Demystifying Stromatolites

Demystifying Stromatolites

The stromatolites of the Bacalar Lagoon have been, like the chivita, tourism and pollution, another flag very helped by the triad to generate spaces, credibility and followers among public opinion to try to impose their instruments on the territory of Bacalar. What is said about them by this group is questionable, half-lies are never half-truths, and that is precisely the case with stromatolites and the Bacalar Lagoon. This stratagem and discourse continues to spread and increase with the limited analytical capacity of the recipients. Dirty war media strategies to create their myths require only that a reputable media outlet publish so that others follow and no one questions. There is one thing we have to understand: everything that the "environmental defenders of the stromatolites" members of the triad say, are half-truths, product of what I would call a romanticized vision of a rather vulgar geological process, understood in its definition as something that: it is the most abundant, which has no original or special feature or characteristic, abusing the catastrophic discourse with respect to something they do not understand, with a narrow, tendentious vision, with the attitude and posture of having discovered the black thread, which geologists and local inhabitants have known for decades and historical inhabitants have known for generations. But there are also less innocent interests behind the insistence on almost sanctifying these stony structures and their microbialistic mat. It is a matter of specification and contexts, because a real fact, when it is generalized, is said halfway and out of context, can become a myth that bombards wrong information and manipulated at convenience to cause panic and urgency to decree an instrument of legal control (call it a Protected Natural Area, Decree of Critical Habitat or PROTUR) in order to "protect" these structures that according to the myth, are unique in the world. From the assertions and catastrophic statements I asked myself many questions, we investigated in very different sources since the myth had many edges created by its promoters, little by little the answers of the scientific literature itself were emerging and turned out to be half-truths (we could write a complete book about how this group of organizations and researchers lacking ethics manipulate public opinion). So I will go point by point on the arguments of the "defenders" of stromatolites:

It was obligatory to investigate the basis of everything that was said by these groups, since something that immediately jumped from the interactions with the triad and its followers, was the attitude of closing oneself and blindly believing what the promoters said, based on an academic degree – many of them have doctorates – but overspecialization is also a disadvantage (as one who can only look at stromatolites from cyanobacteria and not in all the regional context of influence). Also because these promoters have called themselves "experts" in everything related to stromatolites; without a curriculum to protect him – his curriculum only covers one over specialization for example in cyanobacteria genetics, or because he had dedicated himself to writing and publishing many articles or books, to argue that Bacalar's microbialites were unique, the oldest and the largest. The followers of this myth believe them with the same blind passion with which the knowledge of the locals is discredited, that practical knowledge, common sense or popular wisdom, which comes from daily observation, from everyday experimentation, the intuition that is created with the interaction with the resource for decades, and sometimes from the knowledge by the knowledge inherited through generations. As for other research carried out from within the community, we were interested in retaking all the points handled by the promoters of the Bacalar Stromatolites, which became almost myths among the population, and that the media contributed to increase, creating a snowball of opinions and factions. In a document of this type, which sought to find objective bases of a socio-environmental phenomenon to propose solutions, it was necessary to investigate, even briefly, the origin of these hypotheses elevated to the level of myths, which the different sectors of society had built on the stromatolites. To begin with, it is important to clarify, the stony formations promoted by sediment accumulation promoted incidentally by microorganisms are called Microbialites. It means: Stones formed by microorganisms. In Bacalar there are at least two types of microbialites: Stromatolites, flat-headed and thromboliths (which look like giant broccoli).

Myth 1: They are "living stones", "bioconstructions", "living beings"

They are not alive, they are stones. The entire structure is not a living being, only the "baba", the "mat" that is on top of the stone. According to the

Mexican Geological Survey, true stone experts, microbials are considered chemical sedimentary rocks. It means that they originate from accumulation of materials, in this case salts of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, dissolved in water that are deposited by chemical means, where the crystals are held together by chemical bonds, or intertwined within each other. The materials, already dissolved, are transported and concentrated forming minerals that accumulate in aggregates and are subsequently lithified (petrified), to form a rock. Almost all of these rocks originate from chemical precipitation in expanses of surface water, either by inorganic chemical processes or by the chemical activity of organisms. Rocks formed by the activity of organisms are known as biochemical sedimentary rocks. But biologists are more romantic and define them as rocks bioconstructed by the action of microorganisms that would seem to be practically the same, but it is not. It seems that placing the word bio- before something gives it the quality of "alive", but it is used in architecture as a synonym for construction that respects the environment and the health of individuals, but it is defined as an anthropogenic activity. In fact, it was the geologists who were curious to discover the "stromatolytic lichen" as a mechanism for the formation of sheets of Calcium Carbonate that is then fossilized is called Calcreta laminar (another name given to the formed and fossilized stones that biologists call stromatolites); this was in the 1970s.

“…The common occurrence of lichens on exposed surfaces of hardened calcretes... b) at first, it would appear to be incidental and of no importance to calcreta formation. However, a closer examination of lichen distribution and their effect on the colonized substrate in terms of textural and tissue changes has revealed several features that have relevance to calcreta formation and recognition (Kapla, 1979). That is, the process of microorganisms generating the microbial, as biologists call it, lichen as geologists would call it, produces a mucilage (a slime) that "traps" the particles in the water and the sediment accumulates and remains hard (cemented); this sediment is composed of Calcium, Magnesium and the compounds that microorganisms have on hand because they float in the water around. This is a COMMON process around the world, it happens for millions of years, from the variando in the shape of the rocks, the type of organisms (they can be algae, cyanobacteria, protozoa, etc.), in the way in which the

sediment is deposited and the composition of the substances that the microorganisms take and paste to make the stone (accretion) and is the way in which 13% of the soil is created in the world, well not in Australia, there makes up 21% of soil in its territory. But they are NOT living rocks, nor living beings. Let's clarify, the microbialite (as biologists tell it or microbials as geologists tell it) IS A STONE. The microbial mat (mat that forms the stone) is the only thing alive and is at the top – in the case of stromatolites. It is risky to baptize it as living stone because it gives the impression that the entire structure is a living being, and it is not so. Only the very fine microbial mat is composed of living microorganisms, mainly cyanobacteria (Graham, L. et al (2014), and can include algae (especially green and diatoms), fungi, crustaceans, insects, spores, pollen, rhodophytes (red algae) and fragments and sediments of all kinds, which harden and form the structure, in fact it is called cementation.

