Tajikistan Special Report www.diplomacyandforeignaffairs.com by Maheswaran Gnanaprakasam

Contents

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H.E. Mr. Emomali Rahmon President of Tajikistan

H.E. Mr. Hamrokhon Zarifi Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tajikistan

06 07 08

H.E. Mr. Saidbeg Saidov Ambassador of the Republic of Tajikistan to India

10 12

Tajikistan connecting Central Asia and the World

Towards Reviving the Silk Road between Tajikistan and India

The Economy of Tajikistan

Brief History of Tajikistan Interview H.E. Mr. Saidbeg Saidov

Indo-Tajikistan Relations

26 28

India-Tajikistan Bilateral Relationship

30 32 36 42

Military Cooperation between Tajikistan and India

Tajikistan Leads The Way

Culture of Tajikistan Tourism In Tajikistan Indian students at the Avicenna Tajik State Medical University Cooperation of Technical University of Tajikistan Higher Education Institutions and Organizations of India

Published by Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine in association with The Embassy of Tajikistan in India Editor-In-Chief: Maheswaran Gnanaprakasam (mahesh@diplomacyandforeignaffairs.com) Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine S-442, Shakarpur School Block, New Delhi - 110092 India Tel. No. 011-32316194 Email : editor@diplomacyandforeignaffairs.com Disclaimer The opinions/ comments from writers are their own and Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs magazine does not endorse the claims made therein.

Message

H.E. Mr. Emomali Rahmon President of Tajikistan Independence is invaluable wealth for each nation and every citizen and has an important significance for the people of Tajikistan who have a long history and rich culture. The Tajik people maintained the strong and centralized state of Somoniyon thousand years ago and struggled for the independence and identity for the centuries. The great Tajik statesmen and heroes as Spitamen, Devashtich, Ismoily Somony, Timur Malik, poets and scientist as Avicenna, Rudaki, Firdavsi, Rumi, Omar Kayam, Hamadani and many others are well known in the world history. Tajikistan evaluates and celebrates its independence as a great historical and national achievement and by sharing the experience of ancestors and modern society heads towards the new state building based upon legitimacy, democracy, secularism, social system, open economy and civil society. Now, after overcoming a certain difficulties in the transformation of sovereign state, Tajikistan has entered into the process of balanced and sustainable political, economic and social development. While implementing its internal and foreign policy based on the national and international interests, Tajikistan secures free opportunities and dignified wellbeing of every citizen and welcomes mutually beneficial cooperation with all countries of the world. Tajikistan strongly believes that the respect of the rights of self-determination and independence of each country must be the fundamental and most important aspect of international norms of livelihood. The globalization and the national interests of different countries must be combined so as to ensure trust and sustainable development of international relations and the new world order must be established so as to ensure peace and security upon fruitful, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation among all countries of the world. It is only under these circumstances and through joint efforts the international community will be able to address the challenges and threats of contemporary world. In this regard, Tajikistan is firmly committed to develop friendly, mutually beneficial and fruitful relations with all countries of the world. Peaceful, transparent and balanced foreign policy of Tajikistan is supported by its citizens and recognized as transparent and constructive by world community.

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

Message

H.E. Mr. Hamrokhon Zarifi Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tajikistan

The Republic of Tajikistan while implementing its “Open doors” foreign policy believes that the creation of effective means of combination of national and international interests will ensure sustainable development and integrate the efforts to address the challenges and threats of contemporary world. The recent developments in the world have well demonstrated that the solution to the global and regional issues is impossible without strengthening collective actions and the central role of the UN in international affairs based on fulfillment of international law. Tajikistan filly supports the UN actions to strengthen peace and stability in the world and continues to contributs significantly in the UN peacekeeping missions. Tajikistan believes that respect for cultural and religious diversity and dialogue among civilizations are very essential for strengthening peace and better understanding. In 2012, after twenty years, the countries of the world gathered again in Rio de Janeiro in order to discuss and identify effective ways to achieve sustainable economic, social and environmental development. Sustainable economic development for the improving wellbeing of the citizens is the strategic goal of the Government of Tajikistan. Special attention is paid to the efficient use of natural resources, which is the main component of the “Green” economy. In this regards, Tajikistan with the huge hydropower potential, comprehensively develops this area and while implementing its hydropower projects does not intend to pursue only its own interests and affect any other country. This year, the international community will celebrate initiated by Tajikistan the International Year of Water Cooperation which is coincides with the Twentieth anniversary of the World Water Day. To achieve the objectives of the International Year, Tajikistan has hosted the High Level International Conference on Water Cooperation in August this year. Tajikistan is committed to the broad and comprehensive cooperation and believes that the mutual efforts and effective regional and international cooperation can serve as the basis to address the challenges and threats of contemporary world and make the world a better and safer place.

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Message

H.E. Mr. Saidbeg Saidov Ambassador of the Republic of Tajikistan to India

Dear Readers, On the occasion of the National Day, 9 September 2013 and the 22nd Anniversary of the Republic of Tajikistan, it is a matter of great pleasure and honour for me to share with you that 2012 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013 has been a very interesting & exciting year laden with several success stories, entrenching and cementing the relationship between the two countries - India and Tajikistan. In this connection, I would like to highlight the relationship and the cooperation between Tajikistan and India. The present development and progress in the bilateral relations of the Republic of Tajikistan with the Republic of India has increased and has become faster after the state visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon in 2012 to India. This visit became momentous and historical due to the signing of 12 bilateral legal documents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Agreements and Memorandums of Understanding in the fields of economy, trade, science, technology, health, culture etc. The President of Tajikistan also had successful meetings with the President of India, Mr. Pranab Mukherjee and the Prime Minister of India, Mr. Manmohan Singh. The Business Forum had participation of important businessmen and investors of India. The Indian Government reciprocated with the state-level visit of the Vice-President of India Mr. Hamid Ansari to Tajikistan from 14-17 April, 2013. The most important and specific advantage of the reciprocal state visits was that both countries declared each other strategic partners in bilateral cooperation. To conclude this message, once again I would like to convey my best wishes to the friendly people of India and Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine for bringing out this wonderful special magazine on Tajikistan-India Relations.

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

Brief History of Tajikistan

ajikistan was part of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex in the Bronze Age, candidate for Proto-Indo-Iranian or Proto-Iranian culture. Tajikistan was part of Scythia in Classical Antiquity. Sogdiana, Bactria, Merv and Khorezm were the four principal divisions of Ancient Central Asia inhabited by the ancestors of the present-day Tajikistani Tajiks and are now found in historic Bactria and Sogdiana. Sogdiana was made up of the Zeravshan and Kashka-Darya river valleys. Currently, one of the surviving peoples of Sogdiana who speak a dialect of the Sogdian language are the Yaghnobis and Shugnanis. Bactria was located in northern Afghanistan between the mountain range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus) River and some areas of current south Tajikistan. During different periods, Bactria was a centre of various Kingdoms or Empires, and is probably where Zoroastrianism originated. The “Avesta”—the holy book of Zoroastrianism—was written in the old-Bactria. During the Achaemenid period, Sogdiana and Bactria were part of the Persian Empire. Sogdians and Bactrians occupied important positions in the administration and military of the Achaemenid Empire. After the Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, Bactria, Sogdiana and Merv had to defend themselves from new invaders. In fact, the Macedonians faced very stiff resistance under the leadership of Sogdian ruler Spitamenes. Alexander the Great managed to marry Roxana, the daughter of a local ruler, and inherited his land. Following Alexander’s brief occupation, the Hellenistic successor states of the Seleucids and GrecoBactrians controlled the area for another 200 years in what is known as the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Among different empires including Kushan (30 BC–410 AD), Sassanids (224–710), Islamic (710–1218), Qarakhanids (999–1211), Khwarezmshahs (1211–1218), Mongols (1218–1370), Timurid (1370–1506), Shaybanid rule (1506–1598), Astrakhanid (Janid) dynasty (1598–1740), Afsharid dynasty (1740–1756), Manghit dynasty (1756–1920), Russian (1868–1920) which are ruled in Central Asia most notable period is the history of First Tajik State of Somonid. The Somonid dynasty ruled (819–1005) in Khorasan (including Eastern Iran and Transoxiana) and was founded by Ismoili Somoni. The Somonids were one of the first purely indigenous dynasties to rule in Persia after the Muslim Arab conquest. During the reign of Ismoili Somoni (892–907), the dynasty expanded in Khorasan. In 900, Ismoili Somoni defeated the Saffarids in Khorasan (area of current Northwest Afghanistan and northeastern Iran), while his brother was the governor of Transoxiana. Thus, Somonid rule was acclaimed over the combined regions. They managed to establish the Council of Ministers, the structure that was practiced for the first time ever in the world history. The cities of Bukhara (the Somonid capital) and Samarkand became centres of art, science, and literature; industries included pottery making and bronze casting. After 950, Somonid power weakened, but was briefly revitalized under Nuh II, who ruled from 976 to 997. When national borders were drawn in 1928, during the administrative delimitation in Soviet period (1917–1991), the ancient Tajik cities of Bukhara and Samarkand were placed outside of the Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic. During World War II, around 400 000 Tajikistanis were mobilized into the Red Army and fought against the Nazis. Most of them didn’t return home. During the USSR many industries were installed and new cities emerged in Tajikistan. Following the collapse of the USSR, Tajikistan declared its independence on 9 September 1991. During this time, use of the Tajik language, an official language of the Tajikistan SSR next to Russian, was increasingly promoted. The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war. In 1994 Emomali Rahmon was elected as Chairmen of the Parliament and generously contributed to the end of the war. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Government and opposition parties. Peaceful elections then were held in 1999, and Emomali Rahmon was re-elected by almost unanimous vote. Major economic and political reforms have been undertaken since then which contributed to the improvement of wellbeing of the citizens of Tajikistan and its image in the world. Since the September 11, 2001 Tajikistan actively participates in counter terrorism activities. Tajikistan has become a member of many regional and international organizations. The government with the help of international organizations and international financial institutions is implementing many projects on infrastructure. Tajikistan under the leadership of the President is giving more attention to education, health and social sectors. The government has also raised the salary and the pension of the people of Tajikistan from September this year as a part of its social programmes. The government has announced the presidential elections to be held on November 6, 2013. September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Interview H.E. Mr. Saidbeg Saidov Ambassador H.E. Mr. Saidbeg Saidov is candid about India-Tajikistan Relations in an interview to Maheswaran Gnanaprakasam, Editor-In-Chief, Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine.

our Excellency, it has been more than two decades since India and Tajikistan have established diplomatic relations. What according to you is the single biggest factor that has ensured that the relationship has remained cordial all these years? First of all, we both are Aryans and that keeps us going cordially. We share a lot culturally. We also have similar views on issues like Afghanistan and other strategic and political issues. Mir Syed Ali Hamdani educated Kashmir centuries back and due to his preaching there was an improvement in the education, culture and religion here in Kashmir. He built the bridge between two countries. Famous poets like Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil, Zebuniso, Mirza Ghalib, Mirza Tursunzoda etc. are very popular in Tajikistan. I should also appreciate the Government of India for working on improving India-Tajikistan relations and India’s relations with Central Asian countries. I would also like to emphasize that India’s relation has strengthened with Tajikistan and Central Asian countries through Silk Road. The forgotten cultural and historical ties that once linked Tajikistan and India have been revived during the last decade by the two countries as a result of investment in exploring each other’s culture, encouragement of artists and artisans, training of civil and military officers, and support of scholars and students through exchange programs that lay the foundations for an enduring relationship between the two nations. The cumulative impact of such exchanges will have far greater impact on the relationship between the two countries than merely focusing on trade and economic cooperation. Building lasting relationship between countries requires an all-rounded effort to engage peoples of both countries in as diverse and broad-based a manner as possible. The 12 agreements and memorandums of understanding signed last year 2012 focused on diverse areas of engagement, ranging from agriculture, arts and crafts (including cinematography), capacity building in administrative and legislative functions, computing, education, health, hydro-power, military training, sports, science and technology and transport. Such broad-based support and interaction offers greater opportunity to solidify the goodwill and shared goals of the two nation-states. It also offers experts and youth of the two nations an opportunity to learn from the ideas and policies of the two nations that lead to achievements, as well as failures and to provoke debate on how national goals and public good may be best achieved in their own countries. The superiority of participant-observation over all

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

other efforts of gaining socio-political knowledge is all too obvious. Since remote antiquity the two regions have been connected by trade routes across the Himalayas and the Pamir mountains which was a part of the well known “Silk Road”. This movement of peoples and ideas is the foundation of the cultural relations that exist even today. One of the most valuable contributions of Tajikistan to India in the medieval times is Sufi thought and philosophy.

