Mapping Urban Slums Maitri Shah
Independent Study with Professor Donald K. Carter Carnegie Mellon University April 2012
Acknowledgements
I am ever so grateful for the continuous support and guidance from Professor Donald K Carter, without whom this project would not have been possible.
Table of Contents: I.
Introduction
II.
Data Collection
i.
Background
ii. Infrastructure a. Roads and transport b. Water and Sewage c. Electricity d. Trash Disposal iii. Built Form a. Neighborhoods b. Individual Units iv. Public Amenities
v.
Commercial/ Industrial activity
vi.
Strategies implemented for redevelopment
III. Analysis IV.
Conclusions/ Recommendations
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
Introduction This project aims to study three slums across Asia, South America and Africa to critically examine the emerging urban landscapes of Dharavi, Paraisopolis and Kibera. These slums are situated in three emerging cities of the world- Mumbai, Rio, and Nairobi respectively. The objective of this study is to critically compare patterns in urbanism in these cities when informal growth is the model of place/ space making. Some key questions are addressed: What makes these slums successful/ unsuccessful? As designers and urban planners what lessons can we learn from these settlements? The project begins by comparing the three slums in terms of physical structures, networks, and infrastructure. It goes on to analyze the successes and failures, followed by recommendations for interventions. The project highlights the important lessons learned from these slums for urban developers and planners as we move toward a more urbanized world.
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Background: The three slums that have been chosen for this study come from different continents, but have some striking similarities. All three slums are within city limits, and range from between 200 to 540 acres. Following is background information for each of the slums.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi covers an area of approximately 420 acres in Mumbai. It lies in the heart of the city, literally a few hundred feet away from the Bandra-Kurla commercial complex. It is estimated that it houses between 600,000 to over 1,000,000 inhabitants. The average density for the region is 1,900 people per acre.
smaller communities, neighborhoods and housing cooperative societies. Each of these people come from different parts of the country, and have common professions. Today, parts of the land are still privately owned by the fishing village and the rest is owned by Maharashtra Housing and Development Authority(MHADA).
Historically, it used to be marshy land occupied by the fishing village. The land soon started to get reclaimed, and by the early 1900’s new migrant communities had settled into the area. By the 1960’s several communities had built their homes on this land, and claimed it their own. Today, all of organized area,
Dharavi is a selfbroken into several
Paraisopolis covers an area of approximately 200 acres and is relatively smaller than Dharavi. It lies about 9 miles from the center of Sao Paulo. It is estimated that it houses between 80,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. The average density for the region is 450 people per acre. Historically, the city was socially divided between the topographically high and low areas, with the wealthy in the higher central districts – the places of formal urban interventions – and the poor on the floodplains and along the railways. Sao Paulo’s transformation from an industrial into a service metropolis was responsible for considerable further economic and social polarization and a
Kibera covers an area of approximately 540 acres, and is the largest of the three slums in this study. It lies about 3 miles from the center of Nairobi. It is estimated that it houses between 500,000 and 700,000 inhabitants. The average density for the region is 1,100 people per acre. The roots for the formation of Nairobi’s slums can be traced back to the pre-independence period when the urban layout was based on governmentsanctioned population segregation into separate enclaves for Africans, Asians and Europeans. Kibera is Nairobi’s largest slum. Historically, Kibera originated as a
rapidly growing income gap between the richest and the poorest. Today, Sao Paolo has several slums in various peripheral areas of the city. In Sao Paolo, these slums are referred to as ‘favelas’. Paraisopolis is one such favela. It has an existing infrastructure around which the slum grew. Most of the land is currently owned by the government, and eviction is still a continuous threat.
settlement in the forests outside Nairobi for returning soldiers. Over time, other tribes migrated into the city and moved into Kibera. In the early 1960’s, Kenya became independent and ruled several of the housing typologies illegal, and Kibera became one of these. It is divided into thirteen smaller villages each occupied by various tribes. All of the land is owned by the government, but it has no government infrastructure.
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Infrastructure: Infrastructure is usually the first feature that one plans for new developments. It is also one of the features in existing developments which can truly shed light on how involved the government is in the aforementioned areas.
Roads and Transport: For many development schemes, one of the first steps is to propose a road network and provide the citizens with the access to the rest of the city. This is often one of the obstacles in many slums. Lack of access to the rest of the city, and lack of easy access into the slum affects the economy and also socially separates the slum from the city.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi is divided into smaller neighborhoods and societies, with different hierarchies of roads separating one from the other. Main roads which are concrete or tar are four-lane wide and divide Dharavi into five smaller sectors. Each sector is further divided into smaller neighborhoods by a distinct second and third level of streets, finally followed by narrow alleyways. These interior streets are either concrete or paved with paver blocks and lined on either side with mostly open sewers.
connectivity to the different parts of the city is very good. While large vehicles cannot enter the interior roads, most roads are accessible by autorickhaws and motorbikes. The innermost lanes are extremely narrow, pedestrian only and have almost no daylight throughout the day.