The speech must be as clear as geologists say, STROMATOLITES ARE CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY STONES, they are not processed by living beings, they are not food, they are not excreta, nor are they a unique creation chemically transformed, they are stones formed by particles that are accidentally trapped in the drool of bacteria and the structures of other microorganisms, they harden, form stones and finally over geological time, end up in our sascaberas, as happens in the areas where there is an abundance of calcium carbonate, and that is in 13% of the entire surface emerged from the Earth.

Microbialites are stones produced by the cementation of calcium particles and other salts that were stuck in the drool of the most abundant organisms on earth and that cover practically all ecosystems of all kinds, in the world, that have resisted mass extinctions and the Chicxulub meteorite. How abundant are these stones? You just have to look for another name of these chemical sedimentary stones, formed in sheets, and we will find the term calcretas, and in the Yucatan Peninsula, you find them as the stones that are in any quarry. They are also called microbial tuffs, a form of calcareous tuff, in Spain.

The facts must be told in their proper context. If not, they are half-truths. And half-truths are lies.

Myth 2: Bacalar's Stromatolites are 3500 million years old

The initial discourse, before we began to protest and explain the falsity of the triad assertions they said, was that Bacalar's stromatolites were the oldest forms on the planet, at 3500 million years old as shown in the Semarnat page note of July 2020: “…Due to the importance of these fossils, which date back about 3,500 million years, and the concern of the Bacalarenses to conserve their habitat, the Cabildo de Bacalar established July 15 as Stromatolites Day; now it is sought that this date be recognized at the national level…” That the stromatolites of Bacalar are 3500 million years old, was a half-truth, for the following reasons: what is probably 3500 million years old, because it is difficult to establish dating, are the evolutionary genetic lines of cyanobacteria. It is the genetic line of cyanobacteria that appeared 3500 million years ago (some authors say 2600 million years ago). There are more than 6,000 species of cyanobacteria identified globally, and distributed in every ecosystem in the world. There are some species in Bacalar, but the genetic line is cosmopolitan, it is distributed all over the world. How was this intentionally transposed by the scholars of the triad? The discourse of urgency and relevance manipulated, fulfilling its function of creating alarm and urgency, so that the rest of society acted or let the rest of the triad, the NGOs and the government act; but if we exemplify it in another context, it was like saying that it was necessary to protect the human beings who live in Bacalar because they are two million years old, which is different from saying that the genetic line of the human beings who inhabit the Bacalar area, and the rest of the planet, is two million years old. Likewise, cyanobacteria, the genetic line of those of Bacalar and around the world, are 3,500 million years old. Another factor to make it clear that Bacalar's stromatolites are not 3500 million years old, is that the Bacalar Lagoon did not have the conditions. It was created as a fissure by geological movements about 60 million years ago – not even a joke reaches 3500 million years – and it was quite a while before what we see now was azolvara and had shallow areas. Less than 100 thousand

years ago Bacalar was a fissure about 3 kilometers wide, which has been scourging little by little. But above all because, at least the stromatolites of Bacalar, were already dated with carbon 14 test. The truth is that they are a thousand years old. Yes, a one, followed by three zeros (1000 years). The article explaining the dating of Carbon 14 says, at some point, that the results indicated an age of 6 to 8 thousand years, BUT that this was due to an error of the dating technique, known as "hard water error" that happens because the water of the Lagoon is hard water, with many particles coming from other parts and organisms. Corroborating that these structures, at most were a thousand years old.

The Maya had many thousands of years living in the basin and there were no stromatolites in the Lagoon. Then, the lower and narrower areas of the Lagoon were azolvando and having less depth, until in some areas the conditions were given, around the year 1020 of our era, approximately, so that they began to sediment and create the microbialites and among them the stromatolites. The golden age of the Maya was almost over and there were still no stromatolites that we currently see in the Bacalar Lagoon. Since the introduction of Gischler's research paper, which has been multi-cited by the triad to support the thousands of years old Bacalar microbialites, it should be clarified that Geischler is precisely the one who says they are approximately 1000 years old: I quote: "... Most of Bacalar's microbialites probably formed in the late Holocene (ca 1 kyr BP to the present day). According to 14C dating, microbialites settled 9 to 8 cal kyr BP ago; however, these ages may be too old as a result of the hard water effect.…” (Gischler, E., Gibson, Ma and Oschmann, W. 2008) Moreover, the maps of the eighteenth century show the body of water and a different Bacalar basin, not azolvada, where you could navigate from the entrance of the area Lagunas de Raudales and Laguna Guerrero, entering from the north from Pedro A. Santos going down and being able to cross the lagoon and leave from Mariscal lagoon by Chac estuary towards Río Hondo and back to the Bay of Chetumal. You can still see the scars of those ancient water passages, in volume II we explain how the system of tartar accumulation by microorganisms (stromatolites) and the azolve, which is turning Bacalar into swamps. Bacteria do not live long, but they reproduce at a high speed. So we have a new microbial mat, so to speak, every month, since algae, invertebrates and

other components of the mat reproduce and die at different rates. They continue to do what their predecessors did billions of years ago: produce oxygen through photosynthesis, and microbial species, produce mucilage (slime) to passively sediment carbonate, indirectly form stones and azolvar bodies of water until they dry. But also if we consider other research carried out on these mats, where it is established that only .3 to 7% of the components of it are photosynthetic cyanobacteria, the picture changes completely.. So Bacalar's stromatolites reduced their age from 3.5 billion years to a few thousand, so overnight, the triad found that they were indeed not that old. But the myth had already been created and far from admitting the error and correcting it, they only changed the discourse, without clarifying anything. In this regard, Luisa Falcón herself, who had initiated the myth of the 3,500 million years, initiated the myth that the stromatolites of Bacalar were 8 or 9 thousand years old, others than 6 or 7 thousand years old.

