JIVA December 2011 9.3 by magnus paul

Vol. 9 Issue 3 December 2011

ISSN 0975-5195

JIVA JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA www.jivaonline.net

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA (JIVA)

Journal of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala (JIVA), the official organ of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala is a quarterly scientific periodical with international status (ISSN-0975-5195) which bring about the latest updates in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Practices. The journal covers almost all topics of Dairying and Animal Husbandry besides special emphasis on Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Meat and Feed industry, Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. The Journal JIVA is in wide circulation among all stakeholders of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry sector including the Veterinary Professionals working with Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala Livestock Development Board, Milma, Techno Park, Veterinary and Medical Research Institutes of the country. The Online edition is available at www.jivaonline.net JIVA is indexed in EBSCO (World's Foremost Premium Research Database Service), SCOPE MED (International Medical Journal Management and Indexing System) and INDEX COPERNICUS INTERNATIONAL from 2010 onwards.

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA Vol. 9 Issue 3 December 2011

CONTENTS RESEARCH ARTICLES 1.

HEMOGRAM CHANGES IN NIGERIAN ROYAL HORSES WITH NATURAL PIROPLASMOSIS U.M. Garba, A.K.B. Sackey, R.I.S. Agbede, L.B. Tekdek and M. Bisalla........................................ 5

RESPONSE TO SHORT TERM INDEX SELECTION FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS IN MEAT TYPE JAPANESE QUAIL D. Narendra Nath, F.R.Sheriff, R.Prabakaran and R.Asha Rajini................................................10

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AWARENESS OF SELF HELP GROUP MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS ON THE PROCEDURES OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS Anu George, P.J. Rajkamal and R.S. Jiji ..................................................................................15

EFFECT OF RESTRICTED MILK FEEDING ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN CROSS BRED CALVES K. Jasmine Rani, P. Ganga Devi, A.D. Mercy...............................................................................19

SEROMONITORING STUDY OF DIFFERENT LIVE VACCINES FOR THE CONTROL OF RANIKHET DISEASE Sreeja R. Nair and Aparna .S.......................................................................................................24

GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE LIVER OF LEOPARD CAT (Prionailurus bengalensis) C. V. Rajani, S. Maya, Leena Chandrasekhar, M.Pradeep, I. S. Sajitha, and J. J. Chungath..........27

EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION AND DIETARY MANIPULATION OF FAT ON ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE OF RATS M.T. Kuriakose and V. Leela......................................................................................................30

DEVELOPMENT OF MANGO FLAVOURED SWEETENED WHEY DRINK C. Pandiyan, R.Annal Villi and V.Chandirasekaran.....................................................................35

EFFICACY OF ANTIPROGESTIN (Aglepristone) AND PROSTAGLANDIN F2% (Cloprostenol) IN TREATMENT OF OPEN CERVIX PYOMETRA IN BITCHES Thirumurugan, K. and Rajasundaram, R.C. ................................................................................38

10. VITRIFICATION OF BOVINE PREANTRAL FOLLICLES in situ P.M. Hari Narayanan, V. Vijayakumaranand Metilda Joseph......................................................41

11. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE PELVIC GIRDLE OF A PEAHEN (Pavo cristatus) Sreeranjini, A.R., Ashok, N., Indu, V. R., Lucy, K. M., Syam, K.V., Chungath, J.J and Harshan,K.R .....................................................................................................................................................46 CLINICAL REPORTS 12. ENDOSCOPY GUIDED TRANSNASAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIGLOTTIC ENTRAPMENT IN A THOROUGHBRED RACE HORSE Mir Aamir Ali and Thimappa B.S................................................................................................. 49 13. OESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION IN A COW AND ITS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT M.K. Narayanan, A.D. Firoz and K. Rajankutty...........................................................................51 14. OSTEODYSTROPHIA FIBROSA IN GOAT-A CASE REPORT Manju Sasidharan and George Varughese...................................................................................53 15. SURGICAL AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF MAMMARY TUMOR IN MALE DOGS Laiju M Philip., M. Ranjith Mohan and P. Francis Bastian...........................................................55 16. MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN A DOG - A CASE REPORT Saranya, M. G., Shyma, V. H., Vijayakumar, K. ............................................................................57 17. MANAGEMENT OF POST CERVICAL UTERINE TORSION IN A MURRAH BUFFALO Binsila B. K., R. Islam, Harendra Kumar, P.P. Gokuldas and Harish. C........................................60 18. CERVICAL STENOSIS DUE TO UTERINE INERTIA LEADING TO DYSTOCIA IN A CROSSBRED CATTLE J.K.Prasad, Binsila.B.K, Megha Pandey, Ashok kumar, G.K Das, and S.K.Ghosh....................... 62 19. TREATMENT OF CANINE MALASSEZIOSIS USING Cassia alata Rathish. R. L., Dhanesh.V. and Usha Narayana Pillai..................................................................64 GENERAL ARTICLES 20. FEEDING AND HATCHERY MANAGEMENT OF EMU Sajith Purushothaman and Raji Raveendran ................................................................................66 ASSOCIATION NEWS.......................................................................................................................69

The editor/editorial board and referees are in no way responsible individually or collectively for the views, data and technical details presented in the contributed papers

RESEARCH ARTICLE

HEMOGRAM CHANGES IN NIGERIAN ROYAL HORSES WITH NATURAL PIROPLASMOSIS U.M. Garba*1, A.K.B. Sackey2, R.I.S. Agbede3, L.B. Tekdek2 and M. Bisalla4 . Veterinary Clinic, Equitation Wing, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine changes in hemogram due to natural piroplasmosis in horses. For this purpose, 254 royal stallions made up of the 'Arewa' breed and its crosses with Sudanese and Arabian breeds were physically examined for signs of ill-health and samples of blood and feces were collected 1 randomly. The horses were 4 /2 to 14 years old. Five emirates (Bida, Agaie, Minna, Lapai and Borgu) in Niger state, Nigeria, were the areas covered in sampling. Parasitemia, Packed cells volume, total/differential leucocytes counts were determined using Giemsa-stained thin blood smear on light microscope, microhematocrit centrifuge and hemocytometer techniques respectively. Feces were microscopically studied using floatation/sedimentation techniques for eggs of gastrointestinal parasites to ascertain the effect of concurrent piroplasmosis and gastrointestinal parasitism on hemogram. From the result, the horses were grouped into 5 based on their infection status. Fifty one horses tested positive for piroplasmosis. Data were analyzed using multiple range tests (Duncan procedure). The packed cells volume of horses with piroplasmosis (P) =29.6%±0.9 and those with mixed piroplasmosis+gastrointestinal parasites infection (P-gip) =28.0%±1.2 were significantly lower (P<0.01) than observed for negative/ apparently healthy horses (Nah) =35.8%±0.7c. Total white blood cells for P =12.2 x 109/L ±0.7, P-gip =13.9 x 109/L ±1.5 and segmented neutrophils for P= 31.5% ±2.1, P-gip =29.7% ±2.3 groups were significantly low (P<0.05). It is concluded that Nigerian royal horses with natural piroplasmosis encounter changes in hemogram in the forms hemolytic anemia, neutrophilic leucopenia and lymphocytosis. Key words: Hemogram, changes, piroplasmosis, horses, Nigeria.

1 Corresponding author; Garba Umaru Musa (DVM, MSc) Veterinary Clinic, Equitation Wing, Nigerian Defence Academy, P.M.B. 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria. Email; garbaum@yahoo.com, Mobile: +234-803-4524912. 2 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. 3 Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. 4 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria

The disease in acute stage is characterized by sudden onset, reluctance to move, lateral recumbency, intermittent fever (up to 40°C; 104°F), fatigue, hemolytic anemia lasting several days to several months and complete anorexia. Other signs may include edema of fetlock, head, ventral abdomen, thick mucus on fecal balls, constipation, colic and often hemoglobinuria and bronchitis may be present (Vial and Gorenflot, 2006). On resolution of the chronic stage the horse becomes asymptomatic with low parasitemia in endemic areas resulting in the spread of the disease (Ueti et al., 2005). Severe jaundice, petechial hemorrhages of

Issue 3 December 2011

Equine piroplasmosis in horses in Nigeria is caused by Theileria equi (T. equi) and Babesia caballi (B. caballi) (Garba et al., 2011). Theileria equi is more pathogenic than B. caballi in horses worldwide and are transmitted by tick vector and in the tropics and

subtropics where the disease is enzootic (Knowles, 2010; Motloang et al., 2008)

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area and experimental animals Horses in palaces and some individualhousehold (IH)-based stables in five emirates (Bida, Agaie, Minna, Lapai and Borgu) of the eight emirate head quarters in Niger State, Nigeria were sampled randomly (Putt et al., (1988). Two hundred and fifty four 'Arewa' breed of stallions and its crosses with the Sudanese and Arabian breeds made up the sampled population. The 1 horses were 4 /2 and 14 years old. Dental eruption, wear and Galvayne's groove appearance pattern were used in age estimation as described by Wayne and Melvin (2000). Sampling Protocol Clinical examination; Horses were individually restrained with halter and held by an assistant before each procedure was performed. Body conditions were assessed to allow grouping of the animals based on their body flesh. Ages of the horses were estimated by examining the incisors and canine teeth for eruption, wear and Galvayne's groove features as described by Wayne and Melvin (2000). Rectal temperatures were determined using mercury-inglass thermometer, placed in rectum and maintained in-contact with rectal mucosa for one minute. Values of temperature below and above the normal range of o_ o 37 38 C were considered hypothermia and hyperthermia (fever) respectively (Wosu, 2002). Sampling was conducted between 8: 00 am and 12:

Blood and fecal collection; Three milliliters (3ml) of blood was collected from each horse through a jugular venipuncture with 5ml disposable sterile syringe and 1mg Ethylene Di-amine TetraAcetate-k3 (EDTA-K3) in plastic sample bottle as anticoagulant. About 3g of feces was collected per rectum or from fresh droppings in loose box into transparent polyethylene bag. All samples were serially labeled. Blood and fecal samples were transported in ice-packed cold box and refrigerated O at 4 C until screened (Elaine and Margi, 2007). The animals were handled and managed as recommended in the Guide to Care and Use of Experimental Animals by Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993. Laboratory Procedures One Giemsa-stained thin blood smear (twoslide method) was prepared for each blood sample and examined at 1000x objective across 3 fields for the presence of parasitized-erythrocytes (PE) and interpreted as a percentage of PE counted relative to total erythrocytes in the fields (Elaine and Margi, 2007). Theileria equi were morphologically discriminated as bluish-stained, 'small Babesia' about 1x2Âľm with a rounded, amoeboid or pearshaped tetrad (Maltese cross) in the PE. Babesia caballi (large Babesia') is about 2x4-5Âľm in size, joined in pairs, at times overlapped in some slides (Seifert, 1996). Packed cells volume (PCV), total and differential leucocytes counts were determined using microhematocrit centrifuge, hemocytometer and thin stained blood film respectively (Elaine and Margi, 2007). Floatation and sedimentation techniques were used to examine feces for eggs of gastrointestinal parasites (Charles, 2007). Blood and fecal samples were screened in veterinary parasitology laboratories, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Data Analysis Multiple range tests (Duncan procedure) at

Issue 3 December 2011

To determine hemogram changes in royal horses with natural piroplasmosis and enhance specific and supportive therapy to hasten return of afflicted horses to high performance levels, horses in royal stables in Niger state, Nigeria were sampled and investigated.

00 noon local time, to get adequate participation of grooms in restraining the horses.

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mucous membranes, prostration and death, sometimes delayed to 2-3 days after birth may occur in foals infected intrauterine and naĂŻve animals (Georges et al., 2011). Hematological changes occur especially in acute disease (Alsaad, 2009; Alsaad et al., 2010).

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The data generated categorized the horses into 5 groups based on their infection status, namely; Piroplasmosis infected horses (P), Mixed piroplasmosis+gastro-intestinal parasites infected horses (P-gip), Gastrointestinal parasites infected horses (gip), Negative apparently healthy (Nah) and Negative apparently sick horses (Nas) (Tables.1 and 2). Parasitemia observed ranged between 0.3 % - 2 %, involving T. equi 41(80.4%) and B. caballi 10(19.6%) were responsible for the single specie infections. Infection status

sample size (N=253)

Infection status P P-gip Gip Nah Nas

Sample size (N=253) 28 22 78 36 89

PCV in % (P <0.01) 29.6±0.9 28.0±1.2 33.4±0.7 b 35.8±0.7 c 33.0±0.5 b

Probability value

0.0000

Keys: Letters 'b' and 'c' indicate pairs of groups significantly different at 1% (very significant) and 0.1% (highly significant) levels of significance. PCV=Mean ± S.E.M. (Standard Error of Mean).

Total WBC Segmented Banded Lymphocyte (X109/L) Neutrophil Neutrophil w (P < 0.05) (P < 0.05) (P > 0.05) (P < 0.01)

Monocyte Eosinophils

Basophil

(P > 0.05)

(P < 0.05)

12.2±0.7

31.5±2.1 (3.8)

0.3±0.1 (0.0)

66.5±2.1 b (8.1)

0.8±0.2 (0.1)

1.7±0.5 (0.2)

0.0±0.0 (0.0)

Gip

15.5±0.7

32.7±1.5 (5.1)

0.7±0.1 (0.1)

61.3±1.6 a (9.5)

0.9±0.1 (0.1)

4.4±0.6 a (0.7)

0.1±0.0 (0.0)

B-gip

13.9±1.5

29.7±2.3 (4.1)

0.3±0.1 (0.0)

65.8±2.4 b (9.2)

0.5±0.1 (0.1)

3.2±1.0 (0.4)

0.0±0.0 (0.0)

Nah

19.4±3.9

36.7±2.2 (7.1)

0.6±0.2 (0.1)

55.9±2.3 (10.8)

1.1±0.2 (0.2)

2.5±1.0 (0.5)

0.3±0.1 c (0.1)

Nas

13.0±0.5

39.6±2.7 b (5.2)

0.5±0.1 (0.2)

55.8±1.2 (7.3)

1.2±0.1 (0.2)

5.8±0.7 a (0.8)

0.1±0.0 (0.0)

0.0139

0.0467

0.1416

0.0001

0.2217

0.0100

0.0261

Probability

Keys: Letters a, b and c indicate pairs of groups significantly different at 5% (significant), 1% (very significant) and 0.1% (highly significant) levels respectively. Values are presented as Mean ± S.E.M. ( Standard Error of Mean), Values in parenthesis =Absolute values, Sample size, WBC= White Blood Cells.

Issue 3 December 2011

RESULTS

Table.1: Packed cells volume (PCV) of horses based on infection status

DISCUSSION The low sensitivity of microscopic method relative to serologic and molecular methods, would have introduced some false negatives into this test result which would have been eliminated if ELISA, IFAT or PCR was used (Güçlü and Karaer, 2007; Bhoora et al., 2010).

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95% confidence were used to analyze data by Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 11.0 (SPSS Inc. 2001) was used.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Dr Ibrahim Garba Musa (Directotor of veterinary services in Niger state, Nigeria) for the permission granted us to conduct this research, the technical staff of veterinary parasitology/entomology and late Emmanuel Tiam of clinical pathology laboratory in shika, Zaria, Nigeria for their guidance during the screening. REFERENCES Alsaad, K.M. 2009, Acute babesiosis in foals. J Anim and Vet Adv. 8(12), 2585-2589.

Bhoora, R., Quan, M., Matjila, P.T., Zweygarth ,E., Guthrie, A.J., Collins, N.E., 2010, Sequence heterogeneity in the equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1) of Theileria equi and develoment of an ema-1-specific TaqMan MGB™ assay for the detection of T. equi. Vet Parasit. 172(1-2), 33-45. Charles, M.H. 2007. Internal parasites, External parasites. In: Charles, M.H., Margi, S., eds. Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians. 5th ed. StLouis Missouri: Mosby Elsevier Inc, pp.187252. Elaine, A. and Margi, S. 2007, Hematology and hemostasis. In: Charles, M.H., Margi, S., eds. Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians, 5th edition. St Louis Missouri: Mosby Elsevier Inc, pp. 27-73. Garba, U.M., Sackey, A.K.B., Agbede, R.I.S., Tekdek, L.B., Bisalla, M., 2011, Serum urea and creatinine levels in Nigerian local horses naturally infected with Babesia. Pak Vet J, 31(2), 163-165. Georges, K.C., Ezeokoli, C.D., Sparagano, O., Pargas,s I., Campbell, M., D'Abadi,, R., Yabsley, M.J., 2011, A case of transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in a foal in Trinidad. Vet Parasit, 175(3-4), 363-366. Güçlü, H.Z. and Karaer, K.Z. 2007. Detection of Babesia caballi (Nuttall, 1910) and Theileria equi (Syn. Babesia equi , Laveran, 1901) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in show and sport horses in the region of Ankara. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 31(2), 89-93. Issue 3 December 2011

The total WBC of the horses in P and P-gip groups are significantly low (P<0.05). There is significantly low (P<0.05) segmented neutrophils count and an insignificant (P>0.05) banded neutrophils count in the diseased (P and P-gip) groups compared to the animals in the control group (Nah).The depressed circulating segmented neutrophils population in P and P-gip groups suggest chronic stage piroplasmosis. Lymphocytic response in P and P-gip is significantly (P<0.01) elevated, which also suggest chronic disease. Monocytes distribution is insignificantly altered (P>0.05). The eosinophilic cells were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in P group and an increase in those horses with mixed P-gip infection. Apparently horses with gastroenteric parasitism have elevated eosinophils count. Basophilic cells are significantly decreased (P<0.05) in horses with piroplasmosis. This distribution is as reported by Zobba et al (2008) (Table.2).

Alsaad, K.M., Alsaad, E.A., Al-Derawie, H.A., 2010,. Clinical and diagnostic study of equine babesiosis in drought horses in some areas of Basrah Province. Res J Anim Sc. 4( 1), 16-22.

Knowles Jr, D.P. 2010. Understanding Piroplasmosis. Equine Disease Quarterly, 19(3),4-5. Moretti, A., Mangili, V., Salvatori, R., Maresca, C., Scoccia, E., Torina, A., Moretta, I., Gabrielli, S., Tampieri, M. P., Pietrobelli, M., 2010. Prevalence and diagnosis of Babesia and Theileria infections in horses in Italy: A preliminary study. The Vet J. 184(3), 346-50. Motloang, M.Y.,

Thekisoe, O.M.M., Alhassan, A.,

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Comparing the mean PCV between the various groups showed that there is a highly significant difference (P<0.01) between PCV of Nah (35.8±0.7c) and of horses in P and P-gip groups. The low mean PCV values for P and P-gip categories of horses were due to intravascular hemolysis of parasitized red blood cells (PRBC) producing hemoglobinemia and reduced population of circulating erythrocytes, hence the anemia (Alsaad et al., 2010) (Table.1).

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Seifert, H.S.H., 1996. Tropical Animal Health. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p.169- 200. Ueti, M.W., Palmer G.H., Kappmeyer, L.S., Statfield, M., Scoles, G.A., Knowles, D.P., 2005. Ability of the vector tick Boophilus microplus to acquire and transmit Babesia equi following feeding on

Vial, H.J., Gorenflot, A., 2006. Chemotherapy against babesiosis. Vet Parasitol. 138(1-2), 147-60. Wayne, L., Melvin, B., 2000. Determining age of horses by their teeth, Extension and Agricultural Information, 1-98 Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211; XPLOR website:. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/index.a spx. Accessed 12:30 GMT 20TH July, 2011. Wosu, L.O., 2002. The Veterinarian's handbook, 1st edition. Nsukka, Nigeria: Mike Social Press. 268pp. Zobba, R., Ardu, M., Niccolini, S., Chessa, B., Manna, L., Cocco, R. and Parpaglia, M.L.P., 2008. Clinical and laboratory findings in equine piroplasmosis. J Equine Vet Sc, 28 (5), 301- 308.

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Putt, S.N.H., Shaw, A.P.M., Wood, A.J., Tyle,r, L., James, A.D., 1988. Veterinary epidemiology and economics in Africa, A manual for use in the design and appraisal of livestock health policy. 2nd ed. Intl. Livestock Center for Africa, ILCA, p. 22-68.

chronically infected horses with low-level parasitemia. J Clin Microbiol, 43, 3755-59.

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Bakheit, M., Motheo, M.P., Masangane, F.E.S., Thibedi, M.L., Inoue, N., Igarashi, I., Sugimoto, C., Mbati, P.A., 2008. Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses belonging to resource-poor farmers in the north-eastern Free State Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 75(2), 141-6.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

RESPONSE TO SHORT TERM INDEX SELECTION FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS IN MEAT TYPE JAPANESE QUAIL D. Narendra Nath, F.R.Sheriff, R.Prabakaran and R.Asha Rajini Department of Poultry science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007

ABSTRACT 'Nandanam quail' (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were selected based on multi trait selection index constructed for fifth week body weight, age at sexual maturity, egg weight at 12 weeks of age and egg production up to 18 weeks of age with an objective to increase body weight and egg production simultaneously. The overall least squares means of weekly body weights from 1-5weeks of age, ASM, EW12, EW16, EP18 and EP24 in selected population of Japanese quail were 35.77g, 76.53g, 123.12g, 160.05g, 181.62g, 46.21d, 12.68g, 13.78g, 65.30 and 95.06 eggs, respectively. The realized genetic responses for body weights at 1,2,3,4 and 5 weeks of age in sex pooled population of Japanese quail were 4.86, 8.07, 4.85, 10.99 and 11.69g, respectively. The females were heavier than males from first week of age onwards in selected and from second week of age in the unselected population. The realized genetic responses for age at sexual maturity, egg weights at 12 and 16 weeks of age and egg production up to 18 and 24 weeks of age were -6.2d, 0.03g, 1.12g, 6.66 and 9.85 eggs, respectively. The heritability of index (hi2), correlation of index with aggregate genotype (RIH) and response in aggregate genotype (?H) were 0.54, 0.32 and 1.05, respectively for the index of S1 generation parents. It is concluded that multi-trait index selection can be successfully employed for bringing out simultaneous improvement for various economic traits in Japanese quail.