or India, ensuring energy security has become an immediate concern. What role can Tajikistan play to facilitate a deal between all the important players of the region in terms of energy sources? We have excess hydroelectric power. We already have agreements with Pakistan, Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan to share power. In fact we have lot of excess electricity during summers whereas India witnesses shortages namely in this period. This calls for some close cooperation. If India wishes we will consider exporting hydroelectric power. We also invite Indian companies to come to Tajikistan and establish hydroelectric power stations. I have to mention here that National Hydro Power Construction (NHPC) and Bharat Hydro Electricity Limited (BHEL) of India facilitated Tajikistan for reconstruction one of our hydro energy projects –Varzob-1.

he WTO has newly approved Tajikistan’s status as a member nation. Can the world now expect to see Tajikistan bringing in new reforms to integrate its market-economy further in the global arena? First of all I want to thank India for helping us getting into WTO. We will do everything we have to do to comply with WTO rules. The entry of Tajikistan to The WTO is a gateway to the Global Market where my country can provide their products all over the world.

espite all the positives that are there in the relationship, the bilateral trade has not progressed even after the establishment of the inter-governmental commission. What do you think are the possible reasons for this? Volume of our bilateral trade in 2008 was $60 million which is not enough. It is due to the financial crisis that affected both the countries. It is difficult to trade goods because of the land-locked nature as it becomes very difficult to transport. However, our trade

will improve if we manage to sign an agreement between Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Tajikistan. It will also help India to improve its trade with Central Asian countries as it can use Tajikistan as transit.

ecently, direct flight operations have been started between the two countries. Apart from the obvious economic benefits, what other advantages do you think this connectivity brings with it? We thank the Government of India for the improved connectivity. We also plan to have more flights in the future extending to Europe as well as the improved connectivity will result in more trade and improved bilateral relationships.

ill the ‘Connect Central Asia’ policy of India help in expanding the ties and India being seen as a reliable partner by the five countries in question? India has been putting its efforts to expand the ties as it does various outreach programmes. All central Asian countries in general and Tajikistan in particular are looking forward to improved relationship with India. Most Tajiks like Indian movies. Actors like Amitabh Bachan, Kareena Kapoor and Shahrukh Khan are household names in Tajikistan. So it helps to have the relationships going smooth. However, I have a feeling that India should do more. We would like India to cooperate more with Tajikistan in the field of education of Tajik youth through training courses on English and Information Technology (IT). For example, Russia offers around 1000 scholarships every year for our students. India with its huge potential could be consider this issue.

ultural exchanges always help two countries come closer, how is it happening in this case?India and Tajikistan intend to continue work on deepening of cooperation in the field of culture including implementation of the Program of Cooperation (POC) signed between the two governments. The two sides have also agreed to work in organizing Culture Days of both countries. “Days of Tajikistan Culture” were held in India in October 2008. Also we along with other Central Asian countries can organize different festivals, cultural programs in India. It will not only be interesting, but very useful for all, especially the younger generation, because all of us have very rich cultural diversity. It will help and promote close and better understanding of each other. It is great pleasure for Tajikistan that every year with the support of Haryana Tourism, the cultural troupes of Tajikistan participate in the International Crafts Mela at Surajkund presenting vivid cultural programs. With the support and cooperation of Indian universities, academies and cultural centres, the Embassy of the Republic Tajikistan often organizes seminars, conferences and cultural events.

hat more should be done to bring the countries closer together so that they can go beyond the power equations and play a constructive role in uplifting the entire region? We expect India to cooperate with Tajikistan for establishing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The same collaboration Tajikistan is waiting from Indian side in sectors like ITES and infrastructure.

hat scope do you see in cooperation in agriculture? There is good opportunity to cooperate in agriculture. Both the countries had signed an agreement of cooperation in agriculture in October 2010 which is the main document for development of bilateral cooperation in this sector.

Ninety three per cent of the territory of Tajikistan comprises of mountains and only 7 per cent is arable land; that is why this land is very carefully used for agricultural purpose while mountain sites are used for grazing cattle. Tajikistan and India Central Asia Foundation (ICAF) are planning to open a training centre for agriculture in Tajikistan. ICAF will also invite specialists from Tajikistan and give them experience and knowledge about the latest technology and information of agriculture. Agriculture comprises 23. 4 per cent of the total GDP of Tajikistan’s economy, but it employs 67. 2 per cent of the total labor force. Tajikistan is ready to cooperate in cultivation, livestock, poultry, and egg production, joint production of livestock vaccine, wool washing which comes to 800-900 tons annually , exchanges related to production, work and safeguard wheat and exchange of scientific literature in the field of plant and new technology, exchange of delegations of experts, and information related to plant quarantine and cooperation in the field of delivering fertilizer by the use of aviation and construction of a big textile factory for weaving 8000 tons of cotton yearly.

ow can the two countries work together in healthcare?

Both countries are strengthening contacts in the health sector through exchange of delegations of scientists, doctors, pharmacists and experts for sharing of experience and knowledge. Tajikistan and India have signed an Agreement on cooperation in the field of health between the two sides in 2013. It has also been recommended to organize joint seminars, conferences in the fields of mutual interest, particularly in the fields of seismology, mathematics and renewable energy sources. In order to boost participation of young scientists, the two sides would offer up to five fellowships for young scientists in laboratories in both countries. Both countries will exchange up to 10 exploratory visits per year.

ow do you intend promoting tourism between the two countries?

It is heartening to announce that on 31 May, 2013 with the help of the Indian side, direct flight between India and Tajikistan has been re-started which is a very important step towards enhancing economic cooperation between the two countries. I hope to launch direct flight between Srinagar and Kulob with the support of the two sides. Tajikistan wants to cooperate with Indian tourist companies because it is a mountainous country. My country attracts tourists from all over the world, therefore it wants to benefit from the rich experience of Indian companies. Among the tourism sites in Tajikistan is the Kulob City where the shrine of Meer Syyed Ali Hamadani is located and thousands of his followers from all over the world, particularly from Jammu and Kashmir visit it every year. There are other cities like Varzob, Heesor, Khoojand, Kairakkum, Vose, Badakhshan, Rasht, Romit, Norak and other places such as Chehel Dokhtaran. To encourage community and religion, Tajikistan announced 2009 as “Year of Imami A’zam” – Great Abu Hanifa and celebrated his 1310 years of anniversary. On 15 May, 2009, the Embassy of Tajikistan organized a seminar on “Great Imam Abu Hanifa ” where participants included representatives from Srinagar. In 2012, Tajikistan and India celebrated 20 years of diplomatic relations. In September last year the State visit of the President of Tajikistan, Mr. Emomali Rahmon to India is significant proof of the great friendship and mutual cooperation between two countries. September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Tajikistan connecting Central Asia and the World

he strategic location of Tajikistan makes it an important player in ensuring peace and stability in the region. For the world powers also staying connected with Tajikistan is a top priority due to the political and economic benefits that come with the resulting partnership.

Transportation Infrastructure at a Glance Development of modern infrastructure in the transportation sector started during the period of Soviet rule. A major flaw of the construction at that time was the neglect of the topographical division between the southern and northern regions of the country. This issue was addressed a few years after independence by undertaking some important construction projects that would truly bridge the gap between the geographical hurdles.

Connectivity Inside and Outside the Borders Rail and roadways are the major forms of transportation that connects various cities within the country and also some cities in the neighboring countries like Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The railroad system has so far covered a distance of 680km and primarily connects the urban centres of Western Tajikistan. Another line was laid down in the year 2000 to link the southern cities of Kulob and Qurghonteppa. Furthermore, realizing the

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential in being the door to Central Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vast resources, Afghanistan and Pakistan signed an agreement with Tajikistan to modernize its rail system. This is expected to boost the trade between all the Central Asian countries to a substantial extent. The roadways are better developed with a distance of approximately 30,000km being covered and with two major lines connecting different parts of the country. The former runs across the mountains between the northwest city of Khujand and Dushanbe and the latter starts from Dushanbe to the eastern region of Khorog in the Gorno-Badakhan Authonomous province after which it cuts across the mountains to join the northeastern city of Osh. Due to the extreme weather conditions, the KhujandDushanbe route remains closed in winter which used to have adverse effects on trade. In order to rectify this problem, the Anzob tunnel (present Istiklal) of Tajikistan was constructed to connect South of the country with its North and other neighboring republics. Over the years, this has emerged as a strategic route as uninterrupted supply of goods and services can be ensured irrespective of the effects of any external factors. The contributions of some of the major powers in developing the infrastructure of Tajikistan is worthy of applause. China has invested the maximum in Tajikistan keeping in view the

international airports. Khujand and Kulob are the next major airports which is also important in domestic connectivity. The state-run Tajik air has concentrated its operation in Russia and is an important link in carrying forward the bilateral relations between the two countries. Air Baltic keeps Tajikistan connected to the European countries. Other major airlines operating from Tajikistan are Turkish Air, Iran Air, Kamair, Ural Airlines and S7 Airlines.

Improving connectivity

country’s importance in helping China achieve energy security by connecting it to the resource rich nations of Central Asia. Towards this end, China has invested an approximate amount of $720 million for rebuilding, widening and improvement of the road between Dushanbe and Khujand. The United States is another country that has actively involved itself in the infrastructure development of Tajikistan. It funded the construction of a bridge across the Panj River to Afghanistan and has also announced plans for the building of several other bridges that would connect Tajikistan to the warm water ports of the south. For the United States, a well-connected Tajikistan is of utmost importance as it would provide an alternate passage into Afghanistan after the planned withdrawal of troops in 2014. In addition to the partnership in rail construction project, Tajikistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan have entered into another agreement to develop 1,300 km of road to pass through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Dushanbe. This is further expected to enhance the trade and people to people contact between the countries. The air transport in Tajikistan has also made progress with the improving economic and political situation of the country. It has a total of 26 airports of which the largest is at Dushanbe. Flights to a few international destinations fly from this airport and the flights to Almaty connect the country with all the major

The greatest challenge that Tajikistan is faced with in an increasingly interlinked world is to maneuver around its rugged terrain to develop pathways that would provide more connectivity. The country has to be made accessible for promoting trade and attracting investors. To fulfill these goals, the Government of Tajikistan has identified certain key areas where a greater connectivity can lead to the country being able to position itself at an important place at the world stage. Under the assistance of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program which is a partnership of ten countries and six multilateral institutions, Tajikistan was able to construct more than 500 km of regional roads. This was undertaken with the stated aims of reducing travel time and transport costs, to increase incomes by creation of job opportunities and to facilitate trade within the country and also with the neighboring countries thereby putting an efficient trade system in place. In the coming years, if Tajikistan is able to address its infrastructural challenges by the adoption of new technologies, it will be able to forge long lasting strategic partnerships with all the powers that are looking to tap the potential of the Central Asian region. The fact that Tajikistan shares its borders to some of the most disturbed regions of the world can be used to its advantage. It shares its longest border with Afghanistan and countries like the United States, China, Russia and India are actively looking up to Tajikistan to enter the war torn nation in the event of a major crisis erupting post the withdrawal of US forces from the region. It can also provide logistical support in the development of Afghanistan without the donor counties having to deal with the extremist forces. Also, since northern Afghanistan is inhabited by ethnic Tajiks, there is a strong cultural relation that can be used to gain trust of the local population and the world community. Tajikistan’s borders also run close to Pakistan’s GilgitBaltistan which is a part of the region and to Kashmir that is claimed by India and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa that was a part of the former North-West Frontier Province. Because of these factors, Tajikistan occupies an important space in India’s ‘Connect Central Asia Initiative’. Another reason why Tajikistan should let the foreign investors in is its vast amount of mineral wealth that remains unexplored to this date. The country is in need of new mining and extraction technologies that would help in the development of its economy. The hydro-electric potential that it possesses if put to optimum use can make the nation energy rich and transform it into one of the leading exporters of energy in the world in future September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Indo-Tajikistan Relations Ambassador H.E. Saidbeg Saidov

n 9 September 1991, Tajikistan gained independence following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Republic of Tajikistan is one of the five states in Central Asia with a total population of 8 million. During 22 years of Independence, Tajikistan has been implementing its Internal and External policy smoothly in the frame of number of regional and international organizations such as UN, OSCE, SCO, ECO, OIC, CIS, and OTCS etc. Tajikistan is following an â&#x20AC;&#x153;Opened Door Policyâ&#x20AC;? with CIS countries, Eastern and Western Europe and with the countries of Asian Continent. The main strategic priorities of the Government of Tajikistan in the period of Independence has been the implementation of important strategic perspective programs like: - Provision of Energy Independence; - To pull the country out of the communication and transport deadlock; - Implementation of the Food Program. Tajikistan is also working on the National Strategic Program for