Not only did the local media take the bait, other media outlets did too, mixing this headline with the triad's strategy for imposing its instruments of control, in the name of the environment, as can be seen in the headlines widely disseminated by the New York Times®, the BBC® and El País® which repeat all the myths exposed in this section, including stromatolites. “Bacalar: the fascinating Mexican lake that houses the "oldest way of life on the planet" BBC News

“…Bacalar is home to the world's largest freshwater microbial reef: rock-like structures made up of thousands of microbes that filter carbonated minerals. " Bacalar microbialites have an age range ranging from a few decades to more than 9,000 years," said the expert (Luisa Falcón).

But the microbial's living fossil counterpart, the stromatolites — which date back "about 3.5 billion years" — is what makes Bacalar's population the oldest evidence of life on Earth…”

The note says that stromatolites resemble cauliflower: large, padded beige structures that grow upward from the limestone bottom of the lagoon.

They look like rocks, but they are actually living things. In fact,

stromatolites resemble sandwiches layer by layer, those that look like cauliflowers are called Thromboliths.

He mentions the sedimentation process and then makes assertions: "... Cauliflower-shaped stromatolites (they are not stromatolites then, they are thrombolites) only exist in a few places globally, and the Bacalar population reveals a history frozen in time, such as the temperature or geochemical composition of water millions of years ago.

That's because they actually conserve the physicochemical conditions of the water in their incredibly slow sedimentation process. This would need to be demonstrated because there is no research to prove it and his specialty is genetics of stromatolite cyanobacteria; if there are the stromato thing lithos, infrastructure and human artifacts that have been sarritized or petrified by the action of the same microorganisms in Bacalar, to demonstrate that it is not an "incredibly slow" process as the note asserts.

Fundamentally, stromatolites also help to recycle elements. It's the microbial mats, not the stromatolite. It is the layer of biofilm a millimeter or less thick on the stone that functions as an incidental capturer of calcium carbonate and other sediments.

Microbes that form a stromatolite take carbon from carbon dioxide in the air and place it in the carbonate at the bottom of the lake to store it. Like trees but in water, stromatolites actively improve our environment. The problem stromatolites face is twofold, Falcón says.

The lake is fed by a 450 km underground river that is part of the world's largest system of tunnels and water caves along the Yucatan Peninsula. In fact Bacalar is fed by a system of 4 aquifers that come from different parts of the Yucatan Peninsula, and not all contain calcium carbonate and magnesium.

This is really good for stromatolites: carbonated rock from the tunnels is thought to make them grow larger than normal, forming a pillow on the surface of the lagoon. Dr. Falcón really makes a hodgepodge of her original speech and description of how the geohydrological process really works in Bacalar, without really understanding it.

And so far we stop, we believe that it is demonstrated how it is easy to manipulate public opinion, that a recognized media is involved in an unverified note, even if the self-proclaimed expert in stromatolites – whose expertise is really genetic of cyanobacteria in stromatolites – says so, and that as has been demonstrated time and again, is incredibly adept at manipulating half-truths.

It seems incredible that such prestigious media have fallen into this type of yellowish tricks and unfounded sensationalist statements, but it is easy to fall when it is such a novel topic with a group of "experts" who are not investigated their conflicts of interest and who manipulate the discourse at convenience.

Myth 3: Bacalar is a unique case.

That is, there are few places in the world with that "privilege", so it is urgent to decree a critical habitat or a sanctuary. To answer this assertion, it is enough to be very clear about what some researchers who have worked with these formations in other parts of the world say: Microbials are found around the world in a wide variety of aquatic habitats (for example, freshwater, hypersaline, marine).

Gischler, who researched Bacalar's microbialites, says they are very similar to those in Chetumal Bay, that's right, there are also in Chetumal Bay. What's more, the structures of Chetumal Bay are OLDER; the same author also says. Triad promoters say there are two other sites similar to Bacalar: Cuatrociénegas and Shark Bay in Australia, but those in Cuatrociénegas have different microorganisms; and those in Shark Bay are of a different type (they are marine). However, says Gischler, the ones that do look a lot like bacalar's are those in Lake Clifton, in Western Australia! Or to the structures of the brackish Bay of Chetumal located about 15 km to the southeast, since the morphologies and sizes are the same, although the internal textures and microbial consortia are different. And because the structures of Chetumal Bay are probably older and were formed when the growing Holocene Sea flooded the area around 2 or 3 thousand years ago before the present. So we wondered if there was a possibility that similar formations existed in other Lagoons in Quintana Roo, and we found data from Laguna Chunyaxché, Laguna Chichankanaab, Laguna Azul; and other loopholes that scientists are "discovering" (they even want to declare Quintana Roo a Sanctuary of microbialites). Even José Zúñiga, Director of the PNA of Calakmul, in the neighboring state of Campeche, told us that they had located stromatolites in various bodies of water in the reserve, located almost 200 kilometers west of Bacalar.

In other forums, the half-truths of the promoters of the myth of Bacalar as the only site of stromatolites in the world (and two other places), have changed their discourse, where they know that they will not be able to tell half-truths, as is the case of their statements in the publications of their investigations. And to finish complicating the matter, The Great Mayan Aquifer, an ONGA is taking up this flag and seeking to decree Quintana Roo as "Stromatolite Reserve".

Before continuing, it is necessary to be very clear about the consequences of decreeing, as is the intention of these "scientists" of the triad, Quintana Roo as a Sanctuary of Microbialites. I quote from a note from the newspaper La Jornada:

“…Gran Aquifer Maya promoted an initiative to declare Quintana Roo a world sanctuary of stromatolites. And he stressed that together with the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (Semarnat) is working on the regulatory aspects "because if there is no legal and legal framework to conserve these microorganisms we are disarmed”.

The head of the Semarnat, Víctor Toledo, said that the presence of cyanobacteria with an age of 3,500 years, "is a jewel that we have to take care of, study and protect. If we think that this should be the case, we must look for the appropriate mechanism. There is talk that perhaps we should decree a critical habitat…”.

La Jornada, 15 de julio 2020. Is the case of Quintana Roo really so extraordinary? or the intention of these declarations is unfounded, perhaps due more to the myopia of a specialist and a desire to transcend so desperate that it does not matter if they do not verify the basis of what they try to justify at the expense of the locals, at the cost of more regulations and the sacrifice of the people who live in these places and who will see their actions limited.