Several investigations were made for growth, egg production, carcass characteristics and egg quality parameters in broiler and layer chicken. Such systematic extensive genetic studies on Japanese quail were not taken up. Results of some studies have indicated that continuous selection for growth has led to relatively poor reproductive performance with decline in total egg number and increase in eggs unsuitable for incubation. The effect of simultaneous selection for growth rate, carcass traits, egg production and egg quality traits in Japanese quail has not been studied elaborately. When selection is practiced for a single trait, the performance in unselected traits is lost which are also extremely important as the breeder must select for as many traits as possible to keep his product sold

profitably. The net value of Japanese quail not only depends on a specific trait, but on several economic traits which may be incompatible to each other. To increase the genetic progress, simultaneous improvement in all the economic traits at a desirable proposition would be to combine them into an index for convenience of selection without much loss in any of the traits in the off springs. The present investigation was carried out to estimate the response in egg production and body weight through index selection in meat type Japanese quail. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pedigreed base generation (S0) was developed from the hatching eggs collected from sixty four pairs of Nandanam quail, selected randomly from a random bred population. Five pedigreed hatches were taken out and were reared on

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INTRODUCTION

Issue 3 December 2011

Key words: Index selection, Response, Japanese quail

RESEARCH ARTICLE

developed from the pedigreed eggs collected from selected families and the production traits were studied like S0. Just prior to the selection of parents for s1 generation, the eggs were collected randomly from S0 population and developed the control population for a study simultaneously along with S1 generation. The data recorded on various traits were subjected to least squares analysis (Harvey, 1979) to study the influence of generation, sex and hatch using the fixed effects linear model. The heritabilities of different traits were estimated based on the hatch and sex corrected data by using the Pairmating analysis method, as per Becker (1985). The selection indices were constructed based on the information on individual's phenotypic values,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Significantly higher body weights were observed in selected population over the control population (Table 1). The least squares means for body weights at hatch, 1,2,3,4 and 5 weeks of age in selected population of S1 the weights were 8.87, 35.77, 76.53, 123.12, 160.05 and 181.62 g, respectively whereas in control population of S1 9.08, 30.91, 68.46, 118.27, 149.06 and 169.93g respectively were recorded for the same. The ASM was significantly lower (46.2d) in selected population than the control (52.4d). Egg weight was significantly higher at 16th week in selected population (13.78g) over control population (12.66g). Similarly egg production was significantly higher at 18 and 24 weeks in selected population than the control population. (Table 2) It is evident that body weights and egg production are negatively correlated. Inorder to optimize both the characters, a multi trait selection index was constructed with BW5, ASM, EW12 and EP18, their economic weights, variances and the covariances. Similar to the findings of the present study of increasing body weight, lowering of ASM days and increase in egg production, Raj Narayan et al. (2000) also observed high body weight, lowering of ASM and increase in egg production by selection index. Efficiency of index can be judged either in terms of RIH (Correlation of index with aggregate genotype) or ÂŞH (Response in aggregate genotype). The index constructed for base population was having 0.32 of RIH value and ÂŞH was 1.05. The same values for selected population were 0.38 and 1.66,

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Based on the fifth week body weight, age at sexual maturity, 12 weeks egg weight and egg production up to 18 weeks, the genetic parameters of above traits and economic weights, a multi trait selection index was constructed as per the method followed by Sing and Kumar (1994). Based on the multi-trait selection index score, the top 45 females with the highest of the scores were selected as female parents. The full sibs of the selected females were selected as male parents. The selected males were added to selected females randomly and avoided full sib mating carefully. The pedigreed S1 generation was

genetic and phenotypic variances and covariances obtained in the present study and the relative economic values of traits to be selected as per Becker (1985), Basu (1985) and Singh and Kumar (1994).

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deep litter up to five weeks of age with a housing 2 space of 250 cm per bird. At the end of fifth week, four to five females were selected randomly from each family and a total of 186 females representing 40 families were reared in individual single pair mating cages up to 24 weeks of age with a cage space of 175 cm2 per bird. During this period hatch weight, weekly body weights up to fifth week of age, age at sexual maturity, daily egg production, and 12th and 16th week egg weights were recorded for all the female birds up to 24 weeks of age.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

selection. Raj Narayan et al. (2000) noticed that the RIH values ranged from 81 to 86% in Japanese quail. Punya Kumari (2007) found that the RIH per cent values ranged from 27.21 to 35.50 among various indices. The variation among the observations might be due to the differences in estimates of genetic parameters among various populations and also due to the combination of traits taken into the construction of the index. The expected genetic response to the selection was positive for all the individual traits involved in the construction of index for base population while negative response was observed for body weight and egg weight in the selected generation. Compared to body weight and egg weight, ASM and egg production parameters might influence the overall economic merit of the index and same might have led to negative genetic response among these traits in subsequent generations apart from the direction and magnitude of relationship between the traits involved in the construction of the index. The expected genetic response for fifth week body weight was found to be 7.2g as per the index selection while the realized genetic response values were 11.69, 11.12 and 12.23g for sexes pooled, male and female, respectively were observed in this study (Table 4). Raj Narayan et al. (2000) observed 9.5g of expected genetic response for fourth week body weight in Japanese quail. Punya Kumari (2007) predicted a genetic gain of 0.9269 g for fourth week body weight in Japanese quail. Sukhvinder singh et

The expected genetic response for egg weight at 12 weeks of age was found to be 0.39g while the realized genetic response values were 0.03g was observed in this study. Raj Narayan et al. (2000) noticed decrease of -0.098 g in egg weight at 18 weeks of age in Japanese quail. Jilani et al. (2005) conducted a trial on Rhode Island Red, a dual purpose American breed for performance evaluation and noticed a reduction of 0.044g in genetic gain of egg weight. The genetic constitution of the population, intensity and method of selection would have caused the variation. The expected genetic response for ASM was found to be -0.02 days while a realized genetic response of -6.2 days was observed in this study. Raj Narayan et al. (2000) predicted an undesirable increase of 0.43 days in ASM in Japanese quail. Punya Kumari (2007) predicted a genetic gain of 0.0455 days for ASM in Japanese quail. Pukhramba et al. (2001) constructed a selection index in White Leghorn and noticed an expected genetic gain of 0.124 days. Jilani et al. (2005) conducted a trial on Rhode Island Red, a dual purpose American breed for performance evaluation and predicted a 0.208days of expected genetic response. The genetic constitution of the population, intensity and method of selection would have caused the variation. The expected genetic response for EP18 was found to be 0.61eggs while a realized genetic response of 6.66 eggs was observed in this study. Raj Narayan et al. (2000) predicted an increase of 3.4 eggs in Japanese quail for EP18. Punya Kumari (2007) predicted a genetic gain of 0.0731 eggs per one per cent increase in RIH value in Japanese quail for EP16. Jilani et al. (2005) expected an increase of 0.399 eggs in Rhode Island Red, a dual purpose

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from 0.276 to 0.946 and the ?H values ranged from 0.27 to 3.25 among all the 14 selection indices constructed and said that the index which is having RIH value more than 0.5 may be recommended for

al. (2005) observed 9.625g of expected genetic gain in broiler for fifth week body weight. The genetic constitution of the population, intensity and method of selection would have caused the variation.

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indicating that the efficiency of index has improved in selected generation in this study (Table 3). Chatterjee et al. (1998) constructed several selection indices for White Leghorn pullets in various combinations of the traits and the RIH values ranged

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Hazel and Lush (1942) compared the relative efficiency of different selection methods and

Earlier literature on selection indices in chicken (Chatterjee et al., 1998 and Singh et al., 2004) showed that the accuracy of efficiency of index does not depend on all the traits but on some important traits and the omission of important trait and incorporation of unimportant trait in the index

Issue 3 December 2011

The realized response was more than the expected and it might be due to the construction of selection index for only females and expected values were arrived based on that index only. Though we have selected the male parents it was only by indirect method of index selection and merit of the males was not taken in to the expected genetic response. The realized genetic response may also depend on number of chicks from the superior parents.

indicated that multi trait index selection is most effective than other methods when several traits are involved. Multi trait selection index was reported efficient for simultaneous improvement of negatively correlated traits (Sharma et al., 1983 and Singh and Singh, 1988). Malik et al. (2005) concluded that the selection index is efficient for simultaneous improvement of antagonistic traits like egg production, egg weight and body weights.

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American breed for 280 days of egg production. The genetic constitution of the population, intensity and method of selection would have caused the variation.

Basu, S. B., 1985. Genetic improvement of buffaloes. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Becker, W.A., 1985. Manual of quantitative genetics.Third Edition.Pub, by Washington State University, Washington. Chatterjee, R.N., B.S. Misra and H.N. Singh, 1998. Selection indices for genetic improvement in a closed flock of White Leghorn. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 33(3): 317-321 Harvey, W. R., 1979. Least squares analysis of data with unequal sub-class numbers. USDA, Agricultural Research Service. Hazel, L.N. and J.L. Lush, 1942. The efficiency of three methods of selection. J. Hered. 33: 393. Jilani, M.H., Harpal Singh and C.B. singh, 2005. Performance evaluation and selection indicesin a strain of Rhode Island Red. Indian journal of Poultry Science, 40(3): 278-281. Malik, C.P., Didar Singh, R.P. Singh and D.S. Dalal, 2005. Multi trait index selection without restriction and with different levels of restriction in briler dam line pullets. Indian journal of Poultry Science, 40(1): 16-21. Pukhramba, R., H.N. Sing and R.N. Chatterjee, 2001. Efficiency of selection indices with clutch size as a component in White Leghorn. Indian Journal of

Animal Science, 16(1): 63-66. Punya Kumari, B., 2007. Genetic studies on the performance of Japanese quails. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupathi. Raj Narayan., D.P. Singh, S.K. Agarwal and S. Majumdar, 2000. Efficiency of selection indices for the improvement of economic traits in Japanese quail. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 35(1): 89-90. Sharma, R.P., S.C. Mohapatra, A.K. Dev Roy and B.P. Singh, 1983. Index selection and its restriction in broiler female line. Indian journal of Poultry Science, 22: 314-19. Singh, S.K., R.K. Sharma, Harpal Singh and D. Kumar, 2004. Performance evaluation and costruction of multi trait selection indices in commercial strain of white leghorn. Indian journal of Poultry Science, 39(2): 120-124. Singh, R. P. and J. Kumar, 1994. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Biometrical methods in Poultry Breedingâ&#x20AC;?, published by Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Singh, A. and R. Singh, 1988. Selection for improving productivity of broiler dam line.. Indian j. Poult. Sci., 23: 51-55. Sukhvinder Sigh., R.V. Singh and Dhirendra Kumar, 2005. Construction and evaluation of selection indices for improving some traits of economic importance in growth line in broilers. Indian journal of Poultry Science, 40(3): 273-277.

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References

Issue 3 December 2011

RESEARCH ARTICLE

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AWARENESS OF SELF HELP GROUP MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS ON THE PROCEDURES OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS* Anu George 1, P.J.Rajkamal2 and R.S.Jiji 3 Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala *Part of M.V.Sc thesis submitted by the first author to Kerala Agricultural University

ABSTRACT The present study has analysed the awareness of the members of livestock- based Self Help Groups (SHGs) vis-avis that of the non-SHG members on the procedures of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Respondents were selected at random from two block panchayats of Thrissur district of Kerala. In all, 200 respondents formed the sample, one hundred each from the members of SHGs and non-members. The SHG members stood out distinctly from non-members as the former had better awareness than the latter, which was statistically proved to be highly significant too. All the respondents, irrespective of the groups to which they belonged had maximum awareness of duration of panchayat and beneficiary selection in Gram Sabha. The items about which comparatively the SHG members were least aware, were the need for approval of schemes by District Planning Committee (DPC), provision of reserved wards for the scheduled castes/tribes(SC/ST) and the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj. The items about which relatively the non- SHG members were least aware were reservation for women, the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj and the need for approval of projects by the DPC. Key words: Awareness, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Constitutional Amendment, Self Help Group

In accordance with the 73 constitutional amendment, the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act was enacted in1994 and later on 2nd October 1995, a three-tier system of local self-governance viz., village panchayats at the village level, block panchayats at the intermediary level and district panchayats at the district level was established. The prospects proffered by the Panchayati Raj system for the uplift of livestock farmers are many. The deployment of these benefits mainly hinges on the extent of awareness of the farmers about the procedures involved in the functioning of Panchayati Raj. Also, proper awareness of the procedures of 1.District Epidemiologist, Animal Disease Control Project, Pathanamthitta, Kerala. 2.Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 3.Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) is vital to effective participation. Considering this imperative need, the present study has attempted to objectively assess the livestock farmers' awareness of the procedures of PRIs. However, so far no detailed scientific study has been conducted upon the livestock farmers' level of awareness of the procedures of the system. That apart, a comparative study between the livestock based Self Help Group (SHG) members and non-SHG members with regard to awareness has also has not been done. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in Thrissur district of Kerala state. Two block panchayats viz.,Ollukkara and Irinjalakuda were purposively selected. The respondents comprised of one hundred each of livestock based SHG members and livestock farmers who were non SHG-members selected randomly from these blocks. Thus a total of 200 respondents were selected for the study.

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Awareness of procedures of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) It referred to the respondents' knowledge of the procedures of PRIs, as a responsible citizen. It was measured using the schedule developed for the purpose. The schedule consisted of ten items. The respondents were asked to give their responses on a three point continuum as aware, somewhat aware and not aware with weightages three, two and one respectively. By adding the scores of individual items the total score of each respondent was obtained. The respondents were categorized into three awareness groups viz. high, medium and low based on Delenius-Hodges cumulative f method. The total score of each item was obtained by adding the scores obtained by all the respondents for that item. The mean score of each item was calculated using the

formula, Item mean score =

Total score of the item No. of respondents

The items henceforth were ranked based on these mean scores. RESULTS Awareness of procedures of PRIs Regarding the awareness of procedures, 89 percent of the SHG members belonged to high awareness category followed by seven and four percent respectively to medium and low awareness categories (table 1). In the case of non-members, 62 percent belonged to medium category followed by 24 and 14 percent respectively in the low and high categories.

Table 1. Distribution of livestock farmers based on awareness of procedures of PRIs Sl. No Category

Score

SHG members

n=200

Non-members

Low

<22

Medium

22-27

High

>27

Total

100

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Table 2. Item analysis on awareness of procedures of PRIs n=200 Sl. Items Mean Score(Rank) No SHG members Non-members 1 Gram Sabha is the basis of Panchayati Raj 2.34(7) 2.31(7) 2 Beneficiaries of schemes are to be selected in the Gram Sabha. 2.94(2) 2.93(2) 3 Gram Sabhas are to be conducted at least quarterly 2.52(4) 2.52(5) 4 A ward member will be disqualified unless she or he convenes Gram Sabha consecutively twice. 2.38(6) 2.40(6) 5 Ward members are selected by direct election. 2.62(3) 2.71(4) 6 The duration of panchayat samiti is 5 years. 2.97(1) 2.98(1) 7 Panchayati Raj normally has a three-tier structure. 2.32(8) 1.97(10) 8 There is the provision of reserved wards for the scheduled castes/tribes(SC/ST). 2.15(9) 2.72(3) 9 One-third of the total seats of the elected representatives of panchayats is reserved for women. 2.42(5) 2.01(9) 10 Projects/schemes prepared have to have the approval of the District Planning Committee(DPC). 2.12(10) 2.02(8) Figures in paranthesis indicate ranks

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Item analysis on awareness of procedures of PRIs

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Z test on awareness of procedures of PRIs Table 3. Z test on awareness of procedures of PRIs Variable

Mean ± SE SHG Nonmembers members

Awareness of procedures of PRIs 28.41±1.56

Z value

22.96±2.79 17.02**

** (p<0.01) Z test indicated that (table 3) there is significant difference between the SHG members and non-members regarding awareness of procedures of Panchayati Raj.

Awareness is an important cognitive domain, which has a bearing on individual's decision making in day today livelihood activities. For effective participation in PRIs, the livestock farmers must be aware of the system's procedures. While among SHG-members, majority was highly aware of the procedures regarding PRIs, majority of the nonmembers were having only medium awareness. It is but natural that, since SHGs were formed under the umbrella of Panchayati Raj system, the members might have had more opportunities for interacting with the system. The results of this study agree with that of Lalitha and Seethalakshmi (1999) who reported that the SHG members' knowledge of dairy technology and economics was higher than that of other livestock owners viz., milk co-operative society members and IRDP beneficiaries. The above facts point out to the need of empowering the livestock farmers by organizing them into SHGs. Even as Z test indicated a highly significant difference between the SHG members and nonmembers on the awareness of procedures of PRIs, the first and second ranked procedures of PRIs in terms of awareness were same for both the groups. These items were on the five year term of panchayat committee and regarding selection of beneficiaries through Gram Sabha. For all other awareness items the rank order differed indicating a difference in the awareness levels of the SHG members and nonmembers. Rao (1998) reported that in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, there was ignorance of the villagers about the distinctive character of Gram Sabha and its separate identity. Sheela and Seetharaman (2004) conducted a study to assess the knowledge level of elected women in the village rd panchayats about the 73 constitutional amendment and reported that a large majority of the respondents knew the reservation percentage of women and the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj. However, a minority only knew the 73rd amendment as well as the eleventh schedule dealing with the twenty nine department decisions that can be made by the panchayat.

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In the case of non-SHG members, the highest mean score was for the item on awareness of the five year term of panchayats (2.98), and the least mean score was for the item on awareness of the three-tier setup of Panchayati Raj (2.98). The other items in the descending order of their mean scores were beneficiary selection process (2.93), reserved wards for SC/ST (2.72), direct election procedure for selecting the ward members (2.71), mandatory quarterly meetings of Gram Sabha (2.52), time bound convening of Gram Sabha meetings by ward members (2.40), Gram sabha is the basis unit of Panchayati Raj (2.31), need for project approval by DPC (2.20) and provision of one third reservation for women (2.01) in that order.

DISCUSSION

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Data ( table 2) show that the SHG members have got the highest mean score for the item on awareness of the duration of panchayat samiti(2.97), followed by that of beneficiary selection process(2.94), direct election of representatives (2.62), quarterly meetings of Gram Sabha(2.52), reservation for women(2.42), disqualification of ward members for not conducting Gram Sabha(2.38), Gram Sabha is the basis of Panchayati Raj(2.34), three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj(2.32), reservation for scheduled castes/tribes(2.15) and the need for approval of schemes by DPC (2.12), in that order.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

It is noteworthy that the livestock farmers who were members of SHGs stood out distinctly from non-members as the former had better awareness of the procedures of Panchayati Raj than the latter, which was statistically proved to be highly significant too. This clearly spoke of SHG members' empowerment in terms of their enhanced knowledge of Panchayati Raj system. Hence it is beneficial if extension agencies promote SHG formation among the livestock farmers. REFERENCES

Lalitha,N. and Seethalakshmi,M. (1999) Rural Women in Dairy enterprise the role of institutional intervention. J.Ext.Res. 1:121-131 Rao, Y. V. (1998) Functioning of Grama Sabha: A Study in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. J. Rural Dev. 17:703-728 Sheela, S.M. and Seetharaman ,N.R.(2004) Women rd panchayat presidents' knowledge about 73 constitutional amendment and factors influencing their knowledge. J.Ext.Edu. 15:3600-3602

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Issue 3 December 2011

Bhatnagar, R.K.(2000) Participatory rural development, Kurukshetra 48:30-36

RESEARCH ARTICLE

EFFECT OF RESTRICTED MILK FEEDING ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN CROSS BRED CALVES K. Jasmine Rani,1* P. Ganga Devi,2 A.D.Mercy3 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. *This form part of MVSc Thesis submitted by first author to Kerala Agricultural University.

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted with eighteen cross bred calves below one week of age for 150 days to assess the effect of restricted milk feeding on blood biochemical profile in cross bred calves. Calves were divided into three groups (group I, II and III) as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex, and body weight. Calf starter prepared as per BIS specification was offered to all the calves through out the experimental period of 150 days. Calves of group I, II and III were fed with whole milk up to twelve, eight and four weeks of age respectively. Good quality green grass was fed ad libitum. . Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma glucose, serum calcium and serum phosphorus were the criteria employed for the evaluation. The hematological parameters did not show any significant difference (P >0.05) among the groups except glucose. A significant reduction (P<0.01) in plasma glucose values was observed at second, third and fourth month in early weaned groups than in control group which may be due to early development of rumen. It could be inferred that cross bred calves can be successfully weaned from milk as early as four weeks of age with out any adverse effect on their growth performance and blood biochemical profile.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The practice of feeding whole milk to calves up to 3 months of age limits the income from the sale of milk. Several studies have been conducted to develop a method for the economical calf rearing without affecting the growth of calves. The development of the reticulo-rumen mainly depends on the eating habits of young calves. Restricting the calves to whole milk diet prevents the development of mature levels of rumen acids until such time as pasture or roughage became available. Acceleration of weaning age of calves appeared to increase their ruminal activity. Hence this study is designed to assess the growth performance and haematological parameters of cross bred calves on feeding limited amount of milk with calf starter and green grass ad libitum.

Eighteen healthy cross bred calves belonging to University Livestock Farm; Mannuthy after colostrum feeding were selected. Calves were divided into three groups of six each (Group I, Group II, Group III) as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and body weight. All calves were housed individually in well ventilated clean and dry pen. The calves of Group I (control) were fed milk up to 12 weeks of age, and Group II and Group III were fed milk up to 8 week and 4 weeks of age respectively. th The quantity of milk fed were at the rate of 1/10 of their body weight for 1-6 weeks, 1/15th of body weight for 7 to 8 weeks and 1/20th of body weight for 9 to 12 weeks of age. Calf starter prepared as per BIS specification and good quality green fodder were offered to all the calves from 1st week of age. Fresh drinking water was made available to calves through out the experimental period. Individual data of daily

1. Corresponding author Email ID: jasminejith@rediffmail.com 2. Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition. 3. Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition.

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INTRODUCTION

Issue 3 December 2011

Key words - Cross Bred Calves, Calf Starter, Milk, Digestibility.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Haematological studies included the estimation of haemoglobin, (Bain et. al, 2001) plasma protein( Dumes, 1971), plasma glucose(Trinder, 1969), serum phosphorus (Varley, 1980) and Serum calcium (Tietz,1976). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table 1. Ingredient composition of calf starter, % Ingredient Percentage composition Wheat bran

Soya bean meal

Unsalted dried fish

Black gram husk

Gingelly oil cake

Mineral mixture

Item

Calf starter

Grass

91.66

22.73

25.78

10.49

3.98

1.92

7.12

34.13

11.34

10.73

NFE

51.78

42.73

AIA

3.74

3.21

NDF

22.67

70.28

ADF

11.44

41.68

1.59

0.36

0.98

0.48

Haematological Parameters The haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma glucose, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus were estimated at monthly intervals during the experimental period of 150 days are given in Table 3 Blood Haemoglobin The blood haemoglobin concentration of experimental calves as presented in Table 3 was in the rage of 11.59 to 12.26, 11.67 to 11.83 and 11.39 to 12.35mg/100ml for group I, II and III respectively and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the groups. The values of haemoglobin recorded in the present study were within the normal range reported for the species and animals were in good nutritional status. Gupta et al. (1997) obtained concordant values in dairy calves. Plasma Protein Data on the monthly plasma protein values of calves of group I, II and III was not significantly different (P>0.05) between the groups. The values varied from 6.24 to 6.87, 6.22 to 6.68 and 6.25 to

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Proximate analysis of the calf starter, green grass and dung was done as per the standard procedure (AOAC, 1990). Crude protein in dung was estimated using fresh samples. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) was estimated by the method suggested by Van Soest (1963) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by the method suggested by Van Soest and Whine (1967). The calcium content in feed and dung was estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Phosphorus content in the feed and dung was determined by Vanado-Molybdate method (AOAC, 1990). From the data obtained on the intake and out go of dry matter and different nutrients during digestion trail, digestibility coefficient of nutrients was calculated.