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

the reduction of poverty. The aim is to reduce the poverty of the population from the present level of 39 % up to 30% in the period from 2013 to 2015. A growth rate of 7.6 % of GDP was registered in 2012. GDP per capita of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2013 has achieved the level of more than USD 900. Tajikistan is implementing new strategies to meet the needs of the population by utilizing its own huge natural water resources for the construction of small, medium and large size hydropower stations on numerous mountain rivers, and also to use this energy potential (excess of electricity) for export. HHP Sangtude-1 and Sunctuda-2 constructed by Russia and Iran jointly with Tajikistan are examples of hydropower stations in Tajikistan. Beyond this the number of existing HHP in the country generating excess electricity is estimated to be around 5-7 billion kwatt/hour which will be used for export in the future. During these 22 years Tajikistan has constructed a number of huge tunnels in the mountains to connect different regions of the country with each other and to remove a transport disconnection in winter period (4-5 month) and also to reduce the distance between

“The present development and progress in the bilateral relations of the Republic of Tajikistan with the Republic of India has increased and become faster after the state visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon in 2012 to India” the North and South of the country. Hundreds of kilometers of highways, railways and bridges have been constructed by the involvement of foreign investments and credits, regional and international banks among which are some well-known Indian companies. The present development and progress in the bilateral relations of the Republic of Tajikistan with the Republic of India has increased and become faster after the state visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon in 2012 to India. This visit became momentous and historical due to the signing of 12 bilateral legal documents – agreements and memorandums of understanding in the fields of economy, trade, science, technology, health, culture etc. The President of Tajikistan also had successful meetings with the President of India Mr. Pranab Mukherjee and the Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh. The Business Forum had participation of important businessmen and investors of India. The most important and specific advantage of the state visit of the President of Tajikistan to India was that both countries declared each other as strategic partners in bilateral cooperation. Six months after the visit of the President of Tajikistan in February, 2013, the sixth session of the Intergovernmental

Joint Commission was held between the high level officials and delegations of Tajikistan and India. On this occasion, a bilateral Protocol and four more legal documents were also signed. These two visits of high level delegations of Tajikistan followed by an official visit of the Vice-President of India Mr. Hamid Ansari and other Indian Government officials to Dushanbe from 14-17 April, 2013, were very productive and fruitful in strengthening the bond between the two countries. Recently new agreements have been signed (in 2013) between the Ministry of Energy and Industry of Tajikistan and the Indian Company “Khoday Group of industries” for the construction of some large scale hydropower stations in Tajikistan which requires an investment of more than 1 billion US dollars. Tajikistan highly values the cooperation of India in the field of education. India has offered great opportunities for Tajik nationals to pursue English language and other courses granting annually around 100 scholarships in India, in the frame of Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR) and Indian Technology and Education Council (ITEC) Programs and also through the short and long terms military courses and studies of the Ministry of Defense of India. The bilateral cooperation between the Ministries of Defense September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

of the two friendly Governments is also improving. In this field, India has financed the project of reconstruction of the old military airport in Aini area of Dushanbe city and old hospital in the South of Tajikistan both of which are ready for use. Both the countries have also welcomed the signing of the cooperation programs between the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan and the Indian Central Asian Foundation (ICAF); the National University of Tajikistan and Jawaharlal Nehru University; the National University of Tajikistan and Kashmir University; Russian–Tajik Slavonic University and Jawaharlal Nehru University; Tajik Technical University and Indian Information Technology Institute for the period 2012-2017. It is a matter of great pleasure for Tajikistan that every year with the assistance of Haryana Tourism, the cultural troupes from Tajikistan and other countries participate in the International Crafts Mela at Suraj Kund. They represent traditional cultural programs. In 2013 a group of 15 Tajik artists headed by the representative of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan along with the some famous Tajik dancers and singers introduced the country at the above mentioned International Festivals. The highlights of the achievements of 2012- 2013: - The visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon in 2012 to India to build stronger relationship and the meeting with the President of India Mr. Pranab Mukherjee and the Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh. - The visit of the Vice-President of India Mr. Hamid Ansari to Tajikistan from 14-17 April, 2013. - The first hydro power station Varzob -1 in the capital of Tajikistan – Dushanbe, built in 1930 was inaugurated in December 2012 after repairing and reconstruction. This project was funded by the Indian Government and executed by the companies Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) and National Hydroelectric Power Consortium (NHPC). - The construction of the high voltage electricity transmission

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

lines in the North and South of Tajikistan by the Indian Kalpa -Taru Company with finance from the Asian Development Bank is nearing completion. - The construction of five star Hotel “Sheraton” in Dushanbe - An Agreement signed between the Ministry of Energy and Industry of Tajikistan and the Indian private Company, “Khoday Group of industries” for construction of hydropower stations. - For the Tajikistani students, in 2011 the Indian Government had opened a Laboratory in Technical University of Tajikistan. - The Government of India is also planning to set up in Tajikistan some small and medium size joint projects. - Both the countries have signed exchange programs between the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan and the Indian Central Asian Foundation (ICAF). - Troupes from Tajikistan and other countries participated in the International Crafts Mela (Festivals) at Suraj Kund in 2013. Tajikistan highly appreciates India’s political support for organization of regional seminars which had the participation of embassies of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in 2012-2013 on the occasion of the 300th Death Anniversary of the eminent 18th century poet of India, Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil, whose works promoted development of Tajik-Persian poetry and is still popular in Central Asia. The Embassy had taken an active participation in holding two seminars devoted to this famous personality in 2012 and 2013. From May 2013, the Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in New Delhi with the support and assistance of the Civil Aviation of the Government of India has used all its resources to restart an operation of direct flight between Dushanbe and Delhi.

Tajikistan Special

Towards Reviving the Silk Road between Tajikistan and India Dr Yasmin Lodi

he forgotten cultural and historical ties that once linked Tajikistan and India have been revived during the last decade by the two countries as a result of investment in exploring each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture, encouragement of artists and artisans, training of civil and military officers, and support of scholars and students through exchange programs that lay the foundations for an enduring relationship between the two nations. Such exchanges will have far greater impact on the relationship between the two countries than merely focusing on trade and economic cooperation. Building a lasting relationship between the countries requires an all-rounded effort to engage peoples of both countries in as diverse and broad-based a manner as possible. The six agreements and six memorandums of understanding signed in 2012 and some others in 2013 focused on diverse areas of engagement, ranging from agriculture, arts and crafts (including cinematography); capacity building in administrative

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and legislative functions; computing, education, health, hydropower, military training, sports; science and technology and transport. Such broad-based support and interaction offers greater opportunity to solidify the goodwill and shared goals of the two nation-states. It also offers experts and youth of the two nations an opportunity to learn from the ideas and policies of the two nations that lead to achievements as well as failures and to provoke debate on how national goals and public good may be best achieved in their own countries. The superiority of participant-observation over all other efforts of gaining sociopolitical knowledge is all too obvious.

Education and Capacity Building The scholarships and support offered by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation program (ITEC) provide opportunities to Tajiks to

hone their soft as well as technical skills. Annually around 30 Tajik students are given the opportunity to enroll in graduate programs in institutions of higher education in India by the ICCR; while, ITEC provides 6 months of in-service training for around 100 officials in public and private sectors. Subsequently, the Indian government’s establishment of the ‘Bedil’, Tajikistan-India Centre for Information Technology broadens India’s attempts at capacity building and increases opportunities for Tajiks to access Indian expertise. A similar agreement to set up a Tool Room and Training Centre at the Tajik Technical University in Dushanbe will add to India’s capacity building programs in the country. Recently, the Government of India has agreed to support Tajik scholarship and research by organizing joint research in the spheres of biotechnology, material science, solar power, mining etc. Tajik graduates of Indian institutions are a prodigious human resource for any joint venture between Tajik and Indian businesses. Not only do they have the requisite technical knowledge needed for a joint venture but would also have the cultural understanding of India that could benefit any Indian company intent on doing business in Tajikistan. They will ensure smooth functioning of process within the company by fostering cross-cultural understanding between the two national groups. Similarly, ITEC alumni’s knowledge of Indian standards, norms, and best practices will aid Indian businesses in establishing those standards and norms in their new ventures in

Tajikistan. Additionally, support from experienced bureaucracy who have prior knowledge of practices in India will lessen friction in the development phase of a new Indian business or joint venture in Tajikistan. Translation of cultural norms, matching and tweaking those norms with the host countries’ norms are best handled by those who have already experienced and overcome the cross-cultural dissonance, I.e., the alumni of ICCR and ITEC programs.

Cultural Exchange and Skills Development Besides instituting scholarship programs that bring a select few Tajiks to India, the government of India has also set up centers that promote cultural and technical skills in Dushanbe to larger numbers of Tajiks residing in Dushanbe. Tajiks have had the opportunity to learn Hindi, the official language of India. More than 300 students enroll in the 6 month Hindi language courses annually. To date more than 500 Tajiks have successfully completed the course. It is not surprising that Tajiks find Hindi so accessible and easy to master since popular Hindi, Hindustani, and Urdu have been markedly influenced by Persian. Tajiki-Persian vocabulary arguably shares approximately 500 words with Urdu/Hindustani. Additionally, the Indian Cultural Centre, Dushanbe, located in the premises of the Indian Embassy in Dushanbe has offered opportunities for Tajik youth to master classical Indian arts such as Kathak (a popular classical dance form), Tabla (drums), and yoga. The cultural center has showcased the Tajik students’ successful mastery of these arts at events celebrating the different festivals of India. Tajikistan and India have a long history of cultural exchanges that date back to ancient times when parts of Central Asia and northern India were part of the same empire. A common religion, Buddhism, bound several peoples of Central Asia to India. The impact on the arts especially visual and performance arts are visible even today. In 2007, the Indian Cultural Centre organized an exhibition of Tajikistan’s Kundal paintings by well-known Tajik artists that reminded the residents of Dushanbe of the rich historical cultural linkages between the two countries. Kundal paintings were first introduced in Tajikistan in the 17th century and enjoyed patronage throughout the nation so much so that Kundal art has been adapted to embroidery. Wall hangings and even women’s dresses are augmented by Kundal embroidery and are ubiquitous in Tajikistan. It is a rare instance of an esoteric fine art that successfully engaged popular imagination and was rendered into a commonly accessible art form. Thus, Tajik embroidery visibly documents the cultural links between India and Tajikistan on a daily basis. Medieval cultural exchanges between Central Asia and India are better known to the larger public. The immense contribution to India’s Persian literature by Tajik scholars who immigrated to India from Badakhshon, Bukhora, and Samarkand can been seen in the archives of Indian libraries. Similarly, the archives of the Academy of Sciences in Dushanbe contain literary works of history, medicine and theology by Indian scholars. Therefore, the naming of the IT centre as the ‘Bedil Tajikistan-India Centre for Information Technology’ honor the 18th Century Indian poet, Mirzo Abdul Kadiri Bedil, whose Persian poetry is popular September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

in Tajikistan, is both appropriate and constant reminder of the historical and cultural ties that bind Tajiks and Indians. To bring about a better understanding of modern and contemporary art movements in India to the artists and residents of Dushanbe, the Indian Cultural Centre organizes performances and exhibition of Indian artists and their works. One such exhibition, ‘Amrita Shergill: Revisited’ presented works by 50 Indian women artists who were influenced by the first modern Indian woman painter, Amrita Shergill, who depicted ordinary Indian women in their natural and social environment in the 1920s and 30s. In particular, Shergill’s famous painting the ‘Three Sisters’ became the theme of the exhibition, with all 50 works revisiting, reflecting, and reinterpreting the theme in contemporary context. With such focused and sustained attempt at nurturing intercultural exchanges, it is no surprise that the Indian Cultural Centre in Dushanbe enjoys tremendous popularity among the residents of Dushanbe, not to mention Indian expatriates residing in Tajikistan.

