feed additive supplemented group is well comparable and nonsignificantly different from control group. Similarly, protein and fat % of tenders and fillets of treated groups is also in confirmation and non-significantly different from untreated control group. This indicates that addition of phytoadditive Vilocym don't exert any deleterious effect on the proximate cooked meat quality parameters rather optimizes protein and fat content of microwave cooked meat hence maintaining quality of meat.

Sensory evaluation of microwave cooked meat of both the groups revealed that appearence of fillets and tender in group supplemented with Vilocym (T) was better than untreated control (C) (table 4). Appearance of fillets and tender in treated group (T) was scored higher (7.0) than the control group C (6.3). This suggests that administration of polyherbal product has positive impact in improving organoleptic characteristics of meat in addition to improving dressing % and do not exert any adverse effect on the quality or acceptability of meat (with reference to appearance). Results of appearance for treated group (T) fall in normal range and are in

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Fillet

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Traits/groups

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

confirmation with those reported by Dransfield et al., 2005. Color and odour of cooked poultry meat is important because consumers associate it with the product's freshness, and they decide whether or not to buy the product based on their opinion of its attractiveness. It is the only species know to have muscles that are dramatic extremes in color (white and dark meat) (Pearson et al., 1983). Breast meat is expected to have a pale pink color when it is raw, while thigh and leg meat are expected to be dark red when raw. There are times when poultry meat does not have the expected color and this has created some special problems for the poultry industry. The desirable meat colour most accepted to consumers is pinkish to red, light meat colour are scored high on hedonic scale than dark meat colours (Keeton, 1983). Meat colour scores measured on 8-point scale revealed that meat colour for fillets and tenders at 45 minutes post slaughter was scored higher in treated group than control. More is lighter the meat colour, higher is the score for colour on hedonic scale and more is the preference by the consumers for the meat. Several researchers have also demonstrated that a significant negative correlation exists between breast meat lightness color values and breast meat pH (Allen et al., 1997). Similarly off-odours are the major criteria of raw and cooked meat rejection. The odour of microwave cooked fillets and tenders of treated groups was also scored higher than control suggesting that administration of polyherbal product do not lead to any deterioration in colour or odour of cooked meat, the product is completely safe for usage and it do not exert any undesirable effect on organoleptic characteristics like colour, odour and juiciness of meat. Flavour and tenderness of meat are another most important organoleptic characteristic that also regulates acceptability of meat. In present experiement, supplementation of herbal products has been shown to improve the flavour and tenderness of microwave cooked meat. Flavour and tenderness of fillets and tenders of treated group was also scored higher and well comparable to the untreated control. It can be inferred that supplementation of polyherbal mycotoxin binder & feed supplement product Vilocym may contain certain herbs that improved myofibrillar solubility of muscles, in turn improving

the tenderness of edible muscles. Brown et al., (2008) also reported that flavour liking and overall palatability of meat from birds produced in the standard system was most preferred as observed based on hedonic assessments of meat quality attributes, by a small panel of assessors. Data of sensory evaluation showed that the chicken of treatment group administered Vilocym alongwith feed has comparatively better overall palatability and acceptability. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that supplementation of polyherbal antimycotic & feed supplement Vilocym was efficacious in improving overall meat quality attributes such as carcass yield, dressing percentage, giblet yield, fillet and tender yield, proximate cooked meat values, organoleptic cooked meat parameters, overall palatability and acceptability of meat. The product doesn't have any residual or adverse effect on carcass traits, eating and cooking quality of meat and hence is safe for usage. REFERENCES AOAC, (1995). Official methods of Analysis. Association of th officials Analytical Chemist. Vol.-1, 16 Ed., AOAC. International,Arington: USA: 31-65. Brown, M.H. (1982). Meat microbiology. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London. Dransfield, E. Ngapo, T.M. Nielsen, N.A. Bredahl, L. SjĂśdĂŠn, P.O. Magnusson, M.; Campo, M.M. and Nute, G.R. (2005). Consumer choice and suggested price for pork as influenced by its appearance, taste and information concerning country of origin and organic pig production. Meat Science: 69: 61-70. Keeton, J. T. (1983). Effects of fat and NaCl/phosphate levels on the chemical and sensory properties of pork patties. J. Food Sci.: 48: 878881. Ladefoged, O. (1996). Drug residues in food of animal origin and related human hazards. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Rational Applications of Vet. Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals. Balochistan Livestock Dev. Project, L & DD, Govt. of Balochistan, Quetta: 1-3: 246253. Pearson, A.M., Gray, J.I. Wolzak, A.M. and Horenstein, N. A. (1983). Safety implications of oxidized lipids in muscle foods. Food Tech.: 37: 121-129. Snedecor, G.W. and Slen, S.B. (1994). Statistical Method. 8th Ed. Iowa State University, Press, Ames IOWA.

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CLINICAL REPORT

LEPTOSPIROSIS IN A DOG : A CASE REPORT

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Riyas M. A.1 and K. Vijayakumar2 College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

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6, 1R 1

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JIVA Vol. 9

DEO H+

CLINICAL REPORT

SURGICAL REPAIR OF UPPER EYELID LACERATION IN A HORSE Mir Aamir Ali*1and Honnappa T.G2 Equine Hospital Bangalore Turf Club ltd, Bangalore, India

JIVA Vol. 9

Issue 2 August 2011

INTRODUCTION Upper eyelid damage is more significant in horses because the upper lid moves 75% more on the equine cornea than does the lower eyelid (Brooks 2002). Eye Lid trauma needs to be corrected early and accurately as possible to prevent undesirable lid scarring and secondary corneal desiccation and ulceration. HISTORYAND CLINICAL EXAMINATION A three-year-old horse was presented to equine hospital with the history of fall and injury around the orbit and clinical examination revealed a lacerated eyelid with an injury in the periorbital area. (Fig 1)

Fig 1. Lacerated upper eyelid RESULT AND DISCUSSION Horse was anesthetised using xyalazine (@0.5mg/kg body wt i/v (Ilium xyazil-100, Troy labs) and ketamine @2mg/kg body wt i/v (ketamil, Troy labs) and the wound and eyelid margin was aseptically prepared for surgery .The laceration was closed in two layers and the first layer of sutures were placed midway between conjunctiva, eyelid stroma and eyelid margin in a simple interrupted pattern using 4-0 polyglactin- 910. The closure of the laceration was accomplished with the sutures commencing from the eyelid margin. The second

layer was sutured a close to the lid margin as possible with 3-0 polypropylene. Simultaneously the periorbital area was sutured with stainless steel staples.(Fig2)

Fig 2 .Upper eyelid after Suturing Postoperatively Neosporin ophthalmic ointment was applied thrice daily and tetanus prophylaxis was confirmed. The sutures were removed on 12th postoperative day and the wound healed uneventfully. Eyelid lacerations are frequently encountered injuries involving mainly the lower eyelid and the incidence of upper eyelid laceration is not common. Any abnormality in the function of the upper and lower eyelids predisposes the globe to secondary diseases due to loss of the lipid part of the tear film, uneven distribution of tear and excessive exposure of the globe to UV light, which is provided by the eyelids (Brooks 1999,2002,2007,2008; Gilger 2005). If let untreated or amputing the eyelid flaps would end in complications like chronic conjunctivitis, exposure keratitis, recurrent corneal abrasions, trichiasis and cicatrial entropion or 1

Equine Hospital Bangalore Turf Club ltd, Bangalore, India Dept. of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India * Corresponding author email: alivetbtc@gmail.com 2

CLINICAL REPORT

ectropion. (Rebuhn 1980,1994,1999; Thomas miller 1999). REFERENCES Brooks DE. (1999): Equine Ophthalmology. In: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,; pp 10531116 Brooks, DE, (2002): Equine Ophthalmology made easy. Jackson Hole, WY: Teton NewMedia. BrooksD.E. And Mathews A.G. (2007): In: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,;pp Brooks D.E (2008): Eyelid diseases: In: Blackwell's five minute veterinary consult equine 2nd ed. Wiley

Blackwell. Pp. 306-307. Gilger B.C. (2005): Equine Ophthalmology W B Saunders Philadelphia. pp .133-135. Rebhun W.C. (1980): Repair of eyelid laceration in horses. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75(8): 12811284. Rebhun W.C.(1994):Ocular Emergencies .Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10(3) 591-602. Rebhun W.C. (1999): Diseases of the eyelids :In equine medicine and surgery Vol II 5th ed. Mosby Philadelphia .pp 1233-1234. Thomas R Miller (1999): Eyelids; In Equine surgery 2 ed. W B Saunders pp 454-455.

INFOMANIA

Compiled by : Dr. Jayesh.V, Veterinary Surgeon, District Veterinary Center, Kalpetta,Wayanad

Answer - Page 65

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The cross between a muscovy and common duck is called a. Mulard b. keets c. greylag d. swangoose 2. This is one of the worlds smallest pigs.It is highly endangered ,seen now more in Manas National park,Assam.Identify. a. Pigmy hog b. Criollo c. Black hairless d. Kunekune 3. This is the newborn of rabbit or even its embryo.During 600 AD, the Pope declared that it is not a meat .Thereafter began its consumption in monasteries during periods of fasting and soon the domestication of the species.What was the delicacy named. a. Laurices b. nuggets c. sizzler d. bunnies 4. Its scientific name is Bos javanicus, a small southeast asian bovine ,but a different species from cattle.Its disease resistance and adaptation skills are more than those of cattle.Whats its common name, a. Banteng b. Madura c. Tibetan dwarf d . Dexter 5. Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Machupo viruses- what is not true for all of them a. Viral haemorrhagic fevers b. viral threat agents associated with animals c. Category A bioterrorism agents d.Zoonotic 6. Pinkies/fuzzies/crawlers/hoppers are different stages/ages of a rodent used as pet /reptile food in many countries.Which rodent. a. Capybara b. Mice c. Rat d. bandicoot. 7. Three new dog breeds have been added to the list of recognized breeds of American Kennel Club.They are Finnish laphhund, English Coonhound and ? a. Cesky terrier b. Dorgi c. Teddy bear goldendoodles d. Leonberger 8. Who was Sun Yan Set a. Chinese communist leader b. Nobel peace price winner c. A Pekinese dog who survived the Titanic disaster d. A Pomeranian dog which survived the Titanic disaster 9. From which country,the Greyhounds come a. Egypt b. Germany c. Congo d. China 10. What was the name of Adolf Hitler's female German Shepherd dog.On his last day, the cyanide capsules were tested on this dog. a. Blondi b. Rumphael c. Boyitt d. Paula 11. What is Cynophobia a. Fear of colours b. Fear of blue colour c. Abnormal fear of dogs d. Fear of red colour 12. La Perm,Munchskin,Chartreux,Maine Coonwhat is there in common for the four a. Extinct breeds of cat b. Existing breeds of cat c. Places in France d. Breeds of cows