Table 2. Percentage chemical composition of calf starter and green grass fed to experimental calves on dry matter basis

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dry matter (DM) intake from whole milk, calf starter, and green grass were recorded. The calves were fed as per ICAR feeding standard and were maintained on their respective feeding regime for a period of 150 days. Body weight of all the calves was recorded before feeding at weekly interval. Blood samples were collected from all animals at monthly intervals. A digestion trial was conducted in all the calves at the fourth month of age with a collection period of five days to arrive at the digestibility coefficient of nutrients.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

6.91mg/100ml for group I, II and III respectively. The plasma protein concentration recorded for the calves of the present study was within the normal range and comparable to that reported by Sagathevan (1995); Subramanian (1995) and Jith (2007).

Serum Calcium The Serum calcium values varied from 10.82 to 11.21, 11.04 to 11.34 and 10.89 to 11.17 mg/100ml for group I, II and III respectively and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the groups.. Prabha et al. (2000) also obtained almost similar serum calcium values in calves of four to five months of age. The values of serum calcium concentration of cross bred calves in the present study were well within the normal range reported for the species and comparable with values reported by Jith (2007).

Plasma Glucose The plasma glucose values of experimental calves was in the range of 61.43 to 96.99, 60.80 to 97.05 and 60.95 to 97.3 mg/100ml for group I, II and III respectively .There was no significant difference in plasma glucose level among the groups in the first month of the experiment where all the calves received milk at the same rate.

Serum Phosphorus The serum phosphorus concentration in the experimental animals varied from 6.09 to 6.80, 5.97 to 6.79 and 6.41 to 6.78 mg/100ml for group I, II and III respectively and values were within the normal range. The different milk feeding schedule has no effect (P >0.05) on the serum phosphorus concentration through out the study. In agreement with the present study and Jith (2007) also reported similar serum phosphorus concentration in cross bred calves of similar age groups.

In the second month, there was significant decrease (P<0.01) in plasma glucose values of group III calves which received milk up to 28 days of age as compared to milk fed calves(Table 3). In third and fourth month of age, group II and group III calves, which received milk up to 56 and 28 days of age respectively, recorded significant reduction (P<0.01) in plasma glucose values compared to calves of control group, which received milk up to 84 days of age. During fifth month of the experiment, calves of all the three dietary treatments registered similar plasma glucose concentration. The significant reduction in plasma glucose values in early weaned calves compared to control can be due to change in metabolic pattern as a result of early rumen development. Puri et al. (1983) and Babu et al. (2003) also reported similar values of blood glucose in early weaned calves.

Critical evaluation of blood parameters revealed that all the calves maintained normal values reported for the species through out the study. It could be inferred from the present study that cross bred calves can be weaned from milk as early as 4 weeks of age without any adverse effect on their blood biochemical profile.

Haemo globin

Group

12.26+0.25

11.87+0.29

11.97+0.26

11.71+0.34

11.59+0.40

11.67+0.73

11.67+0.70

11.83+0.83

11.81+0.80

11.74+0.71

III

12.35+0.45

12.01+0.47

12.10+0.53

11.39+0.49

11.52+0.39

P value

N.S

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Month

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Table 3. Data on haematological parameters of experimental calves *, mg/dl

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Month

Plasma protein

Group

6.24+0.08

6.49+0.07

6.63+0.08

6.74+0.07

6.87+0.08

6.22+0.20

6.34+0.20

6.43+0.22

6.54+0.22

6.68+0.24

III

6.25 +0.04

6.37+0.06

6.46+0.07

6.64+0.08

6.91+0.08

P value

N.S

Month

Plasma glucose

Group

96.99+1.29

89.60+0.42a

79.50+0.41 a

72.47+0.94 a

61.43+0.34

97.05+0.76

89.89+0.24

60.80+0.18

III

97.30+0.90

P value

N.S

74.25+0.80

87.30+0.28

68.6+0.85

65.55+0.20

60.95+0.26

0.0001

0.0000

N.S

69.80+0.42

Month

Serum calcium

Group

11.21+0.12

10.97+0.15

10.82+0.10

10.98+0.04

11.21+0.06

11.29+0.07

11.34+0.17

11.04+0.04

11.06+0.12

11.21+0.10

III

11.17+0.17

10.99+0.20

10.89+0.10

10.92+0.04

11.15+0.10

P value

N.S

6.48+0.15

6.38+0.13

6.09+0.11

6.59+0.20

6.80+0.80

6.39+0.17

6.43+0.19

6.21+0.21

5.97+0.26

6.79+0.07

III

6.44+0.20

6.52+0.20

6.41+0.21

6.56+0.22

6.78+0.28

P value

N.S

* Average of six values, a, b, c-Means with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly at one per cent level. N.S : Non Significant

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Serum phosphorus

Group

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Month

RESEARCH ARTICLE

REFERENCES

N. 1983. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 53(8): 880-882

A.O.A.C. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Fifteenth edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C., 587p. Babu, L.K., Pandey, H.N. and Sahoo, A. 2003. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(10): 1455 1459 Bain,B.J. Bates, I.

2001. 19-46Basic Haematological

Technique. Lewis practical haematology.Edin burg. BIS. 1983. Bureau of Indian Standards. Specification for compounded feeds for young stock: IS: 5560-1970.

Prabha, B., Singh, C., Murtuza, M. and Pandey, R.P. 2000. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 70(1): 50-51 Sagathevan, S. 1995. M.V.Sc. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 123p. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1994. Statistical Methods.

Eighth edition. Iowa State University

press, Iowa, 313p. Subramanian, R. 1995. M.V.Sc thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 96p.

Manak Bhavan, 9, Bhahaadur Shah Zafar Marg, New

Tietz, N.W. 1979. Clinical Chemistry 25: 833-839

Delhi, 15p.

Trinders, P.1969. Ann. Clin. Bioche. 6:24

Dumes, B.T. 1971.Clinical Che.31: 87-96

Van Soest, P.J. 1963. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. 46: 829

Jith, J.M. Ally K. 2007 J. Vet .Anin. Sci 38: 62-66

Van Soest, P.J. and Whine, R.H. 1967. J. Assoc. Off.

Nangia, O.P., Razdan, M.N. and Ray, S.N. 1970. Indian J.

Analyt. Chem. 50: 50 Varley.H.1980. Practical Clinical Biochemistry .5th Edition, William Heinemann Books

Dairy Sci. 23: 16-23

JIVA Vol. 9

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Puri, J.P., Nangia, O.P., Garg, S.L., Punia, J.S. and Singh,

RESEARCH ARTICLE

SEROMONITORING STUDY OF DIFFERENT LIVE VACCINES FOR THE CONTROL OF RANIKHET DISEASE Sreeja R. Nair1 and Aparna .S2 Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary Biologicals, Palode, Pacha P.O, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 562 ABSTRACT Vaccination breakdown and occasional side effects are noticed in birds vaccinated against Ranikhet disease (RD) in Kerala. The surging doubts regarding RD control through vaccination has emphasised a need to evaluate the different RD vaccines available in the market. The study compared the efficacy of RDK and R2Bstrains of vaccines and the necessity of primary vaccination with RDF vaccine, in four different vaccination schemes used in the study. The immune status developed following RDF-RDK vaccination method and RDF- R2B vaccination method for the control of RD were evaluated. The facts revealed by this study indicate that immunisation should be done only at a time when there were no maternal antibodies and birds primed with RDF vaccine should be given only R2B vaccine at 6th week whereas in birds that had not received the lentogenic strain of vaccine in their earlier life, RDK vaccination was shown to elict better immune response

KEYWORDS Ranikhet disease, live vaccines haemagglutination inhibition test.

The most widely used method adopted for RD control in Kerala state involves vaccination at the first week of age with the lentogenic vaccine strain, RDF through occulonasal route followed by a mesogenic vaccine viz., RDK/R2B at 6 to 8 weeks of age subcutaneously and then again a booster vaccination at 16 weeks of age with the mesogenic strain. Vaccination breakdown and occasional side 1

Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy 2 Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary Biologicals, Palode.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Unvaccinated, day old chicks were procured from healthy stock maintained at Regional Poultry Farm, Kodappanakkunnu. The birds were quarantined for five days to ensure their disease free status prior to the test. Chicks were divided into four equal test groups-Scheme A, Scheme B, Scheme C, Scheme D comprising of 246 birds each were housed separately.

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Ranikhet disease (RD) is one of the highly contagious viral diseases affecting poultry of all ages. Both live and inactivated vaccines are used for controlling the disease. Among the live vaccines lentogenic and mesogenic strains are used. 'F' strain and LaSota strain are the best known lentogenic strains and RDK and R2B are the mesogenic strains used in vaccine preparations. (Allen et al., 1978)

effects are thus often noticed in RD vaccinated birds in Kerala. This emphazised the need to assess efficiency of the different RD vaccines currently used in our state. The main objective of this study is to monitor the immune response following RDFRDK vaccination method and RDF- R2B vaccination method for the control of RD and to review the necessity of primary vaccination with lentogenic strain in both methods.

JIVA Vol. 9

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Live vaccines were used in the current study. The use of live vaccine is preferred for priming the birds as it produces local immunity in the mucosal membrane. Folitse et al. (1998) reported that live RD vaccines administered by occulonasal route induce protective mucosal immunity mediated by IgA antibody. The systemic antibody titre, which directly determines the immune status of the bird were assessed by HI test (Table 1). HI test is frequently employed for assessing the protective immunity in RD (Allen et.al, 1978) and it is generally accepted that a log 2 HI titre of 3 or more is indicative of protective immunity (Allen et al., 1978) The maternal antibody titre on day 5

Birds in scheme A ie., unprimed birds that received RDK vaccine had a mean antibody titre of 8.48, whereas those in scheme B ie., primed birds that received RDK vaccine had a mean antibody titre of only 3.91.This indicates that priming with RDF vaccine had some negative impact for RDK vaccine strain which may be explained as due to tolerance that might have developed following RDF vaccination Tizard (2000). Birds in scheme C ie., unprimed birds that received R2B vaccine had a mean antibody titre of 8.08, whereas those in scheme D ie., primed birds that received R2B vaccine had a mean antibody titre of 9.94. In case of R2B strain as in contrary to RDK strain the priming with RDF vaccine could elicit a better immune response as indicated by the high antibody titre. The results of this study indicates that for getting better immune response in RD vaccination

Issue 3 December 2011

Antibody titre for all serum samples collected were assessed by haemagllutination inhibition (HI) test as described by Allen et al., (1978). The HI titre was calculated as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the serum showing complete HI and was then expressed as log 2 values (Rangaswamy, 1995).

revealed a high antibody titre of 8.48. Scheme B and scheme D birds were given primary lentogenic vaccination with RDF vaccine, when the maternal antibody titre was very high. But scheme A and scheme C birds were not given the lentogenic th vaccine. On the 6 week the antibody titre of all the schemes were found to be nil. In scheme A and scheme C birds, the maternal antibody titre th diminished and by 6 week became nil. In scheme B and scheme D birds, even after the administration of RDF vaccine the antibody titre became nil. This may be explained as due to the neutralisation of the introduced vaccine antigen by the maternal antibodies thereby rendering the vaccine ineffective (Awan et al., 1994). Saeed et al. (1988) also mentioned that the immune response was nil at high titre of maternal antibody. Tizard (2000) opined that maternal antibody effectively prevented successful vaccination until they disappeared between 10 to 20 days after hatching. So it is advisable that priming of birds should be carried out when the maternal antibody titre drops to a level, where it does not interfere with the vaccine.

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Serum samples were collected from each bird and maternal antibody titre of chicks were analysed on fifth day by haemagglutination inhibition test. 24 birds each of Scheme B and D were vaccinated with the recommended dose of RDF th vaccine on 5 day of age by occulonasal route and Scheme A and C birds were left unvaccinated. At 6 weeks of age, serum samples were collected from birds belonging to all schemes and serum antibody titre were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition test. Birds belonging to Scheme A and B were vaccinated with RDK vaccine and Scheme C and D birds were given R2B vaccine through subcutaneous route in the wing web at 6th week of age (Alexander, 1997). Serum samples were collected 14 days after the administration of mesogenic vaccines and serum antibody titre were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition test.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

regime, birds primed with RDF vaccine when given th R2B vaccine at the 6 week elicited a better immune response whereas in birds that has not received lentogenic vaccine at an younger age, RDK vaccination is shown to give better immune response.

Allen,W.H., Lancaster, J.E. and Toth, B.1978. Newcastle Disease Vaccines, their production and use. FAO, Animal Prod.Ser.No.10, FAO, Rome.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Awan, M. A., Otte, M.J and James, A.D. 1994. The epidemiology of Newcastle disease in rural poultry. A review. Avian Pathol.23: 405-423

Authors express their deep sense of gratitude to The Director, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Palode for providing necessary facilities for the smooth conduct of this study.

Folitse ,F., Pastoret, P.P., Blancou, J. and Terre, J. 1998. Historical introduction in Veterinary Vaccinology, Edited by Pastoret, P.P., Blancou, J., Vannier,P. and Verschueren, C., Elsiever ScienceB.V., Amsterdam.pp.3-19

Scheme A

Scheme B

Scheme C

Scheme D

8.48.

On 6 week

14 days post vaccination

8.48

3.91

8.08

9.94

On day 5 th

REFERENCES Alexander, D.J., 1997. Newcastle disease and other Paramyxo viral infections, In Diseases of th poultry, 10 ed; Edited by B.W. Calnek, Wolfe publishing Ltd., New York, pp.541570.

Rangaswamy, R. 1995 A text book of agricultural statistics, 1st ed, New Age International Ltd. pp. 34. Saeed, Z., Ahamad, S., Rizvi, A.R. and Ajmal, M. 1988. Role of maternal antibody in determination of an effective Newcastle disease vaccination programme. Pak. J. Vet. Res. 1: 18-21. Tizard, I.R., 2000. Vaccinations and vaccines. th Veterinary Immunology an introduction. 6 ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia:W B Saunders company. Table I. Serum antibody titre estimated by HI

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Test birds

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Serum antibody titre

RESEARCH ARTICLE

GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE LIVER OF LEOPARD CAT (Prionailurus bengalensis ) C. V. Rajani1, S. Maya2, Leena Chandrasekhar3, 4 5 6 M.Pradeep , I. S. Sajitha, and J. J. Chungath College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576. ABSTRACT Gross anatomical study on the liver of leopard cat was done using three specimens. The liver was firm, reddish brown in colour and had an average weight of 61g. The liver presented six lobes, viz. the largest roughly quadrangular left lateral lobe; small prismatic left medial lobe; rectangular quadrate lobe with notches; quadrangular right medial lobe; small oval right lateral lobe and large irregular-shaped caudate lobe. The papillary process of caudate lobe had a ventrally directed pointed tip on the left. The caudate process of this lobe alone presented the renal fossa for the right kidney and revealed long deep notches. The caudal vena cava traversed the thick dorsal border of liver obliquely. The coronary ligament continued the two triangular ligaments and was like an arc around the ventral surface of caudal vena cava on the diaphragmatic surface. The small straight falciform ligament extended from the coronary ligament between the left medial and the quadrate lobes near the oesophageal notch with round ligament at its free edge. The visceral surface presented in the middle the hepatic porta and lesser omentum extending from the oesophageal notch to the hepatic porta. The long, pear-shaped gall bladder and was placed in the fossa on the quadrate and right medial lobes on the visceral surface and its tip was visible the between these lobes diaphragmatic surface.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a small wild cat seen in the forest areas of Southeast Asia. It has yellow fur, with black spots on body and limbs and long legs. The adult attains an average 2.5 kg weight and a height of 41 cm at the shoulder (Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002). Liver is an important haemopoietic organ in foetus; a storage organ of glycogen, fat and protein; secretes bile; plays an important role in excretion and detoxification. Literature pertaining to the gross anatomical studies on the liver of leopard cat was found to be scanty. Hence the present study was undertaken to explore the morphological details of the same which will form an important topic in wild life anatomy.

The present study was conducted on the liver collected from three leopard cat brought for post mortem to the Department of Pathology at College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode in Wayanad district of Kerala state. Various morphological and biometrical parameters were studied and recorded as given in the table. Biometry was done with Vernier Calipers, twine and measuring scale. The weight of the liver was measured using electronic balance.

1,3

Assistant Professors, 5 Professor & Head, Department of 4,5 Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, COVAS, Pookode, Wayanad. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, COVAS, Mannuthy, Thrissur,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The liver was firm, reddish brown in colour and had an average weight of 61g. It laid almost entirely in the intra thoracic part of abdomen and occupied a central position caudal to the diaphragm as in other carnivores (Dyce, 1996). It presented two surfaces namely diaphragmatic and visceral

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INTRODUCTION

Issue 3 December 2011

Key words: gross anatomy, morphometry, liver, leopard cat

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The deep inter lobar fissures, which converged towards the porta divided the liver into six lobes as in other carnivores (Nickel et al., 1979). The left lateral lobe was the largest as in the black tailed pairie dog (Grace et al., 1988) and roughly quadrangular in shape (Fig. 1 & 2). The medial aspect of its diaphragmatic surface was covered by the left medial and quadrate lobes. Its borders showed several small to medium fissures. The left medial lobe was small and prismatic as in canines (Getty, 1975). Ventral to the hepatic porta was the rectangular quadrate lobe (Smith, 1999) and showed notches similar to that in canines. It was located between the left medial and right medial lobes. The right medial lobe was the second largest and quadrangular in shape. Right lateral lobe was small, oval and the right medial lobe covered the medial aspect of its diaphragmatic surface (Fig. 1). Its visceral surface was covered by caudate lobe. The large irregular-shaped caudate lobe was located on the visceral side of liver (Fig. 2). This lobe consisted of a papillary process with ventrally

The left triangular ligament extended from the dorsomedial part of the dorsal border of the left lateral lobe. The well developed right triangular ligament originated from the dorso medial part of the visceral side of the right lateral lobe and caudate process. It continued caudally from the caudate process as hepato-renal ligament to the anterior pole of right kidney. The coronary ligament located on the diaphragmatic surface (Fig. 1) continued the two triangular ligaments medially and ventrally that was in the form of an arc around the ventral surface of caudal vena cava (Nickel et al., 1979). The small falciform ligament (Fig. 1) extended from the coronary ligament between the left medial and the quadrate lobes was almost straight, delicate membrane as in dogs (Smith, 1999) near the oesophageal notch. It showed a round ligament along its free edge as a thin transparent fold. The visceral surface showed lesser omentum from the oesophageal notch to the hepatic porta. The gall bladder was long, pear-shaped with a rounded fundus as in canines (Smith, 1999) extended from the hepatic porta. It was positioned in the deeply intended fossa of gall bladder on the quadrate and right medial lobes of liver (Fig. 1 & 2). Its tip though not extended to the ventral border of the liver was visible on the diaphragmatic surface in contact with diaphragm between these lobes. The three hepatic ducts from the liver lobes and united with the tortuous cystic duct to form the common bile duct as in cats (Nickel et al., 1979)

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The dorsal border was thick. The caudal vena cava traversed the dorsal border of liver obliquely cranially and ventrally; occupied in a deep groove on the caudate lobe, diaphragmatic surface of right lateral lobe and right medial lobe as in canines (Getty, 1975). The dorsal border towards the left on the left lateral lobe showed a notch for the oesophagus. The ventral, medial and lateral borders of the liver were sharp, thin and showed deep fissures (Fig. 1 & 2). The organ was covered by a serosa except at the region of hepatic porta and at the gall bladder fossa.

directed pointed tip on the left and a caudate process on the right. The caudate process of this lobe alone presented the renal fossa for the right kidney. This finding partially agrees with Nickel et al. (1979) who opined that in carnivores caudate process along with dorsal border of right lateral lobe presented the renal fossa. The renal fossa had a pointed projection medially. The caudate lobe revealed long deep notches which agree with the findings of Getty (1975) who stated that in canines secondary fissures subdivided this lobe.

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surfaces. The cranial diaphragmatic surface was convex, smooth and related to the diaphragm (Fig. 1). The caudal concave visceral surface presented the hepatic porta (Fig. 2) at about its middle. The hepatic porta was partially covered by the papillary process. It presented the hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic duct and several hepatic lymph nodes.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fig. 1. Diaphragmatic surface of liver of leopard cat - Dorsal view.

Fig. 2. Visceral surface of liver of leopard cat Dorsal view

LL- Left lateral lobe, LM- Left medial lobe, QQuadrate lobe, G-Gall bladder, RM-Right medial lobe, RL- Right lateral lobe, C- Caudate process, PPapillary process, F- Falciform ligament, CVCaudal vena cava, D- Diaphragm

LL- Left lateral lobe, LM- Left medial lobe, QQuadrate lobe, G-Gall bladder, RM-Right medial lobe, RL- Right lateral lobe, CP- Caudate process, PPapillary process, H- Hepatic duct, C- Cystic duct REFERENCES

Measurements in centimeter 6.8 4.4 4.6 2.2 3.4 2.6 3.6 3.2 5.7 5.2

Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O., and Wensing, C. J.G. (1996). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp: 136-140, 429-431. Getty, R. (1975). Sisson and Grossman's The Anatomy of The Domestic Animals Vol. II 5th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp: 1554-1557. Grace, P.A., Shane. J. Mc. and Pitt. H.A. (1988). Gross anatomy of the liver, biliary tree pancreas in the black tailed Prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus).Laboratory anatomy 22: 326-329. Nickel, R., Schummer, A. and Seiferle, E. (1979). The viscera of the domestic mammals. 2nd ed. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg. pp: 114-119, 134-136.

4.5 2.8

Smith, J. B. (1999). Canine Anatomy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. pp: 418-421.

2.4 2.0

Sunquist. M. E. and Sunquist. F. (2002) Wild cats of the world, University of Chicago Press. Pp226-230.

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Morphological Parameters Left lateral lobe Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Left medial lobe Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Quadrate lobe Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Right lateral lobe Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Right medial lobe Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Caudate lobe: Caudate process Maximum Length Maximum Breadth Papillary process Maximum Length Maximum Breadth

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TABLE-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION AND DIETARY MANIPULATION OF FAT ON ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE OF RATS 1

M.T. Kuriakose and V. Leela

Department of Veterinary Physiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 7 Part of the MVSc thesis submitted by the first author to TANUVAS,Chennai.