People to People Exchanges While government efforts focused on bringing in sustained development by investments and well thought out legal frameworks, the private sector offers opportunities that could lead the countries to experiment in areas of development that were not a priority and were underestimated. One example that is worth mentioning is the capacity building undertaken by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) in Tajikistan in construction. While constructing the Dushanbe Ismaili Center, the AKTC was confronted with a shortage of masons who could lay the surface bricks on the building. The AKTC then recruited 30 mastermasons from Rajasthan to lay 3 million plain and glazed facing (surface) bricks on the Ismaili Center and at the same time train 30 Tajik masons in this skill. Each brick is a testimony to the high quality of the construction as well as the development of skills: all facing bricks were machine cut to exact measurement with a tolerance of less than 1 mm. Despite the language gap, the transfer of skills between the two sets of masons from India and Tajikistan was a successful exercise in capacity building by a non-governmental organization. The façade of the Dushanbe Ismaili Center demonstrates that successful venture. It is doubly rewarding to witness this capacity building venture since the skill of laying surface bricks originated in the region and was lost to it subsequently. One sector of Indian business that all capital cities of the world have experienced centers on food. Indian restaurants established by Indian citizens promote Indian cuisine, which is itself a product of international culinary experiments in India. Dushanbe is no exception. Tajiks and expatriates living in Dushanbe, Khorog or Khujand have had the good fortune to partake of Indian food. Moreover, Indian chefs have introduced Indian cuisine to the general public through the medium of television which adds to the Tajik repertoire of cultural knowledge of India. In recent history, Indian films have been the main transmitters of Indian culture in Soviet and post-Soviet countries. Today, they continue to entertain citizens of Tajikistan. Most films are dubbed into Russian and Tajiki televised regularly in Tajikistan. There

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is an immense potential for education and cultural exchange that is yet to be fully explored and developed. The Indian government has taken a hand to assisting this development by agreeing to support and nurture cinematography in Tajikistan through joint venture productions of films and training of Tajik cinematographers.

Infrastructure Development in Tajikistan Arguably, the biggest economic contribution that is to be made by the Indian Government lies in the support and investment in infrastructure development in several key sectors, such as communication (IT as well), energy (including hydel power), health (both medical facilities development and pharmaceutical industry development,) transport (air, rail and road), etc. Unfortunately, trade and commerce between Tajikistan and India has been limited, partly due to the lack of direct transportation links between the two countries and the loss of knowledge of the old cultural linkages between the two nations, and partly due to the need of heavy financial investment needed to develop those linkages. Therefore the recent agreements to support infrastructural development by the Government of India in Tajikistan are a big boost to trade and commerce between the countries. The opportunity to develop growth and transport corridors in Central Asia with the support of Tajikistan and other Central Asian countries is a recognition of this critical need for the reintegration of the region in wider trade networks. In other words, the silk roads need to be modernized and made serviceable. Thus the Indian investment in Tajik infrastructural development is a story yet to unfold and ready to be told.

Challenges to Overcome Both India and Tajikistan have a lot of obstacles to overcome, including but not limited to the world economic environment, the political environment of the region, and the loss of direct land route to Tajikistan. Some of these will be overcome in the near future with the implementation of the recent agreements but the process itself will take time and need the sustained support of both countries. On the positive side, both India and Tajikistan share a commitment to democratic and inclusive development. Given the multi-cultural population of both countries, both nations are committed to developing institutions and policies that meet the needs of their citizens. The Indian experience and experiment with democracy being of longer duration and extensive, offers a good learning case study for Tajik scholars and policy-makers. Both geography and political environment contrive in linking Tajikistan and India in a relationship that supersedes all other considerations. But the added benefit of reopening and widening the ancient trade routes between Central Asia and India is not to be underestimated. Economic development of the region is the strongest security that can be built against the high tide of terrorism and violence in Asia. It is also the ground on which peace and prosperity of all neighbouring countries is assured. The steady growth and strengthening of cultural and economic cooperation is the best guarantor of peaceful development for both nations and regional stability. Dr. Yasmin Lodi is an independant scholar based at Hyderabad, India.

Tajikistan Special

The Economy of Tajikistan

ince independence, Tajikistan gradually followed the path of transition economy, reforming its economic policies. Tajikistanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy grew substantially in the past decade. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000-2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position among other Central Asian countries. It is projected that the economic growth will by around 8% in 2013.

Mining and Minerals Tajikistan has rich deposits of gold, silver, antimony, coal, salt and precious stones. More than 400 deposits were discovered so far and 30 are explored, supplying more than 50 kinds of mineral. The largest silver deposits are in Sughd Province, where Tajikistanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest gold mining operation also is located. Tajikistan has explored a large new silver deposit at Big Kanimansur. Tajikistan also produces strontium, salt, lead, zinc, fluorspar, and mercury. There are deposits of Uranium as well.

Industry and Manufacturing To revitalize the industry sector, in 2006 the government considered to renationalize some enterprises. The main industries of Tajikistan are color metallurgy; light industry (cotton, silk, leather and wool); chemical industry; construction materials; engineering and metal processing; mining and food processing. Rich mineral recourses and favorable investment climate make the industry of Tajikistan attractive for foreign investors. Tajikistan provides 100% foreign capital in industry and the

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Government adopted the State programs for industry sectors development including: the Program of manufacturing of aluminum products for 2007-2015; jewelry industry and processing of precious and semiprecious stones for 2009-2015; gold and silver industry for 2002-2010; light industry for 20062015; cotton fiber processing for the period until 2015; complete processing of leather and wool for the period until 2015; scientific and technological achievements into industrial production of Tajikistan for 2010-2015; production of construction materials for the period until 2015. Some small light industrial plants produce textiles and processed foods, using mainly domestic agricultural products. The expansion of light industry output contributed significantly to GDP growth. New infrastructure projects and increased housing construction brought a 60% increase in output.

Energy The rivers of Tajikistan, such as the Vakhsh and Panj, have great hydropower potential and the Government has focused on attracting investment for the projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the hydroelectric power station Nurek with the highest dam in the world. Sangtuda-1 power plant of 670 megawatts (MW) capacity, operated by Russian Inter RAO UES. Other projects at the development stage include Sangduta-2 by Iran, and Rogun power plant, which, at 335 meters (1,099 ft), is projected to supersede the Nurek Dam as tallest in the world when completed. Besides hydropower, other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and natural gas

and petroleum. In December 2010, Russian Gazprom announced discovery of significant natural gas reserves in Sarykamish field with 60 bcm of natural gas, enough for 50 years of Tajikistanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s domestic consumption. Tajikistan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest. Energy Sector Overview: Reserve of hydropower resources estimated at 527 billion KWH per year at an average annual capacity of 60.167 million KW in Tajikistan. The cost of power generation is very low at US 0.4 cents per KWH. In terms of hydropower potential, Tajikistan ranks the eighth largest in the world, after China, Russia, USA, Brazil, Zaire, India and Canada and per capita (73,8 thousand kWt/H per year) and per square

Dushanbe Plaza

Tajikistan has rich deposits of gold, silver, antimony, coal, salt and precious stones. More than 400 deposits were discovered so far and 30 are explored, supplying more than 50 kinds of mineral

kilometer (3682,7 thousand kWt/h per year/km2), the country ranks the second and the first in the world, respectively. The share of hydropower in the overall scheme of energy balance is more than 95%. The hydropower potential of Tajikistan is three times higher than the current consumption of electricity throughout Central Asia. With efficient use of these resources, the region can be assured of cheap and ecologically clean energy. Export of electricity from Tajikistan is economically efficient. Investment projects for the construction of VL-500-765 kilovolt to Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and China are worked out to

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

generate power by Rogun and Sangtuda-1 power plants, as well as to export electricity during summer season. The construction of transmition lines through Afghanistan to Peshawar city of Pakistan, at approximate length of 600-650 km will ensure electricity export of 5.5 billions kW/H annually to Pakistan. According to estimates, the cost of the project is approximately US$350 million. The Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Governments of Tajikistan and Pakistan for the construction of LEP 765 kilovolt (500 kilovolt) Rogun – Khorog - Wakhan Corridor – Chitral - Peshawar. The agreement between Tajikistan and Afghanistan was concluded to supply electricity to the later. The distribution networks are restored in the border with Tajikistan regions of Afghanistan. Through LEP-110 kV transmission line the power is supplied to Kunduz city of Afghanistan. The agreement is signed also to transmit 6 billion kilowatt-hours to Iran. At present Tajikistan have potentials to export 1.5 - 2 billion kW/H of electricity to Iran in summer season. Iran is exploring the possibility of power transmission through Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and has started the construction of LEP-400 kV at (245 km) from Turkmenistan to Iran. With the completion of the constructions of Rogun and Sangtuda-2 hydropower station only 8-10% of hydropower potential of Tajikistan will be utilized and this well demonstrates the enormous potentials to be explored in Tajikistan. For the purpose of developing mutual cooperation in hydropower sector, the Government offers to foreign countries to invest into construction of hydropower plants in Tajikistan for their own consumption. In 1970-s a scheme of multipurpose exploration of the Panj and Amu Darya rivers was designed by the Central Asian Hydro

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Project Department of former USSR, which is determines the strategy of the hydro energy sector development at present. Only in the Panj River there are potentials to construct 14 economically efficient hydro power plants with the capacity of 300 – 4000 megawatt and 86.3 billion kilowatt-hours power generation annually. The study has suggested that 200 small hydropower plants with the capacity of 10 to 3000 kilowatts efficient to construct on above mentioned 12 rivers in Tajikistan. One of the engaging projects is the Dashtijum hydropower plant with the capacity of 4000 megawatt and with a reservoir capacity of 17.6 cubic kilometers. The Dashtijum is located on a frontier area between Tajikistan and Afghanistan and has a tremendous potential for Afghanistan’s recovering economy, including the irrigation of hundreds of thousands of hectares of agricultural land. Preliminary technical and economic assessment indicates that the Dashtijum is one of the most economical and long-term hydropower plants of Tajikistan. The construction of the project is estimated at around US$3.2 billion. Dashtijum hydropower complex should be considered as a potential regional project for the energy and irrigation purposes. Possiblities of irrigation of vast agricultural area in neighboring countries and electricity export to Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and China, guarantees the project’s investment return within 4-5 years. Ongoing Projects KEC International Ltd on 1 July 2009 acomplished the construction OHL-220kV Tajikistan – Afghanistan and installed two high voltage bays at substation Sangtuda -1 in December 2010. After completion of the Afghan component by this company on construction of OHL-220kV, the line was commissioned in 2011. Consequently the company has constructed OHL-220kV from Sangtuda-1 to Puli Khumri of Afghanistan. The surplus of energy in Tajikistan is transmitted to Afghanistan in summer season. In according to the Agreement

The government has announced an expedited land reform program. In the early 2000s, the major crops were cotton which occupied one-third of arable land in 2004 but decreased after that date and cereals mainly wheat, potatoes, all kinds of vegetables, rice and many verity of fruits are produced.

Dry Fruit Bazaar No.0213 signed between Tajikistan and Asian Development Bank on 16 September 2010 the construction of OHL-220kV Kairakkum - Asht and Geran – Rumi and the agreement on construction of OHL220kV signed between OSHPC Barki Tojik and Kalpataru – Join Consortium on 11 February 2013 the Indian company accomplishing the projects.

Services Throughout the early 2000s, the overall output of the services sector has increased steadily. The banking system has improved significantly because of strengthened oversight by the National Bank of Tajikistan, relaxed restrictions on participation by foreign institutions, and regulatory reform. The system includes 16 commercial banks and the central bank, or National Bank. An internationally assisted restructuring program was completed in 2003. Banks provide a wide range of services.

Agriculture The government has announced an expedited land reform program. In the early 2000s, the major crops were cotton which occupied one-third of arable land in 2004 but decreased after that date and cereals mainly wheat, potatoes, all kinds of vegetables, rice and many verity of fruits are produced. More than 80% of the 8,800 square kilometers of land in use for agriculture. Tajikistan is rich in flora, allowing it to develop processing plants in the fields of horticulture, vegetable growing, viticulture and other agricultural crops, producing the variety of organic products. The industry has a strong export potential. This is primarily related to fruit and vegetables, juices, various pastas, wine products, meat products. The uniqueness of mineral water with high content of balanced minerals and trace elements were the basis for the world-renowned dining and carbonated

water. The food industry includes sectors such as oil and fat, confectionery, beverage and non-alcoholic, wine, alcoholic drinks and tobacco.