Vehicular access is possible on the main and the second level of streets. The city’s public transport buses ply on the main streets. There is a main bus depot at the edge of the slum, from where
Houses often spills onto the street. While this makes the streets narrower, it makes the community stronger, since this semi-private space is very important culturally.
Paraisopolis is a unique slum with respect to transportation infrastructure. While most slums lack even the basic infrastructure, Paraisopolis was built on an already existing grid network of roads. The grid breaks the slum into smaller blocks. These main roads have vehicular access and public transport plies on them.
lines.
The smaller blocks are further divided without the same grid pattern, since they grew haphazardly. They are also much narrower than the main streets, and have no vehicular access in most of them. The main roads are all concrete, and most internal roads are paved and lined on the sides with underground sewer
Kibera lacks even the most basic transportation infrastructure. There is only one main road running along the length of Kibera. This runs parallel to the Uganda Railway line which cuts through the slum. All interior lanes are narrow with little to no vehicular access. There are almost no cars, but motorbikes can ride on these roads. All roads are dirt. The streets are narrow and littered with household garbage on either side. There is no access to public transport within the slum.
Dharavi is also close to the western and central local railway lines, which run north-south and are the main mode of transport in the city.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
Infrastructure - Water and Sewage: Access to clean drinking water is one of the basic rights to every citizen and lack of this leads to several health issues. For any community to survive access to this basic amenity is a must. In planning new developments, connection to the city water, and connecting to its sewer lines is an important concern for the planners. In most slums, since the growth of the neighborhoods is organic, this is often missing. This lack of sanitation often leads to water-borne diseases and other health related issues.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Most houses get water for about three hours a day in the early hours of the morning. This water comes from the local municipality. Water for the entire day is stored in large containers in homes and on streets for consumption. These pipes run along the street network and each outlet is shared between few houses, and is metered. Monthly bills vary for different households There are some community toilets, and more are being proposed. However, these are not enough. Most men go to nearby railway lines in the morning hours. The streets are lined with open sewers which carry the household waste, and take it to the nearest creek/ mangrove.
All houses on the main streets have access to running water, but most interior houses don’t. The government is currently working on supplying water to the interiors and making it available 24/7. All houses have toilets and are connected to an underground sewer system. The system runs parallel to the existing road network. The system is in place along the main roads and is being updated for the interior roads. Because of its hilly nature, landslides are common during the rains. One of the urban interventions being implemented in Paraisopolis right now is storm water management and channelization of canals.
Kibera is bounded by the Nairobi rive and dam on its southern edge, which provides water to the rest of the city but not to Kibera itself.
These bags pose a threat, since some go into the nearby river, and some burst and are the cause of many diseases and other health related problems.
Kibera has two main water pipes running through, one by the local government and one by the world bank. From here, water is sold to the people at a fixed price. Clean water is still a major issue and several NGO’s are working on installing water purification kiosks all over the slum.
An open sewer exists in some parts and most of this sewage goes to the nearby river.
There is no sewer system. Most areas frequently use “flying toilets”. Flying toilets is the term used when the residents defecate into plastic bags and then throw them into ditches or roadsides.
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
Infrastructure - Electricity: Similar to water and sewage, electricity is supplied to the city through a network, but since the slums grow organically over time, they usually aren’t a part of this city-wide system. While electricity may not be as important as access to clean drinking water, it is essential for any commercial activity to flourish in any neighborhood. Lack of access to this amenity can significantly limit growth.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi is part of the same electric grid as the rest of the city, however electric supply is quite erratic and power supply is often out for hours daily. Similar to the water supply, every few houses share a meter and split the bills. Almost every house in Dharavi has a television set and refrigerator. Since the supply is erratic, most homes have an electric generator. Electricity theft is a major problem in this area. There is street lighting on main roads, but none on internal roads.
Since Paraisopolis launched the Slum Electrification and Loss Reduction (SELR) program in October 2005, all houses in the slum have access to metered electricity. The main roads have street lights that keep the areas well lit. Prior to this program, electricity theft was a major concern in the area. By regularizing electricity, it has reduced significantly.
Only about twenty percent of the houses in Kibera have electricity, and most of this is illegal. There is no street lighting.