Issue 2 August 2011

CLINICAL REPORT

HEPATIC COCCIDIOSIS IN RABBITS IN KERALA 1

Bindu Lakshmanan , Reghu Ravindran ,Vasudevan V,N * and Devada,K College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

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Issue 2 August 2011

ABSTRACT Eimeria stiedai causing hepatic coccidiosis is a potential threat to the rabbit industry of the state. The relatively less pathogenic intestinal coccidiosis has been very frequently reported in rabbits. The present report on hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits intends to throw light on the occurrence of a pathogenic species in rabbits and discusses the possible clinical signs and treatment measures in case of outbreaks Key words: E. stiedai, rabbits, Kerala INTRODUCTION Coccidiosis is a major problem in rabbit industry as mortality rates may go high particularly during and after rainy season (Gill and Ray, 1960). Adults which are usually symptomless carriers of coccidial infection serve as a potential source of severe infection with clinical signs resulting in the death of young ones. Among the thirteen eimerian species infecting rabbits in different parts of the world, Eimeria stiedai which parasitizes the epithelial cells of bile duct is extremely pathogenic. As of date, the studies on rabbit coccidiosis in Kerala revealed the presence of only intestinal coccidial species (Pillai and Subramanian, 1993; Shameem and Devada, 2005).This communication places on record the occurrence of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits of the state. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples were obtained from four adult New Zealand White Rabbits which died due to the disease in a rabbitry at Kalpetta and one sample from a carcass at the time of slaughter. The liver, bile duct and gall bladder were examined for lesions. Impressions smears were collected from liver and bile duct and processed to identify the oocysts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In all the cases, the liver was found to be greatly enlarged and congested with typical yellowish white nodules of 0.2-0.5 cm diameter distributed throughout the surface (Fig.1). The bileducts were dilated and gall bladder was distended. Unsporulated oocysts of E.stiedai could

be demonstrated in the impression smears from liver lesions as well from the bile. The oocysts have a smooth yellowish orange coloured wall, ovoid in shape measuring 32.7-40.0 X 17-21.7 Îźm (average of 36.4 x 19.4 Îźm) with a micropyle (Fig 2).

Fig 1. Lesions in the Liver The lesions and the oocyst morphology in the present study concurred with that of Levine (1985). Routine diagnosis of hepatic coccidiosis in live animals can be done by examination of faecal sample and subjecting it to further sporulation studies for confirming the species. Sporulation time of 72 hours 1&2

Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, *Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Products Technology, 4Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad. 3

CLINICAL REPORT

dampness of sheds favours the development of infective stages of coccidia which get transmitted by faecal oral route. Future studies need to be directed toward mapping the prevalence of E .stiedai in different age group among different breeds in different seasons. Efficacy of various available anticoccidials as prophylactic and curative for hepatic coccidiosis also need to be ascertained under field conditions. REFERENCES

Levine , N.D. 1985.Veterinary Protozoology.1 edn. Iowa State University Press.pp.178. Magray, A.A., Khan A.R and Rasheed,M. 2010.Study on fatal hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits of Kashmir Valley. J. Env. Bio Sci.24: 243-245. Pillai. K.M and Subramainan, H. 1993. Intestinal coccidiosis of rabbits in Kerala. J .Vet Anim. Sci.2:190-191 Rajkhowa, C. 1996. Incidence of rabbit coccidiosis in Meghalaya and its control. J. Vet Parasitol.10:175178. Shameem,H and Devada,K.2005. Prevalence of rabbit coccidiosis in Thrissur. J. Vet. Parasitol. 19:1. Singla, L.D., Juyal, P.D and Sandhu B.S. 2000.Pathology and therapy in naturally E. stiedai infected rabbits J . Protzool. Res.10:185-191.

Issue 2 August 2011

could be observed at room temperature. Rabbits infected with hepatic coccidiosis showed anorexia, depression, brown watery diarrhoea, emaciation, distended abdomen with progressive weakness and death within three to four days. It is worth mentioning that the clinical effects of E. stiedai are more severe in young rabbits and there exists an age related resistance in rabbits to hepatic coccidioisis (Bautista et al., 1987). Nevertheless, the adult carriers remain a potential threat to the susceptible young stock. Moreover infection with E.stiedai is economically important since it reduces the carcass weight by more than 23 % in rabbits (Barriga and Arnoni, 1981). Hepatic coccidiosis has been reported from different parts of the country including Kashmir valley (Magray et al., 2010), Himachal Pradesh (Jithendran and Bhat,1995), Meghalaya (Rajkhowa, 1996) and Karnataka( D'Souza et al.,1992). Singla et al., (2000) reported that toltrazuril @ 25ppm for two days in drinking water was highly effective for treating clinical outbreaks of hepatic coccidioisis in rabbits. Sulphadimidine along with diaverdine also gave encouraging results to control hepatic coccidiosis (Laha et al., 1999). Hygienic maintenance of rabbitry also plays an important role in control of disease as the

JIVA Vol. 9

Fig2. Oocysts of E. stiedai (10X)

Barriga,O.O and Arnoni,J.V. 1981.Pathophysiology of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Vet Parasitol.8:201210. Bautista,M.G., Vazquez F.A and Alunda J M. 1987. The effect of the host's age on the pathology of Eimeria stiedai infection in rabbit.Vet Parasitol.24: 47-57 D'Souza,P.E., Rajeshwari,Y.B, Jagannath,M. S and Rahman, S.A.1992. Coccidiosis in rabbits. Livest. Adv.17: 26-28. Gill, B.S and Ray,H.N.1960. The coccidian of domestic rabbit and the common field hare of India. Proc. Zool .Soc. (Calcutta).13:128-143. Harbola, P.C. 1999. Comparative efficacy of sulphadimidine and combination of amproliumsulphaquinoxaline in the control of natural coccidial infection in rabbits. Indian.Vet.J.76:1013-1015. Jithendran, K.P and Bhat,T.K. 1995.Subclinical coccidiosis in Angora rabbits,a field survey in Himachal Pradesh. World Rabbit Sci. 4: 29-32.

CLINICAL REPORT

MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOMA OF SPLEEN IN A LIONESS (Panthera leo) Swapna Susan Abraham1, Arun George2, S. Gopakumar3, M. Sulfiker4, E. K. Eswaran5 and H.Viswanathan6 Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Kerala

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Issue 2 August 2011

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) or malignant tumor originating from histiocytes has been reported only rarely in animals (Marcin et al., 2009). In most reported animal cases, it has been described as single, often invasive, soft tissue mass in skin or subcutis. Most spleenic masses described in canines are either hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas while in felines they are mast cell tumors or lymphosarcomas (Moulton, 1990). Hendrick et al., 1992 described six cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in canine spleen. A 13 years old lioness carcass was brought to the institute for necropsy from Lion safari park of Neyar wildlife Sanctuary with a history of sudden death. The animal was a bit lethargic and weak since a month but was feeding normally till the day of death. Necropsy examination revealed a solitary mass of 10cm diameter on spleen (Figure 1) with a rupture point at the centre of the mass on the ventral side. The tumor was soft, pulpy and dark reddish and cut surface bled profusely. Abdominal cavity contained 5-6 liters of blood tinged fluid. There was no gross evidence of distant metastases.

Figure 1: Spleen with tumour mass Histologically the tumor was highly vascular, well circumscribed but unencapsulated and

composed of sheets of highly pleomorphic histiocytes with poikilokaryosis (Figure 2). The nucleus was vesicular and hyper chromatic with a few mitotic figures. Sinuses were dilated with blood. Inflammatory cells were totally absent and parenchyma revealed only few lymphoid cells. Even though the gross appearance of mass was indicative of hemangioma, histological features fit in the classification scheme of malignant histiocytomas (Enzinger and Weiss, 1988). The examination of sections taken from different areas of the mass confirmed the findings. In addition, histological examination of other visceral organs demonstrated no evidence of metastasis to any other organs or tissues.

Figure 2 : Tumour section showing pleomorphic histiocytes, H&E x 100 The prognosis of spleenic tumors are graded as â&#x20AC;&#x153;guardedâ&#x20AC;? as most splenic masses tend to rupture causing the spleen to bleed and eventually leading to death. Study showed that the average survival was 61 days from recognition of the tumor in canines (Marcin et al., 2009). In the present case also, the sudden death was due to shock consequent to the rupture of the tumor and 1,2,3&4 Disease Investigation Officer, CDIO, Palode, 5Forest Veterinary Officer, 6Chief Disease Investigation Officer, Chief Disease Investigation Office, Pacha P.O., Palode, Thiruvananthapuram

CLINICAL REPORT

Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala for providing assistance in histological interpretation. REFERENCES Enzinger FM and Weiss SW (1988). Soft Tissue Tumors. 2nd Edn. CV Mosby, st. Louis, MO. pp. 269- 300. Hendrick MJ, Brooks JJ. and Bruce EH (1992). Six cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the canine spleen. Vet Pathol., 29: 351-354. Marcin N, Madej JA., Gotowiecka M., Kanzawa H. and Dziegicl P (2009). Inflammatory form of histiocytoma with a malignant course in a dog. A case report. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy., 53 : 153-157. nd

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Moulton JE (1990). Tumours in domestic animals. 2 Edn. University of California Press, Berkeley,. pp. 150-184. Tanimoto T, Ohtsuki Y, Sonobe H., Takahashi R and Nomura Y ( 1988). Malignant fibrous histiocytoma in the spleen of a pig. Vet Pathol., 25: 330-332.