Foreign Economic Relations The top overall buyers of Tajikistan’s exports, in order of value are the Netherlands, Turkey, Russia, Uzbekistan, Latvia, and Iran. The main export commodities are aluminum, cotton, electric power, fruits, vegetable oils, and textiles. The largest suppliers of Tajikistan’s imports, in order of value, were Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, China, and Ukraine. The significant import is alumina (aluminum oxide) to supply the aluminum industry and fuel. The major suppliers of alumina are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. To attract foreign investment and technology, Tajikistan has offered to establish free economic zones in which firms receive advantages on taxes, fees, and customs. There are four Free Economic Zones: the Danghara, Panj, Sughd and Ishkashim Free Economic Zone. The government has expressed interest in more foreign investment, and launched the implementation of reforms necessary to attract investors from abroad, including the ratification of the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (aka the “New York Convention”) and joined the World Trade Organization. A new national tax code also became law on January 1, 2013 according to which a certain taxes were relaxed. Pursuant to Article 4 of Tajikistan’s Investment Law, the government guarantees the equality of rights of foreign and local investors. Practically all of Tajikistan’s international agreements have a provision for most-favored-nation status. September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

IndiaTajikistan Bilateral Relationship Nivedita Das Kundu

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | August 2013

ajikistan is situated in India’s extended neighborhood and occupies a special place in India’s foreign policy priorities. Tajikistan has the closest geographic proximity to India. It is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Wakhan Corridor (in Afghanistan, which is 200 kilometers long varying from only 16 to 65 kilometers in width). Tajikistan’s language is originated from the Indo-Iranian family of languages; its population is approximately eight million, which is quite young. The country has the largest natural water resources in the region. Unlike other four Central Asian Republics, exploitation of Tajikistan’s modest fossil fuel and natural gas resources are currently not economically viable. India-Tajikistan relations are cordial and friendly. Former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Tajikistan in November 2003. After his visit President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon paid a visit to India in August 2006. India’s President Pratibha Patil visited Tajikistan on 23rd September 2009. After these high level visits India and Tajikistan became more comprehensive partners in the region. At present, IndiaTajikistan bilateral relations are based on mutual respect, convergence of interests and similarity of views. Moreover, India and Tajikistan do not have any differences on any particular issue, which needs to be resolved. Tajikistan and India have consistently extended support for each other in the United Nations and in other international forums.

Both India and Tajikistan agreed to jointly combat terrorism and drugs trafficking mainly emanating from its neighboring state of Afghanistan for maintaining peace and security in the region. Today, India-Tajikistan’s defense cooperation covers a wide spectrum of issues notably, sharing of information, material support and joint exercises. India also extended its support for building an effective military runway for Tajik Air Force in Ayni area, this work took several years for India to complete it, and it was fully financed by the Indian Government. India is now involved in construction of the highway there. This highway would give Tajikistan a link and access to Indian Ocean through Chabahar port in Iran via Afghanistan. The highway from Chabahar will pass through Afghanistan to Tajikistan. The connecting route will be Chabahar-Kabul-KunduzDushanbe-Badakhshan, which will also enable India to have a functional transport corridor to the Central Asian region. Apart from upgrading Ayni airport and building highway, India has also gifted military uniform for Tajik soldiers, aviation suits, computers, language training material, military jeeps and trucks and two Mi-8 helicopters along with spare parts and consumables. As a component of officers training, since 1998, batches of young military cadets from Tajikistan regularly receive training at the National Defense Academy (NDA) at Khadakwasla. India has also completed reconstruction of an old military hospital for 50 beds in south of Tajikistan which inauguration has been planning on the eve of the National Day celebration of Tajikistan on 9th September, 2013. This will enhance the bilateral cooperation further in the Health and Defence sectors. Since the establishment of diplomatic relationship between Tajikistan and India, seven sessions of intergovernmental commissions were held alternatively in New Delhi and Dushanbe starting from 2001 till 2013. During the meetings, the Commission considered the development of economic cooperation between Tajikistan and India. Cooperation in the fields of energy, industry, construction, agriculture, health care, finance and banking, science and technology, culture and in other priority areas of cooperation’s were discussed and number of agreements in the related fields were signed during the meetings. The existing problems of these sectors of economy were highlighted and significant areas for cooperation in the coming years were identified. Oflate, Tajikistan has become a member of WTO (World Trade Organisation). But the trade and economic cooperation between India and Tajikistan is still insignificant, as two-way trade is absolutely meager. This is clearly due to the fact that there are number of constraints in the promotion of Trade. Mainly, due to lack of easy access and transportation facility. Fortunately, after official visit of the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari in April 2013, the direct air service linking India and Tajikistan has opened up and now it is expected that people to people interaction will increase and trade and economic cooperation will also enhance further. Cooperation in Hydroelectric power is yet another important sector of cooperation between India and Tajikistan which is expected to grow over the years. India’s interests in Tajikistan are multifold- strategic, economic and cultural. Moreover, looking into the goodwill that exists between India and Tajikistan, it is

Tajik President Rahmon’s India visit in September 2012, added great impetus to the bilateral relationship. During this official visit the strategic partnership between India and Tajikistan has been declared, which has further opened-up many opportunities in the bilateral and regional cooperation expected that India would play a prominent and influencing role in Tajikistan in the coming years. The importance of Tajikistan for India cannot be overlooked in any way. There are external factors effecting security concerns in Tajikistan mainly due to the instability in Afghanistan as Tajikistan is bordering Afghanistan. Tajikistan’s importance in the new great game is likely to unfold in major way in Central and South Asia after the withdrawal of US led NATO troops from Afghanistan in 2014, which is quite evident in the region. New partners will be formed and it is believed that the regional powers will then be playing prominent role to establish a stronghold in Afghanistan and in the regional geopolitics. Tajik President Rahmon’s India visit in September 2012, added great impetus to the bilateral relationship. During this official visit the strategic partnership between India and Tajikistan has been declared, which has further opened-up many opportunities in the bilateral and regional cooperation. Today, India is keen to enhance its relationship and get involved more closely with Tajikistan in solving the regional security concerns. India and Tajikistan have discussed strategies to tackle the post 2014 security challenges and reaffirmed that the issue of restoring peace and stability in Afghanistan was inseparably linked with the regional security aspects. Both India and Tajikistan understand that there is immense potential to enhance bilateral relationship and increase cooperation in various sectors. However, mechanism to enhance the mutual relationship and cooperation needs to be formulated. India and Tajikistan should continue a comprehensive dialogue and cooperation programmes on all aspects of mutual concern and benefits. A regular intense dialogue between the leaderships of two countries could help in increasing closer understanding and intensify people to people contact.

Nivedita Das Kundu Ph.D is Assistant director at Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi. She can be contacted at dr.niveditadaskundu@gmail.com.

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Tajikistan Leads The Way

ajikistan can play a major role as a key strategic partner for Europe and the West in Central Asia. This was the view I expressed in letters to President Jerzy Buzek of the European Parliament and Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, following my recent high-level visit to this fascinating Central Asian nation. In my capacity as Personal Representative of the President in Office of the OSCE (Kazakhstan) responsible for ecology and the environment, I travelled to Tajikistan in mid-September for meetings with the Minister for Foreign Affairs - Hamrokhon Zarifi and with Gul Sherali – Minister for Energy & Industry. I also met with the Speaker of the Majilis - Shukurjon Zuhurov, the Chairman of the Committee on Environmental protection – Khursandmurod Zikirov and the First Deputy Minister of Melioration & Water Resources - Sulton Rahimov. I also visited the impressive Nurek and Rogun Hydro Electric Power projects on the Vakhsh River. Tajikistan has emerged after a bloody civil war following independence, to become a functioning democracy which is a model for the region. It has a good record on human rights and while it is still a relatively poor country, it has great potential to develop mineral and water resources, provided it can achieve significant levels of inward investment. But it is Tajikistan’s geographical position nestling in the high Pamir Mountains on the rooftop of the world, with Afghanistan, Iran and the other Central Asian republics as neighbors that make it strategically important for the West. This is a highly sensitive area. War is still raging in neighboring Afghanistan where the Taliban are continually active. Islamic terrorists lurk in the mountains in nearby Pakistan. Iran seeks to spread its ideological influence across the whole region. Drug trafficking is rife. But Tajikistan, under the firm leadership of President Emomali Rahmon, stands guard. It is at the forefront of the fight against drugs and terrorists and as such, is a key strategic ally for the West. Tajikistan also has a major role to play in bringing stability to this volatile region. Through the exploitation of its massive water resources, Tajikistan will soon be able to meet all of its own energy requirements while at the same time exporting electricity to its neighbors. A 500 Kv transmission line is already under construction linking Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The provision of electricity to this war-torn state will be a positive contribution towards restoring peace and re-building Afghanistan’s shattered economy. Of course water issues affecting the upstream and downstream nations in Central Asia are a source of constant tension and the proposed construction of the Rogun reservoir on the Vakhsh River has become a focus of controversy. When operational, Rogun will produce a massive 3600 MW at peak capacity. Over 45 miles of underground tunnels have already been completed during the Soviet era and 5000 workers are engaged day and night in the

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

construction of giant underground halls where the turbines will be located. It is intended to dam the Vakhsh River in the steep narrow valley in which Rogun is located with a 335 meter high stone and clay embankment. I visited Rogun and was deeply impressed by what I saw. The Uzbeks in particular are alarmed that this dam would be vulnerable to severe seismic activity and if ever breached, would have catastrophic consequences for downstream countries like Uzbekistan. German and Pakistani experts have been employed to assess the Rogun project by the World Bank. A final assessment will be made in 2011. I am convinced, however, following my own visit to Tajikistan, that this project is both safe and regionally essential. Ninety five percent of electricity in Tajikistan is generated from hydro electric power projects. The overhead lines and infrastructure

Tajikistan also has a major role to play in bringing stability to this volatile region. Through the exploitation of its massive water resources, Tajikistan will soon be able to meet all of its own energy requirements while at the same time exporting electricity to its neighbors

needed to sell this electricity to neighboring countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan are already being built. The new reservoirs being planned at Rogun will take ten years to complete before they are fully operational, but the Tajiks guarantee that they will continue to supply their downstream neighbors with the same amount of water that they enjoy now via the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. They claim that their new system of dams will provide a properly managed water source which will benefit everyone. The Tajiks point out that 60% of the rivers which serve Central Asia are sourced in Tajikistan. They claim that they have never and will never restrict water flow to their downstream neighbors. Once it is operational, Rogun will provide a source of green, environmentally friendly energy which is both cheap and plentiful and will meet the needs of Tajikistan while also providing essential energy for neighboring countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan. It seems like a win-win situation in an area that is desperate for energy. Combined with a more strategic use of water in the downstream countries, with concrete-lined reservoirs and droplet irrigation, there is no reason why the abundant water resources of Central Asia cannot be distributed fairly and used in a way that enhances, rather than threatens the future of the Ferghana Valley. Tajikistan is leading the way in water resource management in Central Asia, providing energy and water for its neighbors. It deserves the encouragement of the West in its endeavors.

STRUAN STEVENSON, MEP Struan Stevenson is Personal Representative of the President in Office of the OSCE (Kazakhstan) responsible for the Ecology & Environment of Central Asia. He is a Conservative Member of the European Parliament representing Scotland and President of the Intergroup on Climate Change, Biodiversity & Sustainable Development

Tajikistan Special

Military Cooperation between Tajikistan and India

ilitary cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of India started soon after Tajikistan became independent. Military cooperation has developed by the Governments of both countries signing a bilateral agreement. Every year many military cadets from the Republic of Tajikistan come to different military academies of the Ministry of Defense (MoD) of India for training. The legendary

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

National Defense Academy of MoD in Pune and Indian Military Academy in Dehradun are the most popular among them. Number of cadets from the Republic of Tajikistan has been sent to the National Defense Academy, Pune for 3 years study. After completion of training from these famous military schools, they continue their studies in the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun. During their period of study and training, the cadets become real young military officers, very intelligent and smart. Tajikistan

also sends its young officers to the Indian military schools and academies for short courses. The Republic of Tajikistan every year receives 10-15 young Tajik officers, who graduate from the legendary Indian military academies. They all are successfully serving for their nation and homeland. The Military Joint Working Commission was established, after signing an agreement on cooperation aimed more effective cooperation. It was decided that the Military Joint Working Commission to meet once in a year. Last year Military Joint Working Commission was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. During the discussion on coordination and cooperation issues, it was concluded that “Tajik-Indian Friendship Hospital”, located in Khatlon region in the Republic of Tajikistan will be opened on the eve of the National Day of Tajikistan. According to the concerned MOU, “Tajik-Indian Friendship Hospital” will be equipped with modern medical equipments, highly-qualified medical personal with assistance from the Government of India. This hospital with 50 beds will provide medical assistance not only to the military personal of Tajikistan but to all non-military personal as well. This year, the annual meeting of Military Joint Working Commission was held in New Delhi in the first quarter of 2013. During the meeting both sides agreed that military cooperation has mutual benefit to both nations and decided to extend the cooperation in this field. In the past, Tajik Armed Forces and Indian Armed Forces held military exercises, which took place in southern part of Tajikistan. The Military Joint Working Commission has decided to hold annual joint military and anti-terrorism exercises. The airport runway and other facilities in Ayni area of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Tajikistan was fully reconstructed and modernized by the Indian side. After the official visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon to the Republic of India in September 2012, the mutual military cooperation took a new phase and became more effective. The President Emomali Rahmon had fruitful talks with the Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh during the negotiations said that Tajikistan

Army Day Parade

After the official visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Emomali Rahmon to the Republic of India in September 2012, the mutual military cooperation took a new phase and became more effective and India are ancient nations that share long cultural history and economic relationship. Dr. Manmohan Singh proposed to increase military education quota for Tajikistan to 100 cadets each year. This proposal was accepted by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with thanks and gratitude. Both sides are having expressed satisfaction of increasing relations.