ABSTRACT The effect of short term dietary manipulation of fat with or without calorie restriction (at 40% level) on antioxidant enzyme levels to minimize ageing process in skeletal muscle was studied. Twenty four male wistar albino rats were equally distributed as Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV. Animals in the Group I and Group III were fed with diets containing linoleic acid low (coconut oil) and linoleic acid rich (corn oil) ad libitum, whereas those in Group II and IV were fed the same diets at 40 per cent calorie restriction respectively from 18 to 24 months of age with free access to water. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 24th month and skeletal muscle was collected for determination of antioxidant enzyme status. Biochemical estimation of antioxidant enzymes were conducted. Antioxidant enzyme levels were found to be significantly decreased in both ad libitum fed groups. This decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels can be attributed to the premature ageing of skeletal muscle accelerated by free radicals in adlibitum fed rats. The antioxidant enzyme levels in the skeletal muscle of senescent rats was found to be increased in both the calorie restricted diets. KEY WORDS- Antioxidant enzymes, ageing, calorie restriction, skeletal muscle

Group

Diet

No. of Animals

Group I

Low Linoleic acid diet

Group II

Low Linoleic acid diet+ Calorie restriction

Group III

Linoleic acid rich diet

Group IV

Linoleic acid rich diet + Calorie restriction

Total

MATERIALS AND METHODS A trial was conducted in 24 wistar albino rats to study the effect of level of linoleic acid with or without calorie restriction on ageing skeletal muscle 1-MVSc Scholar, Department of Veterinary Physiology 2-Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology TANUVAS,Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 7

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Antioxidant enzymes, including super oxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase convert reactive oxygen species into non reactive oxygen molecules. Cellular levels of super oxide are under tight regulation. Excess super oxide is removed through the activity of family of SOD enzymes that converts super oxide anion into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol and it functions as a co-substrate for glutathione peroxidase. Main function of GSH is to suppress lipid peroxidation which occurs in the plasma membrane.

antioxidant enzyme levels. The rats were divided into four equal groups, viz. group I to IV .Coconut oil (low linoleic acid content) was fed to groups I and II at adlibitum and 40% calorie restriction respectively. Similarly linoleic acid rich corn oil was fed to rats of group III and IV at adlibitum and 40% calorie restriction respectively. The trial was approved by the IAEC. The rats were fed with these diets from 18 to 24 months of age.

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

In the present study, SOD activity was found to be decreasing with age as evident from groups fed ad libitum with coconut oil (control) or corn oil (Group II). Sohal and Weindruch (1996) have also reported a similar decrease in antioxidant enzyme status during ageing. The dietary fat might have some effect on activity of SOD, since the levels were significantly lower in treatment II compared to the control. One probable reason for this could be due to the level of unsaturated fatty acids in corn oil compared to coconut oil which is more prone to lipid peroxidation. The tocopherol status which is an important antioxidant in the tissues may be lowered in the corn oil fed group compared to coconut oil fed group as reported by Meydani et al. (1987).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The dietary manipulation with calorie restriction paradigm resulted in a significant increase in the SOD level, as evident from Groups I and III compared to the respective ad libitum fed groups. A similar increase in SOD activity had been reported by Rao et al. (1990), in rats fed on 40 per cent calorie restriction from 6 months to 34 months. Despite the differences in the managemental practices, age of initiation of calorie restriction and level of dietary fat. It was evident that calorie restriction has a beneficial effect on the antioxidant status due to the ability of increasing the antioxidant enzyme defense. Thus dietary restriction helps to reduce oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of 24 month-old rats.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Catalase (CAT)

The mean activity of SOD in the skeletal muscle were 17.41±0.23, 31.38 ± 0.51, 12.37 ± 0.38 and 26.33 ± 0.30 U/mg protein in control, Group I, Group II and Group III respectively. The activity of SOD was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group I compared to other groups. The SOD activity in Group III was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in comparison with control group. There was

The catalase activity was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group I (0.75 ± 0.01 U/mg protein) compared to other groups. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in catalase activity in Group III (0.59 ± 0.02 U/mg protein) compared to control group (0.53 ± 0.01 U/mg protein). The catalase activity in Group II (0.41 ± 0.01 U/mg protein) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than

The data were subjected to the statistical analysis by completely randomized design, as per the method of Snedecor and Cochran (1989). Groups were compared by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by the post hoc Duncan test, with the level of significance set at p<0.05.

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The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured as per the method of Marklund and Marklund (1974). The glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was assessed as per the method of Rotruk et al. (1973). Catalase (CAT) activity was determined by the method of Caliborne (1985). The reduced glutathione (GSH) level was measured by the method of Moron et al. (1979).

significant decrease (P < 0.05) in SOD levels in Group II compared to other groups.

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The rats were sacrificed at the age of 24 months. Skeletal muscle was processed as per the method of the Bruce and Baudry (1995) for the estimation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Muscle samples were minced and homogenized in 0.05 M ice cold phosphate buffer (pH 7.4; 1:10 W/V) by Teflon homogenizer. The homogenate was divided into two parts. One part was mixed with 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (1:1), centrifuged at 5000 o g (4 C, for 10 min.) and the supernatant was used for the estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH). The remaining portion of the homogenate was centrifuged at 15000 g at 4oC for 60 min. and the supernatant was used for estimation of protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).

RESEARCH ARTICLE

On comparison of the catalase activity in the two calorie restricted groups fed with either corn oil or coconut oil, the catalase activity was found to be increased in coconut oil fed diets. This can be attributed to the accelerated lipid peroxidation due to corn oil. Due to this the enzyme activity is altered to reset the increased level of lipid peroxidation in the corn oil fed group. A similar increase in lipid peroxidation was observed by Barnes et al. (1998). Ochoa et al. (2003) also reported that the oxidative stress in skeletal muscle was directly influenced by the type of dietary fat. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) The skeletal muscle GSH-Px levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group I (21.78 ± 1.98 U/mg protein) compared to other groups. The GSH-Px level in Group III (16.45 ± 1.79 U/mg protein) was significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared to control group (11.41 ± 0.30 U/mg protein). There was significant decrease (P < 0.05) in GSH-Px level in Group II (6.95 ± 0.71) compared to other groups. In the present study the activity of the

The glutathione peroxidase activity is significantly increased in both calorie restricted groups compared to others. This indicates effectiveness of calorie restriction in retarding age associated changes by increasing the antioxidant defense of the body. This may also be associated with decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 in calorie restricted rats due to reduced amount of free radicals in these groups. The similar increase of glutathione peroxidase was observed by Rao et al. (1990) in liver of diet restricted rats. Among the diet restricted groups the macromolecular damage was found to be lower in rats fed with coconut oil diet with significantly higher glutathione peroxidase, which have captured the electrons released and prevented them from inducing lipid peroxidation. A significant increase in this enzyme activity in rats fed with coconut oil ad libitum may be due to same reasons as compared to corn oil fed rats in accordance with the observation of Domitrovic et al. (2006) and Pamplona et al. (1999). The chances of oxidation and biochemical decay of membrane are minimum in coconut oil fed group, hence preserves the membrane architecture, whereas, in corn oil fed group the accelerated metabolism causes demand of stabilizing factor which is reflected on the reduced glutathione peroxidase activity. The tocopherol status which is an important antioxidant in the tissues may be lowered in the corn oil fed group compared to coconut oil fed group (Meydani et al., 1987), which might have probably added to the beneficial effects of dietary fat on antioxidant status.

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The catalase activity was found to be low in both ad libitum groups fed with corn oil and coconut oil. This decrease in antioxidant enzyme is a result of ageing in skeletal muscle of 24 month-old rats as supported by Semsei et al. (1989) in the liver of rats during ageing. In the calorie restricted groups the catalase activity was found to be significantly increased. Thus calorie restriction is instrumental in attenuating the damage caused by free radicals as result of increase in antioxidant enzyme defense. The increase in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes with dietary restriction appears in the form of an increase in the levels of the mRNAs coding for these enzymes. The increase in the mRNA levels could arise from changes in transcription, mRNA processing or mRNA turnover (Rao et al., 1990).

glutathione peroxidase was found to be significantly decreased in control and Group II groups fed with ad libitum diet. The changes occurring in skeletal muscle as a result of increased age in 24 month-old rats has led to this decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity. Semsei et al. (1989) also observed a similar decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of rats during advancement of ageing.

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other groups.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

In the present study, the reduced glutathione levels were significantly reduced in ad libitum fed groups compared to the respective calorie restricted groups. This indicates increased oxidative stress and damage in skeletal muscle of 24 month-old rats. Sohal and Weindruch (1996) has reported a decrease in antioxidant enzyme defense with increasing ageing. Calorie restriction shifts the animal's resources into maintenance functions so that the animal is better able to withstand a variety of environmental stresses. Hence, it is possible that the retardation of aging by calorie restriction is at least partially a result of the restricted animal being more resistant to the harmful actions of stress and toxic insults (Masoro and Austad, 1996). This idea is supported by systems involved in cellular protection (e.g., heat shock response, DNA repair) being enhanced by calorie restriction. These cellular protection mechanisms are compromisedwith age. Among the calorie restricted groups the glutathione activity was increased in Group I groups fed with coconut oil diet compared to other group fed with corn oil diet. This difference among the calorie restricted groups may be due to the difference in fat source. The degree of unsaturation markedly influences the biochemical activities and hence the stability of the lipid bilayer varies. This decreases the reduced glutathione enzyme which maintains the redox potential compared to the rats fed low linoleic

The calorie restriction along with low linoleic acid diet is found to be beneficial in retarding the age related changes in skeletal muscle of 24 month-old rats. REFERENCES Barnes, C.J., W.E. Hardman., G.L. Maze., M. Lee and I.L. Cameron, 1998. Age dependent sensitization to oxidative stress by dietary fatty acids. Aging (Milano)., 10: 455-462. Bruce, A.J. and M. Baudry, 1995. Oxygen free radicals in rat limbic structure after kainiteinduced seizures. Free Radical Biol. Med., 18: 993-1002 Caliborne, A.L., 1985. Assay of catalase. In: Handbook of Oxygen Radical Research. Ed. Greenwald, R.A., CRC Press, Baco-Raton. Domitrovic, R., M. Tota and C. Milin, 2006. Oxidative stress in mice: effects of dietary corn oil and iron. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 113: 177-191. Marklund, S.L. and G. Marklund, 1974. Involvement of superoxide anion radical in the auto oxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469 - 474. Masoro, E.J and S.N. Austad, 1996. The evolution of antiaging action of dietary restriction. A hypothesis. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 51: 387-391. Meydani, S.N., A.C. Shapiro, M. Meydani, J.B. Macauley and J.B. Blumberg, 1987.Effect of age and dietary fat (fish, corn and coconut oil) on tocopherol status of C57BL/6Nia mice. Lipids., 22: 345-350. Moron, M.S., J.W. Depierre and B. Mannervik, 1979. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim.

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The mean GSH activity in the skeletal muscle were 24.09 ± 2.57, 41.14 ± 0.44, 16.30 ± 0.38 and 32.17 ± 0.77 U/mg protein in control, Group I, Group II, Group III respectively. The activity of GSH was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group I compared to other groups. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) activity of GSH was found in Group III compared to control group. There was significant decrease in GSH level (P < 0.05) in Group II compared to the other groups.

acid diet. A similar increase in antioxidant levels were observed by Rao et al. (1990).

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Reduced glutathione (GSH)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Pamplona, R., M. Portero-OtĂn, J.R. Requena., S.R. Thorpe., A. Herrero and G. Barja, 1999. A low degree of fatty acid unsaturation leads to lower lipid peroxidation and lipoxidationderived protein modification in heart mitochondria of the longevous pigeon than in the short-lived rat. Mech. Ageing Dev., 106: 283-296. Rao, G., Xia, E., M.J. Nadukavukaren and A. Richardson, 1990. Effect of dietary restriction on the age dependent changes in the expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver. J. Nutr.,120: 602-609.

Semsei, I., G. Rao and A. Richardson, 1989. Change in the expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase as a function of age and dietary restriction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 164: 620-627. Sohal, R.S and R. Weindruch, 1996. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction and aging. Science., 273: 59-63. Snedecor, G.W. and E.G. Cochran, 1989. Statistical Methods, 8th edn., Iowa State University Press, USA.

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Ochoa, J.J., J.L. Quiles, S. Ibanez, E. Martinez, M. Lopez-frias, J.R. Huertas and J. Mataix, 2003.Aging Related oxidative stress depends on dietary lipid source in rat post mitotic tissues. Journal of Bioenerg. and Biomembr., 35: 267-275.

Rotruk, J.T., A.L. Pope, H.E. Ganther, A.B. Swanson, D.G. Hafeman and W.G. Hekstra, 1973. Selenium, biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase purification and assay. Science., 179: 588590.

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Biophys. Acta., 582: 67-78.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

DEVELOPMENT OF MANGO FLAVOURED SWEETENED WHEY DRINK C. Pandiyan*, R.Annal Villi and V.Chandirasekaran Department of Dairy Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamil Nadu ABSTRACT Whey is a by-product during preparation of paneer and cheese. Almost all the quantity of whey is being wasted creating pollution to the water sources. The mango flavoured sweetened whey drink was prepared by using whey, sugar, and mango pulp. The treatments were divided into control, T1 using 4 per cent, T2 using 5 per cent and T3 using 6 per cent mango pulp. The total solids content and the total sugar content of the control and treatments showed no significant difference. Sensory analysis of the treatments showed a significant difference (P>0.01) among the treatments for colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. Mango pulp added treatments scored a high by the sensory panel. Mango flavoured sweetened whey drink can be prepared by using 4, 5 and 6 per cent of mango pulp with highest consumer acceptability as compared to the control. Whey contains about half of the milk solids and addition of mango pulp in the preparation of whey drink increased the deliciousness and nutritional value.

Whey is that portion of milk which is obtained after the coagulation of milk protein casein with some coagulation with citric acid or lactic acid. It contains about half of the milk solids, most of the lactose about one fifth of the protein, most of the vitamins and minerals. About 3 million tones of whey produced in India containing about 2 lakh tones of valuable milk nutrients. Disposal of whey possesses a serious problem of environmental pollution due to the presence of high organic matter. The paneer whey contains sodium (mg/l) 350, potassium (mg/l) 1300, calcium mg/l 480, magnesium mg/l 59, chloride mg/l 1349, citrate mg/l 6750, zinc Âľg/L 280, total protein 0.41 per cent, fat 0.01 per cent, lactose 4.5, total solids 5.8, pH 5.5 (Nupur and Gandhi, 2009). The bioconversion of whey is an interesting process from the view point of human nutrition, especially for therapeutic purposes, in regard to *

Corresponding authour and Assistant Professor, Department of Dairy Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637002, Tamil Nadu, Email ch.pandiyan@gmail.com

economy, and with advantage for reducing environment pollution. Development of any process of its economical utilization would be of great benefit to the dairy industry. At this state, product diversification using whey as a infrastructure is quite feasible. Market demand for beverages is growing all over the world and India is no exception to it. Whey beverages have been recognized as a genuine thirst quencher, light, refreshing, healthful and nutritious. Whey and its biological components have proven its effects in treatments of several chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, HIV etc. As it is nutritionally too rich it can also be used in beverages infant Geriatric and Atheletic food (Sarvana Kumar, 2005). Mango is a fruit that grows in tropical regions of the world. Mango is called the king of tropical fruits. It is a delicious, exotic and nutritional fruit giving vitamins A and B to the human beings. Mango is processed for preparing a host of products such as juices, pulps, squashes, jam and pickles. Mango pulp contains (in percentage) total solids 17.27, pulp 60.55, total sugar 10.57 and acidity 0.44 respectively

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INTRODUCTION

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Key words: Mango pulp, channa whey, flavoured whey drink, sensory properties

RESEARCH ARTICLE

(Sahu et al., 2005). The fruit is available in plenty during the season of production which causes glut in the market. So the fruit is available at a very remunerative price during the season of processing. Based on the nutritional qualities of whey and mango pulp, this paper focuses on the feasibility of incorporating mango pulp at 4, 5 and 6 per cent in the preparation of mango flavoured whey drink and to study the sensory acceptability. Materials and Methods Fresh cow milk was procured from the livestock farm, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, sugar, citric acid salts and ripened mango was purchased from the local market and the pulp was extracted and was used in the preparation of whey drink.

mango pulp respectively. The whey drink was prepared by mixing the whey (previously adjusted to a pH of 5.0) with the addition of cane sugar at rate of 12 per cent and mango pulp as in Table 1. The flow chart for the prepration of mango flavoured whey drink is shown in Figure 1. After cooling the whey drink was subjected to sensory evaluation by 9 point hedonic scale (Ritu et al., 2007). Figure 1. Flow chart for the prepration of mango flavoured whey drink Whey

Heating (45 °C) Addition of Can sugar

Preparation of whey

Ripened mangoes were cleaned with hot water. The selected mangoes were cut into small pieces after removing the skin. The pulp was extracted aseptically and mixed well so as to have uniform emulsion. Then the pulp was refined by passing it through the muslin cloth and was used for the preparation of whey drink. Preparation of mango flavoured sweetened whey drink The treatments were divided into control without the addition of mango pulp and the treatments T1, T2 and T3 by using 4, 5 and 6 per cent

Filtration Bottling o

Pastuerization (63 C for 30 min.) Cooling (Room temperature) Storage (7±1°C) Results and discussion The samples were analyzed for total solids according to the Padmavathi et al., (2007), whereas total sugars were estimated by Lane and Eyan method (Ranganna, 2004). Sensory evaluations of the various treatments were evaluated by 9 point hedonic scale (Ritu et al., 2007). The results of the control and treatments were presented in table 2. The total solids content was in accordance with Nupur and Gandhi, (2009) they obtained a value of 5.8 per cent for paneer based whey drink. The total sugar

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Preparation of mango pulp

Addition of Mango pulp

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Whey was prepared by heating pooled cow o milk to 82 C and 2 per cent citric acid solution was added at the rate of 2 gm/kg of milk. Complete coagulation was effected within one minute and the whey filtered muslin cloth where the coagulum chhana is used as a base material for traditional sweetmeats. Whey obtained was adjusted to pH 5.0 using 10 per cent NaHCO3 solution (Mathur et al., 1986). Thus prepared whey was utilized for the preparation of whey drink.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Conclusion It can be concluded that flavoured sweetened whey drink can be prepared by using 4, 5 and 6 per cent of mango pulp with highest consumer acceptability as compared to the control. Among the treatments no significant difference was noticed. Whey contains about half of the milk solids and addition of mango pulp in the preparation of whey drink increased the deliciousness and nutritional value.

Ranganna, S. 2004. Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruit and vegetable products, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. Ritu, P.D., Divya and Ramakant, D. 2007. Effect of different treatments on the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of whey-guava beverage. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 7 (1):27-29 Sahu, C., Choudhary, P.L and Patel, S. 2005. Techno economic feasibility of ready to-serve whey based mango herbal beverage. India Journal of Dairy Science, 58(4): 258-263. Sarvana Kumar, R. (2005). Whey beverage - A review. Beverage and Food World, 58-60.

Table 1. Quantity of ingredients for 100 gram of whey drink

REFERENCE Mathur, B.N., Kumar, A and Ladkani, B.G. 1986. Clarification of whey for the preparation of beverages. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 39: 340 - 342. Nupur, G. and D.N. Gandhi. 2009. Comparative Analysis of Indian Paneer and Cheese Whey for Electrolyte Whey Drink. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 4 (1): 70-72.

Ingredients

Control

Paneer whey

88.00

84.00

83.00

82.00

Sugar

12.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Mango pulp Total

100.00 100.00 100.00

Table 2. Properties of whey drink for various treatments Parameters Control T1 T2 T3 Total solids (%) 5.75 ± 0.12 5.81 ± 0.07 5.89 ± 0.01 5.92 ± 0.02 Total sugar (%) 24.27 ± 0.05 24.56 ± 0.03 24.66 ± 0.04 24.79 ± 0.24 Sensory analysis b a a a Colour 7.56 ± 0.09 8.17 ± 0.02 8.17 ± 0.01 8.16 ± 0.01 Tastes 7.62 c ± 0.04 8.14b ± 0.07 8.28a ± 0.02 8.36a ± 0.01 Flavour 7.07 b ± 0.03 8.11a ± 0.04 8.23a ± 0.04 8.24a ± 0.04 Texture 8.12 b ± 0.04 8.33a ± 0.05 8.38a ± 0.06 8.39a ± 0.03 Overall acceptability 7.36 b ± 0.07 8.25a ± 0.03 8.28a ± 0.05 8.30a ± 0.04 Means (n=4) bearing different superscripts in a row differ (P<0.01) significantly

100.00

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Sensory analysis of the treatments showed a significant difference (P>0.01) among the treatments for colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. Mango pulp added treatments scored a high value by the sensory panel and result was in line with Ritu et al., (2007) who reported that addition of guava pulp increased the consumer acceptability.

Padmavathi, T.K., Thangaraju, P and Subramaniam, V.S. 2007.Comparative analysis of cheese whey and channa whey. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 3: 74-77.

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content was at par with Ritu et al., (2007) reported that the total sugar content of the whey guava drink was ranged from 24.24 to 24.43 per cent.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

EFFICACY OF ANTIPROGESTIN (Aglepristone) AND PROSTAGLANDIN F2% (Cloprostenol) IN TREATMENT OF OPEN CERVIX PYOMETRA IN BITCHES Thirumurugan, K*. and Rajasundaram, R.C. Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007

ABSTRACT Eighteen bitches of different breeds that were presented to the Small Animal Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, with known breeding history of open cervix pyometra, were formed as experimental animal for the study. These bitches were randomly divided into three groups (n=6) viz. group I, II and III. Diagnosis of open cervix pyometra was made based on history, clinical signs, abdominal palpation, ultrasonography and radiography. Group I bitches were treated with Inj. Prostaglandin F2% (Cloprostenol) at the dose rate of 5F g/kg body weight subcutaneously once daily, Group II bitches were treated with Inj. Aglepristone at the dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight subcutaneously on day 1, day 2, day 7 and day 14 (if not cured), Group III bitches were treated with Inj. Aglepristone plus Prostaglandin F2%. Inj. Aglepristone @ 10mg/kg and Inj. PGF2% @ 1

Fg/kg body weight

subcutaneously on day 1, day , day 7 and day 14 (if not cured), respectively and Inj. PGF2% alone was administered @ 2

Fg/kg body weight subcutaneously on day 3 to day 6. All the three groups were treated along with antibiotics and fluids, until the uterine size was reduced or no visible intrauterine fluid or anechoic to hypoechoic area seen. All the three treatment protocols (PGF2%, aglepristone and aglepristone plus PGF2% combination) were 100 per cent effective in open cervix pyometra of bitches and can be adopted as a remedial measure under field condition to augment fertility in bitches. Further, the drug aglepristone treatment was found to be better, since it requires minimum number of administration of the drug without any side effect.

open pyometra has been extremely encouraging and consistent (Nelson et al., 1982). and luteolysis thus removing progesterone influence on the uterus (Lein,

to be effective and safe in reversing the clinical signs and abnormal uterine ultrasonographic findings in bitches suffering from open cervix pyometra, independently of initial progesterone (P 4 ) concentrations (Gobello et al., 2003). Pharmacological treatment with aglepristone or aglepristone and PGF2%, preceded by general, gynaecological, haematological and ultrasonographical examinations constitute a safe alternative for bitches in dioestrus, with P4 concentrations higher than 2 ng/mL and without ovarian cysts (Ucmak and Tek, 2008).