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bleeding. It seems that in this case, similarly to some other tumors in animals, such as mammary carcinoma in bitches, no distant metastasis developed despite the histologically clear malignant character of the tumor probably due to some mechanisms which block or restrict metastasis (Marcin et al., 2009). There is one report of this tumor involving spleen, liver and kidney of a pig and spleen was presumed to be the primary site (Tanimoto et al., 1988). In a study of six cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in canine spleen, metastasis was observed only in one case (Hendrick et al., 1992). The present communication describes a rare case of malignant histiocytoma of spleen in a lioness. Perusal of available literature did not reveal any such cases in lions and the case is believed to be the first in Leos. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT : We acknowledge the help received from Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary &

CLINICAL REPORT

AMPHISTOMOSIS- AN UNNOTICEABLE THREAT

JIVA Vol. 9

Issue 2 August 2011

Subin K.Mohan National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

INTRODUCTION Livestock sector has an important role in the socio-economic status of the large rural population of India. Topography and climatic condition of Kerala are most favorable for the survival of parasitic fauna. Helminthic infections that account for a major part of the diseases in domestic animals have been found to be a vital blow to bovine production. Among the diseases due to gastro intestinal helminth parasites, amphistomosis is now regarded as of great economic importance. An investigation was carried out to find out the economic impact of amphistomosis on production in cattle, of Quilandy municipality area of Kozhikode district. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out at Quilandy for a period of thirty days. Clinically reported cases of seventy six milch animals which were led to graze in paddy fields or marshy areas with the prominent clinical signs fetid diarrhea, anestrum, weakness with anemia and sub-mandibular edema were taken for the study. Detailed history was collected from the clients about the symptoms and it's after effects with due importance to the economic aspects. The prevalence of amphistomosis was detected by screening the fecal samples for amphistome ova using direct and concentration methods. From the above clinical symptoms exhibited by the animals, fetid diarrhea made severe economic loss as it lowered milk yield. The economic impact was estimated based on the financial losses occurred due to reduced milk yield.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2. Clinical signs showed by animals that were positive for amphistomosis. Sl. Clinical signs No. of No. cases 1 Fetid diarrhea 28 2 Anestrum 12 3 General weakness with anemia 5 4 Sub mandibular edema 3 Total 48 Amphistomosis is a gastro intestinal parasitic disease. Clinical signs are noticed in immature amphistomosis. This is because helminthic parasites adversely affect the absorption and utilization of proteins, minerals and vitamins as well as upset the general metabolism of the host by causing diarrhea, anemia, and liver disorders (Anand et al., 2000). Seventy six samples were screened for amphistomosis and 63% of it was found to be infected with amphistomosis, out of which 28 cases showed fetid diarrhea with decreased milk yield as prominent clinical sign. Even though other clinical signs were prominent, fetid diarrhea made severe economic loss as it lowered milk yield. The quantity of milk loss in liters and the approximate period for the recovery of the condition to normal were taken into consideration. It was found that those animals that showed a production loss of up to 1, 2 and 3 liters of milk per day took at least 3, 4 and 5 days respectively to recover from the condition after treatment. The treatment charges were not taken into consideration as it was absolutely free at veterinary

Table1. Prevalence of amphistomosis among cattle in Quilandy Municipality area. Sl.No. No. of fecal samples examined No. of positive samples 1 76 48

Percentage 63

PhD Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, NDRI

CLINICAL REPORT

Table 3. Production loss due to amphistomosis in cattle

2 3

Recovery period in days

Number of cases reported

570

750

1824

2400

6 28

90 216

1710 4104

2250 5400

(Loss in milk is mainly due to fetid diarrhea with decreased milk yield) * Minimum price of one liter of milk as per society Rs.19 /* Market price for one liter of milk- Rs. 25/

hospital. A loss of 216 litres of milk from 28 cattle was noticed. The economic loss for a short period of one month can be estimated in two ways considering the place where the farmers sell the milk. It was calculated that there was a loss of Rs. 4104/- (at a minimum rate of Rs. 19/- per liter of milk) if the milk was sold in societies. Or else, a minimum loss of Rs. 5400/- was calculated if the milk was sold in local market with the current market milk price of Rs. 25/-. If other clinical symptoms especially anestrum were also be able to consider, then the economic loss could be even more. Since, routine deworming was not done by the farmers, prevalence of amphistomosis was high. This condition can be prevented only by educating dairy farmers about the managemental aspects of preventing amphistomosis especially timely deworming. This pilot study highlights the economic importance of amphistomosis

Milk loss during * Loss in rupees ** Loss in rupees disease period ( as per ( as per ( in Liters) society) market)

and recommends further studies in the area as the incidence of amphistomosis was high in Kerala. SUMMARY Amphistomosis is an unnoticeable treat to the livestock sector of Kerala with high economic impact. As the economic loss due to amphistomosis from 28 cattle was estimated to be around Rs. 41045400, it could be enormous when considering the total livestock population of Kerala. So, further intensive studies are recommended in this area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1) Senior Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Hospital, Quilandy, 2) Dr. Lucy Sabu, Professor, KVASU 3) Dr. T.S. Rajeev, Assistant Professor, KVASU REFERENCES Anand, L., Dhanachand, C., Mohilal, N. and Sharatkumar, S. 2000. Prevalence of intestinal helminths in dairy cattle of Manipur. Uttarpradesh J. Zool. 20:93-95.

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Milk Production loss Upto 1 liter per day Upto 2 liters per day Upto 3 liters per day Total

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CLINICAL REPORT

PREVALENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN THE STRAY DOGS OF CHENNAI CITY 1

T.Sathiamoorthy and S.Raja People for Animals, Basin bridge Road, Pulianthope, Chennai-600 012.

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Issue 2 August 2011

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted on a total of 1283 stray dogs brought for routine sterilization at People for Animals,Chennai with the objective to evaluate the prevalence of various reproductive disorders.Out of 1283, 100 (7.79%) dogs were affected with different reproductive disorders. The prevalence of various reproductive disorders were mammary tumor (4.22%),Transmissible venereal tumor(Female-24 and Male-18), Pyometra (3.00%),Cryptorchidism (1.19%),varian cyst (0.48%) and Ovarian tumor (0.32%) INTRODUCTION Dog overpopulation is considered a serious problem in developing countries and a threat to human health. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world. To achieve long-term reduction in dog populations, the strategies selected must include controlling the reproduction of owned dogs and controlling the environment of unsupervised dogs (WHO, 1990). Knowledge of the size and trends of dog populations in the community is essential for planning and decision-making. In addition, for an efficient control of such populations, a better understanding of the rate of reproduction and the prevalence of genital pathologies affecting the potential breeding capacity is needed. Pathologies present in the dog's reproductive tract are varied and can be congenital, endocrine, autoimmune, infectious, traumatic and neoplastic. Incidence of various reproductive disorders in dogs such as venereal tumor - 2.28% (Sarvesh Kumar et al.,2007), pyometra- 5.17% (Gandotraet al.,1993), cryptorchidism-2.6% (Ruble and Hird,1993) and mammary tumors - 3.8%(Deka et al.,2005) have been reported. Different pathological conditions have been well documented in established breeds of dogs but the data pertaining to diseases affecting stray dogs are scanty. Hence the present study was undertaken with the objective to record the prevalence of various reproductive disorders in stray dogs of Chennai city which are being sterilized as a measure to control the stray dog population in the city.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted at People for Animals dog sterilization unit, Pulianthope, Chennai over a period of 4 months from January to April 2009. A total of 1283 dogs (male dogs-668, female dogs-615) brought for sterilization during this period were used for this study. Before and during sterilization these dogs were screened for the presence of various reproductive disorders and recorded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The incidence of various reproductive disorders observed in stray dogs are presented in the Table. The common reproductive disorders observed in the present study were mammary tumor(4.22%), Transmissible venereal tumor (Female and Male), Pyometra (3.00%), Cryptorchidism(1.19%),Ovarian cyst (0.48%) and Ovarian tumor(0.32%). Mammary tumor was the predominant (4.22%) reproductive disorder observed in this study in the female stray dogs which is higher than the earlier reports of Sarvesh kumar et al.,(2007) (1.00%)in stray dogs population at Dehradun. The higher incidence of mammary tumor in the present study may be attributed to older age of majority of the females included in this study. The transmissible venereal tumor was the second most common(Female-3.90% and Male-2.69%) reproductive disorder noticed in this study,which is also higher than the previous reports of Sarvesh kumar et al.(2007). High incidence of venereal tumor in stray dogs could be due to frequent contact between infected animals 1

Associate Professor,Dept. of ARGO,Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-07, Corresponding author Email: sathiaog@yahoo.co.in , 2 P.G. Scholar.

CLINICAL REPORT

Table. Incidence of various reproductive disorders in stray dogs

Transmissible venereal tumor

Number of animals observed

Number of animals affected

Incidence(%)

Male-668

Male-18

2.69

Female-615

Female-24

3.90

Pyometra

615

3.00

Mammary tumor

615

4.22

Cryptorchidism

668

1.19

Ovarian cyst

615

0.48

Ovarian tumor

615

0.32

particularly during breeding season as compared to the pet animals that enjoy better living facilities as suggested by Sobral et al.,(1998). The incidence of pyometra in the present study (3.00%) is similar to the findings of Deka et al.,(2005) (3.40%) and higher than the report of Sarvesh kumar et al.(2007)(0.97%) in a similar study. Relatively higher incidence of pyometra in stray dogs might be due to repeated uncontrolled estrous cycles coupled with lack of attention. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2-12%) than in cattle or sheep (1%) Amann and Veeramachaneni, (2007).There is a tendency for most cryptorchids to be unilateral and right sided with inguinal retention being more common than intrabdominal retention(James and Heywood,1979). Ortega-Pacheco et al.,(2006.a) reported 21 cases of cryptorchidism out of 318 stray dogs and found 20 unilateral cases with an equal number on each side. The incidence of cryptorchidism (1.19%) observed in the present study (1.19%) was concurred with the range reported by Amann and Veeramachaneni (2007) in companion animals and unilateral right sided cryptorchidism was found to be more common. Ortega-Pacheco et al.,(2006.b) reported that 43.5% out of 300 bitches studied had one or more genital pathologies and the most frequent pathologies found in the ovary, uterus, and vagina were epoöphoron cysts (6.7%), serosal inclusion cysts (5.0%), and transmissible venereal tumors (15.3%) and concluded that the capacity of the females to come into estrus or to become pregnant was not affected by these conditions. In contrast very low percentage of animals were found to have ovarian cysts (0.48)and tumors(0.32) in the present study.

Hence from this study it is concluded that different reproductive abnormalities were prevalent at varying degrees in the stray dogs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author thank the authority of People for Animals, Chennai for providing necessary facilities to conduct this study. REFERENCES Amann and Veeramachaneni (2007). Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals. Reproduction, 133(3): 541 - 561. Deka,H.M., Pandit, R.K., Srivastava,O.P., and Bhatt,V.K. (2005). Indian J. Anim.Reprod:26:48. Gandotra VK, Prabhakar S, Singla VK, Chauhan FS and Sharma RD. (1993). Incidence of physiopathological reproductive problems in canines. Indian Vet. J.,70: 467. James RW and Heywood R. (1979). Age-related variations in the testes and prostate of Beagle dogs. Toxicology, 12: 273-279. Ortega-Pacheco A, Rodríguez-Buenfil JC, Segura-Correa JC, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Jiménez-Coello M, Linde Forsberg C. (2006.a). Pathological conditions of the reproductive organs of male stray dogs in the tropics: prevalence, risk factors, morphological findings and testosterone concentrations. Reprod. Domest. Anim., Oct;41(5):429-37. Ortega-Pacheco,A., Segura-Correa, J. C., Jimenez-Coello, M. & Linde Forsberg, C. (2006.b). Reproductive patterns and reporductive pathologies of spray bitches in the tropics. Theriogenology, 67, 382-390 Ruble RP and Hird DW. (1993). Congenital abnormalities in immature dogs from a pet store: 253 cases (1987-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 15;202(4):633-6. Sarvesh Kumar,V.K.Sharma and Beerendra Singh (2007). Indian J.Anim.Reprod : 28: 96-97. Sobral R.A., Tinucci Costa M. & Camacho A.A. (1998). Occurrence of canine transmissible venereal tumor in dogs from the Jaboticabal region, Brazil. Ars. Veterinária, 14:1-10. World Health Organization (1990). Guidelines for dog population management. Who.Zoon., 90.166, 6-37.