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Culture of Tajikistan

he culture of Tajikistan has developed over several thousand years. Historically,Miss Tajiks Persians come UNand Nilufar Sherzod from very similar stock with a mutual language, and are related as part of the larger group of Aryan peoples. Tajik culture can be divided into two areas, Metropolitan and Kuhiston (Highland). Ancient towns such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Herat, Balkh, Nishopur and Khiva are no longer part of the country. More modern centres include Dushanbe (the capital), Khudjand, Kulob, and Panjikent. Tajik culture was represented at Miss UN Pageant in 2010. The country’s representative and citizen Nilufar Sherzod won the Miss United Nations title.

Islam is the predominant religion in Tajikistan. The majority of Tajikistan’s Muslims adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam, and a smaller group belongs to the Shia branch of Islam. The Russian Orthodox faith is the most widely practiced of other religions. Some other small Christian groups now enjoy freedom of worship. Tajikistan also has a small Jewish community. The largest celebration to come from the pre-Islamic period is Navruz, which means “New Day”. It is held on March 21, when the cultivation of the land starts. During Navruz, many families visit relatives, throw out old belongings, clean the house, and play field games. Special dishes are also served. Other pre-Islamic Tajik traditions like fire jumping, dancing round the fire and fighting ‘devils’ with fire, still occur in the more remote regions.

Religion Zoroaster, the prophet of Zoroastrians, was born in the Balkh area (northern Afghanistan and Transoxania), and was possibly Bactrian (the partial ancestors of the Tajiks). Zoroastrianism had been adopted by Persian emperors as a state religion, and was practiced during the Samanid era in Central Asia, until being overrun by the Arabs. The Shahs of Somoni made Bukhara their residence and a focal point for art and science, as well as an administrative centre. The personal interest and support of the Shahs in the arts and sciences, along with international trade, and the relatively stable political situation in the Silk-Road region, all contributed to Tajik art and science at its zenith.

Cinema and Theatre Tajikistan’s film industry dates from 1929. The first official movie studio, called Tajikkino (later renamed to Tajikfilm), began operation in 1930. In 1935, Tajikkino started producing movies with voice-over. Some experts believe 1970-80 to be

The Tajik Theatre The golden age for Tajikfilm. Subsidized by the government, the studio was able to produce about six feature films each year. Examples of Tajikfilm’s success during the Soviet times are such movies as The Legend of Rustam, and Siavoush, and The Legend of the Smith Kova, based on stories from

The personal interest and support of the Shahs in the arts and sciences, along with international trade, and the relatively stable political situation in the Silk-Road region, all contributed to Tajik art and science at its zenith The Central Mosque in Dushanbe

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

Navruz celebration

The Tajik classical music - Shashmaqom

Khatlon folklore

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh; First Morning of Adolescence , which tells the life story of people living in Badakhshan in the beginning of the Soviet Union; a trilogy New tales from Shaherizada, based on Arabic tales One Thousand and One Nights. Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s film Sex & Philosophy from 2005 was set and produced in Tajikistan, as was the film Angel on the Right by Jamshed Usmonov from 2002. Other Tajik movies produced in the past two decades include: Kosh ba Kosh (1993), Business trip (1998, documentary), and Luna Papa (1999, a joint project of Tajikfilm with some counterparts from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, and Russia. One thousand years after the Samanid period, another cultural revival occurred; this time due to the Tajik modern drama, opera, and ballet. Poets such as Mirzo Tursunzoda, Mirsaid Mirshakar, and Loik Sherali; novelist and historian Sadridin Aini, all figured prominently in this revival, as did professors M. Ishoki and Osimi, scholar Sotim Ulughzoda, novelist Jalol Ikromi, and anthropologist and historian Bobojon Ghafurov. In 1969, Malika Sobirova won a gold medal in an international ballet competition. Since then Tajikistan attempts to foster a sense of national identity. Novelist Taimur Zulfikarov, and professors Rahim Masov and Bozor Sobir being prominent.

Music and Art Traditional Tajik music is presented by Shashmaqam and Falak is the predominant style of Tajik folk music. The Pamiris of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province have their own distinct style of music as well. Shashmaqom is a pearl of Tajik classical music art. It has deep root of centuries and it is a unique of Tajik Persian professional musical tradition. Shashmaqom presents one of the variant of historical realized form cyclic work, appeared in progressive development of classical music system of Oriental people. Classical musical tradition of Shashmaqom reached to this period through outstanding masters of maqom art. Tajikistan at present pays much attention for saving and development of maqom art. Shashmaqom in modern epoch is out on world arena, it is opened and it’s enjoyed by audience of many countries of Europe and Asia. Falak. Among festivals, one of the special and popular festivals is Falak Festival – a genre which emerged a thousand years ago. Historians state that long before Islam, falak was

The Tajik Theater

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan The music festival - The Surudi Sol

Youths of Tajikistan

invocation to god; people would sing about their sorrow, joy and aspirations. Falak is translated from Tajik as ‘sky’ or ‘fate’. In this genre forms of verses of rubai, bayt and verses from folklore and classical Tajik-Persian poetry are used. Usually falak is performed with the accompaniment of musical instruments such as dutar (dumbrak), string-bow instrument (gijak) and wind instrument (tutak).

Teenagers and other young people can usually be found just hanging out by Opera Ballet at night. One can walk passing a group of gothic kids sitting in a circle chatting, teenage boys parkouring and doing flips off of tree trunks, a clique of very fashionable girls gossiping, and other stereotypes typical of western teens. Walking down Rudaki Street you can see all sorts of people. However the most interesting population to watch by far is the young people. And of course there’s the discussion of discothèques. Tajik youth, both females and men, frequent these late night hot spots. Some of these places are geared more towards Tajiks while others cater to foreigners. In many places the DJ’s are Tajik and they play an eclectic selection of music from Europe, the US, Tajikistan, Iran and of course Russia. One can almost forget that he is in Tajikistan, a former Soviet “Muslim” country neighboring Afghanistan.

Science and Education

Muhayo Rustamzade wins the beauty pageant in Dushanbe

Universities of Tajikistan provide higher education in a wide range of specializations and carry out fundamental and applied research. Academies concentrate on a limited number of fields in which they provide education and carry out research. Institutes provide education in one or several fields. The situation of higher education in Tajikistan has changed radically since independence. The total number of institutions of higher education throughout the country has grown from 13 in 1991 to 30 in 2012. New institutions of higher education and branches of the central ones were opened in the north of the country (Sughd oblast) and in the Gorno Badakhshan Autonomus Oblast. A number of institutions have been established under the auspices of various authorities (various ministries including military ones). Student numbers are increasing every year and the gender balance is improving. The percentage of growth in the number of higher education students was 5.45 % (for the period 2004 – 2008). The index of the number of higher education students per 10 000 inhabitants shows the following figures: in the academic year 2000-2001, it was 127 and in 2007-2008 it had nearly doubled to 214. In spite of the 2.99 % decrease in the number of upper secondary school graduates in 2010-2011, admissions to HEIs increased by 2.39%.

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

The Long Awaited Randevous

Tajikistan’s mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as hill climbing, mountain biking, rock climbing, skiing, snowboarding, hiking, and mountain climbing. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Fann and Pamir Mountains, including the 7,000 m. peaks in the region, are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies. Football is the most popular sport in Tajikistan. The Tajikistan national football team competes in the FIFA and AFC leagues. It also hosts many football clubs.

Young taekwondo winner

Sport

Maheswaran Gnanaprakasam, Editor-In-Chief and Vijay Chand, Director-Business, Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine with the Ambassador September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

TOURISM IN TAJIKISTAN

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

he Climate in Tajikistan is continental. There are about 275 sunny days per year. The air temperature also varies between the different altitudes and areas. The winter in Shahrituz (in the south) could be as warm as 20oC in the winter season, while in the Bulunkul Lake area in Pamirs it may be as low as -63оC. Tajikistan is rich in hot springs, with temperatures of up to 95оС on discharge. Among the hottest are the waters of Khoja Obigarm (from 38о - 95оС), Kauk (76оС), Yashilkul (69оС), Jilandi (66.5оС), Elisu (63.5оС), Jartygumbez (63оС), Tokuzbulak (62оС), Garm Chashma (60оС), and Obigarm (41о -55оС). Warm springs include Kyzylrabat (38.5оС), Shirgin (36оС), Avj (34оС), and Bakhmyr (38оС). Most of the springs are either carbonaceous or siliceous. There are also radon and chalybeate thermal springs. The waters of Khoja Obigarm, Obigarm, Garm Chashma, Kaltuch, Avj, Jilandi and Jartygumbez springs have been opened up for therapeutic purposes, and in most of them elementary hydrotherapy facilities are functioning. Jilandi spring may be of commercial importance (for the establishment of greenhouses), as drilling has identified hot water reserves of 56 l/sec at temperatures ranging from 50о-80оС. The abundance of geothermal springs with sufficient discharge, temperature and appropriate mineral composition may allow the establishment of greenhouses, therapeutic clinics, and recreation areas, heating grids, facilities for extraction of microelements, growing high protein algae, and breeding heat-loving fish species. In the 1970s a large resort complex Khoja Obigarm was opened here which included three big ten-, six- and four-storied pavilions. The main treatment at this resort is mineral water, which belongs to the brackish nitric-siliceous therms of suplhatehydrocarbonate sodium-calcium composition with temperatures from 45-96ºC, used for bathing. Each liter of water contains up to 0.5 gram of dissolved salts. Khoja Obigarm’s hot mineral springs have been known for a long time. They come out of a fault zone and junctions of red granites. In the space of 400m there are almost 40 springs. Seven boreholes were drilled there. Water of a similar composition can only be found in Chamonix, France. This resort’s other powerful treatment is a highthermal (+92ºC) aero-steam mixture containing radon. The best developed areas of tourism are hiking, cultural sightseeing, and mountain-climbing. Hiking is mostly done in the vicinity of Dushanbe and surrounding districts (Varzob, Karatogh, Shirkent and Romit Gorges), and in Kuhiston (the region covering Turkestan, Zarafshon and Hissar ranges). The Fan

Mountains (Payron, Marguzor, Alauddin lakes, Iskandarkul Lake) are situated to the west of Kuhiston and there are dozens of tourist routes and several permanent hotels and camps established in Dushanbe, Varzob Gorge, on Iskandarkul, Alauddin and Marguzor lakes, and on the shores of the man-made Qayraqqum reservoir near Khujand (formerly Leninabad). Cultural sightseeing is most common in Khatlon and Sughd regions (southern and northern Tajikistan), where there are archaeological sites, museums and other interesting local sights. Mountain-climbing is practiced in the Fan Mountains, the Mastchoh mountain junction, and around the highest point of all CIS countries, Ismoili Somoni Peak (7,495m) - the most famous tourist and mountaineering object in the Pamirs. Resorts at health spas such as Garm Chashma, Jilandi, Khoja Obigarm, Obigarm, Shohambari, and Zumrad are very popular with the local population and foreign tourists. Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, is situated in the centre of the Hissar valley more than 800m above sea level. From the north and east it is surrounded by the foothills of the snowy Hissar range with peaks reaching 4,000m and higher, and from the south it borders the Kofarnihon River. Situated in the largest agricultural oasis of the country, Dushanbe occupies the area along both banks of the Varzob River (called the Dushanbinka within the city), taking its waters from the snowfields and glaciers of the Hissar range, which are a part of the giant Pamir-Alai mountain system. In the Upper Varzob river-basin there are around 120 glaciers of various sizes, which create a favourable microclimate in the mountainous valley near Dushanbe. Due to the proximity of the mountains, residents of the capital do not suffer so much from heat in the hottest season of the year because there is usually a gentle breeze. Varzob Valley is also a popular place for recreation in both summer and winter. The city today meets all the conditions of modern urbanized life. The central street of the Tajik capital – Rudaki Avenue – was named in honour of the founder of the Tajik literature (1031 a.d). The avenue stretches 12km north to south from Varzob Valley down to the railway station. A walk or ride along the avenue will give you the chance to get to know many sights of the capital, its best architectural complexes, administrative, research and cultural institutes, universities, theatres, hotels and restaurants. Varzob valley is a favourite recreation area for Dushanbe residents. There are many recreation areas and picnic spots here. It is widely known as a small geographic area close to Dushanbe