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Pyometra is one of the few life threatening conditions affecting the female reproductive tract. It is a medical emergency in both dogs and cats with age related risks (Wiebe and Howard, 2009). Although ovariohysterectomy is a permanent treatment option for pyometra, pharmacological treatment plays an important role in case of valuable breedable bitches in an attempt to protect their breeding potential . New, alternative drug treatments with fewer side effects and improved efficacy are available (Nelson et al., 1982). The use of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2%) for the treatment of

1986; Prostaglandin used in the medical treatment of pyometra resulted in cervical dilatation, myometrial contraction Grooters, 1994; Cain, 1998).The combined therapy of aglepristone and PGF2% proved

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lINTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Group I bitches were treated with Inj. Prostaglandin F2 % (Cloprostenol) at the dose rate of 5µg/kg body weight subcutaneously once daily, Group II bitches were treated with Inj. aglepristone at the dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight subcutaneously on day 1, day 2 day 7 & day 14 (if not cured), Group III bitches were treated with Inj. aglepristone plus PGF2%. Inj. aglepristone @ 10 mg/kg and Inj. PGF2% @ 1 µg/kg body weight subcutaneously on day 1, day 2, day 7 &day 14 (if not cured), respectively and Inj. PGF2% alone was administered @2µg/kg body weight subcutaneously on day 3 to day 6. All the three groups were treated along with antibiotics (Antibiotic ampicillin and cloxacillin combination (BAXIVET® LYKA Animal Health Care)) was preferred for the course treatment. and fluids, until the uterine size was reduced or no visible intrauterine fluid or anechoic to hypoechoic area seen. Treatment response was assessed by clinical signs, biochemical result abdominal palpation, radiography and ultrasound and side effect of the each drug has been stuied. The bitches were examined regularly and followed upto 2 months. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The treatment response of bitches in all three groups is presented in table 1. In the present study treatment response with PGF2% for the treatment of open cervix pyometra was 100 per cent, in that 66.66 per cent (4/6) and 33.33 per cent (2/6) of animals responded within 8 days and 10 days, respectively. In the present study observed results

The treatment response with aglepristone for the treatment of open cervix pyometra was 100 per cent, in that 50 per cent (3/6) and 50 per cent (3/6) of animals responded within 8 days and 21 days, respectively. Perusal of literatures revealed only scanty information on the efficacy of aglepristone in the treatment of open cervix pyometra and there are no reports from India. In the present study observed results were mainly because of antiprogestin action of the aglepristone. Progesterone receptor antagonist aglepristone competitively prevent progesterone from binding to its receptor. Consequently, the absence of receptor stimulation and activation mimics the effects observed when luteolysis is induced and causes relaxation of the cervix. Uterine contraction is indirectly induced by the local uterine release of endogenous prostaglandins as a consequence of the endometrial inflammatory process associated with the pyometra (Vergesten, 2008). The treatment response of combined therapy of aglepristone and PGF2% was 100 per cent, in that 83.33 per cent (5/6) and 16.66 per cent (1/6) of animals responded within 8 days and 21 days, respectively. In the present study, observed results were mainly because of synergistic effect of antiprogestin action of aglepristone and luteolytic and uterotonic action of PGF2%. These findings were in concurrence with the findings of Gobello et al. (2003); Fieni (2006); Ucmak and Tek (2007). All the bitches in the group I and III received PGF2% injection showed the side effect of panting, salivation, vomiting, defecation and urination. The side effects tend to decrease gradually from day 4 to

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Eighteen bitches of different breeds that were presented to the Small Animal Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, with known breeding history of open cervix pyometra, were formed as experimental animal for the study. These bitches were randomly divided into three groups (n=6) viz. group I, II and III. Diagnosis of open cervix pyometra was made based on history, clinical signs, abdominal palpation, ultrasonography and radiography.

were mainly because of PGF2%, which causes contraction of myometrium, relaxation of cervix and lysis of corpus luteum, results in evacuation of uterine contents and reduction in P4 concentration. This finding was in agreement with the findings Vergesten (2008); Gobello et al. (2003) and Ucmak and Tek (2007). Treatment response was mainly decided based on the clinical improvement and ultrasonography.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESEARCH ARTICLE

TABLE 1 TREATMENT RESPONSE IN BITCHES TREATED FOR OPEN CERVIX PYOMETRA IN DIFFERENT TREATMENT GROUP Number of bitches recovered (in days) Overall treatment Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 10 Day 21 response on day 21

Group II (AG)

Group III (AG+PG)

1 3 2 (16.66%) (50%) (33.33%) -

(6/6) 100%

3 (50%)

(6/6) 100%

1 1 3 (16.66%) (16.66%) (50%)

1 (16.66%)

(6/6) 100%

9 after treatment. These findings were similar to that of earlier observation made by Feldman et al. (1993). In the present study, 12 bitches were treated with aglepristone, out of which only one bitch had swelling at the site of injection which subsided within a week. This finding was in accordance with Fieni (2006), who reported localized inflammatory reaction at the site of injection that disappeared within two weeks. On the contrary Gobello et al. (2003) reported that there were no side effects with the aglepristone therapy in the open cervix pyometra affected bitches. All the three drugs (PGF2%, aglepristone and aglepristone plus PGF2รก combination) were 100 per cent effective in the treatment of open cervix pyometra in bitches. Further, the drug aglepristone treatment was found to be better, since it requires minimum number of administration of drug and without any side effect. Though long term studies have to be carried out to assess the recurrence of disease with each drug, these three treatment protocols can be adopted as a remedial measure ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Virbac, France for its support and Alizine1 supply and all the owners who participated in this study.

REFERENCES Cain, J.L., 1998. Drugs used to treat reproductive disorders. Vet. Clin. North. Am., 28: 395-396. Fieni, F., 2006. Clinical evaluation of the use of aglepristone with or without cloprostenol to treat cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in bitches. Theriogenology, 66: 1550-1556. Gobello, C., Castex, G., Klima, L., Rodriguez R. and Corrada, Y. 2003. A study of two protocols combining aglepristone and cloprostenol to treat open cervix pyometra in the bitch. Theriogenology, 60: 901-908. Grooters., A.M, 1994. Diseases of the uterus. In Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. Ist Edn., pp-172-173. Lein, O.H., 1986. Prostaglandin therapy in small animal reproduction. In: Kirk Current Veterinary therapy IX. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, pp- 1233-1235. Nelson, R.W., Feldman E.C. and Stabenfelt G.H., 1982. Treatment of canine pyometra and endometritis with PGF2%. JAVMA., 181: 899-963. Ucmak, M and Tek, C. 2008. Comparison of the efficacy of different methods on the medical treatment of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in bitches. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 52: 231-234. Vergesten, J., Dhaliwal, G. and Verstegen-Onclin, K. 2008. Mucometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ssssssand pyometra in the bitch: advances in treatment and assessment of future reproductive success. Theriogenology, 70: 364-374. Wiebe, V.J and Howard, P. 2009. Pharmacologic advances in canine and feline reproduction. Topic in companion animal medicine, 24: 71-99.

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Group I (PG)

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Treatment Total number of group bitches treated

RESEARCH ARTICLE

VITRIFICATION OF BOVINE PREANTRAL FOLLICLES in situ* P.M. Hari Narayanan1, V. Vijayakumaran2 and Metilda Joseph3 Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala *Part of M.V.Sc thesis submitted by the first author to Kerala Agricultural University

ABSTRACT The study was designed and conducted with the objectives of assessing the efficiency of two vitrification methods namely conventional vitrification (CV) and solid surface vitrification (SSV), for long term cryopreservation of bovine preantral follicles in situ. Ovaries of six freshly slaughtered adult crossbred cows were collected and transported to the laboratory within one hour in normal saline at room temperature. The ovarian cortex from both ovaries of each animal was separated one hour after the slaughter and a cortical piece from each animal was fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological processing later on (control). Two cortical pieces was divided into smaller fragments of approximately 1mm3 size. These fragments were vitrified using conventional vitrification (CV) or by solid surface vitrification (SSV) and stored in liquid nitrogen for ten days. The fragments were warmed and fixed after the storage period. The quality of preantral follicles in the fixed ovarian tissues was evaluated based on morphology in histological sections. The number of morphologically normal preantral follicles in situ was significantly reduced after both CV (25.5 %) and SSV (37.17 %). But, SSV was significantly better than CV for preserving the quality of preantral follicles.

1.Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary Erimayur, Palakkad. 2.Professor (Retd.) Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 3.Associate Professor, Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala

Slow freezing method is the most widely used procedure for cryopreservation of preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue. This procedure is time consuming and requires costly equipments like programmable bio-freezer. A promising substitute in this field is cryopreservation by vitrification (Rall and Fahy, 1985). It is inexpensive, rapid and user friendly. Dinnyes et al. (2000) developed an improved vitrification technique for oocytes and embryos called solid surface vitrification (SSV). Santos et al. (2007c) successfully applied this technique for vitrification of preantral follicles of goats enclosed in ovarian tissue. Perusal of literature failed to reveal any study on preservability of bovine preantral follicles in situ from India. So this study was undertaken to assess the efficiency of conventional vitrification and solid surface

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Male gamete preservation involving large scale crypopreservation of sperms has now become routine procedure. But preservation of female germplasm has usually been limited to cryopreservation of the small number of oocytes from antral follicles. Of late however, ovarian tissue cryobanking has represented as an alternative method of preserving female genetic resources (Ledda et al., 2001). Mammalian ovary contains thousands of oocytes enclosed in preantral follicle. However, the vast majority of these follicles (99.9%) does not reach ovulation, but are eliminated by a process known as follicular atresia. Methods for manipulation of oocytes enclosed in preantral follicles have been developed, with the aim to rescue preantral follicles from the ovaries before they

become atretic (Silva et al., 2000). Manipulation of oocytes enclosed in preantral follicles consists of short term preservation, long term cryopreservation and utilization of such oocytes for in vitro / in vivo production of embryos.

JIVA Vol. 9

Introduction

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The ovaries were transported to the laboratory, within one hour, at room temperature (about 25ยบC) in a 50ml centrifuge tube (BD FalconUSA) containing normal saline solution. In the laboratory, the adhering tissue debris were trimmed off from the ovaries, washed once in 70 per cent alcohol and twice in normal saline solution. The ovarian cortex from both ovaries of each animal was separated carefully by removing the medulla with a razor blade, divided and then allotted to the experiments. An hour after slaughter one cortical piece selected at random from each animal was immediately fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological processing later on. These pieces were considered as the control or zero hour pieces, which denote the morphological status of the follicles at the start of the study. Two cortical pieces from each animal were subjected to vitrification study using two vitrification techniques, namely Conventional Vitrification (CV) and the Solid Surface Vitrification (SSV). Conventional vitrification One of the two remaining cortical pieces was utilized for conventional vitrification as per the following protocol. The cortical piece was divided further into 3 smaller fragments of approximately 1mm sizes, using a razor blade. About twenty of these fragments were subjected to conventional vitrification. The ovarian cortical fragments were equilibrated and vitrified as described by Santos et al. (2007c) with modification in holding media. In this study TCM 199 with 10% heat-inactivated FCS was utilized instead of MEM+ as holding media.The fragments were equilibrated in two vitrification solutions (VS). Vitrification solution I (VS-I) contained holding media with 0.5 M sucrose and 20 % ethylene glycol

Solid surface vitrification The last piece of ovarian cortex from each animal was utilized for solid surface vitrification. The cortical piece was divided further into smaller 3 fragments of approximately 1mm size, using a razor blade. About twenty of these fragments were subjected to SSV. The equilibration and vitrification was carried out as described by Santos et al. (2007c) using the same modification as in conventional vitrification. Unlike CV, a single vitrification solution was used for SSV which contained holding media supplemented with 0.5 M sucrose and 35 % EG. Each fragment was initially kept in the holding medium for approximately10 min followed by VS

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Materials and Methods

(EG). Vitrification solution II (VS-II) was composed of holding media with 0.5 M sucrose and 40 % EG. The cortical fragments were initially put in the holding medium for 10 min followed by exposure to VS-I for 4 min. Subsequently, the fragments were exposed to VS-II for 1 min. All the processing steps were carried out at room temperature. After the equilibration period each fragment was loaded into 0.5 ml Cassou straws (IMV- France) along with VSII vitrification solution using a tuberculin syringe. The unsealed straws were then immersed vertically into liquid nitrogen. These straws were stored in liquid nitrogen for ten days. After ten days of storage in liquid nitrogen, the straws were warmed in air for one min at room temperature. Cryoprotectant diluent (CD) solutions namely CD-I, CD-II and CD-III were used for cryoprotectant removal. CD-I consisted of holding media with 0.3M sucrose, CD-II consisted of holding media with 0.15 M sucrose, and CD-III consisted of holding media only. These solutions were taken in 15 ml centrifuge tubes and kept in 37ยบC water bath. The warmed straws were vertically immersed with factory seal up, in CD-I followed by CD-II and CD-III for 5 min in each. Then the contents of the straws were emptied into a 35 mm petri dish (Tarsons-India). These fragments were then fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological processing.

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vitrification for long term preservation of bovine preantral follicles in situ.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The follicles with out antrum were considered as preantral follicles as per Figueiredo et al. (1993). These preantral follicles were further classified according to morphological criteria followed by Silva et al. (2000) as: (a) Morphologically normal - when they contained an intact oocyte and intact granulosa cells. (b) Degenerated type 1 - when the oocyte nucleus was pycnotic but granulosa cells normal.

To avoid counting a follicle more than once, preantral follicles were counted only in the sections where their oocyte nucleus was observed. The result of vitrification was analyzed using t-test. Results and Discussion Conventional vitrification of ovarian cortical fragments reduced the percentage of morphologically normal preantral follicles to 25.5 ± 2.26 per cent compared to the control (59 ± 2.37 %).Solid surface vitrification of ovarian cortical fragments also resulted in a reduction of the percentage of normal preantral follicles to 37.17 ± 1.89 per cent. The percentages of morphologically normal preantral follicles in control, conventional vitrification and solid surface vitrification are presented in Table.1. Morphologically normal preantral follicles in the conventionally vitrified fragments were significantly reduced (P<0.01) from the control to 25.5 per cent. There is a substantial reduction in the number of preantral follicles after cryopreservation. A similar conventional vitrification protocol employed by (Gandolfi et al., 2006) on bovine ovarian tissue using the same holding media but a different concentration of EG (5.64 M) and with trehalose and polyvinylpyrolidone also showed a significant reduction in the level of normal preantral follicles from control. The morphologically normal preantral follicles in control of that study were 48.4 per cent and after conventional vitrification the levels reduced to 15.8 per cent. This reduction is comparable to the survival rate obtained in this study. Another conventional vitrification protocol in the above mentioned study which used a combination of EG and DMSO drastically reduced the survivability of preantral follicles to 1.26 per cent. But, Santos et al. (2007c) preserved goat preantral follicles with out any significant difference from control using the same conventional vitrification protocol as in the

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The fixed ovarian cortical pieces were dehydrated in isopropyl alcohol, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin wax, and serially sectioned at thickness of 7F. Every fifth section was placed on glass microscope slides as per Santos et al. (2002), stained using standard protocols with periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-hematoxylin (Luna, 1968) and mounted with DPX. Sections were examined using a light microscope (Leica) at 400x magnification. Hundred preantral follicles were counted for each of the six repeats of conventional and solid surface vitrifications.

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for 5 min, both at room temperature. After the period of equilibration the ovarian cortical fragments with the adhering vitrification media were placed on a cold surface consisting of a hollow stainless steel box covered with aluminum foil partially immersed in liquid nitrogen. Care was taken to maintain the liquid nitrogen level at about 5 mm below the vitrification surface. After about 30 s the vitrified fragments were transferred into 1.8 ml cryovials (Tarsons- India), pre-cooled by keeping in liquid nitrogen, using nitrogen-cooled thumb forceps. The vials were then stored in liquid nitrogen for ten days. After the storage period in liquid nitrogen, the cryovials were warmed in air for one min at room temperature. Cortical fragments were taken out from the cryovials and directly placed in CD-I solution followed by CDII and CD-III, for 5 min in each. The CD solutions were taken in 4.5 ml cryovials and kept in 37ºC water bath. These fragments were fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological processing.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

present study.

study.

Ovarian cortical fragments cryopreserved by solid surface vitrification had 37 per cent of preantral follicles in normal condition, which is also a significant reduction from that of the control. Santos et al. (2007c) observed no significant reduction in the percentage of normal preantral follicles in goat ovarian tissue vitrified using the same protocol. The variation may be due to the species difference and also due to the fact that ovaries of older cattle with unknown history were used in this

A comparison of the two vitrification protocols showed significant difference (P<0.01) in the percentage of morphologically normal preantral follicles. The cortical fragments vitrified by solid surface vitrification showed higher percentage of normal preantral follicles. No difference was observed between the two methods by Santos et al. (2007c) in goats, just by the examination of morphologically normal follicles, but by testing the follicular viability after isolation of these follicles revealed better result of SSV over CV. The increased cooling rate in SSV was reason stated in above study

Table 1. Morphologically normal and degenerated preantral follicles after conventional vitrification and solid surface vitrification Treatment group

Morphologically normal (% Mean ± S.E.)

Degenerated type 1 (% Mean ± S.E.)

Degenerated type 2 (% Mean ± S.E.)

Control

59±2.37

13.5±1.77

27.5±1.88

Conventional Vitrification (CV)

25.5±2.26 *

Solid Surface Vitrification (SSV)

37.17±1.89 *

14.5±0.50 b

17.17±2.63

60±2.46 * a

45.67±4.16 *

* Values differ significantly (P<0.05) from control (t - test) Within column different superscripts (a, b) are differ significantly (P<0.05) (t - test)

A. Wells For Conventional Vitrification (CV) B. Well For Solid Surface Vitrification (SSV) C. Vitrification Surface

D. Cassou Straw (0.5 Ml) For CV E. Cassette For Storing Vitrified Straws F. Cryovial For Storing SSV Vitrified Fragments

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Vitrification Devices

RESEARCH ARTICLE

References Dinnyes, A., Dai, Y., Jiang. S. and Yang, X. 2000. High developmental rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation, in vitro fertilization, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Biol. Reprod. 63: 513518 Figueiredo, J.R., Hulshof, S.C.J., Van den Hurk, R., Ectors, F.J., Fontes, R.S., Nusgens, B., Bevers, M.M. and Beckers, J.F. 1993. Development of a combined new mechanical and enzymatic method for the isolation of intact preantral follicles from fetal calf and adult bovine ovaries. Theriogenology. 40: 789-799 Gandolfi, F., Paffoni, A., Brambilla, E.P., Bonetti, S., Brevini, T.A. and Ragni, G. 2006. Efficiency of equilibrium cooling and vitrification procedures for the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue: comparative analysis between human and animal models. Fertil. Steril. 85:

Ledda, S., Leoni, G., Bogliolo, L. and Naitana, S. 2001. Oocyte cryopreservation and ovarian tissue banking. Theriogenology. 55: 13591371 Rall, W.F. and Fahy, G.M. 1985. Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at - 196 Â°C by vitrification. Nature. 313: 573 - 575 (Abstr.) Santos, R.R., Silva, J.R.V., Costa, S.H.F., Rodrigues, A.P.R., Lobo, R.N.B. and Figueiredo, J.R. 2002. Effect of 0.9% saline solution and phosphate buffer saline at different temperatures and incubation times on the morphology of goat preantral follicles. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 39: 254-259 Santos, R.R., Tharasanit, T., Van Haeften, T., Figueiredo, J.R., Silva, J. R.V. and Van den Hurk, R. 2007c. Vitrification of goat preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue by using conventional and solid surface vitrification methods. Cell Tissue Res. 327: 167-176 Silva, J.R.V., Lucci, C.M., Carvalho, F.C.A., BĂĄo, S.N., Costa, S.H.F., Santos, R.R. and Figueiredo, J.R. 2000. Effect of coconut water and braun-collins solutions at different temperatures and incubation times on the morphology of goat preantral follicles preserved in vitro. Theriogenology. 54: 809822

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Thanks are due to the Professor and Head, Depatment of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics and to the Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy for the facilities provided for this work. Special recognition goes to Dr. Regiane Rodrigues dos Santos, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, for sending me the articles and offering valuable suggestions for this study.

1150-1156

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

RESEARCH ARTICLE

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE PELVIC GIRDLE OF A PEAHEN (Pavo cristatus) Sreeranjini, A.R.1, Ashok, N 2., Indu,V. R 3., Lucy, K. M4., Syam, K.V5., Chungath, J.J6 and Harshan,K.R7. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala 680 651. Abstract The present study was conducted on the pelvic girdle of a peahen. The pelvic girdle of peahen was extremely light with an arched shape. Each hip bone of the pelvic girdle was comprised of ilium, ischium and pubis. These bones fused to enclose the acetabulum which was perforated. Ilium was the largest and longest bone. It presented two surfaces, three borders and two extremities and had a preacetabular and post-acetabular part. It was greatly expanded with longer preacetabular part. The post- acetabular part was convex anteriorly and flat posteriorly. Pre-acetabular part of ilium did not form the ilioneural canal. The renal fossa of pelvic surface accommodated the kidney. The antitrochanter that was located caudodorsal to acetabulum articulated with trochanter major of the femur. Posterior to acetabulum, ilium and ischium enclosed the oval ilioischiatic foramen that transmitted the ischiatic nerve. The ischium was separated from the pubis by wider ischiopubic fenestra. The angulus ischiadicus was blunt and did not fuse with the pubis. The obturator foramen and ischiopubic fenestra were continuous with each other. Narrow, rod- like pubis was the smallest bone of the os coxae. It extended to a considerable distance beyond the caudal border of pelvis. Pubic tubercle was rudimentary. The pelvic girdle of peacock presented characteristic adaptive features for bipedalism and flight such as light weight, arched shape, large surface area, absence of pelvic symphysis, union with synsacrum and small pubis. Key words: Morphological study, pelvic girdle, peahen

1& 3: Assistant Professors, 2: Professor & Head, 4: Associate professor, 7: Professor & Head (Retd.), Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. 5: Associate Professor & Head, Dept of Surgery, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. 6: Professor & Head, Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted on the pelvic girdle of a peahen brought for post mortem to the Department of Pathology at College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur. The bones were cleaned and examined for gross observations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pelvic girdle of peahen was extremely light compared to the size of the bird due to the

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Unlike in animals, hind limbs are the only structures for support and walking in birds. Hence, avian pelvic girdle is large in order to provide a greater surface area for the insertion of muscles which bear the bulk of the body weight. Pelvic bones of birds have an arched shape and are fused with the vertebral column. There is no articulation of pelvic bones in the ventral midline. So, the pelvic bone is incomplete ventrally and this favours the passage of large fragile eggs through the pelvic outlet. The pubic

bones in birds are reduced to long splinters projecting posteriorly. This reduction in weight of pubic bones is an advantage on takeoff or in flight. All these characteristic features of pelvic bones in birds make the study about it an interesting one. Literature pertaining to the pelvic girdle of peacock is found to be scanty. Hence, the present study was conducted.