Returning to the point, only in Quintana Roo are there stromatolites –microbialites?? With what we have explained so far in other points, the answer is definitely NO. At the end of the book we leave a list of scientific articles where we have worked with modern stromatolites (with active mat) and fossil stromatolites (which no longer have an active mat).

We must also consider that when one looks for information about places with stromatolites, there are other denominations to look for them: microbials, laminar calcretas, tufas, stromatolytic calcareous tuffs, travertines and we can realize that there is a lot of information, many more scientific articles, many places to find stromatolites. Modern and ancient microbials are everywhere, for billions of years and will continue here. So the answer is: NO, Bacalar is not the only place in the world, microbialites are found all over the world, they are stores of calcium carbonate and other compounds, and the bacteria on them are among the most abundant organisms on the planet, and they exist from Russia to Antarctica..

Location of modern and ancient microbials (fossils) according to literature review. Own elaboration. 2020.

Myth 4: The cyanobacteria of Bacalar's microbialites are the main oxygen producers that exist

Answer: If they contribute to generating oxygen, but their relevance is not decisive either in volume, surface or oxygen production. Microbial mats help generate oxygen, stromatolite is the stone. The microbial mat, like many ecosystems of cyanobacteria, diatoms, which are also sites to coexist with red algae, protozoan, annelids and ostracods, which in fact exist throughout the world, contributes to releasing oxygen. But so do all the plants on the planet. The issue is more about context and scope..

How much surface area of the stromatolite does the mat occupy? An average of 30% to 90% of the part exposed to the sun, per millimeter to 2 centimeters thick.

How much surface area of stromatolites and thromboliths is there in Bacalar? About 46 hectares (460,000 m2) of an approximate ecosystem of 5,000 hectares (50,000,000 m2), that is, .9% (point nine). Is there anything else that fixes CO2 and releases oxygen in Bacalar? Yes, wetland ecosystems on the margins and microbial mats on mangrove roots. Approximately 9,000 hectares (90,000,000 m2) with an area occupation of approximately 30 to 40% (27 to 45,000,000 m2). How much surface area of the microbial mat in stromatolites are oxygenreleasing organisms and CO2 capturers? .3% (point three) at 7% Will there be oxygenation problems if bacalar's stromatolites disappear? NO. First, because not even the Chicxulub meteorite made them disappear; nor did the weeks and months that Bacalar's microbiallites were covered with cut trees that walled the lagoon 50 to 80 years ago. Second. Cyanobacteria, which generate the slime where the particles of calcium, magnesium that are in the water generated by the stones are cemented, are among the most widely distributed organisms in the world. In fact they EXTINGUISHED other organisms, they were the cause of the "Great Oxidation" (GOE, also called Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust or Oxygen Revolution), which was a very important environmental change that probably occurred over the Syderic period, which was 2500 million years ago and lasted about 200 million years. The emission of dioxygen (O2) into the environment by the growth of cyanobacteria populations worldwide caused a mass extinction for the biodiversity of the time, since molecular oxygen (O2) is toxic to the anaerobic microorganisms that dominated then.

There are about 5000 to 6280 species of cyanobacteria, in Bacalar 2 were identified: Homeothrix and Leptolyngbya.

Currently the production of oxygen dependent on microorganisms, it is estimated that 70% of oxygen is produced by marine organisms (phytoplankton, algae and plankton), and among them two species of phytoplankton, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. 25% of global

photosynthesis can be accounted for by these two marine cyanobacterial genera. Neither is related to Bacalar's stromatolites. This simplistic statement exemplifies that mania of generalizing to inflate figures and perception, to manipulate public opinion by creating an exaggerated relevance of something that does not have it. It is true that cyanobacteria contribute to the generation of oxygen, but it is more than 6 thousand species worldwide. Not specifically those found on Bacalar's microbialitic mats. And the two genera that do contribute to 25% of atmospheric oxygen are not located on microbial mats, but in ocean waters, all over the world.

In addition, cyanobacteria occupy a wide range of terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats, including extreme environments such as hot springs, deserts, bare rocks and permafrost zones, even some cyanobacteria, in their natural environments, are often exposed to the highest rates of UV irradiation known on our globe.

Myth 5. They fix carbón dioxide

Yes, they precipitate it in the form of calcium carbonate, but again the issue is the context. At some point one of the adherents of the triad myths questioned me that I did not support the idea of encouraging an accelerated process of precipitation of calcium carbonate to combat climate change, such as accelerating the formation of stromatolite in Bacalar. My answer? Because then we would end up with a gigantic pile of tartar or calcium carbonate, a bank of material, in what was a Lagoon.

Unless we find what to do in a sustainable and well-evaluated way with the amount of calcium carbonate that would be generated from forced precipitation, let's not force it. There's a lot to do to combat climate change, so this is one of the most recent myths the triad has begun to distribute, preand post-COP26

Myth 6. Stromatolites take thousands of years to grow a few centimeters

Anyone who has lived long enough or spent a couple of months in Bacalar knows this: The microbial mat is everywhere and growing continuously. It is that slime that petrifies anything that is in the water, in the Lagoon. Poles, piles, boats, anchors, buoys, logs, anything that stays long enough underwater (especially in the southern part of the lagoon, where the water contains a higher proportion of calcium carbonate, magnesium and other salts) will "petrify". From there, and asking the historical users of the lagoon, some of whom have docks or boats, how long does it take to petrify something that stays in the water? They will tell you that from a couple of months to a couple of years. Some springs that have not been cleaned in more than ten years have grown up to two centimeters of stone cover (product of the accretion of the microbial mat). These have been called stromato cosa litos (things petrified by layers of sediment). Related to the supposed fragility of the microbial mat, it is also enough to make the observation that business owners and inhabitants of the coast of the lagoon, have fought for years to remove the slippery slime, which they call "verdín", which petrifies their steps and boats, using washing with metal brushes to remove it from steps or docks and prevent accidents with visitors or damage to boats ... and the microbial mat grows back almost immediately. Locals know there's no way to stop it from developing on top of anything in the water, so they already take it as a matter of course and see how it petrifies their steps or docks. So also that it is fragile and dies if you step on it, is a myth.