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Built Form: Slums grow organically over time. The people self-organize themselves into neighborhoods and communities which work best for them with the little resources that they have access to. These patterns are different in every slum, and usually there is one or more driving factor that dictates this arrangement. In planning new developments, logic and symmetry are often these driving factors. By observing the built form and neighborhoods in slums, the aim is to see what works, and what is a restraint and hinders growth.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi is broken down into 5 smaller sectors. Each sector is further broken down into 10-15 neighborhoods. Most of these neighborhoods have closeknit communities. More often than not, they have a common industry, or they are all from the same religious background. Most of the population here is migrant, and move here for jobs in and around Dharavi.
Paraisopolis already had a grid network of roads and basic services before the slum settled in. The different neighborhoods are distinctly apart, and also very separated from the rest of the city with physical barriers like fences, walls and barbed wires. Most population here is from the city, and not necessarily below poverty line. Most people move here to be closer to their place of work.
Kibera is broken down into 13 smaller neighborhoods -Â Makina, Mashimoni, Laini Saba, Silanga, Kambi Muru, Gatwekera, Kianda, Lindi, Kisumu Ndogo, Kicchinjio, Raila, Soweto East and Soweto West. Most of the population was originally tribal. Today it is a mix of different ethnic backgrounds. Most people here are below poverty line.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
The average size of a unit here is 12’ by 14’ and two storied, but houses can be as small as 6’ by 8’ and single storied to as large as 20’ by 30’ and three storied. Units in Dharavi are mostly brick, with tin roofs covered with tarpaulin. Most units are double storied. Typically, the two levels are either commercial and residential, or all residential. Each residential level houses between 4 to 6 people The house has an open plan type of arrangement – only the kitchen is defined. The kitchen is also the makeshift bathroom in the mornings. Between 4-10 people live in an house on average.
The average size of a unit here is 18’ by 18’ and is two storied. Very few houses are single storied and some are three storied. Normally, residential units in Sao Paulo are made of wood, but in Paraisopolis they are made of bricks. They house between 6 to 10 people each. Typical housing unit is a two-bedroom house with a lounge, kitchen, bathroom, and utility room, with or without a garage. While there exist some makeshift commercial units along the interior streets, most shops are permanent brick structures, usually one storied.
The average size of house in this area is 12ft x 12ft and are all single storied. Houses here are built with mud walls, screened with concrete and have a corrugated tin roof, dirt or concrete floor. These shacks often house up to 8 or more, many sleeping on the floor. There are no foundations to these houses, and most are built on top of refuse and rubbish. Along the main road, which is along the railway line, there exist single storied shops and other commercial units. These are also built with mud walls and corrugated tin roofs.
In the units that are along the streets, the lower unit is usually a grocery shop, phone booth, pharmacy, and other such retail businesses. Industrial units, often referred to as galas, are usually 2 or more units combined to become a larger space.
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
Public Amenities: In planning new sustainable communities, mixed use with access to public amenities such as parks, markets and schools is often preferred to purely residential developments. The involvement of a government in a neighborhood can be gauged by the amount of public amenities accessible to a certain area. These are also places where the community can come together, and can identify with.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi has both government and private amenities. There are several schools, colleges, hospitals and a major bus depot in Dharavi. Each neighborhood has small playgrounds usually maintained by the individual communities. There are two larger playgrounds, both privately owned. There are many small temples, mosques and churches in the area.
Paraisop贸lis has a hospital, schools and three formal bus lines in the major streets. There are both private and government provided amenities. Due to the hilly topography of the region there are no large playgrounds and other open spaces in this slum. However, several smaller scale interventions have been proposed and some have been executed to provide for open public spaces in different parts of the slum.
Kibera currently has no government school, clinic or hospitals. There are several private and church-run day care centers, schools and vocational training centers. Doctors Without Borders have a few clinics here. There are no parks or playgrounds, and kids often play next to the railway tracks. There are several churches in the area.
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Commercial Activity: The impact of a mixed use development versus a purely residential development cannot be emphasized enough. Most new development schemes throughout cities ensure a mixed use development for sustainable growth. Slums are usually a place with some informal commercial and industrial activity which is the source of jobs for many of its residents.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Dharavi has a thriving economy and is are often identified by these commercial one of the reasons that it has survived activities Mumbai. The unemployment rates in this Industries in Dharavi, especially the regions are relatively lower than most recycling industry generally serves all of other slums in the country. Mumbai. Some others like leather tanning What was once a thriving fishing and papad making are even distributed in village is now home to several commercial global markets. activities which include recycling Other than these industrial activities, industries, leather tanneries, heavy metal work, woodwork, papad(dried food small commercial shops and stores line item) making and manufactured goods such along all the main roads of Dharavi. This includes both retail and services. as garments, shoes, luggage, jewelry. Most of these are seen as small scale home based industries, which connect with one another to form a larger tight-knit network. These networks are very strong and evident and neighborhoods in Dharavi
There exists hardly any industry within the Paraisopolis, but the industrial area of Sao Paulo is very close Paraisopolis. Most residents of Paraisopolis have jobs there, although unemployment rates here are still between 20-25%. Most of the labor is unskilled, and do not have permanent jobs. There exists commercial activity along the main streets. This includes both retail and services.