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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The lateral border was concave and thin up to acetabulum as in coturnix quail. The rest of the lateral border extended caudally over the ilioischiatic foramen and joined the caudal extremity which was nodular. This border presented a notch at the caudomedial part of ilioischiatic foramen. The medial border extended caudally from the medial angle of the wing of ilium and was almost straight up to acetabulum. The anterior aspect of the medial

The post-acetabular part of ilium and ischium enclosed the ilioischiatic foramen which was the largest foramen in the pelvic bone and was oval in shape. This foramen was located caudal to acetabulum and caudodorsal to obturator foramen. It had almost double the size of acetabulum and had maximum length of 2.3cm and width of 1.3cm. This foramen transmitted the ischiatic nerve (Mc Lelland, 1990). This foramen was notched caudomedially (Fig.1). The ischium was a flat bone that extended downward and outward. It was triangular in shape and occupied the caudoventral part of acetabulum. It presented two surfaces and three borders. The lateral

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Ilium was a flat bone and was the largest and longest (11cm) among the three bones. It was joined to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of synsacrum. It presented two surfaces, three borders and two extremities and had a preacetabular and post-acetabular part (Fig.1). The preacetabular part (6cm) was longer than the post- acetabular part (5cm) as in pigeon (Nickel, 1977). The ilium was greatly expanded to accommodate the musculature necessary for bipedalism. The dorsal surface of preacetabular part was deeply concave as in coturnix quail and chicken. Its anterior part constituted the wing of ilium. The post- acetabular part was convex anteriorly and flat posteriorly. But, Fitzgerald (1969) reported that in coturnix quail this surface is convex. The two parts of ilium were separated by a ridge that was divergent than that in fowl. This ridge began from the craniomedial angle of ilium and extended up to its posterior extremity unlike in coturnix quail in which it terminated just caudal to acetabulum. The pelvic surface of ilium was rough and was excavated to form the renal fossa that accommodated the kidney (Fig.2).

border did not fuse with the dorsal spine of the lumbosacral bone unlike in coturnix quail (Fitzgerald, 1969). In peahen, only the caudal two thirds of this border united with the transverse processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae of synsacrum. So it did not form the ilioneural canal as in fowl (Nickel, 1977). The cranial border was thin and strongly convex and it formed the anterior limit of the wing of ilium similar to coturnix quail and fowl. The ilium joined the ischium and pubis to form the acetabulum which articulated with the head of femur. The acetabulum was perforated and circular in outline as in fowl (King and Mc Lelland, 1975) with a diameter of 1.3cm. In life, the acetabulum was covered medially by a membrane that formed the floor of the acetabulum. Caudodorsal to acetabulum, a facet for articulation with the trochanter major of the femur, the antitrochanter was present as in chicken (Nickel, 1977). It is reported that this attachment reinforces the weak adductor muscles (King and Mc Lelland, 1975) and limits abduction of the limb (Mc Lelland, 1990). Thus, within a single joint cavity of hip joint, two articulations are present unlike in animals. This joint allows movements like rotation, abduction, adduction, protraction and retraction. The caudal process of ilium, which projected from the posterior extremity, was not very distinct unlike in fowl and pigeon (Nickel, 1977).

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presence of large number of air cavities (pneumatisation) in the bone which adds to the adaptations for flying. Contrary to this, Hogg (1984) reported that there was very low incidence of pneumatisation in the os coxae of domestic fowl. The pelvis of peahen consisted of two hip bones or ossa coxarum. Each hip bone was made up of ilium, ischium and pubis. These bones fused to enclose the cotyloid cavity; acetabulum. The pelvis was narrow and elongated as in duck and goose (Nickel, 1977).

RESEARCH ARTICLE

surface was smooth while the medial was rough. Anterior part of ischium was thick and formed the acetabulum along with ilium and pubis. This part presented a distinct depression immediately posterior to the acetabulum unlike in chicken and duck. Posterior to the acetabulum, the medial border of ischium furnished the lateral rim of ilioischiatic foramen. Caudal to ilioischiatic foramen, the medial

References Fitzgerald, T.C. (1969). The Coturnix Quail, Anatomy and Physiology. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp : 26 - 27. Hogg, D. A. (1984). The distribution of pneumatisation in the skeleton of the adult domestic fowl. Journal of Anatomy.138: 617- 629. King, A.S. and Mc Lelland, J. (1975). Outlines of Avian Anatomy. Bailliere Tindall, London. pp: 22 - 23. Mc Lelland, J. (1990). A Colour Atlas of Avian Anatomy. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, England. pp: 42 - 43. Nickel, R., Schummer, A. and Seiferle, E. (1977). Anatomy of the domestic birds. 2nd edn, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg. pp: 16-17.

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Fig.2: Hip bone of peahen- Medial view PRI - Pre-acetabular ilium, POI - Post-acetabular ilium, IS-Ischium, P- Pubis, A-Acetabulum, I- Ilioischiatic foramen, R- Renal fossa, O- Obturator foramen, IPIschiopubic fenestra, C- Caudal process of ilium, AIAngulus ischiadicus

Pubis was the smallest bone of the os coxae. It was a narrow, rod like bone (9.3cm) and extended caudally from the acetabulum along the ventral aspect of ischium. As in duck and goose, pubis extended to a considerable distance beyond the caudal border of ilium and ischium. Pubic tubercle or pectineal process that extended downward and forward from the acetabulum was rudimentary as reported in duck and goose by Nickel (1977). In chicken it was long and thorn like. The ischiopubic fenestra in peahen was wider than that of fowl. The caudal end of pubis was narrow and curved caudomedially as in fowl and pigeon. But in goose, pubis terminated in a shovel-like process which curved medially (Nickel, 1977).

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Fig.1: Hip bone of peahen- Lateral view PRI - Pre-acetabular ilium, POI - Post-acetabular ilium, IS-Ischium, P- Pubis, A-Acetabulum, AT- Antitrochanter, I- Ilioischiatic foramen, O- Obturator foramen, IPIschiopubic fenestra, PT- Pubic tubercle, C- Caudal process of ilium, AI- Angulus ischiadicus.

border fused with the ilium. The ventral border of ischium just caudal to acetabulum presented a notch that formed the medial boundary of obturator foramen. Caudal to this notch, the ventral border was separated from the pubis by the ischiopubic fenestra. Unlike in duck and goose, there was no union between ischium and pubis. So, the obturator foramen and ischiopubic fenestra was continuous with each other. Caudal border of ischium was oblique and together with ilium it formed the posterior border of pelvis. The ventral end of caudal border of ischium called angulus ischiadicus was blunt and did not fuse with the pubis. In duck, goose, fowl and pigeon, ischium united with the pubis (Nickel, 1977).

CLINICAL REPORT

ENDOSCOPY GUIDED TRANSNASAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIGLOTTIC ENTRAPMENT IN A THOROUGHBRED RACE HORSE 1*

Mir Aamir Ali and Thimappa B.S Bangalore Turf Club Ltd, Race course road, Bangalore-560001, Karnataka. India. INTRODUCTION

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Epiglottic entrapment is described as a dorsal displacement of the subepiglottic mucosa with the ary-epiglottic folds through the epiglottis. It is primarily a disease in thoroughbred race horses, causing respiratory noise and exercise intolerance and hence is considered as a performance limiting ailment (Morris 1990, Rehder 1995).Successful relieving of the epiglottis would significantly aid the horse to perform to its potential.

Horse was anaesthetised with xyalazine (@ 0.5 mg/kg body wt i/v (Ilium Xylazil -100, Troy labs) and ketamine @mg/kg body wt i/v (ketamil, Troy labs).With the horse in dorsal recumbency a transnasal Hook knife (Fig.2) was passed and engaged in the middle of the entrapped membrane and was pulled cranially so as to incise the membrane axially and care was taken to avoid damaging the soft palate. The membranes were severed and epiglottis was released. (Fig. 3).

HISTORY AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION

Tetanus prophylaxis was ensured and received no feed for 4 h after surgery. Sulfanamide trimethoprime (30 mg/kg,i/v,q12hr (Oriprim, Zarabhai Zydus) and phenylbutazone@2.2 mg/kg, i/v q 12 hr (Artisones, Pfizer) were administered for 3 days after surgery, and an anti-inflammatory solution containing dexamethasone 10ml (Dexavet, Sarabhai Zydus) was administered into the pharynx through endoscope for 5 days. The horse was on stall rest for two weeks before returning progressively to exercise. An endoscopic examination was performed two weeks after surgery. No recurrence of the entrapment was seen and was judged to have a complete resolution of the epiglottic fold entrapment.

Assistant Veterinary Officer, 2Deputy Chief Veterinary officer,Bangalore Turf Club Ltd, Race course road, Bangalore-560001, Karnataka. INDIA. *corresponding Author, email address: alivetbtc@gmail.com

Fig.2 Hook Knife

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A five year old horse was presented with a complaint of respiratory noise during work .Resting endoscopy revealed absence of scalloped border of epiglottis and nonappearance of dorsal vascular pattern, presence of visible entrapped membranes and blunt appearance of the rostral tip of epiglottis .Hence was diagnosed to have a entrapped epiglottis. (Fig.1)

CLINICAL REPORT

epiglottic entrapment using a hoof knife pernasum. Equine Vet. J .27 pp122. Holcombe S et al (1994): Surgical repair of iatrogenic soft palate defects in 2 horses.Am Vet Med.Assoc.205 pp1315-1317. Honnas E.M and Wheat J.D (1988): Epiglottic entrapment a trans nasal surgical approach to divide the aryepiglottic fold axially in the standing horse. Vet. Surg.17 pp 246-251.

Ulcerations ,subepiglottic cysts and diffuse epiglottitis may be associated with entrapment.97% of entrapment are persistent,98% thick, and 97% are wide (Tulleners 1990) .The Axial division of entrapped membranes can be performed by transnasal or oral approach with the use of bistuory or hook knife, electrocautery and fiberelastic lasers (Grelet 1995,Holcombe 1994,Honnas 1998, Parente 2002,stick 2006). REFERENCES Boles C.L, Raker L.W and Wheat J.D. (1978): Epiglottic entrapment by aryteno epiglottic folds in a horse. J .Am. Vet .Assoc. 172 pp338-342. Grelet T.R.C (1995): Experiences in treatment of

Lumsden J.M, Stick J.A and Caron J.P et al (1994): Surgical treatment for epiglottic entrapment in horzes: 51 cases. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc 205 pp729. Parente E.J (2002): Transendoscopic axial division of epiglottic entrapment. Clin. Tech. in Equine Pract .1 pp 9-12. Rehder R.S et al (1995): Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of soft palate. Am. J. Vet. Res.56 pp 269-272. Tate L.P, Sweeeny C.L and Bowman K.F et al (1990): Transendoscopic Nd: YAG laser surgery for treatment of epiglottic entrapment and dorsal displacement of soft palate in horse. Vet. Surg. 19 pp 3556-3563. Tulleners E.P (1990): Trans endoscopic contact neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet laser correction of epiglottic entrapment in standing horses. Am. Vet. Med . Assoc. 196 pp 1971-1980. Tulleners E.P (1991): Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet laser. J. Am. Vet .Med. Assoc. 98 pp 621-626.

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Epiglottic entrapment is entrapment of epiglottis by the redundant mucosa below the epiglottis. Pathologies of the epiglottis, such as hypoplasia, inflammation, and swelling of the subepiglottic tissues, can induce entrapment. Epiglottic entrapment may be intermittent or permanent. Epiglottic entrapment has been related with dorsal displacement of soft palate (Boles 1978, Kannegieter 1995, Lumsden 1994, Tate 1990, Tulleners 1991).Endoscopically the scalloped margins are obscured by the entrapping membranes.

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Fig.3 The epiglottis after being released and tip of epiglottis is visible

Kannegietor N.J and Dore M.L (1995): Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise a clinical study of 100 horses. Aus. Vet. J 72 pp 101-107.

CLINICAL REPORT

OESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION IN A COW AND ITS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT M.K. Narayanan1, A.D. Firoz2 and K. Rajankutty3 University Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai INTRODUCTION

TREATMENT AND DISCUSSION

Cervical oesophageal obstruction is commonly seen in ruminants due to ingestion of trapped foreign bodies in the feed and accidental swallowing of materials along with the liquid diet. The peculiar feeding habits of cows like greedy nature in prehension, mastication and swallowing to meet the nutritional requirement (Singh et al., 1993). The common seat of obstruction are pharynx, cervical, thoracic or cardiac portion of oesophagus. A variety of material causing oesophageal obstruction are reported by various authors which include onion, potato, stone, gunny bag, potatoes, leather pieces, rubber sheet, fish hook, glass pieces, coconut palm kernel etc.( Choudary et al.,2010, Fubini and Pease 2004, Kalita D.2010, Kamble et al.,2010, Krishna et al.,2010 and Mahesh et al.,2010).

(i) Anaesthesia and control

A five year old crossbred cow weighing around 350 kg was presented with a history of accidental swallowing of a mango through the liquid concentrate diet fed on the previous day. The symptoms noticed were drooling of thick saliva and moderate ruminal tympany. The swelling at the middle of the neck was visible and on palpation it was found hard in consistancy. Animal showed frequent attempt for swallowing. The case was diagnosed as oesophageal foreign body obstruction and decided to perform oesophagotomy.

(ii) Surgical Procedure Oesophagus was approached through a skin incision on the upper aspect of the jugular furrow and then by separating the sternocephalicus muscle and trachea. The oesophagus was exposed and confirmed the presence of foreign body in the lumen. Incised the oesophagus over the foreign body and it was found as a matured mango and was removed. On opening the lumen and removal of foreign body, ruminal gas was expelled suddenly along with some rumen contents. . Cleaned the area and removed the debris by flushing with normal saline. The oesophageal mucosa along with the muscles was sutured by simple interrupted suture using silk with knot inside the lumen. The neck muscles sutured with chromic catgut No.1 in simple continuous pattern. A subcutaneous suture was placed to bring the skin edges close together. The skin sutured by a series of vertical mattress suture using monofilament nylon. The suture line was sealed using Tr. benzoin. (iii) Post operative care and discussion Streptopenicillin 5 g (Dicrysticin S) was

1. Assistant Professor 2. MVSc Scholar 3. Professor

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HISTORY AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

Tr. iodine was applied and local linear infiltration anaesthesia was given at the site, above the mass.

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The present paper deals with the successful surgical removal of a mature mango obstructed at the mid cervical oesophagus in a crossbred cow.

The animal was sedated with xylazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.1 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, controlled on right lateral recumbency and the left mid cervical region at the jugular furrow was shaved, washed and mopped dry.

CLINICAL REPORT

given daily for five days intramuscularly, along with sodium salicylate (Inj. Artison S) 20 ml i/v and fluid intravenously for five days. The animal was slowly switched over to concentrate feeds and roughages from fourth day onwards. The skin sutures removed on the ninth post operative day and animal had an uneventful recovery.The knots be tied within the oesophageal lumen to prevent contamination of the wound by ingesta migrating along suture tracts.Cattle produces large quantities of saliva, which make a smooth skinned round fruit like mango, difficult to masticate, and slip into the pharynx and oesophagus. The mass in the oesophagus was very hard and large. So no attempt was made to push the material into the rumen Oesophageal obstruction usually occurs in cervical and thoracic portion of oesophagus but the 80% of

oesophageal obstruction reportedly encountered in the cervical region (Tyagi and Singh, 1996). Obstructive oesophageal disease or choke is typically manifested in cattle by blot and salivation. Gaseous distention of the rumen results from the inability of the cow to eructate and release gas. Preservation of blood supply, aseptic technique, apposition of tissues without tension and appropriate post operative management are essential for successful outcome (Fabini and Pease, 2004). SUMMARY A successful surgical management of cervical oesophageal obstruction by a mango in a crossbred cow is reported. REFERENCES Choudary, S.R., Patel, J.B. and Suthar, D.N. (2010). surgical management of cervico oesophageal obstruction in a Mehsana buffaloe. Intas Polivet 11: 161-164. Fubini, S.L. and Pease, A.P. (2004). Esophageal Surgery. In Farm Animal Surgery (Eds. Susan L. Fubini and Norm G. Ducharme). Saunders, USA. pp. 176184. Kalita, D. (2010). Manipulative management of thoracic oesophageal obstruction in a cow. Intas Polivet 11: 169-170.

After surgery

Kamble, M., Rant, S.U. and Fani, F. (2010). Oesophageal obstruction due to accidental ingestion of cloth in a buffaloe and its surgical management. Polivet 11: 167-168.

Mahesh,V., Manjunatha, D.R. and Ranganath, L. (2010). Surgical management of cervical oesophageal obstruction in a crossbred cow. Intas Polivet 11: 165-166.

Tyagi R.P.S and singh jit (1996) In Ruminant surgery, CBS Publishers, New Delhi. p 181

After suture removal

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Singh Jit,Singh A.P. and Patil D.B (1993)In Ruminant surgery, CBS Publishers, New Delhi. p 192

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Krishna, H.N.V.V., Sreenu, M. and Bose, V.S.C. (2010). Cervico-thoracic oesophageal obstruction due to plam kernel and its surgical retrieval. Intas Polivet 11:160-161.

CLINICAL REPORT

OSTEODYSTROPHIA FIBROSA IN GOAT-A CASE REPORT Manju Sasidharan1 and George Varughese2 Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala

INTRODUCTION Osteodystrophia fibrosa or Bran disease or Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism is a metabolic bone disease reported in goats, horses, rats, monkeys, cats, dogs, rabbits and pigs caused by dietary Calcium- Phosphorus imbalance. The disease is characterized by extensive bone resorption, proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and insufficient bone mineralization(Bandarra et al. ,2011).Main clinical manifestations include bone deformities and enlargements, enhanced susceptibilities to fractures, and locomotion or postural disturbances(Radostits et al., 2007). Bones, especially those with high rate of renovation such as maxillae and mandible may develop gradual swollenness and deformities.

recommended dose rates but since the animal did not respond to treatment serum samples were dispatched for estimation of serum Calcium and Phosphorus. The serum Calcium was 5.8mg/dl and serum Phosphorus was 4.5mg/dl.The animal was given Inj. Calcium Sandoz 15 ml intravenously on alternate days and Calcium supplementation by Limestone. The animal did not show any clinical improvement.

TREATMENT: The animal was treated with 5% Dextrose, Strepto-penicillin and Ketoprofen for 3 days at Assistant Professor,Department of Livestock Production Management,College Of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,Pookot Veterinary Surgeon,Veterinary Dispensary, Puramattam, Pathanamthitta

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A four year old doe, recently kidded, was presented with clinical signs of ill thrift, enlargement of facial bones mainly mandible and maxillae, inability to close mouth , loose teeth and a slightly protruding tongue. The animal could drink but could not eat roughages. The feeding pattern involved offering of large quantities of wheat bran and rice gruel along with Napier grass and grazing in the paddy fields.

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CASE HISTORY:

CLINICAL REPORT

References Aslani, M.R..,Movassaghi A.,Rmohri M., and Seifi H A.2001. Outbreak of Osteodystrophia fibrosa in young goats.Journal of Veterinary Medicine A,48:385-389 Bandarra, P.M., Pavarini S.P., Santos A.S., Antoniassi N.A.B., Cruz C.E.F. and Driemeier D.2011. Nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy in goats. Pesquisia Veterinaria Brasileira 31(10); 875-878 Radostits, O.M., Gacy C.C., Hinchcliff K.W and Constable P.D. Veterinary Medicine : A textbook of the diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs & Goats10th ed. Saunders, London, p.633-634

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The pathogenesis of Osteodystrophia fibrosa involves high levels of Parathyroid hormone in blood. Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism caused by dietary calcium phosphorus imbalance is probably the major cause. Low serum calcium levels have been reported in goats with Osteodystrophia fibrosa (Aslani et al., 2001) Grains are low in calcium. Similarly wheat bran has high phosphorus and contains chemicals called phytates which bind to calcium in the gut forming calcium-phytate compounds which cannot be absorbed. Certain grasses are rich in oxalates which bind with calcium making them unavailable for absorption. The low blood calcium levels stimulate the Parathyroid Hormone which in turn increases phosphorus excretion and stimulates release of small amounts of calcium from bones. As the low calcium intake continues the demand for calcium removal from the skeleton increases to maintain blood calcium levels. As calcium is progressively removed from the skeleton the bones become weaker .The facial bones are replaced with fibrous tissue which appears

swollen compared to the bone. Similar symptoms of swollen facial bones, partially opened mouth, protruding tongue and difficulty in mastication were reported in cases of goats affected by Osteodystrophia fibrosa (Aslani et al., 2001; Bandarra et al. 2011)

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DISCUSSION:

CLINICAL REPORT

SURGICAL AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF MAMMARY TUMOR IN MALE DOGS 1

CASE PRESENTATION

Mammary tumors are the most frequent neoplasms in female dogs and account for about 50% of all the histologically diagnosed tumors in dogs. Mammary tumors are the second most common group of neoplasms in dogs, following skin tumors. The incidence of mammary neoplasms is increased in older and intact animals(Brodeyet.al 1983)In male dogs, mammary neoplasms are rare and generally are observed in animals of advanced age, but the incidence is 1% or less (Saba et al. 2007)The median age for diagnosis of mammary tumors in dogs is 10 years; neoplasms rarely occur in dogs < 4 years of age.At 6 years of age, the risk of developing a mammary tumor appears to increase markedly.The development of mammary gland neoplasms appears to be hormone-dependent and a majority of benign tumors express both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Breed predisposition in the development of mammary neoplasms has been reported but varies in different studies (Sontaset al.,2009). Affected male dogs usually have a hormonal imbalance such as an estrogen-secreting Sertoli cell tumor of the testis.Surgical resection is recommended for the majority of mammary tumors (Sue Murphy, 2008) except inflammatory mammary carcinoma.The type of surgery depends on the size, location, and number of mammary tumors. Chemotherapy may be required following surgery in some cases.The present study describes rare incidence of mammary tumor in male dogs and its surgical and chemotherapeutic management.

Two male dogs were presented to Veterinary Polyclinic, Mannarkkad at different times with the complaint of a swelling on the abdominal region. Both the dogs were aged above 7 years. One was a Pomeranian aged 8 years and the other was a Labrador retriever aged 10 years. On clinical examination, a tumor like mass could be felt.The clinical parameters of animals fluctuated within normal range throughout the period of observation. Needle aspiration biopsy was taken.Cytology of needle aspirate revealed stained with wrights stain revealed small groups of as well as scattered cuboidal cellshaving dense nuclei. The cells showed anisonucleiosis and occasional mitotic and degenerating cells.Cells having features of round cell neoplasm are seen in an inflammatory background.

1. & 2. Veterinary Surgeon. 3. Senior Veterinary Surgeon.