Myth 7: Stromatolites are endangered by tourist activity and pollution

This is one of the favorite headlines of the media that have fallen into the triad game. Here we just have to ask ourselves a couple of questions.

How strong are microbial mats? and How quickly do they adapt to really adverse conditions? The answer is simple: They are the most resistant organisms that exist since the beginning of life, they can resist any adverse conditions and always return. We are not talking about the pollution of the lagoon, whether or not people stand on the microbialitic mats, we are talking about the mass extinctions of life on Earth, we are talking about what was the first thing that resurfaced almost immediately after the impact of the Chicxulub meteorite, equivalent to having a nuclear explosion of 50 thousand megatons endured (Hiroshima had 15 megatons). The meteorite that collided and contributed, according to some theories, to extinguishing dinosaurs and almost all life on Earth.

“…The Chicxulub crater was formed by an asteroid impact at approximately 66 Ma. ... In the immediate hours or days after impact, ocean resurgence (the sea back) flooded the crater and a subsequent tsunami deposited debris from the surrounding carbonate ramp. The deposited material, including the diagnosis of biomarkers for land plants, cyanobacteria and photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, ... As that energy decreased, days or months later, the blooms of single-celled cyanobacteria were fed by terrigenous nutrients…. In case there were still doubts about the survival potential to extreme environments that cyanobacteria have, it would be enough to give a read to the research of De la Torre, R (2016) called "Survival of lichens on Mars", which lists a series of experiments of atmospheric simulation and environmental conditions similar to those of the planet Mars, to lichen specimens, which included cyanobacteria. They describe experiments where samples of these lichens were left 18 months outside the international space station, exposed to very high doses of ultraviolet radiation, no oxygen, no food (speaking of extreme conditions) and experiments of that type, result: "These data, together with the previous results, show extraordinary levels of resistance to the environmental parameters of space and planetary environments (de la Torre et al., 2010; de Vera et al., 2010a, 2004a, 2003; de Vera and Ott, 2010; Onofri et al., 2012; Raggioet al., 2011; Sancho et al., 2009, 2007)…” But what if they step on them and kill them? Or if the activities cover them with sediment? Well, there is several scientific investigations into the photophysiology of cyanobacterial stromatolites in the Bahamas, which are subject to being buried under sand, by the waves and continue to function.

Stromatolytic mats possess the ability to inactivate their photosynthetic electron transport but only when oxygen concentrations decreased to low levels.

After being unearthed, the stromatolytic cyanobacterial community reactivated its photosynthetic activity in 1 to 2 hours, depending on the availability of light. These studies prove the ability of cyanobacteria to survive and recover from sediment burial, which has helped them survive even the explosion of the Chicxulub meteorite impact. Conclusion, the Answer: No. They will not be extinguished by tourist activity. However, do not confuse the natural cycle of microbial mats, as they grow above the water and give way to areas of swampy vegetation.

Myth 8: The proposal for a protection instrument is a community demand

That it was the community, the local people who were asking to protect the stromatolites. Following the collective hysteria that the members of the triad with the help of many media built around the stromatolites, on July 15, 2020, by means of a call via email, the "allies for the conservation of the stromatolites of Bacalar and, now, of Mexico", organized by Selva and Laguna de Bacalar, were invited, AC (SELBA, AC)" to a forum where stromatolite experts gathered to highlight their importance. In this invitation via email, academics, members of NGOs, some private owners, many environmentalists and federal government agents were informed that there would be a webinar of an hour and a half with the aim of decreeing the day of the Stromatolites and in passing "... Establish the secretarial agreement of the "critical habitat for the conservation of stromatolites in the Lagunar Bacalar System", through management strategies (including carrying capacity), which allow achieving the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the recreational tourist use of the Lagunar Bacalar System, conserving the critical habitat for the stromatolites..." That is, to score a goal to the locals with a disguised declaration of Critical Habitat. SELBA, AC, promoter of the event, had obtained funding from the UNDP Small Grants Programme to carry out a basic study whose objective was to

declare the Bacalar Lagoon "Critical Habitat" and among its objectives was to create such an inter-secretarial agreement. Citing the document of its proposal funded by the UNDP Small Grants Programme, the expected results included:

“Selected management strategies and definition of carrying capacity, based on the current tourist visitation in the federally owned management units in the critical habitat for the conservation of stromatolites of the Lagunar Bacalar system" whose objective is: "To conserve in perpetuity the "critical habitat of the stromatolites"”. Another thing that stands out in the invitation of SELBA is to whom the invitation is addressed: ORGANIZED and UNORGANIZED Society of Bacalar. The analysis of the discourse of the members of the triad and of their self-conception as members of society above the rest is taken up more broadly in Volume III of this collection. At first glance the forum included only participants from one of the sectors of the triad, although an attempt was made to give the image of openness and community participation by including two exhibitors who did not belong to the triad: Alfonso Ek Poot, President of Kabi Habim SPR of Bacalar. Beekeeping Alliance of Quintana Roo, and Javier Jiménez González, President of Apicultores del Cerrito, both from community beekeeping organizations. When you listen to the videos of the exhibition carefully: Beekeeping, an activity suitable for the conservation of stromatolites and Rural tourism, an activity suitable for the conservation of stromatolites, it becomes clear that the portion of the title of your exhibitions dictates "...__, an activity suitable for the conservation of stromatolites..." was placed by the organizers as validation and forced insertion of the exhibition.

It could well be community forestry, the elaboration of handicrafts, the Mayan milpa or volleyball, an activity suitable for the conservation of stromatolites. This strategy of generating forums for public opinion, given that they have institutional support, funds and communication channels is often used as a preamble to validate the imposition of some instrument that is frequently used (See What happened to the Valley of Cuatrociénegas, in the nineties?, later). A sample of the self-conception of the members of the triad as a type of modern messiah or feeder; at this point it was SELBA, AC, an environmental

organization, created by partners from the privileged part of society, newcomers to the Bacalar area, who felt they could determine the fate of an entire basin, of thousands of people with the support of the governmental and academic part.