While there is almost no industry within the slum, Nairobi’s industrial area is only 2 kms away from this site. Most of the working population in Kibera works in these industries. Nairobi has tea/ coffee plantations and horticultural industry(roses) where a portion of the unskilled labor from Kibera works. However, unemployment rates are still close to 50%. This leads to financial unstability and is directly related to the crime rates in this region. There is very little commercial activity in this slum. All of it is along the main road which runs along the railway line. Most of it is only basic retail, and there are hardly any services offered.
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Strategies for Redevelopment: All the three slums in this study have been around for several decades, and been part of redevelopment projects. In all three cases, the government and private partners are both involved, and they try to come to a solution where the new development can solve the problems that the current development faces. Each slum redevelopment scheme is distinctly focussed on a pressing need while working on an overall plan simultaneously. The key factor in all these proposed developments is how it relates and responds to the existing fabric of the slum.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
A number of plans have been proposed for Dharavi since 2004, when the Dharavi Redevelopment Project(DRP) was established. All of these plans have focussed on housing, and densifying the area such that the existing residents are fit into a mere 30% of the land, and the remaining land is given back to the city to expand on the commercial business district. Loss of industries will change Dharavi since the commerce and industry currently makes it sustainable. This economy has a direct impact on the economy of the city also.
and it is evident from these that highdensity, high-rise development does not work for this community. Most houses have been vacated by the original residents, and the houses have been sold to nonresidents who work around Dharavi. The biggest stumbling block for Dharavi is lack of access to clean water and sanitation. These are being addressed on a smaller scale by non-profit organizations, and public toilets have been introduced in some parts. Small community development has been very impactful for Dharavi.
In some pockets of Dharavi, small scale redevelopments have already taken place,
Government policy for Paraisopolis has focussed on access to clean water and easier mobility within the slum. Another concern has been the lack of public open space, and several proposals have been made to incorporate small scale open spaces into this slum.
the slums from the city. Another strategy has been the para-military approach of razing some favelas to the ground, and making way for new development. The crime rate and unemployment rate both are very high in this region, and by razing these favelas, none of these issues are solved, or even addressed.
One of the biggest concerns for this area is the upcoming World Cup in 2014 and The most successful strategies so far, the Summer Olympics in 2016. Sao Paulo is have been introduction of public open already referred to as the city of walls, spaces, well connected to the already and one of the strategies for the upcoming existing strong network of roads. games has been to further wall these slums, and make them “invisible� to the rest of the city. This leads to further unrest in the area. The topography doesn’t allow for a easy access, and by walling areas, this only adds to disconnecting
Most interventions in Kibera focus on the basic needs of the place. Almost all policies are working on providing the area with access to clean water and basic sanitation. One very effective such strategy has been the introduction of easy to use water kiosks, which do not run on electricity. The biggest concern in Kibera is the flying toilets and absolute lack of sanitation. Another concern is the high crime and unemployment rates. There are several non-profits and churches working with the people, to empower the people with education. Vocational training is provided for youth. This has been one of the most effective strategies for this area. While the physical infrastructure
is in dire need of improvement, community upliftment and involvement has been a driving force. Organic farming is one such endeavor that has provided the much needed jobs and economic boost, helped to clean the area while simultaneously empowering the youth.