The owners were directed to bring the animal after six hours of fasting.The dogs were premedicated with atropine sulphate @ 0.045 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly.The dogs were sedated with a shot of Xylazine hydrochloride @ 1.5 g/kg body weight intramuscularly.The anesthesia was deepened with an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg body weight. The surgical site was prepared aseptically. Both the animals were restrained in dorsal recumbancy.An elliptical incision was made around the tumor mass. Fascia was separated and the tumor mass was exteriorized. Ligated the blood vessels and removed the mass.The incision was closed by subcutaneous

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INTRODUCTION :

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Laiju M Philip. , M. Ranjith Mohan and P. Francis Bastian Veterinary Polyclinic, Mannarkkad

CLINICAL REPORT

sutures using chromizised catgut size 1/0 and the skin was closed using nylon by horizontal mattress sutures. Samples were collected for histopathology. The microscopic appearance of the lesion wassuggestive of simple carcinoma (tubule papillary carcinoma). Antibiotic therapy was done for seven days using intramuscular injection of 500 mg of Intamox and 1 ml of Melonex.They were advised for chemotherapy after two weeks. Cytocristin1 injection @ 0.025 mg/kg(Laiju M. Philip, et.al 2008) was diluted with 10ml of normal saline and administeredas slow I/V. Utmost care was taken during intravenous injection to avoid perivascular entry. Reviewof the case was made on the 3rd day for side effects, if any and the therapy was repeated at 2nd week. No recurrence of the tumor could be noticed.

having multiple negative prognostic factors and lymph node metastasis. Drugs like Doxorubicin, M i t o x a n t r o n e , C i s p l a t i n , Vi n b l a s t i n e , Cyclophosphamide, etc. may be indicated in dogs with aggressive tumors(Ankur Sharmaet al.,2010). The haematological parameters revealed significant reduction in Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and differential count in both the groups. Significant neutropenia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis were also observed. Haemoglobin (Hb) values were reduced but not significantly during the period of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy using vincristine was found to be safe and moderately effective therapy. Common side effects observed due to chemotherapeutic treatment included anaemia, lethargy, nausea, vomiting and mild alopecia. References: Brodey, R.S., Goldschmidt, M.H. and Roszel JR: 1983. Canine mammary gland neoplasia J Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.19: 6163 Saba, C.F., Rogers K.S. and Newman S.J. 2007, Mammary gland tumors in male dogs J Vet. Intern. Med. 21: 10561059 Sue Murphy. 2008. Mammary tumours in dogs and cats. In Practice. 30:334-339 Moulton, J.E., Taylor, D.O.N., Dorn, C.R. and Anderson, A.C., 1970.: Canine mammary tumor. Vet. Pathology., 7: 289-320.

Mammary gland tumors represent 25-50 percent of all the neoplasms in bitches (Moulton et al, 1970).Classical modalities of cancer therapy include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy yields best results when used to treat rapidly growing tumors and is beneficial in dogs

Sontas, B.H., Ozyogurtcu, H., Gurel, A. and Ekici, H. 2009. Evaluation of clinical and pathological characteristics of 155 canines with mammary tumors : a retrospective study. Arch . Med. Vet. 41, 53-59

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DISCUSSION

Ankur Sharma, Dhakate M. S. and Upadhye. S.V. 2010. Chemotheraputic Management of Canine Mammary Tumors.Vetscan. 5 (1), 55

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Laiju M. Philip, Shihabudheen P. K. and Deepak Mathew D. K. 2008.Chemotherapy using vincristine in Canine nasal neoplasm - a case report.J. Ind.Vet. Assoc. Kerala. 6(2) :39-40

CLINICAL REPORT

MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN A DOG - A CASE REPORT Saranya, M. G.1, Shyma, V. H.2 and Vijayakumar, K.3 Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy.

Sl. No. Parameter

Values

Erythrocyte Count

3.8 millions/ cmm

Haemoglobin

PCV

34%

ESR

5mm/hr

Glucose

96mg/dl

Total leukocytes

8200/cmm

Neutrophils

60%

Lymphocytes

38%

CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL

Eosinophils

OBSERVATION

Basophils

A one year old female Labrador retriever dog was brought to University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai, with the complaints of itching and hair loss. The animal was in a low plane of nutrition and had an irregular history of vaccination and deworming. From history, various clinical and laboratory examinations, the condition was diagnosed as Malassezia dermatitis. Clinical examination revealed pruritus, hyperkeratisation, hyperpigmentation, erythema and scales on the under aspect of neck, face, axillae and perianal area. No moving blood parasites could be detected on wet film examination. No ecto-parasites could be detected in skin scrapings. Impression smear examination revealed budding yeast cells. The results of serum biochemistry revealed normal values. Haemogram showed lymphocytosis.

Total protein

6.4g/dl

Albumin

3.2g/ dl

Globulin

3.2g/ dl

A/G ratio

Creatinine

0.9mg/dl

Copper

46 µg/dl

Zinc

100 µg/dl

1. & 2. MVSc Scholar. 3. Associate Professor

11.5g%

Skin scrapings collected aseptically from the lesion sites were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and incubated at 37°C and observed for growth. Colonies were grown by 23 days incubation at 37°C. The colonies of Malassezia pachydermatis were pale, raised or high convex, smooth soft and friable with cream colour initially and later became dry, wrinkled and orange to brown in colour. The organism appeared dark blue colored unique peanut or footprint shaped on

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Malassezia yeast is an opportunistic pathogen that depends on predisposing factors and different immune suppressive mechanisms for the clinical manifestations (Akerstedt and Vollset, 1996). Malassezia dermatitis, similar to bacterial pyoderma, is frequently a recurrent skin infection associated with an underlying disease process (Rosenkrantz, 2006). The present study reports a case of Malassezia dermatitis in a Labrador retriever dog.

HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL EXAMINATION

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INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL REPORT

The animal was treated with ketoconazole (Tab. Nizral-200mg) at a dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight along with ketoconazole chlorhexidine shampoo (Ketochlor). Supportive treatment was given with herbal immunomodulating syrup (Immunol) and hepatoprotectant (Tefroli forte pet syrup). Clinical improvement noticed after three weeks of treatment was determined based on the clinical examination findings and repeated cytological examination. Malassezia species, a cutaneous pathogen is often present as a normal cutaneous flora of canine skin. Cafarchia et al. (2005) suggested that the frequency of isolation and population size of Malassezia species were higher in dogs with localized dermatitis, especially in affected areas, indicating a role for Malassezia in the occurrence of skin lesions. In this case the dog presented was of one year age and Girao et al. (2006) opined that majority of dogs with M. pachydermatis were aged between one and three years of age. In the present study clinical examination of the dog revealed pruritus, hyperkeratisation, hyperpigmentation, erythema and

SUMMARY A case of Malassezia dermatitis infection in a Labrador retriever dog is reported and discussed for record. REFERENCES Akerstedt, J. and Vollset, I. 1996. Malassezia pachydermatis with special reference to canine skin disease. Br. Vet. J. 152: 269-281. Ashbee, H.R. and Evans, E.G.V. 2002. Immunology

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TREATMENT AND DISCUSSION

scales on the under aspect of neck, face, axillae and perianal area. This was in concurrence with the findings of Machado et al. (2010) who reported that primary lesions in Malassezia dermatitis were commonly associated with pruritus and secondary changes were erythema, alopecia, excoriations, seborrhoea, licheni?cation and hyperpigmentation. Outerbridge (2006) suggested that Malassezia dermatitis or otitis externa is most commonly diagnosed based on cytologic documentation of increased numbers of the yeast organisms. Hence, the cytological findings in the present study is highly suggestive of Malassezia infection. In the present study, the animal was treated with ketoconazole at a dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight along with ketoconazole chlorhexidine shampoo. Scott et al. (2001) reported that ketoconazole is a good choice for treatment of Malassezia dermatitis because it is excreted through sebum and exocrine glands. He also indicated that efficiency of ketoconazole in treating Malassezia dermatitis may be related to its immunomodulatory, anti- inflammatory effects with effects on leucotriene synthesis and antiproliferative action on keratinisation by altered metabolism of alltrans-retinoic acid. Rosenkrantz, (2006) reported that dogs with generalized infections showed the most rapid response when the topical therapy with ketoconazole, miconazole or chlorhexidine is used in conjunction with systemic therapy. This treatment contolled the primary allergic dermatitis and prevented the recurrence of yeast infection.

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microscopic examination of the colony growth. The organism was globose to ellipsoidal in shape, round at one end and blunt at the other end. Broad bud base with pronounced bud scar was also noticed. This was in accordance with the finding of David et al. (2003) who reported that Malassezia pachydermatis proliferate only by enteroblastic budding, with the bud arising from a broad base always present on the same cell pole ie., monopolar budding. All the isolates of Malassezia yeast spp. were positive for urease and catalase test. This finding is in accordance with Sathishkumar et al. (2008) who described that the colonies of Malassezia pachydermatis in Sabouraud's dextrose agar were raised, doomed or high convex and smooth with cream colour initially and later become dry, wrinkled and buff to orange beige. Ashbee and Evans (2002) reported a similar finding.

CLINICAL REPORT

Frequency, body distribution, and population size of Malassezia species in healthy dogs and in dogs with localized cutaneous lesions. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 17: 316-322. David, M., Gabriel, M. and Kopecka, M. 2003. Unusual ultrastructural characteristics of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. Scripta Med. (BRNO). 76: 173 - 186. Girao, M.D., Prado, M.R., Brilhante, R.S.N., Cordeiro, R.A., Monteiro, A.J., Sidrim, J.J.C. and Rocha, M.F.G. 2006. Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from normal and diseased external ear canals in dogs: A comparative analysis. Vet. J. 172: 544-548. Machado, M.L.S., Ferreiro, L., Ferreira, R. R., Corbellini, L.G., Deville, M., Berthelemy, M. and Guillot, J. 2011. Malassezia dermatitis in

Outerbridge, C. A. 2006. Mycologic Disorders of the Skin. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 21:128134. Rosenkrantz, W. 2006. Practical applications of topical therapy for allergic, infectious, and seborrheic disorders. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 21:106-116. Satishkumar, K., Madhavi Latha, S., SaiPrasanna, J., Dhanalakshmi, K. and Sarma, B. J. R. 2008. Cultural and electron microscopic studies of Malassezia pachydermatis. Indian Vet. J. 85:371-374. Scott, D.W., Miller, W.H., Griffin, C.E. 2001. Small Animal Dermatology - Fungal skin. Sixth e d i t i o n . W. B . S a u n d e r s C o m p a n y, Philadelphia, pp. 336-422.

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Cafarchia, C., Gallo, S., Romito, D., Capelli, G., Chermette, R., Guillot, J. and Otranto,D. 2005.

dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification. Vet. Dermatol. 22: 46-52.

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of Diseases Associated with Malassezia species. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.15: 21-57.

CLINICAL REPORT

MANAGEMENT OF POST CERVICAL UTERINE TORSION IN A MURRAH BUFFALO 1

Binsila B. K. *, R. Islam , Harendra Kumar , P.P. Gokuldas and Harish.C Animal Reproduction Division Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, U.P.

ABSTRACT A pluriparous full term pregnant Murrah buffalo at its 4th parity was presented with history of restlessness, anorexia and excessive straining with no progress of parturition from last 12-36 hours. The case was diagnosed as dystocia due to post-cervical uterine torsion and a dead male fetus was successfully relieved after detorsion of the uterus by modified Schaffer's method. KEYWORDS: Post-cervical uterine torsion, dystocia, buffalo

CASE HISTORY AND DIAGNOSIS A Pluriparous full term pregnant buffalo at its 4 parity was presented to Referral Polyclinic of th

*Corresponding author E-mail:drbinsila@gmail.com, 1 MVSc Scholars, 2Ph.D. Scholars, 3Principal Scientist.

OBSTETRICAL MANAGEMENT The animal was casted in the right lateral recumbency with forelimb and hind limb tied separately. A wooden plank was placed over the abdomen. One person was asked to stand over the plank. The animal was rolled in a quick jerk in the same side of torsion and the person over the plank was asked to move over the plank at the same direction of rotation, so that the gravid twisted uterus remains static and the animal moves. The vaginal passage of the animal was examined after each roll to find out whether effective detorsion had occurred through rolling. After two successive rolling sudden gush of uterine fluid was noticed through the vulva and complete detorsion was confirmed through pervaginal examination. The fetus could be palpated

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Torsion of the uterus is seen as a cause of dystocia in all domestic animals. It is defined as the revolution or twisting of the uterus on its longitudinal axis. This condition is more commonly observed in pluriparous than in primiparous animals (Roberts, 1982) and right sided uterine torsion is more common than left sided uterine torsion in buffaloes (Srinivas et al., 2007). In buffalo about 29.5 to 30.6% of dystocia are due to uterine torsion (Amer et al., 2008). This condition was the most important cause of maternal dystocia in graded Murrah buffaloes with an incidence of 83.33% (Srinivas et al., 2007). Successful management of torsion depends on the degree and duration of the torsion. A 90-180째 torsion occur during last few months of gestation and become evident at the time of parturition while 180 360째 uterine torsion is a severe condition often associated with obstruction of the blood supply to the uterus and finally death of the fetus (Noakes et al., 2009). Therefore timely management of the problem is important to save the life of the fetus as well as the dam.

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, with history of restlessness, anorexia and excessive straining with no progress in parturition from the last 12-36 hours. On clinical examination serosanguinous discharge through oedematous vulva was evident. Per vaginal examination revealed twisting of vaginal folds towards right. Through rectal and per-vaginal examination the case was diagnosed to be right sided (180째) post- cervical uterine torsion.

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INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL REPORT

DISCUSSION Although dystocia is less common in buffalo than in cattle, the most frequent cause of maternal dystocia is uterine torsion (Srinivas et al., 2007). The predisposing factor is anatomical in origin especially long uterine ligaments, low number of smooth muscle cells in the broad ligament and also due to the confinement of the animal (Ahmad, 2001, Noakes et al., 2009). The right sided uterine torsion found in the present case is in agreement with the earlier reports (Srinivasan et al., 2007; Das et al., 2010; Mudasir et al., 2010). Prasad et al. reported 56.88% cases of dystocia occurred due to uterine torsion in buffaloes and among that 87.09% was right sided and 12.90% was left sided uterine torsion. Most cases of uterine torsion occur at the time of parturition or during the last month of pregnancy. The Post cervical uterine torsion in the present case is in agreement with the report of Deori et al. (2009) in a non-descript buffalo. The cervix could not be reached per-vaginum because of the post cervical uterine torsion in the present case. After detorsion of the uterus through

REFERENCES Ahmad, N. (2001). Reproduction in the buffalo. In: Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. (Eds. Noakes, D.E., Timothy J. Parkinson, Gary C.W. England W.B.), Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp. 789-799. Amer, H.A., Hashem, M.A. and Badr, A. (2008). Uterine twisting during pregnancy in buffaloes: relatioship between clinical findings and biochemical indices. J. Applied Biol. Sci. 2: 31-39. Das, G.K., Khan, F.A., Deori, S. and Shanker, U. (2010). Dystocia due to uterine torsion in a buffalo. Buffalo Bull. 29 (2): 69-70. Deori, S., Kumar, R., Jaglan, P., Debnaath, S., Sarker, M., Das, G.K and Shanker, U. (2009). Post-cervical uterine torsion in a buffalo-a case study. Indian J. Anim. Reprod. 30:85. Mudasir, Q., Shukla, S.P., Nema, S.P., Ali, R and Mahor, S.S. (2010). Management of uterine torsion in a she buffalo. Buffalo Bull. 29 (2):75-77. Noakes, D. E., Parkinson, T. J. and England, G. C. W. (2009). Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics , 9th edn. , W.B. Saunders Company , Philadelphia. pp 236-237, 830. Roberts, S.J. (1982). Veterinary Obsterics and Genital Diseases. 2 nd edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors. Shiv Prasad., Kumar Rohit., Maurya, S. N. (2000). Efficacy of laparohysterotomy and rolling of dam to treat uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Vet. J. 77: 784-786. Srinivas, M., M. Sreenu, N.L. Rani, K.S. Naidu and V.D. Prasad. (2007). Studies on dystocia in graded Murrah buffaloes: a retrospective study. Buffalo Bull. 26(2): 40-45.

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Following delivery 4 Steclin boli (Tetracyclin 500mg) intrauterine, 2 in each uterine horn were introduced. The placenta dropped normally within 4 hours after the manipulative delivery of the fetus. The animal was given 5 L of 5% DNS and 450 ml Mifex through IV route once. A course of parenteral antibiotic was given with Intamox 4g (Amoxycillin+Cloxacillin) IM once daily for 5 days. The animal was also given Melonex (Meloxicam) 15 ml and Avil (Pheneramine maleate) 15 ml I/M for 3 days. The animal was found completely normal after 3 days of treatment.

Schaffer's method, fetus could be palpated through the dilated cervix. Rolling the dam through the Schaffer s method has proved very useful for the replacement of uterine torsion in the buffalo (Noakes et al., 2009) and similar observation was evident in the present case. Death of the fetus in the present case may be due to the delay in consultation to clinic, resulting in lack of blood supply to the uterus due to torsion and subsequent hypoxia (Noakes et al., 2009).

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through the dilated cervix. The fetus was in the normal anterior longitudinal presentation with slight lateral deviation of head and neck. The postural defects were corrected through standard mutation technique. Forelimbs were tired over the fetlock joint with the help of snare and a dead male fetus was delivered with the help of forced traction by two attendants.

CLINICAL REPORT

CERVICAL STENOSIS DUE TO UTERINE INERTIA LEADING TO DYSTOCIA IN A CROSSBRED CATTLE J.K.Prasad1, Binsila.B.K2, Megha Pandey2, Ashok kumar2, G.K Das1 and S.K.Ghosh1 Animal Reproduction Division .Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P) -243122

ABSTRACT A case of dystocia with uterine inertia leading to cervical stenosis in a cross bred cow is reported. Key words: Dystocia, cervical stenosis

CASE HISTORY A pluriparous crossbred cow aged 6years in its third parity was brought to Referral polyclinic, IVRI, Izatnagar (Case no; 69489 dated 27.4.10) with a history of dystocia. According to the owner the animal started showing signs of parturition and severe straining on the previous day with no progress thereafter. General physical condition of the animal was normal. The two previous parturition were normal. OBSERVATION AND TREATMENT Per-vaginal examination revealed completely closed cervical os. Fetal head and limbs were palpable on 1- Senior scientists 2- MVSc scholars

Sufficient dilation was achieved with the above treatment and after 23 hours of initiation of induction of parturition normal delivery was achieved. DISCUSSION Dystocia will occur when the expulsive force is insufficient or when birth canal is inadequate in size and shape or when presenting diameter of the fetus is greater than the diameter of the birth canal

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Dystocia due to maternal factors is caused either by inadequacies of the birth canal or by a deficiency of expulsive force (Noakes, 2009). Cervical stenosis causing dystocia is seen occasionally in the cow and ewe and very rarely in other domestic animals (Roberts, 2004). In this communication dystocia due to uterine inertia leading to cervical stenosis along with successful relieving dystocia through medical management is described .

per- rectal examination. Pedal reflexes were present. The case was diagnosed as uterine inertia leading to cervical stenosis and decided to proceed further for induced parturition. Accordingly animal was administered with Dexamethasone 44mg, Cloprostenol sodium 526Âľg, Valethamate bromide 100 mg. After administration of treatment, the animal was monitored at every 2 hour interval by per-vaginal examination for progress. After 16 hours there was partial dilation of the cervical os (three finger dilation). Felt fetal reflexes, indicating live fetus. Liquefaction of the cervical seal and sinking of the sacroischiatic ligament was noticed and considerable enlargement of the udder was evident. Treatment was followed by Dexamethasone 44mg, Mifex 200ml IV. Intravenous drip of DNS 5% (2L) was mixed with 10 IU oxytocin.

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INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL REPORT

of dystocia due to incomplete dilatation of cervix. Glucocorticoids acted on the fetoplacental unit to increase the production of estradiol and PGF2% resulting in induced parturition. Oxytocin induced

Primary cause of the present case was cervical stenosis leading to myometrial exhaustion resulted in secondary uterine inertia (Noakes, 2009). REFERENCES Das, G.K, Ravinder, Ravi dutt, Deori.S, Jaglan.P, Kumar. P, Gokuldas, P.P, Ahmed.S, Rafiq.H, Uma Shanker (2008). Incomplete cervical dilatation causing dystocia in a buffalo. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol.17. No.2. pp41 Gordon.I. (2005). Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals. Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. U.K. pp 250 Noakes, D.E., Parkinson, T.J. and England, G.C.W. (2009). Veterinary reproduction and th Obstetrics. 9 edn, Saunders Elsevier, London, U.K.,pp210 Stephen,J.R. (2004). Veterinary obstetrics and Genital Diseases. 2ed edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors. New Delhi.pp292

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bromide successfully dilated the cervical canal. Cervical dilation recorded after 23 hours of Valethamate bromide administration in this study might be due to its neurotropic (anticholinergic) and papaverine like action on the cervical smooth muscles. Present communication again confirms some previous observation (Das et al., 2008) regarding the beneficial effects of Valethamate bromide along with PGF2% for a successful correction

myometrial contraction, provided sufficient expelling force for normal parturition.

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(Noakes, 2007). Cause may be either maternal or fetal in origin. In the present case fetus was confirmed to be in normal presentation, position and posture. Fetus was alive. The primary cause was diagnosed as uterine inertia leading to cervical stenosis. So delivery pervaginum was the formost consideration. The cervical stenosis was relieved by the medical management and ensuring sufficient time for the dilatation of the caudal reproductive tract. The use of PGF2% along with Valethamate

CLINICAL REPORT

TREATMENT OF CANINE MALASSEZIOSIS USING Cassia alata Rathish. R. L., Dhanesh.V. and Usha Narayana Pillai Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, COVAS, Mannuthy

ABSTRACT This article deals with the treatment of malesseziosis in a seven month old female Labrador retriever. The animal was treated with an ethno-veterinary medicine and was found to be effective and econoimical compared to the current lines of treatment.

Issue 3 December 2011

Malassezia pachydermatis is a natural inhabitant of the skin of animals and, particularly, the ear canal of dogs and has been recognized as a potential opportunistic pathogen(Griffin, 1993; Guillotand Bond, 1999). The pathogenic role of Malassezia spp. yeasts is unknown and it seems to be mainly related to a disturbance of the normal physical, chemical or immunological mechanisms that restrict microbial colonization of the skin, favouring the overgrowth of yeasts and the appearance of lesions (Bond et al., 1997; Cafarchia et al., 2005).the line of treatment adopted for this disease is by topical/oral application of fungicides like imidazoles and griseofulvin. These drugs are not without any potential toxicity or long term side effects and also the development of resistant strains of the pathogens. Moreover, the cost and duration of treatment makes the disease a serious concern for the client and the veterinarian. This paper deals with the successful treatment of malasseziosis by 2% ointment of alcoholic extract of Cassia alata.