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Reproductive disorders

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Sl.No

CLINICAL REPORT

SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN BUFFALO BULLS USED FOR NATURAL SERVICE IN MEHSANA MILK SHED AREA, GUJARAT P.A.Patel1, L.C.Modi2, S.P.Patel3, K.M.Jadhav4 and Falguni Modi5 Dudhsagar Research and Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy,Mehsana, Gujarat-384 002

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Issue 2 August 2011

ABSTRACT: Brucellosis is an endemic problem in North Gujarat. Though the bull is not directly transmitting the disease from one infected buffalo to another, infected bull may infect clean animals hence it has great significance in control programme. The prevalence of brucellosis in buffalo bulls used for natural service in rural areas of Mehsana milk shed area, Gujarat was studied using the rose bengal presipitation test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i- ELISA). The seroprevalence was found to be 0.95 percent and 2.85 percent by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. Keywords: Seroprevalence, brucellosis, ELISA INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella (Radostits et al., 1994). Brucellosis has a considerable impact on animal and human health, as well as wide socioeconomic impacts, especially in countries in which rural income relies largely on livestock breeding and dairy products (Roth et al., 2001). The disease causes heavy economic losses due to abortion, premature births, decreased milk yield and repeat breeding leading to temporary or permanent infertility in infected livestock (Yagupsky, 1999). The diagnosis of the disease can be challenging and is frequently delayed or missed because the clinical picture may mimic other infectious and noninfectious conditions (Araj, 1999; Yagupsky, 1999). Diagnosis can be established by laboratory methods such as serology and blood cultures. Prolonged incubation periods, special growth media, and subcultures are required for the isolation of these fastidious, slow growing bacteria. However, cultures are not always positive when other tests are positive (Romero et al., 1995). The technology is lacking in developing countries or rural areas where the disease is prevalent and diagnoses mainly on serology. The most commonly used tests are the serum agglutination test, Coombs anti-Brucella test, rose bengal test, and complement

fixation test (Orduna, 2000). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in breeding buffalo bull. MATERIALS AND METHODS: total of 422 sera samples from buffalo breeding bulls being used for natural service amongst villages were collected from 182 villages of 3 districts of Mehsana milk shed area in Gujarat during April, 2007 to June, 2009. Collected sera samples were subjected to rose bengal plate test (RBPT) and indirect-enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (i-ELISA). The RBPT antigen was procured from IDEXX, Switzerland. The tests were conducted as per manufacturer's instructions. For iELISA IDEXX, Switzerland. The test was performed as per the manufacture's instructions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Out of 422 sera tested during present study with RBPT, 4 (0.94 %) were found positive, while 12 (2.85 %) reacted as positive when tested with i- ELISA. The highest 7(3.63 %) prevalence was found in Mehsana district, while 3(2.80%) in Gandhinagar and 2 (1.64%) 1

Assistant Officer, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana Assistant Professor, Dept. of ARGO,Veterinary College, NAU, Navsari. (Communicating Author) 3 Assistant Manager, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana 4 Professor, Dept. of Medicine, Veterinary College, SDAU, S.K.Nagar 5 Veterinary Officer, Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Veterinary College, NAU, Navsari 2

CLINICAL REPORT

Districts Villages Bull Gandhinagar 44 107 Mahesana 79 193 Patan 59 122 Total 182 422

RBPT+ 0(0.0) 3(1.55) 1(0.82) 4(0.95)

ELISA+ 3(2.80) 7(3.63) 2(1.64) 12(2.85)

in Patan districts by i- ELISA (Table 1). These findings were higher when comparable to the results of Isloor et al. (1998), 1.8 % while lower than seroprevalences were reported by Bhattacharya et al. (2005), 11.94 %; and Agarwal et al. (2007), 4.6 %, Chauhan et al. (2000), 38.9 % in North Gujarat region of India. The seroprevalences determined by various tests differed from one another. This could be due to variation in the numbers of false positives and false negatives detected by various tests. Thus, i-ELISA test in conjunction with other serological tests can give more reliable diagnosis. REFERENCES Agarwal, R.,Kumar, M. and Singh, J.L. (2007). Seroprevalence of brucellosis in Uttranchal. Indian Vet. J., 84: 204-205. Araj, G.F. (1999). Human brucellosis: a classical infectious

disease with persistent diagnostic challenges. Clin Lab Sci., 12: 207-212. Bhattacharya, D.K., Ahmed, K.. and Rahman, H. (2005). Studies on seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis by different tests. J. Vet. Pub. Hlth., 3: 131-133. Chauhan, H.C., Chandel, B.S. and Shah, N.M. (2000). Seroprevalence of brucellosis in buffaloes of Gujarat. Indian Vet. J., 77: 1105-1106. Isloor, S., Renukaradhya, G.J. and Rajshekhar, M. (1998). A serological survey of bovine brucellosis in India. Rev. Sci. Tech., 17: 781- 785. Orduna, A., Almaraz, A. and Prado, A. (2000). Evaluation of an immunocapture-agglutination test (Brucellacapt) for serodiagnosis of human brucellosis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38: 4000- 4005. Radostits, O.M., Blood, D.C., Gay, C.C. (1994). Brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus. In: Textbook of Veterinary Medicine. 9th edition. London: Bailliere Tyndall; 786-802. Romero, C., Gamazo, C., Pardo, M. and Lo'pezgon, I. (1995). Specific detection of Brucella DNA by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33: 615- 617. Roth F, Zinsstag J, Orkhon D, Chimed-Ochir G,(2001). Human health benefits from livestock vaccination for brucellosis: case study. Bull World Health Organ. 81:867-876.

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Table:1 Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Buffalo Bulls in Mehsana Milk Shed Area, Gujarat

1. 2. 3. 4.

Mulard Pigmy hog Laurices Banteng

5. 6. 7. 8.

Zoonotic Mice Cesky terrier A Pekinese dog who survived the Titanic disaster

9. Egypt 10. Blondi 11. Abnormal fear of dogs 21. Existing breeds of cat

JIVA Vol. 9

INFOMANIA Answers

GENERAL ARTICLE

CLIMATE CHANGE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING

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Issue 2 August 2011

Bindya Liz Abraham College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad

As the debates and summits on the subject of climate change continue, most scientific studies indicate that our climate is changing. The facts have started to speak: 11 of the past 14 years have been the warmest on record; Agriculture and allied areas are more affected than other sectors of the economy by extreme weather events and adverse trends of lengthy summers, droughts, heat waves, cold spells, floods, sudden downpours, tsunamis, cyclones, soil degradation etc. Global warming has emerged as a serious threat to food security and hence steps need to be taken to insulate our livestock production systems from its adverse impact. WHAT IS GLOBALWARMING? Global warming is the phenomenon wherein the greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide (CO2, CH4 and N2O) act as a shield and trap the solar heat from escaping into outer space, thereby increasing the earth's mean surface temperature. At the current level of emission occurring from industrialization, deforestation and burning of fossil fuels (diesel, petrol, coal), the rise in temperature may go up by 4-6 degree Celsius by 2100 or even earlier. A rise in temperature by this extent may hamper the tropical and sub-tropical agriculture and allied activities. The world needs to take steps to limit temperature rises to 2 degree Celsius, an aim that will require global emissions to peak and begin falling within the next 5-10 years. A bigger rise of 3-4 degree Celsius the smallest increase we can prudently expect to follow inaction would parch continents, turning farmland into desert. GLOBAL WARMINGAND LIVESTOCK A report from the United Nations in the year 2006 reveals the surprising fact that “raising animals for food generates more greenhouse gases than all the cars and trucks in the world combined”. Tens of billions of animals farmed for food release GHG through their massive amounts of manure and among

them the ruminants emit huge amounts of methane due to flatulence and burping. “The released methane”, the report says, has 23 times the global warming potential of CO2. The livestock industry is found to be responsible for 37% of the human induced methane emissions. To make room for these animals to graze, virgin forests are cleared. Livestock industry also needs vast stretches of land to raise mono crops to feed the animals. The CO2 that the trees and plants store escapes back into the air when they are destroyed. Growing fodder for farmed animals implies heavy use of synthetic fertilizers produced with fossil fuels. While this process emits a huge amount of CO2, fertilizer itself releases nitrous oxide a greenhouse gas that is 296 times more potent than CO2. THE INDIAN SCENARIO India is often accused for global warming in recent years, for the high rates of methane gas emission from its large bovine population mostly fed on inferior crop residues and bio-wastes. This is atrocious and more out of ignorance with respect to the animal production systems and the factual gas emission data in India. The livestock sector in India as per 2003 census contributed 11.75 mt of methane constituting 11.9 percent of global methane production. Enteric fermentation and manure accounted for approximately 91 and nine per cent. Dairy buffalo and indigenous dairy cattle together contributed 60 percent and the rest came from other livestock. It cannot be forgotten that cattle in India is not a converting machine of feed grains into meat and milk but are essential elements of man-plant-animalecosystem, a system stabilizer, a real hub for agricultural sustainability, poverty alleviation and nutritional security. Further, the fact is that 60% of our rural population belongs to the landless and marginal group depending on animal holdings for their livelihood. This can generate a situation where even a Assistant Professor, Dept of Animal Breeding & Genetics College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad

data has been analyzed along with production and disease data in different breeds of cattle including buffaloes. Intensive studies conducted in cycling bovines at the large animal climatic chamber, (the only one of its kind) maintained at the University of Missouri, Columbia, USA also have showed that heat stress effects changed the circulating level of hormones, mostly connected with reproduction, metabolism and disease resistance mechanism. A long time data analytic study conducted at NDRI, Karnal has revealed that a sudden change (rise or fall) in maximum/Minimum temperature during summer and winter was observed to have a negative impact on milk yield of buffaloes. The decline in minimum temperature (< 300C) during winter and increase during summer than normal temperature (> 400C) was observed to have a negative impact on milk yield up to 30 percent on the next or subsequent days after the exposure. This study showed that the return to normal production depended upon the severity and time period of thermal stress. In short and long term studies, both milk production and reproductive function of animals are known to be affected by hot climate. Some of the adverse effects of heat stress reported in bovines are decrease in the efficiency of nutrient utilization, dry matter intake, milk production, the length and intensity of the estrus period and conception (fertility) rate, underdeveloped ovarian follicles (decreased size and growth), increased risk of early embryonic deaths, decreased fetal growth and underweighted new born calves. Both milk production and reproductive functions of cattle and buffalo shall be adversely affected by projected temperature rise of 0 2-6 C over existing temperatures for time slice of 2070-2099. The decline in milk production will be higher in cross breds followed by buffalo and indigenous cattle. Effects are going to be relatively large on high producing genotypes than the well adapted indigenous breeds. Higher temperature and higher humidity are most conducive for growth and proliferation of disease producing microbes. Within body systems, a higher body temperature implies all metabolic