Demystifying What happens in Bacalar with stromatolites?

We are going to detail it in a much broader way and based on Volume II of this collection, but we could anticipate that we must understand that stromatolites are part of a geological process of formation of substrate, soil, and that they are the basis for the construction of earth. This is how the Yucatan Peninsula was formed and 13% of the soil on the entire planet. The microbial mats when accumulating calcium and magnesium carbonate and building these stones allow vegetation to be established, when the vegetation is established on the stones, either by the accumulation of soil, by the activity of other bacteria and microorganisms, by the absorption of nutrients from the plants that are growing, and because when covered with substrate the sun is covered, then the microbial mat ceases to fulfill its function and gives way, in this ecological succession, to the establishment of wetlands (such as the mangrove) that, with the passage of time, will evolve into more "dry" forms of ecosystems. Because as bodies of water fill with stromatolites, thromboliths (broccoli) and oncoliths (pellets), there is less space for water to flow, and the territory becomes dry land. It changes course and floods other areas. This is a process that has been happening for millions of years in Bacalar (and in other parts of the world), it can easily be seen in the areas of lake soils that exist. The fate of Bacalar, with the phenomenon of microbialites will be to dry up and become swamps, and jungles... but that's a few years away. What can be easily seen in Bacalar.

It is true that the microbialites of Bacalar, are extraordinary geological formations and, in that sense, they are unique and a tourist attraction worthy of properly managing, conserving and protecting for the benefit of all, but not at the cost of creating a myth around them, it is not justified to create myths to manipulate public opinion, because this is done for the benefit of a few groups.

How much cyanobacteria are worth?

A reflection. In the course of this research we learned to keep an open mind, trying to understand the motivations of some of the actors in the triad. We learned that the local or regional vision falls short if it does not expand to what happens globally in highly specialized sectors. Where people see stones and bacteria, some scientists, decision-makers and members of ambitious environmental organizations see a lot of profit potential. A fortune. The genetic material of the cyanobacteria in them is ground gold for insatiable biotechnology companies that seek to develop patents from the genetic material, a business that led many of these companies to ally with academics and environmental NGOs and one or another government, to create protected natural areas to preserve the base material. An example? The genetic material of cyanobacteria is a potential bargain for the production of biofertilizers, for example, it is estimated that it can be worth two billion dollars. So we must be careful with biopiracy disguised as altruistic interest in the protection of a natural resource that is everyone's heritage.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE VALLEY OF CUATROCIÉNEGAS, IN THE 1990s?

Lessons so that it does not happen to Bacalar.

The Institute of Ecology of the UNAM, through Dr. Luisa I. Falcón, as the main promoter of the protectionist initiatives for Bacalar since 2011, had previously

been involved in this type of imposition of exclusionary instruments and criminalization of local populations, so that they and other actors of the triad would take over entire territories under their control and exclusive use, where appropriate, by assuring them of "natural laboratories" for their research; in these territories, which had historically belonged to indigenous or rural communities, territories that were placed as PNA, as an RMASAR site, where tourism is promoted and projects are financed, to academics, NGOs and government, and where locals and other historical users were not only dispossessed, but are no longer welcome. As we have seen in numerous previous examples, the members of the triad reserve these territories for their benefit, with the justification that only in this way, under their supervision and administration, can the ideal characteristics of the sites be preserved. Only they can save nature.

The academic part of the triad benefits because its only self-centered goal is its vision of science as it gives rise and lately, science as negotiation. With these actions he not only positions himself in the public eye as a redeemer and possessor of the only truth, from his science, but as a modern colonial commander, who obtains areas where to exclusively carry out his research, from which they obtain funds, generate publications, and whose "contributions to the sciences" (such as astrobiology or evolutionary ecology) yield multiple individual and institutional benefits.

Research with which they argue is helping the environment, to save the planet, but in reality it positions them academically, it gives them advantages to climb positions in their institutions, for example, in the National System of Researchers, which translates into monthly economic incentives of between $ 16,346.70 and $ 38,142.3 additional to their salary, which in turn can mean, hypothetically, a monthly benefit for researchers of between $50,000.00 to $100,000.00 pesos, not including projects, recognitions, other stimuli for projects, and even biotechnology patents, that they may receive. Reviewing the background of the Institution of the PNA Bacalar promoter group since 2011, it was found that the IEUNAM had been participating since 1999 in similar initiatives in the Cuatrociénegas Valley, in the state of Coahuila, in a place where there are also stromatolites, under the leadership of Dr. Valeria Souza, mentor of Luisa Falcón. Although the Institute of Ecology of the UNAM (IEU) was not the promoter of the original initiative of PNA del Valle de Cuatrociénegas in Coahuila, it was another academic member of the triad,

and a foreign member, who promoted the creation of a reserve on ejido and private lands. It was the Desert Fish Council (an American ONGA of scientists that studies desert fish). IEUNAM was incidentally involved in the area due to the need of foreign researchers to be able to count on Mexican permits to collect samples in national territory and comply with the requirements of their funders. Two members of the triad supporting each other regardless of the biocultural aspects, land tenure and respect for the way of life of the locals, to do science as it happens, their science. Wendell "Minck" Mincley promoter of the Desert Fishes Council organization "discovered" the Valley of Cuatrociénegas for the scientific world in the late 1950s. From their purely academic interest, the researchers permeated urban society, governments and decision-makers with the proposal for a NAPA. To strengthen its initiative, the Desert Fish Council promoted two Symposia, one in 1983 (from November 18 to 20, 1983 at the University of Arizona) and another in 1993 (held in November 1993, at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León), to achieve alliances and position the four points of the media strategy that PNA promoters always follow: 1. A count of natural resources or species that is "urgent" to save, with very general statements without justifying these statements with data. 2. One or more groups of actors that are criminalized and pointed out as a cause. 3. An imminent danger, and 4. The mention that their instrument is THE BEST SOLUTION.