Mannuthy with the clinical signs of reddening and alopecia on the right thoracic region, medial thighs and inner aspect of right ear (Fig. 1). Skin impressions on staining with Leishman's stain revealed falciform shaped budding yeast cells (Fig.2). The case was diagnosed as Malasseziosis. The animal was treated with a 2% ointment of alcoholic extract of Cassia alata leaves as a topical application daily for 5 weeks.

CLINICAL SIGNS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT A seven month oldfemale yellow Labrador was brought to the Veterinary College Hospital,

Fig. 1. Before Treatment

JIVA Vol. 9

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL REPORT

Fig.2. Impression smear positive for yeast cells

on skininfections. They are used to treat itching, eczemasand ringworm (Esimone et al., 2008). The traditional usage varies greatly in differentcountries. The leaves are shown to be the choice fortreatment rather than the flowers, barks and seeds(Lindley, 1981).The juice ofthe fresh leaves are universally recognized by the localhealers as a remedy for parasitic skindiseases and isused in the treatment of many eruptive and particular skinconditions by simply rubbing the crushed leaves eitheralone or mixed with lime juice or an oil on the skin(Oliver, 1986). The alcoholic extract at 2% concentration in this case was found to be highly effective and also very economical. REFERENCES Guillot, J. and Bond, R. (1999). Malassezia pachydermatis: a review:Med. Mycol.: 37:295-306. Griffin, C.E.(1993). Otitis externa and otitis media. In: Griffin, C.E., Kwochka, K.W.,MacDonald, J.M. (Eds.), Current Veterinary Dermatology. Mosby, St. Louis, pp.244262.

Changes were noted and documented every week for 5weeks. Initial response included the disappearance of the erythema and gradual returning of hair growth. By third week the skin impressions could not reveal the presence of yeast cells. By fourth week, the lesions were almost disappearing and by 5th week animal had fully recovered (Fig.3). DISCUSSION The wealth of folkloric medicine of India is an untapped reservoir of knowledge. The plant Cassia alata (Linn) has been used not only in India, but also in African continent as a cure for various ailment of skin. The pounded fresh leaves are applied or rubbed

Esimone,C.O., Nworu, C.S., Ekong, U.S., Okereke, B.C. (2008). Evaluation ofthe antiseptic properties of Cassia alata based herbal soap. Int. J.Alter. Med. 6(1): 1-9. Lindley, J. (1981). Flora Medical: A botanical account of all the moreimportant plants used in medicine, India. pp. 260-263. Oliver, B. (1986). Medicinal plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press pp. 123-143.

Issue 3 December 2011

RESULTS

Cafarchia, C., Gallo, S., Romito, D., Capelli, G., Chermette, R., Guillot, J. and Otranto, D. ( 2005). Frequency, bodydistribution, and population size of Malassezia species in healthy dogs and in dogs with localized cutaneouslesions. J. Vet. Diagnostic Invest. 17(4): 31622

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Fig.3. After Treatment

Bond, R., Howell, S.A., Haywood, P.J. and Lloyd, D.H.(1997). Isolation of Malassezia sympodialis and Malasseziaglobosa from healthy pet cats. Vet. Rec. 141: 200201

GENERAL ARTICLE

FEEDING AND HATCHERY MANAGEMENT OF EMU Sajith Purushothaman1 and Raji Raveendran2 Department of Animal Nutrition, Collge of Veterianry & Animal Sciences, Pookode.

FEEDING In newly hatched Emu chicks withhold feed up to 72 hours to allow complete reabsorption of yolk sac and then start with a good quality emu starter ration containing at least 20% protein. Chicks should not be fed excess protein; too much protein may cause excessive weight gain which can lead to leg weakness, leg abnormalities and death. Emu require more fibre than other birds but high fibre diets can cause intestinal obstruction in young chick and result in death. At 8 weeks of age chicks can be fed with grower diet and fed what they will eat in two daily feeding periods. At 25 weeks of age change to 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, Collge of Veterianry & Animal Sciences, Pookode. 2. Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Changamanadu.

BREEDER MANAGEMENT Well fed emu hens start laying at approximately 2 years of age and reported to have a productive life of approximately 16 years. Egg production is variable but can exceed 50 eggs per year. Production begins in October and ends in March. Juvenile hens and cocks should be reared separately from one year of age to sexual maturity. Mature hens and cocks must be separated after the breeding season and again grouped together for the breeding season in September. When pairing hens and cocks always present the cock to the hen in her pen. The hen will generally lay an egg on every 3 days during the breeding season. The breeding pen for each cock and hen should be 500-1000 sq.ft. A few trees or shrubs in the pen will provide privacy and help. Incubation period of emu eggs is between 48 and 52 days. MANAGEMENT OF EMU CHICKS Chicks should never be allowed to get soaking wet. Emu chicks weigh about 370 to 450 gm depending on the size of egg. First 48 to 72 hours

Issue 3 December 2011

Emu farming now gaining wide acceptance among farmers which is an unknown and unexploited area .Emu one of the ancient group of birds belongs to the order of flightless birds called ratites. Emu farming first started at Australia in 1987 and it is now well established. In India first started in Andhra Pradesh in 1996 followed by Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondichery. Emu has a long neck and relatively small naked head. The height of adult bird is about 5-6 feet and weight is around 45-60 kg. Body is covered with feathers which are useful to resist extreme hot and cold climatic conditions. Legs are long and covered with scaly skin. Each foot has three forward facing toes and no hind toe and birds sits on haunches.

maintenance diet until they reach sexual maturity. Breeder diet should be fed 2 weeks prior to the expected first egg. Breeder diet contains high level of calcium and should not be fed to juveniles. Feeding of forage feeds such as stylo and desmanthus for juveniles and adults will reduce production cost significantly. It is essential that emus have clean water available at all time. Emu should not be allowed to become over weight, excess fat is detrimental to egg production.

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INTRODUCTION

GENERAL ARTICLE

chicks are restricted to incubator for quick absorption of the yolk. Place the hobbles for each chick to prevent leg deformity. Brooder for about 25-40 chicks gives 4 sq ft per chick for first 3 weeks. Provide brooder temperature of 900 F at first 10 days o and 85 F till 3-4 weeks. Provide sufficient number of water mugs (1 litre) and feed troughs under the brooder. Chick guard must be 2.5 feet high to avoid jumping and straying of chicks. Provide 24 hours of 1

foot candle light ie 40 watt bulb for every 100 sq ft area. After 3 weeks of age slowly extend the brooder area by widening the chick guard circle and latter remove it by the time the chick attain 6 weeks. Ensure proper floor space for birds housed as these birds require a run space for their healthy life. 30 ft run size is required hence floor space of 40 ft* 30 ft is required for about 40 chicks if outdoor space is provided.

Nutritional guidelines for Emus Starter (0-6 wks)

Grower (6-36 wks)

Finisher (36 wks-market weight)

Breeder (3-4 week before egg production)

2700

2600

2400

Crude Protein%

Lysine%

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.63

Methionine %

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.40

0.25

Meth+ cyst %

0.75

0.7

0.60

0.76

0.47

Tryptophan %

0.17

0.15

0.13

0.18

0.12

Threonine %

0.50

0.48

0.42

0.60

0.38

Calcium %(min)

1.5

2.5

1.6

Phosphorus (%)

0.80

0.7

0.6

Sodium chloride %

0.40

0.3

0.40

0.30

Crude Fibre %

Vit A (IU/Kg)

15000

8800

15000

8800

Vit D3 (ICU/Kg)

4500

3300

4500

3300

Vit E(IU/Kg)

100

Vit B12 (micro gm/Kg)

Choline (mg/Kg)

2200

Copper (mg/Kg)

Zinc (mg/Kg)

110

Manganese (mg/Kg)

150

154

150

154

Iodine

1.1

Issue 3 December 2011

Metabolisable energy (Kcal/kg)

Maintenance

JIVA Vol. 9

Particulars

GENERAL ARTICLE

DISEASES

Emu Feathers

The common diseases reported are rhinitis, candidiasis, salmonella, coccidiosis and ascarid infestations. In emu birds enteritis and viral Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) were reported.

Used in hats, dresses, computer and car cleaning brushes etc.

EMU PRODUCTS Emu oil Rendered from the fat of the emu bird mainly from the back and rump region. Emu oil usually used in skin care products and topical arthritis cream and oil. Emu oil is rich in poly unsaturated fatty acids. At market age (15 to 18 months) an emu can yield approximately 5 liters of oil and cost of 1 litre oil is in the tune of 1000- 1250 Rs. Emu Meat Scientifically known as Gournet, red meat similar to beef both in taste and appearance. Lower cholesterol content makes it heart friendly and free from chemical additives or preservative makes it safe hence named as food for new millennium. Emu LeatherEmu leather is thin, very durable, perfectly fit for apparels, hand bag etc. about 6-8 sq ft of hide may be obtained from an adult bird.

Emu Shells and Nails Egg shells are used for for painting and as decorative item due to its deep blue colour. Nails are strong and used in artificial ornaments and craft goods. In College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode a pair of 10 birds (5 cocks & 5 Hens) are being maintained. The age of the birds are around 2 years they are showing good adaptability, feed intake and in the first breeding season production was 21 eggs weighing around 500gm.The egg laying season was from October to March. The raising of emu birds is becoming a widely popularized alternative to live stock at a time when product diversification is imperative to success. There will be tremendous opportunities for both the small and large scale producers' alike as well as for those engaged in the service and support structure. The market prices for these birds will remain high for the next several years and positive return will probably be the norm.

Dr. R.L. Rathish Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, COVAS, Mannuthy

JIVA Vol. 9

Cover photo by :

Superior quality original still photographs related to veterinary field is invited from fellow veterinarians. Photographs should accompany details of location, event, significance etc. Best selected photographs will form the cover page of upcoming issues of JIVA. Photos are to be sent to editorjiva@gmail.com

Issue 3 December 2011

PHOTOGRAPHS INVITED

ASSOCIATION NEWS

WORKSHOP ON CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN PET ANIMAL PRACTICE A state level residential workshop on Advanced Clinical Techniques and Therapeutic Approaches in Pet Animal Practice was conducted by Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala at hotel Govardhana, Malampuzha, Palakkad on 27th & 28th August 2011. The workshop started with a welcome speech by Dr K R Arunkumar, President,IVA. Dr E K Eswaran, General Secretary,IVA, Dr Joby George, General Secretary, KVSSA, Dr C Mohammed Haneefa, Vice president,IVA, Dr K Vijayakumar, Associate professor, COVAS Mannuthy and Dr R Usha, Joint Secretary,IVA, were present on the occasion.

hands on training to the delegates in ECG and US scanning. Dr Sunitha Karunakaran, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Clinical Lab, DVC, Palakkad dealt the topic, Importance of clinical diagnosis in pet animal practice. The valedictory function started with a welcome speech by Dr Syed Aboobacker Sidhique, Secretary, IVA, Palakkad. The participants expressed their feed back about the workshop. Dr R Usha, Joint Secretary, IVA, distributed the certificates to the participants. The function was enlightened by an amazing performance by Dr . R. Abhilash on his memory power talent. Dr S Ramkumar proposed the vote of thanks.

JIVA Vol. 9

JIVA August 2011 was released by Dr A P Nambi, Professor and Head, Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, TANUVAS on 27-08-2011 at Hotel Govardhana , Malampuzha, Palakkad, and the first copy was received by Dr K D John Martin, Associate Professor, COVAS Mannuthy. Dr. E.K Easwaran, General Secretary IVA, welcomed the gathering. Dr K R Arunkumar, President, IVA, presided over the function. Dr K Vijayakumar, Chief Editor, JIVA, Dr C Muhammed Haneefa were present on the occasion. Dr Laiju M Philip , Editor, offered the vote of thanks.

Issue 3 December 2011

JIVA RELEASE The technical session was started by Dr T Giggin, Director, Veterinary Health Services Pet Hospital, Kochi, who explained the scope of pet animal practice in the field of veterinary profession. Dr A P Nambi, Professor and Head, Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, TANUVAS, handled the topic on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Recent approaches in dermatology and ophthalmologyâ&#x20AC;? related to pet practice. Dr K D John Martin, Associate professor, COVAS Mannuthy explained about radiology in small animal practice. The training manual was released on the occasion by Dr A P Nambi, and the first copy was received by Dr K Vijayakumar. Dr V I Bishore, Director, Ubio, explained the use of diagnostic tools in small animal practice. Dr. P. R. Vinodkumar, Veterinary Surgeon, DVC, Calicut narrated his interesting and innovative experiences before the gathering. The day ended with a delicious dinner. The second day started with a briefing by Dr S Ajithkumar, Professor and Head, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, COVAS, Mannuthy on the topic Electrocardiography and Management of cardiac diseases in pet animals. Dr. Biju P Habeeb, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, COVAS, Mannuthy handled the sessions of Ultrasonography, Emergency and Critical Care in canine practice and

ASSOCIATION NEWS

WORLD RABIES DAY 2011 COMMEMORATED

Kerala along with other organizations supported the initiatives of IVA. Vets from all the districts could participate in the function. The organizations worldwide, the Global Alliance for Rabies Control, the Commonwealth Veterinary Association and the Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India joined hands together with IVA Kerala. The Commonwealth Association and APCRI funded the informative handbills distributed to the participants during the function. The organizers are grateful to Dr. Abdul Rahman, President, the commonwealth Veterinary Association for his invaluable support for the event. The Rotary Club of Calicut Smartcity also extended support for making the function a grand success. Vaccination programmes were organized at th panchayath level from sept 23 to 27 . Regional Seminars were conducted at Taluk level and a workshop at Hotel Nalanda on 8 th October in which a model project was presented to Dr. M K Muneer Hon. Minister.

Dr. P.V. Mohanan: Three new books written by Dr.P.V.Mohanan and published by DC books have been released recently.”Pashu paripalanam”,”Erachi kozhi valarthal”, “Mutta kozhi valarthal” are the three books. Dr. Mohanan has so far authored 16 books related to Animal husbandry sector. The new book titled “Pay visha badha,100 chodiyangalum utharangalum” launched by Hon’ble minister Sri.K.P.Mohanan on october 8th in a function at calicut.

Issue 3 December 2011

BOOK RELEASE

JIVA Vol. 9

Indian Veterinary Association Kerala, Commemorated World Rabies Day 2011 at Calicut, Kerala on Sept 28th. This time also the IVA Kerala put great efforts to see that the message is conveyed clearly to all Indians that 'Rabies is cent percent Preventable if we work together'. This time, the intention of Association was to make the machinery start running. As part of the agenda, the Association took efforts to invite the local body Presidents, Secretaries , health officials and Vets who only can sit together to make Rabies history. The function was presided over by Dr. Arun Kumar, President , Indian Veterinary Association and was inaugurated by Hon. MP Sri. M.K.Raghavan. The District Panchayath president KanathilJameela released Vets view special issue on Rabies. The State leaders of KVSSA and AHOAK facilitated the event. The Calicut Town Hall was overwhelming with the unforeseen and sincere participation of the invitees.The message was clear, everybody is worried about recent series of Rabies outbreaks and dog bites in the entire state. The function in nutshell conferred lot of information to the participants from different parts of Kerala. Classes on various aspects of Rabies handled by eminent and experienced professors of Veterinary and Medical colleges, experienced field Vets, experts from LSG dept etc gave handful of valuable information to all gathered. The magazine, Vets View Rabies Special Issue released on this day was unique that the book touches each and every aspects of Rabies, its prevention, control, model projects, experiences, ABC programmes, laws regarding licensing of dogs and such related aspects.The Early Neutering in Dogs is a method that can be included in the projects to make the control of stray dogs easier, the CD of which also was released during the function. The Animal Husbandry Department of

ASSOCIATION NEWS

KERALA VETERINARY SCIENCE CONGRESS 2011

The lead paper on “Diagnosis of Bovine Infectious Diseases” by Dr. B MuraliManohar, Dean, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai marked the opening of the Paraclinical Sciences session on the second day. Quite a few scientific papers and posters were presented. The colloquium came to an end with the Plenary Session being inaugurated by Dr. A. Kowsigan, IAS Sub Collector, Ottapalam on 27/11/11. He expressed his views on the qualities of the veterinary professionals and also inspired the young budding vets to stick on to the basics of veterinary practice in the form of ABCDE's where A stands for availability, B for behavior, C for competence, D for dedication and the last but not the least E for ethics. Dr. N.N Sasi, Registrar, Kerala State Veterinary Council, delivered the key note address. Felicitations were done by Dr. M. Sumangala, District Animal Husbandry Officer, Palakkad, Dr. N. Sudhodanan, President, AHOAK,Palakkad, Dr. N. Ponnumani, President, KVSSA, Palakkad. Dr. M. Jayan, President, IVA, Palakkad welcomed the gathering. Dr. Syed Aboobacker Sidhique, Secretary, IVA, Palakkad, proposed the vote of Thanks. The best scientific paper in each session was awarded with a memento and citation.

The curtain to the science congress came down with the chanting of national anthem Dr. Magna Thomas Production Sciences Poster

Dr. R. Ambili Paraclinical Sciences Oral

Dr. Samantha Rachel Joseph Dr. Preethi Unnithan Smt. Archana Chandran Clinical Sciences Oral

Dr. Suryasankar

Clinical Sciences Poster Production Sciences Oral Paraclinical Sciences Poster

Issue 3 December 2011

AWARD WINNERS

The science congress started on a positive note with a prayer followed by the veterinarian's oath. The science congress was inaugurated by Dr. R Prabhakaran, PhD, Vice Chancellor of TamilNadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. He spoked on the need for more researches in the field of veterinary sciences in India. He suggested the government to spend more time and investment in research and development activities in the scientific arena, especially in veterinary sciences inorder to achieve global standards. He said that, only 0.8% of GDP was spent on research and development in India, compared to 1.23% in China and 4.5% in the developed countries. Therefore the level of investment in research and development needs to be improved substantially. Dr. K R Arunkumar, President IVA presided over the function, Dr. R Vijayakumar, Director, Animal Husbandry Department delivered the key note address. The proceedings of Kerala Veterinary Science Congress 2011 published by Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala was released by Dr. H. Subramanian, Dean ,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy by giving the first copy to Dr. R Prabhakaran , PhD, Vice Chancellor of TANUVAS. Dr. E.K Eswaran, Gen. Sec. IVA, Kerala welcomed the gathering. Felicitations were done by Dr. C Sreekumar, President, KVSSA, Dr. T.R Girija, Deputy Director (AH) Palakkad. Dr. K Vijayakumar, Organizing Secretary, delivered the vote of thanks. The scientific session started with Production

Sciences by a lead paper on “Insight to Production and Productivity” by Dr. Ani. S. Das, Managing Director, Kerala Livestock Development Board Ltd. which was followed by oral and poster presentations. The afternoon session dealt Clinical Sciences by a lead paper on “Decision Support Systems in Animal Health Care” by S. R Srinivasan, Director of Distance Education, TANUVAS followed by oral and poster presentations. The day ended with an extraordinary entertaining cultural programme by Mr. Ilyas and his troupe.

JIVA Vol. 9

Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala organized Kerala veterinary science congress 2011 at Hotel Sayoojyam, Palakkad on 26th and 27th of November 2011.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

ACHIEVEMENTS Dr. I.M. MuhusinKoya, Senior Veterinary Surgeon of Ambalappuzha has been nominated as a member of the State Resource Group. The State Resource Group functions under Kerala Institute of Local Administration, Thrissur. It consists of 26 members. Dr. MuhusinKoya is the only Veterinarian in the elite group of resource persons and this is the first time a Veterinarian has been nominated to this august body. The state resource group meets often at the KILA and advices the government on many key issues. Dr. Muhusin belongs to the 1984 batch of COVAS, Mannuthy. He has adorned several key offices in our three associations and is the state committee member from IVA, Alappuzha this year. He has received many awards like the best district president and secretary of IVA and KVSSA. He is also the recepient of Dr. K.V.Asokan memorial award. IVA congratulates and salutes Dr. I. M. MuhusinKoya on his unique achievement. Dr.D. Shinekumar bags the best documentary anchor award instituted by Rajiv Gandhi SamskarikaSamithi. His nomination came first among the 79 nominations received under the category.KissanKrishideepam, the popular agricultural programme of Asianet scripted and directed by Dr.D.Shinekumar scored the highest in the selection criterias laid down. Krishideepam is telecast over 155 countries worldwide in every week. The award was presented by Sri.Shibu Baby John, Honourable Minister for labour in a colorful ceremony at Hotel Shah International, Kollam. The award includes citation, memento and a cash prize.Dr. Shinekumar belongs to the 1987 batch of COVAS, Mannuthy. His art skills were well appreciated right from college days. He has served as the PRO of Animal Husbandry Department Kerala. He has authored many popular books. He has anchored various Animal Husbandry oriented TV programmes. Dr. Shinekumar is a popular extension worker and has proved his mettle as a master compere also.IVA, Kerala congratulates him on this great achievement and wishes him well in future. Dr. R e g h u R a v i n d r a n : Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, CoVAS, Pookode has attended the seventh Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens (TTP7) international conference at Zaragoza (Spain) from August 28th to September 2nd, 2011. He presented a poster entitled “Effect of ethanolic extracts of plants on tick reproduction” in the poster session held on September 1st and 2nd 2011. Dr. ReghuRavindran has attended the conference as part of the visits approved under sub-project of National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), ICAR, New Delhi. He is the principal investigator of NAIP project entitled ”Study of herbal acaricides as means to overcome the development of resistance in ticks to conventional acaricides”

JIVA Vol. 9

Dr.Swapna Susan Abraham : is a renowned Pathologist in the Animal Husbandry Department of Kerala. She belongs to the 1984 batch of COVAS, Mannuthy and took her Masters from The Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. Her thesis work was on Toxic Pathology. She ranked first for M.V Sc. In Veterinary Pathology.( Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University )She has around 17 years of experience in disease investigation, diagnosis & research at the Chief Disease Investigation Office,Palode (State level diagnostic laboratory of Department of Animal Husbandry,Kerala). She was instrumental in the establishment of Rabies Diagnostic & Research Laboratory as well as Histopathology laboratory at CDIO,Palode.She has around 22 research, review, clinical & popular Articles to her credit.She was the recipient of The Best Veterinarian Award of Indian Veterinary Association (Kerala) for the year 2007. She won the Best Scientific paper award in the recently concluded National Conference of APCRI (Association for Prevention & Control of Rabies in India) held at Chennai on 9th & 10th July'11.

Issue 3 December 2011

Dr . R. SunilKumar: Veterinary Surgeon, DVC, Thiruvananthapuram, has attended the 16th symposium and 8th world conference on Lameness in Ruminants 2011(LIR 2011) at Rotorua Events Centre, Rotorua, Newzealand, to present a Topic on “Effect of functional claw trimming on milk production in Indian cross bred zebu cattle affected with subclinical laminitis and study on haemotobiochemical parameters in tropical climatic conditions”. This study was conducted in three dairyfarms in Kerala with the help Dr. K.P. Sreekumar of Department of Physiology and Mr. Nithin C.J, scholar of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ,Thrissur ,Kerala