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

in the basin of the Varzob River, crossing the central part of the southern slopes of the Hissar range. Highways connecting Dushanbe with northern districts of the country and the Ferghana Valley, Istravshan, Khujand, Aini and Panjakent, pass through it. Not far from Dushanbe, in Varzob valley is the Gusgarf Waterfall, the most beautiful in the Hissar range. A wild river breached a vertical rocky cliff many centuries ago and the water falls there from a height of 30m. A large volume of water cascades to the bottom and scatters into a myriad of droplets that cheerfully glitter in the sun. Those who love the thrilling experience can test themselves in unusual water treatment. There is a fairly deep round pool here filled with ice-cold water, a fine spray from the waterfall and a current powerful enough to send one sprawling. Apart from the Gusgarf Waterfall the valleys of Siyoma, Ojuk, Kondara, Maikhura and Tagob Rivers flowing into the Varzob River are also very popular. The unique beauty of these valleys is amazing. The slopes of the Ojuk Valley (25km from Dushanbe), stretching dozens of kilometers deep into the mountains to the north-east of Varzob, are covered with vines. The Government of Tajikistan has now declared Varzob Valley to be a recreation and tourism zone. Construction of many tourism infrastructure projects has been completed here. Romit Valley begins 45km north-west of Dushanbe with numerous recreation areas in its lower part, and hot springs, protected forests and beautiful mountain rivers. The existence of many plants and animals in Romit Valley is thanks to the Kofarnihon rivers. The complexity and ruggedness of the land and the large difference in altitude create a variety of climate conditions and hence vegetation and soil cover in the valley. One can also observe here a variety in the microclimates of mountain slopes at the same altitude. For example, in spring, at the same time as shady slopes are covered in deep snow, and the rocks and trees with frost, there is green grass and brightyellow crocuses cheerfully making their way up through the warmed soil on the sunny slopes. There are a variety of species of animals in the reserve, some of them included in the Red Book of rare and endangered species. Hissar valley is a wide inter-mountain trough, about 70km long and 2-18km wide, through which the Kofarnihon, Qaratag, and Shirkent rivers run. This area was populated as early as the Stone Age in 4th-3rd millennia B.C. Later it became a part

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

The existence of many plants and animals in Romit Valley is thanks to the Kofarnihon rivers. The complexity and ruggedness of the land and the large difference in altitude create a variety of climate conditions and hence vegetation and soil cover in the valley of Bactria and then of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan states. Numerous archaeological finds of remains of ancient settlements in the form of man-made round and rectangular embankments, known as teppa by the local population, are evidence of that. Other archaeological monuments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; madrassahs, mosques, burial grounds, remains of irrigation canals, etc. are also known. In the Middle Ages, Hissar was already famous in the Middle East for its craft production and had a rich market. At the site of the ancient town, archaeological and architectural monuments of different eras are now preserved, occupying an area of about 86 hectares. An original architectural complex formed around the Hissar fortress is of particular interest. The best-preserved buildings are the old (16-17th century) madrassah (madrassah-i-kuhna) - a domeshaped building with a wide courtyard and hujra (cells) inside, a library building and a new madrassah (madrassah-i nav) from the 17-18th centuries which only has two-stories on its front left side. There is one other remarkable local monument, the 12-16th century Sangin (Stony) domical mosque. Shirkent valley begins, where the historical-natural park with the same name is located. It was established in June 1991 for the purpose of preserving the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique flora and fauna, ecosystems, and natural and cultural structures as well as for careful study of the South-West Hissar area.

The most significant geological objects are three sites of dinosaur footprints from various eras containing more than 400 footprints. Ajina-teppa Buddhist Monastery (“Devil’s Hill”, “Witches’ Hill”, “Evil Spirit Hill”) is the name given by local residents to a high plain, surrounded on three sides by aryk (irrigation ditches), densely buried in shrubbery and covered with shapeless bumps and pits. When archaeologists came to the hill for the first time in 1959, they concluded, after the initial examination, that this was not just a shapeless conglomeration of land but the remains of some ancient rectangular structure, consisting of two equalsized squares linked by a bridge. In 1961 an archaeological dig began here which continued for several years. More than 1,500 art artefacts were excavated: sculptures, patterns, wall paintings and their fragments. When the works were completed it was determined that the Ajina-teppa ruins were the remains of a residential 7-8th century Buddhist monastery. Buddhism’s penetration into Central Asia and the existence of Buddhist monasteries here has been verified by both Chinese and Arabic written sources. Takhti Sangin “Oxus Temple”. In 1877, on the washed-out right bank of the Amu Darya, (in ancient times this part of the river and its tributaries were known as the Oxus) local residents found a treasure near Takhti Kubat consisting of more than 2,000 gold and silver coins, and highly artistic goldware of Achaemenid and Greco-Bactrian eras. Altogether 521 gold and silver coins and 176 gold and silver articles (sheath lining, garments, decorations, bracelets, plates, statuettes of animals, engraved plates and other articles) - approximately a third of what was initially found on the Amu Darya River bank – arrived at the British Museum in London. The Amu Darya treasure (or the “Oxus treasure”) mostly dates from the 4-3rd centuries B.C. The finds made in Takhti Sangin are currently kept in the National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan in Dushanbe. Hulbuk. In ancient history Khuttal was a part of Bactria - the ancient country of Central Asia. Medieval geographers did not record the exact geographic borders of Khuttal. However, it is well known that the capital of the region at that time was the town of Hulbuk, which “disappeared” somehow after the 12th century. In one refuse pit coins were found minted by the Ghaznavid sovereign Mas’ud (1030–1041). One other interesting find was made in a refuse pit – the Hulbuk chess set.The discovery of famous lustre ceramics from the Iranian city of Rei, which testify to the wide trade relations of ancient Khuttal, is also of great interest. No less interesting are the numerous articles made of green, white, yellow, black, violet, blue, claret and even ultramarine glass by the ancient craftsmen of Khuttal found in the course of the dig. Mausoleum Mir Said Ali Khamadoni. In Kulob Central Park. Right in the centre of Kulob, near the Museum of Regional Studies, surrounded by centuryold sycamores, is the mausoleum of the prominent 14th century poet, philosopher and thinker Mir Said Ali Khamadoni. Next to the mausoleum is an epitaph on a marble headstone which is decorated with a geometrical ornamental pattern, in the form of an oval prism 176cm long, 3538cm wide and 51cm high and weighing about a ton. According to legend, it was delivered to Kulob from India by elephants. There

are several lines in Persian on the eastern end of the headstone. Most of the epitaphs were made in Arabic. Khoja Mumin a unique natural monument – the 900 meter high salt mountain, rises high up above the surrounding plains. The impressive salt dome has an oval form, and its length in diameter reaches 8.5km. The slopes of Khoja-Mumin are steep at the foot and the height of the bare salt walls reaches at times 500m. According to the assessments of geologists, salt has been accumulating here for more than 20 thousand years and contains more than 30 billion tonnes of cooking salt. Khoja Mumin is known also by its healing properties which can treat more the 60 different conditions. Another miracle of Khoja Mumin are its caves, one of the biggest is 350 m long. Khujand – the country’s second largest city – is situated in the north of Tajikistan, and is one of its most ancient cities, founded about 2,300 years ago during the time of Alexander the Great. According to Greek historians, in 329 B.C. Alexander the Great founded a fortress on the River Tanais or Yaksart (present-day Syr Darya River), which formed a natural border for his empire. He named it after himself “Alexandria Eskhata” and populated it with Greek warriors and local population. There are a mosque and the Sheikh Muslihiddin mausoleum (the mausoleum has not been preserved in its original form, only fragments remain of the 11-12th century building). In the middle of the northern part of the city there is a fortress that was built in approximately 7-8th century A.D. The fortress occupied an area of approximately 300 х 200m and was surrounded by a thick mud wall. Istravshan is itself a museum town, and an ancient trade and craft centre. It is one of the most ancient towns of Central Asia, having celebrated its 2,500th anniversary in 2002, and is located 73km from Khujand. Persians called the town Kurukada, and the Sogdians Kurushkada. Contemporary scholars identify it September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Tajikistan Special

with antique Cyropol or, according to Ptolemy, with Kireschata. In the 6th century B.C. the town was fortified with three rows of walls, had a citadel surrounded by walls 6,000 meters in length and was famous for its skilful craftsmen and lucrative trading. Some scholars believe that in the 1-2nd centuries B.C. and 1-2nd centuries A.D. Istravshan was known as Ustrushana and was part of the independent region called Ustrushana with a capital in Bundjikat. It was an important commercial centre, since roads from here lead towards Khujand, Bukhara, Samarqand and the Ferghana Valley. Ancient Panjakent is located near present-day Panjakent and represents a unique early Middle Ages monument. In the 5-8th centuries it was the easternmost town of Sogdiana – the ancient country of the Sughdi (Sogdians), who spoke an East-Iranian language and were ancestors of the Tajiks. In the first quarter of the 8th century it was the centre of a principality, the last ruler of which, Divashtich, struggled with the prince of Sogdiana for power over Samarqand – the capital of Sogdiana. Panjakent is mentioned many times since the Arab conquest of Central Asia in Arabic-speaking historians’ documents. Heading from the town to the mountains, Panjakent is connected with the name “Divashtich” where a decisive battle was fought with the Arabs near Mugh Hill castle. After the loss of Divashtich, Panjakent ceased to exist and its population left. The Arabs introduced Islam and during the 8-10th centuries Islam and the Farsi-Dari (Tajik) language spread throughout all of Sogdiana. Numerous finds in ancient Panjakent clearly show that the Sogdians were familiar with achievements of the great civilizations of their time: in their art can be found Byzantine, Iranian, and Indian influences. At the same time, Sogdian art had its own unique style. Almost nothing was known about the literature, folklore, rites and customs of the Sogdians before the excavations in Panjakent started, and these are all reflected in Sogdian painting. Abu Abdulloh Rudaki, the founder of classic Tajik poetry, lived in the late 9th – early 10th centuries during the Samanid (Somoniyon) dynasty. He wrote his famous odes and poems in

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

Dari, the classical Persian language. A talented singer and musician (he played the chang – a harp-like musical instrument) Rudaki was invited by Nasr II bin Ahmad Somoni (914-943) to Bukhara, where he spent most of his life until he lost his patronage in 937. Apart from his own poetical works, Rudaki also made an important contribution to literature by translating the Indian cycle of didactic short stories “Kalila and Dimna” from Arabic into Dari. The last days of his life were spent in poverty and he died in 941 in his native Panjrud village, not far from the town of Panjakent. Site of the ancient settlement of Sarazm. The word Sarazm has several etymological interpretations: a) sar-sabz, i.e. SariSabza (“green beginning”). Perhaps, it refers to the valley that begins in Sarazm heading in the direction of the mountains, in which a variety of greeneries grow; b) from an Arabic word Sarrazm (“beginning of battle”). Residents of upper Zarafshon first met their enemies in Sarazm and fought back; c) from the Sogdian Sari-Zamin, (“beginning of the land”). Sarazm divides the Zarafshon valley into flat and mountainous parts. Research gives grounds for the opinion that the ancient settlement existed here for about one and a half millennia from 3,400-2,000 B.C. Numerous houses, religious buildings and palaces were excavated in Sarazm. A great number of articles made of copper, bronze, lead, silver and gold, weaponry, and ornaments of the 4th-2nd millennium B.C. were found. Khorugh – the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, with a population of about 30,000 – is situated on high narrow terraces 2,060m above sea level near the confluence of the Ghunt and Shohdara rivers on the border with Afghanistan. About 2km from the town centre on the right bank of the Shohdara River are the well-known Pamiri Botanical Gardens – one of the most mountainous in the world. The Pir Shohnosir Chashma holy spring, situated 12km north of Khorugh in the scenic area of Midenshor, was so named in commemoration Nosir Khusrav’s stay in the Pamirs. Nine kilometers northeast of Khorugh, above Bogev village, it is possible to see the ruins of the ancient fortress Kafir Qal’a (Fortress of the Faithless). Below this