KIBERA | NAIROBI | KENYA
PARAISOPOLIS | SAO PAULO | BRAZIL
DHARAVI | MUMBAI | INDIA
Analysis: Dharavi, Paraisopolis and Kibera are dense urban slums, each with their own identity. All three slums have been marked by their own growth patterns. While Dharavi has flourished over time, Kibera has deteriorated even further. Paraisopolis on the other hand, started with a strong foundation of access to basic amenities, but with increasing number of people migrating into the area, faces challenges in sustaining itself. DHARAVI Government policy in Dharavi focuses on housing. Most of the new development schemes proposed to date focus on housing all the residents in the least possible space, releasing a larger chunk of the land for commercial development as an addition to the neighboring business district. This policy completely disregards the existing thriving commercial and industrial activity in Dharavi, which is the source of livelihood for its residents. Dharavi is flourishing mainly because of this economic activity. Another important factor in Dharavi’s sustainability is the strong sense of community that prevails among its dwellers. The residents are close-knit, and share common spaces and amenities. The fact that most houses have cloth curtains for doors is reflective of this strong sense of community. Despite these positive attributes, however, access to even the most basic necessities like adequate drinking water and safe sanitation, are a constant struggle for this slum. While the networks and social infrastructure is in place, it lacks basic physical infrastructure. There are several private non-profit organizations which are currently involved in Dharavi focusing on community driven planning and redevelopment. The communities have also self-organized into smaller housing cooperatives which come together and form neighborhoods. By doing this, they have been able to effectively oppose schemes that do not work for them. Some Non-Governmental Organization’s that are associated with Dharavi are working on providing them with public toilets and access to clean water. Some others like URBZ are working with the children of Dharavi and using art as a unifying factor for the community. PARAISOPOLIS
Paraisopolis redevelopment strategies are very different from that of Dharavi. They focus on mobility and transport within and into the area. Unlike Dharavi, the physical infrastructure of this slum is well-defined and access to basic transport and sanitation already exists. Most houses here are permanent made of brick and concrete. However, Paraisopolis, although built on a grid, is in a hilly region raising issues of transport and accessibility. Moving within the area is difficult and also leads to segregation between certain areas, since they are less accessible than the rest. Additionally, this slum is popularly known as the “city of walls” since walls and fences physically separate the different areas of the city, making it harder for them to become a part of and thrive in the larger community. Crime rates are very high and unemployment rates are close to 25 %. Brazil is also currently planning for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics and the need to erase the favelas is even higher. Several other favelas have witnessed Brazil’s para-military approach of razing these neighborhoods to the ground, and making way for new developments, stadiums and parking lots for the city. In some cases, tall walls have been constructed around the existing slums, and new developments are built adjacent to those. Similar to Dharavi, several smaller non-government organizations are involved in Paraisopolis. Most focus on creating open public spaces in the neighborhoods, which act as breathing spaces, but also create a platform for the community to come together and interact with each other. This open space is often achieved by densifying some of the residential areas, rebuilding them to be safer against landslides, and consequently opening up some areas for public use. KIBERA Kibera is perhaps most distinct from both, Dharavi and Paraisopolis. It lacks the physical infrastructure that Paraisopolis has as well as the social cohesion observed in Dharavi. In contrast, Kibera is marked by high crime rates and poor infrastructure. During floods, when the whole house gets washed away, the
people of Kibera still sit on the land and broken houses in fear of it being stolen . The unemployment rate here is close to 50%, and most of the people lack basic education. Drug use and alcoholism is rampant within the slum limits. Kibera lacks access to adequate drinking water, and the people use flying toilets , since there are no public toilets or sewer systems. Government policy is currently focused on bringing in basic sanitation to this area. While there are several pressing issues in this community, health and sanitation are being prioritized. The lack of any physical infrastructure like roads not only within the area but also into this area is another area for urgent action. This lack of connected roads segregates the community from the city, making it much harder for the society to thrive and prosper. The government has worked towards supplying the area with water, and also electricity. But currently, electricity is provided at an un-subsidized rate, making it nearly impossible for the people there to buy it legally. Currently, there are several churches and other non-profit organizations involved in Kibera. They are working with the youth of the community and empowering them with education. The youth are becoming active and working with organizations to introduce water purification kiosks to Kibera. These are simple kiosks and run without needing any electricity. Some youth are involved in community farming, which not only provides them with food, but the excess is sold and is provides income to several families. Some youth are working with organizations to map Kibera, to better understand it, and make more informed decisions in future planning strategies. The top-down approach has not worked in Kibera, and people have not moved into the new housing developments, but several smaller grassroot initiatives are gaining success and popularity.
Conclusion: While these three slums lack basic elements which make a healthy community and thriving neighborhood, all are in the process of redevelopment. There is much to learn from these three case studies. Community structure, economic activity and social stability cannot be emphasized enough. Providing basic amenities is a must, but without the support of a strong community, it is not enough. Access to basic infrastructure can greatly boost the economic activity, which in turn leads to social stability. Economic activity combined with a sound social structure can significantly reduce crime rates in the neighborhood. Another important factor is that, while a top down approach for making policies for redevelopment can be important, and are strategic in city planning, policies that do not take into consideration the needs and demands of the residents do not work. Strong community involvement, backed up by sound policies can effectively address the problems faced in these redevelopment schemes.
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