JIVA Vol. 9

small fall in individual animal production can lead to the economic deprivation of the farmers. Cow is much more than a milch animal and it is in fact our weapon to tackle the greenhouse effect. One needs to understand that cow is epitome of energy and India has a large population of cattle whose energies can be harnessed to meet the power needs of the rural people without asphyxiating the environment with greenhouse gases. Studies at National Physical Laboratory have shown that Indian cattle produce three times less methane than their western counterparts. Utilization of biogas also reduces the emission of methane and carbon-di-oxide. As organic manure, cow dung, which has considerable quantities of methane and carbon-dioxide, is also used for enrichment of soil. Cow dung and cow urine are being successfully used as fertilizers in orchards being managed by Nagpur-based Go Vigyan Anusandhan Kendra. Cattle can also be highly effective in environmental need of desalination of hard water and sea water. This capability of reverse osmosis is being used in the parched areas of Rajasthan. Therefore, all that we need are concrete efforts at all levels with regard to the conservation and development of bovine population of the country. Impact of Climate Change on livestock performance Climate change is real and the cost of it is being paid by the poorest of the poor, i.e., our farmers. Hence it is important to consider how livestock rearing can be modified and adapted to make it more 'climate-proof'. In case of livestock, rising global temperature is likely to impact negatively both production and health mainly because of increase in heat load, increase in incidence of diseases and reduced biomass and water availability. Climate change brings about alterations in the physiological functions of the animal systems as well as reduces the capacity of the animal to adjust its body system to the production process under heat stress. Ambient temperature, humidity, solar radiation load, wind velocity are the major variables that influence animal performance under different agro ecologies. Each of these variable parameters and their interactions are capable of affecting the animal systems. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) has been widely used to correlate productivity and animal discomfort. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and temperature maximum (Tmax) or temperature minimum (Tmin)

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GENERAL ARTICLE

JIVA Vol. 9

Issue 2 August 2011

GENERAL ARTICLE

reactions taking place at a higher rate (Q10 effect) and reducing body's capacity to fight the disease. The breakdown of body immune system further worsens the capacity of the animal to resist diseases. Multiple attacks of FMD outbreak coincident to climate change on small holder communities and animal owners brings down the household income by 20-30 percent causing macro and micro economic impact as well as a deep dent on livelihood prepositions. Temperature and humidity with water logging are most favorable for parasitic (ecto & endo) and disease vectors. Helminthes infestation connected with climate in South-east Asia cause 25 and 23-63 percent respective reduction in growth rate reduction among sheep and goats. The global reduction figure is estimated to be 12 percent. The larger sufferers of global warming would be ruminants as most of them depend on pastures and grazing lands. Increased temperature increases lignifications of plant tissues and therefore reduces the digestibility. Strategies for Climate change adaptation 1. Strategic research for climate change adaptation Designing animals for a warming India should be an important anticipatory research programme. Based on computer simulation models on different weather probabilities, hardier varieties of livestock genetic resources and rearing practices should be developed. Novel genetic combinations for biotic and abiotic stresses as well as high percapita production potential will have to be created using recombinant DNA technology. 2. Sustainable use of animal genetic biodiversity Animal breeding strategies should be directed towards conserving heat tolerant breeds of livestock so as to have suitable varieties in hand when climate change effects are experienced widely. 3. Tapping the advantages of 'Adapted' breeds On long term exposure to thermal stress, the animals get acclimatized to constant stress situation and body physiology adjusted by adjusting its productive abilities and developing a physiological resistance to withstand the onslaught of adverse climate. These mechanisms over generations led to

the situation of 'Adapted' and hence the 'Adapted breeds'. The Indian breeds of cattle, sheep and goat are excellent examples of such a 'productive advantage'. Spread across the different agro-climatic zones of the country like the Northern plains, Rajasthan, the Deccan plateau and the coastal ecologies, they have developed a resistance to several endemic diseases which across the world are deadly. They, in the process, have evolved into an adaptive mechanism by which their digestive capacity has been modified to utilize coarse and poor quality materials as feed and convert this agro-waste into a high value biological material (milk and meat). Thus, most of 102 million tones of milk and over 4.8 million tones of meat are produced in this climate and resource constrained production system of the country. Strategies for Climate change mitigation 1. Promotion of organic farming and precision farming Reducing the current chemical dependence of Indian agriculture can go along way in minimizing the catastrophic spectra of climate change. Livestock farmers also need to be well equipped to produce more with less ie., precision farming. Sustainable practices like organic farming can reduce CO2 emissions when synthetic fertilizers are eliminated. The fodder requirements of livestock may be met through organic cultivation utilizing farmyard manure, vermi-compost and Panchagavya. These organic fertilizers are found to mitigate climate changes because they use less of fossil fuel based inputs unlike the petroleum based synthetic fertilizers that contribute to greenhouse gas emission. Hence they are able to store 12 to 15 percent more CO2 in the soil resulting in it's less atmospheric concentrations. The organically cultivated fodder plots are also found to have more water retention capacity on account of their high humus content. 2. Nutritional interventions to reduce methane emission from animals Generation of genetic knowledge about ruminal bacteria particularly at molecular level and their appropriate modification aimed at improving rumen digestion and efficiency should form the immediate research priority. Chopping and urea treatment of poor quality crop residues improve digestibility. It has been estimated that strategic supplementation of diet of dairy

GENERAL ARTICLE

animals by increasing the concentrates (20-32 percent) in crop residue diets, supplementation of deficient nutrients (8-23 percent), introducing urea-molassesmineral licks and green fodder will reduce methane emissions while increasing milk production. 3. Increasing per animal productivity and reducing livestock numbers This should be an effective long-term approach to reduce methane contribution to atmospheric green house gas pool. 4. Efficient management of manure Methane emission from manure is likely to grow fast as production units grow in size and productivity. Management of manure either by composting or utilizing it for bio-fuel (electricity / bio gas) should be practiced. The climate effects on animal production and health are to be considered not in isolation but in

association with economic, social, health and environmental perspectives. In a nutshell, the performance of the animal under different climates in terms of health and disease, therefore, seems to be the food for thought at this hour. REFERENCES Moss, A.R. (1993) Methane: Global warming and animal st production. 1 Edn. Chalcombe Publishers, Kington U.K. Reghuvanshi, A.S. and Singh, J.S. (1991) Increasing atmospheric abundance of radioactively active trace gases: Causes and consequences. Trop.Eco.32: 1-23. Singh, G.P. (1998) Methanogenesis and production of green house gases under animal husbandry system. Final report. NDRI, Karnal, India. Singhal, K.K. and Madhu Mohini (2003) Project report on 'reduction in methane and nitrous oxide emission from Indian livestock'; Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI.

SIGN POST & ACHIEVEMENTS

Dr .Dileep. P.K. has got selection to Indian Forest Service. Dr .Dileep. P.K. belongs to 99 batch of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Mannuthy. He is Presently working Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary , Pallasana, Palakkad.

Issue 2 August 2011

Dr Anish D hasgot formally allotted to the Indian Audit and Accounts Service, under the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The training (about one and half years) will be at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla. Dr Anish belons to 97 batch of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ,Mannuthy. He is Presently working as Assistant Professor, Poultry Department of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ,Mannuthy

Dr Abdul Gafoor has been awarded Visiting Scholar status at National Cancer Institute,National Institute of Health, Washington DC, under the government of USA. NCI is a pioneer institute in cancer research and Dr Gafoor has the opportunity to work with top scientists including Nobel laureates during the fall semester, 2011. He has been accepted based on his academic and research performance as a PhD candidate at Virginia Tech, USA. His research focuses on lymphocyte differentiation and function during the early stages and progression of leukemia. He got virginia tech graduate research development award too in the year 2010. Dr Abdul Gafoor is a 1996 batch Mannuthy graduate and a veterinary surgeon in Animal Husbandry Department.Team IVA Kerala wish him all the best

JIVA Vol. 9

Dr.P.K.Muhsin, retired Additional Director (AHD),resident of Kozhikode was awarded with this years "KARSHAKABHARATHI AWARD" for various articles published during the current year in Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and allied fields.The award consists of a cash prize for Rs.25000/- and a Certificate. CONGRATULATIONS Sir....

GENERAL ARTICLE

OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS

JIVA Vol. 9

Issue 2 August 2011

Jayakumar.C 1, Anoop.J 2 and Bipin.K.C 3 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad

Although genetic make up of cattle in Kerala had considerably improved out of massive cross breeding programmes, overall milk production has not increased correspondingly. The tempo attained by the state in achieving consistent growth in milk production has lost its track mainly due to inadequate and unscientific management practices and high levels of infertility and sterility problems among cross bred animals. The physiological and environmental stresses of high milk production, inadequate nutrient intake, low body condition and intensive management systems impair reproductive performance in dairy cattle. The fertility of dairy cows within the state has declined over the past few years, the reason for which is multi-factorial. In response to genetic selection for milk production, the reproductive physiology of dairy cattle also has changed. Compared with traditional dairy cattle, modern dairy cows have longer intervals to first ovulation, abnormal luteal phase, lower blood progesterone and greater embryonic loss. A hormonal asynchrony results in ovulatory problems, fertilization failure, and embryonic mortality that might be linked to the general trend of decreased fertility where lower levels and atypical release of reproductive hormones have been detected. About 45% of reproductive problems in cross bred cattle of the state accounts due to anoestrus and 25% due to aberrant estrous cycles. The annual economic loss due to reproductive tract disorders in cattle population of the state is estimated as 150 lakhs (Cattle sterility office bulletin, 20052006). Since reproductive efficiency is a limiting factor in dairy herd productivity and profitability, calving interval of one year is recommended to be optimal for a high annual milk yield and economic

worth to dairy producers. An effective planned breeding program primarily targeted at decreasing the intercalving period and enhancement of reproductive efficiency successfully increase the profitability of dairying. Addressing the infertility problems entail application of methods to control the development of follicle growth, promotion of ovulation, the regression of corpus luteum in cyclic cows, synchronization of estrus and ovulation and hormonal approaches to promote embryo survival. Most of these approaches imply the use of hormones like Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, Prostaglandin F 2 alpha and Progesterone by different treatment regimens and with different intensities. Limitations of synchronization protocols with PGF2 alpha was that estrus was not completely synchronized with animals coming into estrus over a period of several days. In addition, conception rates were drastically reduced when cows were subjected to PGF2 alpha protocol and bred to timed A.I.. It necessitated a synchronization protocol that precisely synchronize estrus with a timed A.I and allowed reliable conception rates. The ability to control the time of ovulation precisely after a period during which follicular development and corpus luteum regression have been programmed sequentially permits a timed insemination. Such programs are essential in high producing dairy cows that experience a reduction in estrus intensity that contributes to undetected heats, reoccurring luteal phases without estrus expression, or reoccurring waves of follicles that fail to ovulate. Incorporation of ovulation synchronization in dairy herd reproductive management programmes minimizes labor 1&3 Assistant Professors, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookode 2 Manager, Kerala Livestock Development Board