When the abstracts or the contents of the papers in these symposia are reviewed, from the point of view of discourse analysis, the common strategy arises, among the apparent objectives of highlighting the importance of the flora and fauna of the Valley, to show that something is being done, that it is being investigated, to convince other researchers, decision makers, government officials at all levels and public opinion using the points of the media strategy, mentioned above. The 1983 Symposium was an account of studies of biological and ecological elements of Cuatrociénegas, which established the peculiarity of the Valley and the urgency of protecting it.

In 1983, Paul Marsh, editor of the Memoirs of the Symposium held by the Desert Fish Council, stated:

"... The purpose of the symposium was to bring together scientists who have worked at Cuatro Ciénegas to discuss the changing character of this area and the future of its unique habitats and biota. It is an opinion of many biologists in both Mexico and the United States that Cuatro Ciénegas is one of the most important natural areas in North America, and that its resources are being lost or could soon be lost to development. The content of these proceedings summarizes and updates Cuatro Ciénegas' research on plants and animals to emphasize the needs of preserving this outstanding ecosystem... It is only through the rational use of knowledge like this that the unique characteristics of Cuatro Ciénegas ecosystems can be understood and preserved for future generations (Marsh, 1983).) …” An article written by Minckley in 1992, with all the media articulation and through the use of photographs taken by him over 30 years of "studying and visiting" the Valley of Cuatro Ciénegas, seemed to him enough justification to promote the creation of the PNA in the media. It is an article where he places photographs taken, supposedly, 30 years before and a comparison of the same site around the date of the article. The writing has an anecdotal cut that includes their opinions and quotes from other people's opinions, we assume that local inhabitants, but without detailing or justifying or trying to elucidate with scientific data or a methodologically acceptable evaluation, the processes that gave rise to the supposed changes generated. It is shown more as a strategy, as he states in the conclusions of the article and in his own words, to "add fuel to the fire".

Minckley used the American strategy of justifying the creation of reserves as places reserved for people tired of technology, where to find spiritual refuge, that policy that led to the creation of his system of protected natural areas and the dispossession of communities of original peoples, in the late nineteenth century.

The initiative to protect the Valley through a PNA was taken up in the early 1990s, by the academics, Minckley and Contreras, within the Desert Fishes Council (DFC), and by Gómez Pompa, of the Mexican American Science Foundation. Counted as his first result of this stage was the symposium of 1993, whose objective was to "...

gather biological-ecological information to define the possibilities of use in different parts of the valley, the areas and levels of protection, as well as knowledge deficiencies…”So it was that in November 1993 the second Symposium on the Cuatrociénegas Valley was held. In November of that year, the DFC Board of Directors voted on Minckley's proposal to congratulate, exhort and support the Mexican authorities for the establishment of the NAPA. A foreign NGO/academic pressuring Mexican institutions to place a national territory under protection. Resolution... 1. Proposed by W.L. Minckley: Regarding fish conservation in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin. Moved by C.O. Minckley, seconded by Clark Hubbs. Approved without a dissenting vote … RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF FISH OF THE DESERT, 1993-1: Relative to the conservation of fish in the basin Cuatro Ciénegas.

• WHEREAS the Cuatro Ciénegas basin and its environments in central Coahuila, Mexico, has been internationally recognized as one of the most unique biological areas in North America for many years; and • CONSIDERING THAT extractive development in Cuatro Ciénegas and adjacent areas, and in the region, poses a threat to its integrity and existence; and • WHEREAS conservation efforts in favour of the area and the region and its biota are making progress and there is considerable evidence that it will bear fruit; • RESOLVED that the Desert Fish Council, an international society dedicated to the protection of desert aquatic biota, commends and congratulates individuals and private, municipal, state and federal agencies in Mexico for their efforts and progress in conserving and perpetuating the area; I also • RESOLVE that the Desert Fish Council, as a unit and joint actions of its members, offers any and all assistance it can provide to support this effort and thus ensure the sustainable maintenance of the local and regional ecosystem(s) in the Cuatro Ciénegas area; and also • RESOLVED that the Desert Fish Council favors and urges individuals and private, municipal, state and federal agencies that relate to the Cuatro

Ciénegas basin to redouble their efforts so that this sample of biodiversity

for Mexico, the Chihuahuan Desert, and for the World is not damaged or lost, but conserved for future generations.…” As a result, without the population being able to intervene, in 1994 the PNA was decreed: Area of Protection of Flora and Fauna Cuatrociénegas, whose objective in the decree was: "... preserve the region's natural habitats and the most fragile ecosystems; ensure the balance and continuity of their ecological evolutionary processes; rational and sustained use of its natural resources; safeguard the genetic diversity of species, particularly endemic, threatened and endangered species; and provide a conducive field for scientific research and the study of the ecosystem and its balance…”unilateralmente por academia, gobierno e investigadores, nacionales y extranjeros. , sin considerar a los productores locales y los habitantes históricos (aunque el decreto declara que la Secretaria de Desarrollo social realizó consulta con los habitantes locales sin referir otra información). 27 years later we wanted to use the same strategy in Bacalar. In 2020, triad groups that were seeing their initiatives to impose a PNA or similar instrument on Bacalar curtailed, sought to organize four similar events:

• In July 2020, a virtual forum was held, called National Stromatolite Day (See section Demystifying Stromatolites and Stromatolites Day, in this document). • In November 2020, organized by a local NGO, Agua Clara, The Forum 2020 was convened. Current situation of the Bacalar Lagoon. At the end of 2020, faced with the strengthening of the capacity for analysis and argumentation of the Community Council of the Bacalar Lagoon Basin, a grassroots organization composed of local inhabitants and historical users of the basin, and seeing the triad jeopardize credibility before public opinion, they came out with the idea of creating their Citizen and Scientific Council PRO restoration and preservation of the aquifer and lagoon system of Bacalar, made up of members of the triad, in an attempt to position themselves as "members of the community, organized and selflessly concerned", but promoting the same strategies.

• The Citizen and Scientific Council PRO restoration and Preservation of the aquifer and lagoon system of Bacalar carried out, on March 1, 2021, the Citizen and Scientific Meeting for the proposal of care of Laguna

Bacalar.