can be seen the remains of two temples of fire – round buildings with sufa (raised seats), a dais for the priest, and a fireplace in the centre. In Vozm village in Porshnev, 15km north of Khorugh, there is a semi-precious stone- and gemprocessing factory. Here, one can buy goods and souvenirs made out of famous Pamiri gems – precious spinel, lapis lazuli, amethyst, amazonstone, and others. Garm Chashma (Hot Spring) is located 2,325m above sea level on the western slope of the Shohdara mountains and midway along the Garm Chashma River, a tributary of the Panj River. The spring must be several thousand years old, judging by the huge travertine sediment cascading down to the river, which could only have been formed by centuries of buildup. The showers of bright white, yellow and 92 brown mineral deposits stretch in the form of a curved hill 1.5km long, 35-45m wide and 7-35m high. The Kaahka Fortress (or Kahkaha) is named after a legendary epic hero, a king of darkskinned fire-worshippers. Remains of this 4th century A.D clay fortress on its rocky peak can be seen on the bank of the Panj River where it is joined by a group of tributaries from Afghanistan. Lojvar field. Lazurite, lapis lazuli, lazulik, etc. These are the names of the mineral known with its various shades of indigo, violet, cornflower blue or green-blue. There are only a few of these stone deposits in the world – in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Russia and Chile. The best indigo minerals are mined only in the West Pamirs and Afghanistan, and they are very rare. Samples of lapis lazuli are usually spotted or striped because of minor calcite, dolomite or diopcite contamination. Small crystals of golden pyrites (sulphuric pyrites) make it particularly beautiful. Lazuli is unbreakable even when heated. These qualities were known in antiquity and used to confirm the authenticity of the material. Up to the early 20th century this mineral was considered medicinal in Central Asia. It is known that it was used for treating eye diseases and improving blood coagulation. Qarakul lake. Tajikistan’s largest natural reservoir, Qarakul Lake (Black lake), is located in the East Pamirs, about 3,900m above seal level. It covers about 380km2 with a maximum depth

of 238m. It is 33km long and 23km wide. Qarakul region has a severe climate but it is also beautiful. It is the primitive, untouched nature due to its relative inaccessibility that attracts tourists. Pamir petroglyphs (carved rock drawings) represent a distinct group of ancient monuments. The Pamirs, with more than 50 sites, is the richest area for rock drawings in Tajikistan. They are found in the valleys of the Ghunt River (at the Chertym Dam), Panj (near Namatgut), Langar, Porshnev, Shohdara, Yazghulom, North Ak-Jilga villages and in the Bartang River estuary. These are the main points of concentration of petroglyphs. They are divided into groups according to their approximate age. The earliest ones are dated from the bronze age, and the more recent ones are from the early medieval, developed medieval and modern periods. The greatest number of known petroglyphs are found in the Langar and Kisht village area in Ishkashim district. The total number of the rock drawings has not been counted, but there may be more than 6,000. The drawings reflect the centuries-old history of the people who lived in this area or came here from other places. Yamchun fortress. At the end of the first millennium B.C. construction of strong fortresses began in the West Pamirs due to the threat of military attacks by neighbours. The first was the Yamchun fortress (near the present-day village of the same name, also known as Zamr-i-atashparast or Kafir-qala) built in the 3rd century B.C. on the right bank of the Panj River in the foothills of the Vakhan range. There is a hot radon spring 1-2km from the fortress. Medicinal water wells up from under the mountain at a temperature of 40-42ºC. The water is useful for treatment of gastro-intestinal, liver, gall-bladder, joint, bone, musculoskeletal, urological and gynecological disorders. There is a sanitarium half a kilometer from the spring where one can stay overnight.

September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Special Report

Indian students at the Avicenna Tajik State Medical University

he history of the Avicenna Tajik State Medical University is named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) started from 1939 and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the main Medical University in the Republic o Tajikistan. By today 34 thousand students graduated from this University and become professional doctors. This Medical University of Tajikistan is world famous institution like FAIMER, ECFMG, WHO. The main task of the leadership is to improve quality of teaching and to prepare better qualified doctors for the health system of the nation. In this regard the University is using experience of promoted international medical universities and also our capabilities. As on date, modern 796 scientists, doctors, teachers are working at the Medical University. Medical University include 63 departments, 17 branches, 8 post branches, 10 centers and 25 teaching points like Learning Centre of studies and experiments, Centre of learning clinic, Centre of stomotology (dentist), medicine information Centre, library, student hospital, sport complex, 3 student hostels and university news paper â&#x20AC;&#x153;Payomi Sinoâ&#x20AC;? (Greeting by Sino). University library consists of 680334 books and of 151100 electronic books. Nowadays library of the university has modern 70 computers which is connected with internet and proposed for users without limitation.Medical university has four faculty- medical, stomotology, pharmaceutical and public health care. Right now more than 8844 students study in this Medical University. Trainings are held (subject touched) in three languages - Tajik, Russian and English languages. From beginning of 1977 the foreign students started to study in the State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna). Nowadays 500 foreign students from 15

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

The main task of the leadership is to improve quality of teaching and to prepare better qualified doctors for the health system of the nation. In this regard the University is using experience of promoted international medical universities and also our capabilities

countries of the world as India, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and others are studying at the Medical University. During last 5 years modern 300 young medical professionals from friendly country –India, graduated from the Government Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) and returned to their countries to serve to their nation. All necessary accommodation is available for the study and stay at the State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) and Indian students never fill themselves as strangers among Tajiks and other friends. As a prove of above mentioned words we can remind one of the famous Indian festivals named Divali which is celebrated with all of the universities members by the active participation of Indian students. Divali celebration at the State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) According to the programs of cultural events, on 12 November, 2012 the Indian festival of light Diwali were held at the State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) Many guests were invited for celebrations, among them the Ambassador of the Republic of India to the Republic of Tajikistan Mr.Ashit Batajarji was as a Guest of Honor. The Chancellor of the State Medical University of Tajikistan Prof. U. A. Kurbonov met and welcomed the honorable guests and made a briefing

on achievements of the Medical University and also has held a fruitful conversation regarding future mutual cooperation. The Guest of Honor Mr. Ashit Batacharji and other guests had visited some departments and library of the University. Formal ceremony was begun from the national anthem of both countries. After that Dr. U. A. Kurbonov and Mr. Ambassador A. Batachargi had addresses about existing good cooperation between two friendly countries during past years and congratulated all Indian students on the occasion Diwali Festival. It was mentioned that the Indians are majority among the foreign students and at the present time more than 192 students from India are studying at the State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna). The increase in numbers of students from India at the Medical University is a magnificent. Many of them are passing MCI test in India, which is a main test for getting approval for starting medical activities in India. The State Medical University of Tajikistan named after Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) in coordination with DIAMS of India made 5 year studying program for Indians students. Also in cooperation with DIAMS cycle of elective seminars was organized, which helped to improve learning skills of Indian students. Some Indian documentary films were shown to participants about achievements of India in different fields. Local musician group “Shifo” and Indian volunteers have presented a musical concert to the audience, which was very unforgettable. Nargiz Maksudova, Head of international cooperation branch of Avicenna Tajik State Medical University Mahmadnazar Maziyoev Editor of University news paper “Vorisoni Sino” September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine

Special Report

Cooperation of Technical University of Tajikistan Higher Education Institutions and Organizations of India

ooperation of Technical University of Tajikistan named after Academician M.S.Osimi with Indian Republic has a history of more than forty years. In the beginning this relations mainly included training of specialists for Indian Republic and were identified and regulated by the Ministry of Education (ВМО) and ММ of USSR. At the end of the eighties of last century the cooperation was expanded when the initiation was given from the State Committee of USSR on Education to high schools. The new phase of relations started and developed after the Republic of Tajikistan became an independent. Modern mechanical laboratory of India and Tajikistan exists five years already. On July 2006, the Embassy of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan addressed to the management of Technical University with the suggestion of possibility to establish a modern mechanical laboratory that will be in accordance to the international standards. The management of the University has given positive reply after coordination with the Ministry of Education. Then, the acting Ambassador of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Jay Shankar and the employee of the Embassy, Mr. Balasumbramaniam visited the University to see the place allocated for the future laboratory. They requested to complete some works before establishment of laboratory and when the University eliminated the shortcomings, it had all conditions available. At the beginning of August 2006 during the official visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon to the Republic of India, the Indian Government has given a grant for establishment of laboratory in the Technical University of Tajikistan named after academician M. S. Osimi. The cost of the laboratory according to the Project has estimated 750 000 USD. On July 2007, two specialists from HTM(I) (Indian Machine Tools Int.) Company – К.S. Somashehar and Sridkhara visited the University and drafted the project of laboratory and all issues related to the future laboratory were discussed together with the representatives of the Embassy of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan, management of University and the department of “Technology of machinery, equipment and metalcutting tools”. The tasks of the parties on preparation of the location of laboratory, it’s re-equipping, as well as provision with water and power and etc. were identified. On January 2008, two teachers of the University were sent to India for training. The same year English courses were organized at the Embassy of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan for teachers of Department of “Technology of machinery, equipment and metal-cutting tools”. In 2008, the Indian Republic proposed the draft Memorandum

Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine | September 2013

Prof Nuriddin Saidov, Minister for Education, Tajikistan

on establishment of Modern mechanical laboratory of India and Tajikistan, which was taken into consideration by different structures of Tajikistan and in 2010 the Memorandum was signed. In 2010, four teachers of the department of «Technology of machinery, equipment and metal-cutting tools» were sent to the Republic of India for internship in the factories of HTM (I) (Indian Machine Tools Int.) Company. During their internship they improved the level of their English and got acquainted with the methods of work with the facilities and equipment and etc. to be able to manage the facilities and equipment, which will be mounted in the laboratory. Part of the facilities and equipment arrived to the University in 2010 and the other part was delivered in the first three months of 2011. During 2010 and 2011, the specialists of the Bellagur Company Malankakhan, Коmusu Vidjai Kumar, Nair Mindazhkh Balagopalan, Kottachery Murdilkhara Rao, Balasumramaniya, Svain Sangram, Badnaik Santosh Kumar, Кhan Mustagu Ali,

Prof. Anwar Abdurasulov, Rector of Technical University, Tajikistan

Nazer Madasheriya, William Paul Madkhura Kumar visited the University and helped with installation and putting into operation the facilities and equipment, as well as made familiarized and trained the teachers of the department on how to work with the facilities and equipment. The contribution of the teachers of the department of ÂŤTechnology of machinery, equipment and metal-cutting toolsÂť, especially those, who were in the Republic of India for internship is very notable in installation and putting into operation of the facilities and equipment. The management and the department of international relations provided all conditions for work and accommodation of the specialists from India. They were provided with transport, per diem and accommodation, as well as entertainment. Contribution of the Embassy of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan is very big in the establishment of the laboratory. In general, long-term and effective relations of University management and the Embassy made it possible to establish the modern mechanical laboratory, which does not have equal in the region and to assist in improvement of the skills and preparation of specialists in the mechanic sphere. The University fulfilled all taken responsibilities for making ready and renovation of the building, preparation of new classrooms and equipping them with furniture and facilities, provision of all conditions for stay of the specialist of HTM(I) Company (including official invitation, meeting at the airport, provision with accommodation and normal rest, working conditions, seeing off and etc.). The contribution of acting Ambassadors of the Republic of India in the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Jay Shankar and Mr. Amar Sinha, also current Ambassador Mr. Asitkh Kumar Bkhatcharji, as well as the employee of the Embassy, Mr. Balasumbramaniam, Mr.

Wilson Babu, Romish Babu is very valuable in the establishment of the laboratory. It should be noted that the Department of education also provided their assistance in realization of this project. On April 15, 2013 during his official visit to the Republic of Tajikistan, the Deputy President of the Republic of India Muhammad Hamid Ansari visited Technical University of Tajikistan and got acquainted with the process of learning. First of all, Mr. Muhammad Hamid Ansari reviewed the project proposed by students of the Faculty of construction and architecture, energy and information and communication technologies of the Technical University of Tajikistan. It was reported that the cooperation between the Technical University of Tajikistan and higher education institutions of the Republic of India is very successful. Based on this fruitful cooperation teachers and students of Technical University of Tajikistan are annually sent for internship to the Republic of India. The Deputy President of the Republic of India Muhammad Hamid Ansari had a very sincere discussion with the teachers and students of Technical University of Tajikistan and noted that based on the agreements signed between the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of India the scientific cooperation will be more developed. During the meeting, it was also mentioned that the Centre of information technologies will also be established in Technical University of Tajikistan and equipped with computer and other advanced technologies. At the end, the Vice - President of the Republic of India Muhammad Hamid Ansari planted evergreen tree in the territory of the University as the sign of prosperity and development of cooperation with Technical University of Tajikistan. September 2013 | Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs Magazine