GENERAL ARTICLE

1st GnRH inj. Ovulation

2nd GnRH inj. Ovulation

1- 4

23%

94%

5-9

96%

89%

10-16

54%

85%

17 - 21

77 %

81%

Day of estrous cycle

Overall 64% 87% Conception rates were greater with the ovsynch protocol initiated between days 5 and 12 of the estrous cycle. The key physiological reasons for increased synchronization rate in mid cycle are: a) Presence of a functional dominant follicle capable of ovulating to first GnRH of ovsynch. Ovulation to first GnRH is followed by emergence of a new follicular wave. The dominant follicle from this new wave generally develops to become the ovulatory follicle of ovsynch. b) Presence of a corpus luteum that remained functional during the 7 day period between first GnRH and PGF2 alpha. Presence of a functional corpus luteum at PGF2 alpha of ovsynch reduces the occurrence of spontaneous ovulation prior to final GnRH of ovsynch (Peters and Pursley, 2003). But monitoring of estrous cycle to select the most promising time for the ovsynch protocol is contradictory to the idea of initiating it regardless of stage of estrous cycle. Heifers are poorly synchronized when treated with ovsynch. Newly emerging follicles grow more rapidly and for a shorter period in heifers than do in lactating cows. Thus, a dominant follicle in heifers may reach atresia sooner. If a dominant follicle from a new wave becomes atretic before

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Variation among dairy cows in their synchronization rate to ovsynch was attributed primarily to the stage of estrous cycle in which ovsynch is initiated. Cows at day 5 to 9 of cycle (mid cycle) have a greater probability of synchronizing to ovsynch, and a greater chance of conception, than cows at any other stage of estrous cycle. Vasconcelos et al (1999) evaluated the influence of the day of estrous cycle at which the ovsynch was initiated and the resultant pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows.

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requirements for estrus detection while improving reproductive performance. Applied reproductive research program focused on controlling ovarian physiology to optimize fertility of lactating dairy cows developed a reproductive management system called 'Ovsynch'. In 1995, Pursley and others developed the hormonal program 'Ovsynch' to synchronize ovulation in lactating dairy cows that allowed insemination of cows by appointment independently of detected estrus. Since then, it has been accepted as a reproductive management tool in dairy farms. Several modifications of the 'Ovsynch' protocol have been developed in the recent years in improving its efficiency and decreasing the cost of treatment. Ovsynch: Objectives: 1. Hormonally control the onset of a new follicular wave. 2. Control the life span of the spontaneous and induced Corpus luteum. 3. Control the time of ovulation of the dominant follicle. 'Ovsynch' is based on three scheduled hormonal injections. A first injection of GnRH is intended to cause ovulation/ luteinisation of any functional dominant follicle present in the ovary and induce the subsequent emergence of a new follicular wave approximately 1.5 to 2 days later (Pursley et al., 1995). If no dominant follicle is present at the time of first GnRH, spontaneous emergence of a new follicular wave is assumed to be synchronous within the previous 3 days. The newly emerged follicular wave is allowed to develop and undergo selection and dominance during the following 7 days. On day 7, prostaglandin F2 alpha is administered to induce luteolysis, thus allowing further growth and maturation of the dominant follicle. Finally, a second GnRH injection is administered 48 hours after PGF2 alpha to induce a preovulatory LH surge that triggered ovulation within an 8 hour period, beginning approximately 24 hours after the injection (Pursley et al., 1995). Cows treated with ovsynch yield overall conception rates similar to those obtained after breeding to detected estrus .However, up to 30% of cows may not synchronize to ovsynch (Peters and Pursley, 2003).

GENERAL ARTICLE

PGF2 alpha, an emerging follicular wave rather than a mature dominant follicle would be present at the time of final GnRH. Hence, synchronized ovulation to the final GnRH of ovsynch is unlikely and so conception. Success of the ovsynch protocol is dependent on whether lactating dairy cows are anestrous or cycling. Ovsynch show greater success when the animals' body condition scores are greater than 2.5 measured on the one to five scoring scale. Pregnancy rates were lower in cows that were not cycling at the time the ovsynch program was initiated if anoestrous cows ovulate at the first and second GnRH treatments of the ovsynch program, then pregnancy rates appear to be normal. Modifications of ovsynch: Ovulatory response to first GnRH of ovsynch is a key determinant for a subsequent successful

additional Prostaglandin F2 alpha 2 days before the ovsynch protocol. It's called 'Doublesynch' as it resulted in synchronized ovulations both after the first GnRH (88.9%) and second GnRH (94.5%) treatments. This new program increased pregnancy rates by 22.2% units. Another modification 'Ovsynch 56' allowed more time for follicular maturation and improved

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synchronization outcome (Vasconcelos et al., 1999) Hence a novel design of ovsynch named 'G6G/ Ovsynch'aimed to lay the ground work for a successful synchronization outcome to ovsynch and timely A.I evolved. The scientific basis for G6G/Ovsynch was that days 5 to 9 of the estrous cycle were the optimal interval of the estrous cycle to initiate ovsynch. It starts with an injection of PGF2 alpha intended to cause luteolysis of all mid and late cycle corpora lutea. Then, a GnRH injection follows 2 days

functional dominant follicle capable of ovulating in response to the first GnRH of ovsynch which is scheduled 6 days later. G6G/Ovsynch outperformed traditional ovsynch by increasing the percentage of cows that ovulated (85 to 54% respectively) in response to first GnRH of ovsynch. Cows were successfully synchronized to timedA.I compared with only 69% of ovsynch cows. Cows included in the ovsynch program in the early and late estrous cycle are less fertile (Vasconcelo et al., 1999; Moreira et al., 2000). Strategies were developed to minimize the proportion of cows in these problematic stages of the cycle for initiation of ovsynch program. An approach named 'Presynch' program that treated cows twice with Prostaglandin F2 alpha at an interval of 14 days and the first GnRH of ovsynch 12 days after the second Prostaglandin F 2 alpha of presynch. This program though increased pregnancy rates than ovsynch, the duration between the beginning of treatment and A.I is approximately 36 days. A new synchronization method called 'Doublesynch' was developed by administering an

later, aimed to induce an ovulation. It induces cows to initiate a new estrous cycle. Cows are already on day 6 of a new estrous cycle and are likely to have a

conception rate 10 percent compared to the original ovsynch. In this modification, the time from

GENERAL ARTICLE

CONCLUSION Control of follicular function and morphology could help improve conception rate of dairy cows. Strategies to pharmaceutically control ovulatory follicle development to enhance fertility of lactating dairy cows and apply them to optimize reproductive efficiency are required. Synchronization programs like 'Ovsynch' are targeted in effectively and consistently controlling the follicular and luteal development and its function. Efficiency of 'Ovsynch' for effectively synchronizing ovulation and fertility potential in dairy cows can be accomplished by its modifications. Employing these programs as a reproductive management tool is beneficial because reliance on estrus detection for breeding can be minimized. Also, these can be used to initiate the first post partum insemination and manage

Brusveen, D.J., Cunha, A.P., Silva, C.D., Cunha, P.M., Sterry, R.A., Silva, E.P.B., Guenther, J.N and Wiltbank, C (2008). Altering the time of the second GnRH injection and artificial insemination during ovsynch affects pregnancies per A.I in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 1044-1052. Moreira, F.R.L.decosta, Diaz, T. and Thatcher, W.W (2000). Effect of day of the estrous cycle at the initiation of a timed artificial insemination protocol on reproductive responses in dairy heifers. J.Anim Sci., 78: 1568-1576. Ozturk, O.A., Cirit, U., Baran, A. and Ak, K (2010). Is Doublesynch protocol a new alternative for timed artificial insemination in anestrous dairy cows. Theriogenology., 73: 568-576. Peters, M.W. and Pursley, J.R (2003). Timing of final GnRH of the ovsynch protocol affects ovulatory follicular size, subsequent luteal function and fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology.,60: 11971204. Pursley, J.R., Mee,M.O. and Wiltbank, M.C (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2 alpha and GnRH. Theriogenology., 44: 915923. Vasconcelos, J.L., Silcox, R.W., Rosa, G.J., Pursley, J.R. and Wiltbank, M.C (1999). Synchronization rate, size of ovulatory follicle and pregnancy rate after synchronization of ovulation beginning on different days of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology., 52 : 1067-1078.

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'Cosynch' is a specific form of ovsynch in which the timed AI occurs at the time of second GnRH injection 48 hrs after prostaglandin injection. Though it has the advantage of one less handling of the cow compared to ovsynch, the conception rates are not optimized compared to timed AI 16 hrs after ovsynch.

the voluntary waiting period, thereby the intercalving interval. Further studies on using these programs to take care of problem cows that fail to conceive after several inseminations or are never detected in estrus are needed. With this intend a study has been in progress at College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot as part of the project entitled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ovsynch programme and its modifications on the reproductive performance of anestrous and repeat breeding cattleâ&#x20AC;? funded by Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala. REFERENCE:

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Prostaglandin F2 alpha to the second GnRH was extended from 48 hours to 56 hours, maintaining 16 hour interval from the second GnRH to fixed time A.I (Brusveen et al., 2008).

GENERAL ARTICLE

SIGNIFICANCE OF METHYL DONORS IN POULTRY PRODUCTION P. Selvakumar1, S. Senthilkumar2, P.Vasanthakumar3andM.R.Purushothaman4 Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamilnadu - 637 002 In poultry production we consider methionine, choline and betaine as methyl donors although B12 is also is a methyl donor not much importance is given to B12 as using this in the feed is a costly proposition. Both betaine and choline (after it has been oxidised to betaine) are providers of free methyl groups which can be transferred to other important components through methionine metabolism and methionine recycling. Such interactions have raised the possibility that methionine can potentially be spared or partly supplied by increasing the dietary content of choline or betaine. Methionine CH2 CH2 CH C00|

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3 - CH3

NH3

This is an essential sulphur source and a methyl donor. It contributes to the synthesis of creatinine, sarcosine and adrenaline. It has been observed to prevent excessive fat accumulation in the liver and supports the liver in detoxification mechanism. It is a sulphur- donor and assists in the strengthening of collagen. Methionine is essential for the optimum growth and nitrogen balance in the tissues and may partly compensate deficiencies of choline or vitamin B12. It is a precursor of carnitine production. In the metabolic pathways of methionine metabolism the conversion of adenosyl homocysteine to homocysteine is reversible as seen in the metabolic pathway below (Fig. 1) Choline Choline with the following structural formula CH3

is a constituent of the following phospholipids Phosphatidylcholine Lysophosphatidylcholine Sphingomyelin Lysosphyngomyelin and Plasmalogens These maintain the integrity and the functions of the organelle and cell membranes. In the presence of acetyl - CoA, Choline can be acetylated by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase to form acetyl choline. Acetyl choline is degraded by acetyl choline esterase and choline is regenerated. In the liver and kidney choline is irreversibly oxidised to betaine by a two stage reaction. The phosphatidylcholine metabolites have important physiological functions. Glycerophosphocholine is a renal osmolyte. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a choline-containing phospholipid that acts as an hormone. PAF acts on vessels to lower blood pressure, activates cells of the immune system and mediates inflammation and allergy processes.

Fig. 1. metabolic pathway 1

CH3 CH2 N+

CH3 CH3

Veterinary Surgeon on Deputation, KSPDC, TVM, 2Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor, 4Professor Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamilnadu - 637 002

three experiments conducted by Pesti et al. (1980) dietary supplementation with methionine or choline in a marginally methionine deficient diet (3.2g/kg) in young broilers improved growth. In young birds some balance between methionine and methyl group requirement is therefore potentially possible. However, the extent to which methionine can be spared by this mechanism is obviously limited as maximal growth is not consistently supported by the addition of methyl donors to the diet (Simon 1999). In a study by Baker and Czarnecki (1985), L-Homocysteine was substantially less efficient than L-methionine in promoting body weight gain in broilers. In an experiment by Saunderson and Mackinlay (1990) a semi-purified diet marginally deficient in choline and methionine, was supplemented with either methionine alone, choline alone or methionine combined with choline or betaine, between 7 and 21 days of age, all the different diets supported the growth of male broilers equally. This suggests that the three nutrients are interchangeable. Osmo regulation Osmo regulation is the ability of a cell to maintain its structure and function by regulating movement of water in and out of the cell. Betaine is an organic osmotic effector i.e. osmo protectant. The beneficial osmoprotective property of betaine may be due to the dipolar zwitter ion characteristics and its high solubility in water. There is evidence that the addition of betaine to the feed improves the sea water tolerance of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon (Virtanen and Rumsey, 1996). Betaine can raise cytoplasmic osmotic pressure in stressed cells by increasing the temperature and ionic tolerance of critical enzymes and cellular membranes (Hanson et al., 1994) Betaine and glycerophosphoryl chlorine (GPC) are methylamines that protect renal cells from urea. They are the main osmolyte stabilizing cells against urea in the renal medulla. Coccidiosis Interactions between betaine and coccidiostats have been investigated in broiler chicken grown on floor and innoculated with a mixture of Eimeria acervulina, E.maxima and E.tenella. Dietary betaine (1.5g/kg) potentiated

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Choline deficiency evokes a number of similar symptoms in birds (chickens, turkeys and quails) including slow growth rates associated with the development of fatty liver (most probably as a consequence of the lack of assembly of lipoproteins) and with kidney and bone dysfunctions. Hypomethylation of DNA, which is observed despite an adequate dietary methionine supply, may signify a lack of methyl groups. Defects in mitochondrial transport and oxidation of fatty acids may also be involved because the carnitine content of several tissues (liver and muscle) is reduced when choline is deficient. Carnitine (a component of mitochondrial membrane fatty acid transporter) is synthesised in multiple tissues following the transfer of three methyl groups from Sadenosylmethionine to the E-amino group of L-lysine to form trimethyl-lysine. Betaine Significance of betaine in chick nutrition was first shown in the early 1940's when Mc Ginnis et al. (1942) observed that betaine inclusion improved the growth of chicks fed a semi-purified diet and Almquist and Grau (1944) noticed that betaine improved growth, but it was less than that obtained with choline. Betaine donates methyl groups to homocysteine to produce methionine. Hydrolysis of betaine leads to dimethylglycine and generates one methionine molecule through the transfer of one free methyl group, which is transferred to homocysteine by the action of betaine-homocysteine methyl transferase (BH methyl transferase). This cytosolic enzyme is expressed both in liver and kidney. Much interest has recently developed in BH methyl transferase because an increase in the plasma concentration of homocysteine is a risk of vascular disease. Folates and vitamin B12 are also involved in a second pathway which permits the transfer of a methyl group to homocysteine and the regeneration of methionine. This action is through the enzyme (FH Methyl transferase). Choline, Betaine and Methionine in Chicken Some methionine can be spared by increasing the supply of methyl groups in the form of betaine or choline (after its oxidation to betaine) have been accepted by the poultry industry but has long been questioned by Pesti (1989); Kidd et al. (1997) etc. In

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GENERAL ARTICLE

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GENERAL ARTICLE

salinomycin effect by improving growth and feed efficiency and reduced mortality and lesion score. Dietary betaine is known to potentiate salinomycin, and lasalocid, improving feed efficiency and reducing lesion scores. Betaine does not exert any toxic effect on the parasite but inhibits its development. Betaine did not potentiate a monensin effect. When betaine was fed to turkeys having diarrhoea at 0.15 to 1.5g/ kg body weight, 96% of all male flocks over the age of 70 days stopped having diarrhoea, but it was not so with the younger flock. More research needs to be done on this aspect. Supplemental betaine lowering or stopping diarrhoea in poultry may be related to the upgrading of betaine transport in response to hyperosmolarity and the consequent accumulation of betaine in the intestinal epithelial cells where betaine exerts protective effects on the integrity and function of the cells. Methionine replacement by betaine Garcia et al. (1999) stated that the bioavailability of betaine is only 50-67% compared with methionine. There are many studies stating that methionine and betaine cannot replace each other. The extent to which methionine can be substituted by betaine may depend on the dietary supply of cystine as well. Methionine will be exclusively used for protein synthesis when the animal's cystine requirement is met. Biocholine BioCholine is a unique herbal animal feed supplement that contains selected herbs rich in nontoxic and highly bioavailable choline in conjugated / esterified form (Phosphatidylcholine). Glycerols, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidylserine in BioCholine play singnificant role in metabolism, enzymic modulation and biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and to produce singnificant growth response as well as to augment the bioactivity of BioCholine. The phosphatidylinositol, also know as a part of lecithin group is associated with cholinomimetic bioactivity. Traces of Chromium in BioCholine, in the organic and bio-efficient form also help to optimse lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, improve

glucose/energy utilization and reduce carcass fat content. It has the following unique features:·

· ·

Addition of BioCholine in the feed helps effective mobilization of hepatic fat and transportation of lipids from liver to adipose tissues. It prevents the incidence of Fatty Liver Syndrome and controls mortality associated with FLS. The bioactive constituents of BioCholine exhibit lipotropic action that facilitate liver lipid mobilization and improved fat distribution. BioCholine also contains herbal constituents that keep liver optimally functional so that adequate synthesis of choline can take place. Active phyto-constituents of BioCholine promote acylation reactions to facilitate conversion of lipids to phospholipids. BioCholine helps to significantly reduce abdominal and carcass fat in broilers. BioCholine gets easily absorbed and does not interact with vitamins and other feed ingredients or commonly used drugs in poultry.

Usage ·

As feed supplement to provide optimum quantity of Natural Choline required to maintain health, production and to control fatty liver syndrome. · For maintaining optimum mobilization of hepatic fat and transportation of lipids from liver to adipose tissue. · To maintain secretion of bile at optimum levels and to help prevent liver enlargement, fatty infiltration of liver and fatty liver condition. · To maintain growth, FCR, egg production, livability and hatchability. Feed inclusion rate For 1 ton of feed, 500g BioCholine can replace 1kg of synthetic Choline chloride (60%) with better prevention of FLS and higher production performance. REFERENCES Almquist,H. J., and C. R. Grau 1944 Interrelation of methionine, choline, betaine and arsenocholine in the chick. J. Nutrition, vol. 27, p. 263.

GENERAL ARTICLE

Baker, D.H. and G.L. Czarnecki, 1985. Transmethylation of homocysteine to methionine: Efficiency in the rat and chick. J. Nutr., 115: 1291-1299. Garcia, M.N., T.P. Chendrimada, G.M. Pesti and R.I. Bakalli, 1999. Relative bioavailabilityof two labile methyl sources methionine and betaine. Poult. Sci., 78: 87-87. Hanson AD, Rathinasabapathi B, Rivoal J, Burnet M, Dillon MO, Gage DA (1994)Osmoprotective compounds in the Plumbaginaceae: a natural experiment inmetabolic engineering of stress tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91: 306-310 McGinnis, J., L.C. Norris and G.F. Heuser, 1942. Effect of ethanolamine and betaine onperosis in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 51: 293-293. Pesti, G. M., 1989. The nutrition of labile methyl group donors in broiler chickens. Pages 145150 in: Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference, College Park, MD. Pesti, G. M., A. E. Harper, and M. L. Sunde, 1980. Choline nutrition of starting broiler

chicks: Three models for estimating the choline requirements with economicconsiderations. Poultry Sci. 59:10731081. Kidd, M.T., P.R. Ferket and J.D. Garlich, 1997. Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine. Worldâ€™ Poult. Sci. J., 53: 126-139. Saunderson, C.L. and J. McKinlay, 1990. Changes in body weight, composition and hepatic enzyme activities in response to dietary methionine, betaine and choline levels in growing chicks. Br. J. Nutr., 63: 339-349. Simon, J., 1999. Choline, betaine and methionine interactions in chickens, pigs and fish including crustaceans. World's Poult. Sci. J. 55:353374. Virtanen, E. and G. Rumsey, 1996. Betaine supplementation can optimize use of methionine, choline in diets. Feedstuffs, 68: 12-13. http://www.indianherbs.org/BioCholine.htm

A Book scripted by Dr. Shine Kumar was released by the Hon’ble Chief Minister Sri. Ommen Chandy by handing over a copy to Sri. K.P. Mohanan, Honb’le Minister for Animal Husbandry.

JIVA Vol. 9

""h¿Æa’yßfpw hf¿Øpa’yßfpw''

A book “Ormayil Sookshikkan” (Blog stories) written by Dr R Sreenivasan, has been published by Sahithya Prvarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (SPSS), Kottayam . This book contains 26 articles including service stories selected from 142 blog posts written by him in internet. SPSS is distributing this book through NBS. Dr R Sreenivasan was working as Senior Veterinary Surgeon, VPC , Pala, and is now the Chief VeterinaryOfficer of District Veterinary Centre, Thodupuzha, Idukki.

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BOOK REVIEW

ASSOCIATION NEWS

IVA PRESIDENT LEADS HUNGER STRIKE AND DHARNA Dr.K R Arunkumar, the State president of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala lead the historic 24 hours hunger strike in front of the Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram as part of strengthening the ongoing strike by Veterinarians of Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala demanding parity in the salary and allowances with allopathic doctors of the Health Services Department.Dr P V Ashraf, Palakkad, Dr. K. K. Baby, Kozhikkode and Dr P B Jyothimon, Alappuzha joined DrArunkumar.The present and past leaders of the various associations of Veterinarians visited the fasting leaders and expressed their best wishes. Hundreds of veterinarians from various districts gathered in front of the secretariat and expressed their solidarity to the strike. Prof (Dr) V Ramakumar, former Secretary of the National Veterinary council offered lime juice to the fasting leaders marking the conclusion of the hunger strike at 10am on 12th May. In his closing speech, Dr K R Arunkumar exhorted all the members of the association to rededicate themselves in the path of struggle for the fulfilment of the just demands of Veterinarians of AHD. The fast which began at 10 am on 11th May 2011 was inaugurated by Dr M MChacko, former president of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala. The decision to go on fast was taken in the combined state executive committee meeting of IVA,KVSSA and AHOAK held on 7th May at Thrissur.

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STATE LEVEL RESIDENTIAL TRAINING PROGRAMME ON BOVINE INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT A state level residential training programme on Bovine Infertility Management was organized by IVA Kerala at Livestock Research Station [LRS], Thiruvizhamkunnu, Palakkad on 24th and 25th of June 2011. Dr Syed Aboobacker Sidhique, District Secretary, IVA, Palakkad did the welcome note. The programme started with the Veterinarian's Oath at 10 AM. The training was inaugurated by Dr K R Arunkumar, State President, IVA, Kerala. Dr M Jayan, District President, IVA Palakkad presided over the function. Dr K N Aravinda Ghosh, Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, CoVAS, Mannuthy was the chief guest. Dr. K Anilkumar, Associate Professor & Head, LRS, Thiruvizhamkunnu delivered the key note address. Dr. Laiju M Philip, course coordinator enumerated the course contents. Dr P Harinarayanan, District Secretary, KVSSA, Palakkad and Dr Francis Bastin, SVS, VPC, Mannarkkad offered felicitations. Dr S Ramkumar, District Treasurer, IVA, Palakkad, offered the vote of thanks. The technical sessions were handled by Dr K N Aravinda Ghosh, Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, CoVAS, Mannuthy, Dr K S Ajith, Assistant Professor, LRS, Thiruvizhamkunnu and

Dr R S Abhilash, Assistant Professor, LRS, Thiruvizha mkunnu, Dr. Hiron M Harshan, Assistant Professor., Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, CoVAS, Mannuthy.The training programme concluded with a valedictoryfuction presided over by Dr K Anilkumar, Associate Professor & Head, LRS, Thiruvizhamkunnu. Dr. Syed Aboobacker Sidhique, District Secretary, IVA, Palakkad welcomed the participants. The trainees expressed their feedback about the training. Dr Biju S, Assistant Professor, LRS, Thiruvizhamkunnu addressed the trainees. Dr K Anilkumar, Associate Professor & Head, LRS, Thiruvizhamkunnu gave away the certificates to the trainees. Dr S Ramkumar, District Treasurer, IVA, Palakkad, offered the vote of thanks.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

WORKSHOP ON “STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION A two day workshop on “Strategic Interventions in Animal Husbandry Extension” was jointly organized by Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala and Kerala Veterinary Surgeons' Service Association on the 6th and 7 th of May 2011 at the Seminar Hall of COVAS, Mannuthy, as part of the World Veterinary Day celebrations. The inaugural ceremony was presided over by Dr K.R. Arunkumar, State President, IVA . The gathering was welcomed by Dr C. Sreekumar. President, KVSSA and Inaugural address was delivered by DrJalaludeen, Director of Academics & Research.Jiva was released byDr Subramanian, Dean, COVAS, Mannuthy by handing it over to Dr K. P. Sreekumar, Director, Research Co-ordination. Felicitations were offered by Dr.Kurien K Jacob, General Secretary, AHOAK. Vote of thanks was proposed by Dr E K Easwaran, General Secretary, IVA. Two members selected from each district and the district office bearers attended the function. The presentation was done by Dr. Sunil Kumar, AD (Planning), Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram. Participants from each district aired their views on the draw backs of the mode of implementation and nature of schemes implemented during the last few years. Decisions taken. 1. Feed subsidy for Cattle feed for all the farmers without anyAPL- BPL discrimination. 2. The choice of scheme components in a particular scheme should be made flexible so that framer can have his choice. 3. The burden of implementation of the scheme should not

fall upon field Veterinarians. Veterinarians should be left free to do their primary duty, i.e., treatment of animals. Alternative modes for implementation of schemes should be pursued. 4. The current practice of Veterinarians performing schemes of other departments are to be done away with and alternative implementation strategies should be worked out. After the concluding remarks by Dr K R Arunkumar, President, the group discussion on road show was led by Dr. Dinesh C.N and group for Scheme formulation strategy was led by Dr. Joby George. The next day started with a healthy debate by IVA with the Hon. Vice Chancellor of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Dr. B. Ashok, IAS.. The Association leaders offered all the help in the smooth running of the university and the Vice Chancellor offered to reciprocate from his part for the benefit of the community. This was followed by the combined state executive committee meeting of IVA,KVSSA and AHOAK.

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Indian Veterinary Association,Kerala organized a State level workshop on the road map for Animal Husbandry Sector for the ensuing five years at hotel Harithagiri,Kalpetta,Wayanad on 14th June 2001.Honourable Minister for Animal Husbandry,Sri,KP,Mohanan inaugurated the workshop.He asserted that it is the allround and stable development of the sector is the motto of the Government. He also opined that only those Animal Husbandry activities based on Agriculture would only be viable and that Agriculture and Animal Husbandry should be seen as part of daily routine of every individual. The Hon'ble minister remarked that the role of Veterinarians in the development of Animal Husbandry sector is crucial and called for renewed social commitment from the part of Veterinarians. Sri.Sreyams Kumar MLA presided over the Inaugural function. More than seventy selected Veterinarians from various districts participated in the workshop. Dr.B.AshokIAS,Vice chancellor of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University delivered the Key note address. Dr. Sosamma Ipe, Professor (Rtd.), COVAS, Mannuthy, Dr. Ani.S.Dhas, Managing Director, KLD Board and Dr. Biju Chacko, AssistantProfessor, COVAS, Pookot presented theme papers. This was followed by discussions. Dr. K.R.Arunkumar, State President IVA welcomed the gathering and Dr. E K Eswaran, General Secretary, IVA proposed the vote of thanks.

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STATE LEVEL WORKSHOP ON ROAD MAP FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTOR

ASSOCIATION NEWS

WORLD ZOONOSES DAY 2011 The state level function to commemorate the World Zoonoses Day 2011, has been organized in Thiruvananthapuram at Kanakakunnu palace hall on 6th July.Honorable Minister for Animal Husbandry Sri. K P Mohanan inaugurated the commemoration before the august audience of veterinary professionals from various organizations across the state and media professionals. The inaugural function started with a prayer by Dr. ShanthiniJeyadevan followed by the administration of Veterinarians' oath by Dr Preethi Davidson.Dr E K Eswaran, General Secretary, Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala delivered the welcome speech. Dr K R Arun Kumar, State President, Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala in his presidential address stressed the need for better co-ordination between the departments of Animal Husbandary, Health Services, and Local Self Government in the prevention and control of various zoonotic diseases posing thread to the human population. He requested the honorable minister to do the needful to establish a tissue culture laboratory at I.A.H and V.B, Palode, equipped to manufacture anti-rabies vaccine so that the vaccine could be administered free of cost to the dog population in Kerala. The honorable minister in his inaugural address reminisced the good old days when Earlier a state level seminar onâ&#x20AC;?Human Perspective and Management of Zoonosesâ&#x20AC;? was organized in connection with the programme. Dr K Vijaya Kumar, Head, Department of Community Medicine, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram and Dr B Sunil, Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, handled the sessions. Dr N NSasi,

Director and Registrar of Kerala State Veterinary Council was the moderator. Dr K Vijaya Kumar observed that majority of the people are aware of the zoonotic diseases such as Rabies, they are less aware of the emerging zoonotic diseases that can have potentially serious impact on human health. A suggestive model such as the collaboration between various research institutes and the coordination between departments of Health, Animal Husbandry and Environment was an effective method for the early identification, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases, saidDr B Sunil. Dr R Vijaya Kumar, Director of Animal Husbandry Department, Dr K Udayavarman, President, Kerala State Veterinary Council, Dr C Sreekumar, President, Kerala Veterinary Surgeons' Service Association, and Dr G SukumaraPillai, President, Animal Husbandry Officers' Association, Kerala offered felicitations. DrAni S Das, Managing Director, Kerala Livestock Development Board was also present on the occasion. Dr R Saira, District President, Indian Veterinary Association, Thiruvananthapuram proposed vote of thanks.

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OBITUARY

Dr. P.M. Radhakrishnan (72), Pentium Gardens, Rajeev Nagar, Puthiyara, Kozhikkode passed away on 28/3/2011. He retired from service as Deputy Director , Wayanad District during the year 1993. He is survived by his wife Smt. Premalatha Radhakrishnan and son Renil Radhakrishnan. Dr. Yusufkutty (73) of Alappuzha District Died on 30/5/2011. May his soul rest in peace

Dr.. S. Mohan Retired Senior Veterinary surgeon of Kozhikkode district expired on 14/ 7/2011. Dr. Hariharan (71) Retired Joint Director Animal Husbandry Department passed awayon 9/5/2011 at T.C. 28/1785, Uppalam Road, Statue, TVM. He is survived by his wife and two daugthers.