• On March 12, it held a second meeting, just 11 days later. As the community groups were strengthening their arguments and discourses, the alarmist tone and discourse of the triad was adapting and making their own the statements that years ago the communities had been defending, arising from local ecological knowledge and intuition, wanting to make it seem that the triad had discovered the black thread with its scientific method.

In Volume III we expose the arguments of these groups, built with half-truths and manipulated information, through the sectarianization of young people and the complicity of Environmental Civil Society Organizations of Bacalar, composed mainly of foreign and national individuals newly arrived in the locality or outside the communities, organizing "academic" events where the importance of disjointed and basic research was highlighted, forcing a fanciful idea of coordinated scientific research, which was nothing more than an individual presentation of isolated research, some of which were only methodological reviews and not concrete investigations, to build the fantasy of coordinated working on the situation, as a way to forge a forced credibility for their assertions and accusations, while including the urgency of creating a PNA in their message and the image that anyone who was against it did so for criminal, selfish reasons and far from the common environmental good. The same strategy that was used in the Cuatrociénegas Valley years before. In Cuatrociénegas, with the reserve established in 1994 Wendell "Minck" Minckley continued to do his research, but it did not seem to him that his natural fish laboratory had sufficient protection, since the producers of Cuatrociénegas continued to make use of the aquifer and build channels for agricultural activities (since generations ago) so fearing that "his" research area would end he joined James Elser, Water chemistry specialist also from ASU (Southern Arizona University) to support him to involve NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), which could have enough weight to prevent producers from continuing their activities. In this way both submitted a project to this institution that had just founded its Institute of Astrobiology, in 1998. What did NASA and its Astrobiology Institute have to do with it? From the seminars of 1983 and 1993, and in his expeditions to the pools of Cuatrociénegas, Minckley noticed the microbial mats on the stromatolites that grew there, in the pools that were always crowded with locals, bathing.

Since he could not make the inhabitants and tourists understand about the importance of not using the pools to conserve their fish, he decided to promote a research project of the mats of microorganisms, which were already investigated in other parts of the world by cyanobacteria with genetic lines of the beginning of life, and thought that they would be of interest to NASA, that also had resources and "media weight" with its newly created Institute of Astrobiology, to learn what life could look like or how to create life for humans, on other planets when we got there. But they were ichthyologists and chemists, NASA demanded that to support their project they must include experts in microbiology and evolution, and that they must be Mexican, as a strategy to ensure obtaining collection permits. Since there were not many Mexican candidates at the time, they went to the Institute of Ecology of the UNAM where they involved Dr. Valeria Souza and her husband Dr. Luis Eguiarte Fruns. The PNA already existed, but it was not enough. Over the years, the motivations that led these and other environmental researchers and NGOs, and in the case of IEUNAM To Dr. Souza to single out and criminalize the producers of the Cuatrociénegas Valley, similar to those that motivated Minckley and Elser, could be considered Conflict of Interest if we count the economic and academic benefits they have obtained over the years, the academic position and advantages that this has brought him

. Valeria Souza got involved like this, incidentally. But in the nineties she became the staunch promoter of control of the Valley for the triad no matter what dirty war strategies she had to use. She and her team were involved in a controversy for pointing out that farmers were overexploiting the aquifer, part of the justification for their research proposals, funds and protectionist initiatives, and for pressuring companies that buy the products the region produced (such as LALA) to no longer acquire them. This left hundreds of families in the Valley, jobless. The story of how the owner of LALA gave in to blackmail, media pressure and harassment suffered by his daughter, as a result of Dr. Souza's "campaign", has been narrated in the voice of Dr. Souza herself, including at the event on Wednesday, July 15, 2020, during a presentation convened by the groups that were promoting Bacalar's initiative, and appears again and again as soon as a forum or interview you have the opportunity to tell it.

Dr. Souza has recounted on multiple occasions, publicly, how the media harassment led by her directed at entrepreneurs, producers and those who did not support her ideas, permeated enough to achieve her objectives. In a specific case, he has no qualms about how he managed to get the owner of LALA to cancel the purchase of alfalfa from the Valley from the producers. According to his own words, the triumph of LALA abandoning the producers of the valley was due to a girl: the daughter of the owner of the company. The media bombardment resulted in a fierce harassment of the child by colleagues and friends, because her father's company "was destroying the valley" – a message spread by Valeria Souza and her team. The girl in turn reproached the father and he had no choice but to leave 300 families defenseless so that his daughter would stop being harassed.

He always presents it triumphantly as an achievement, without realizing how criminal it is to think about that type of dirty war tactics against producers, against a minor just because she relies on being a NASA collaborator and proclaiming herself "a myth" in Cuatrociénegas without fear of mocking the locals saying not knowing if for them, she is a dragon or unicorn, referring to herself as a kind of omnipresent and powerful being, instilling fear, with this self-perception of having power over people's destiny, a kind of God or Messiah complex. The real controversy was the fact that other scientific teams specialized in geohydrology found that the aquifer that was in reduction came from other areas and that the causes of its reduction were not entirely clear. However, the media pressure of the group of this bacteriologist and her people had more weight for the companies and authorities, who did not want to continue being singled out, and the farmers (who no longer wanted to continue being criminalized) had no choice but to leave their productive activities and see how to survive.

This is even more alarming if one considers what in his thesis, Bernal (2007), relates about the role of Dr. Souza and her team, in the controversies that arose around water, in the Cuatrociénegas Valley, below. “…This situation (referring to the desiccation of wells in the valley) is causing a strong debate whose main actors are various government bodies such as the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) and SEMARNAT, groups of private entrepreneurs, and several groups of natural scientists from the National

Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). One of these groups is led by Dr. Valeria Souza who assures that the exploitation of water in the Hundido valley is the main cause that the water level in the protected natural area of Cuatrociénegas has decreased significantly in recent years causing the drying of wetlands and channels in addition to cracking in the ground (LJ, 12 August 2006). Dr. Valeria Souza is a specialist in Evolutionary Ecology in bacteria and who coordinates since 2002 the project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (NASA) in the Valley of Cuatrociénegas called Evolution in ecosystems of living nature (LJ, January 21, 2004). Souza and his team, through this research, claim to have shown that the valleys of Hundido, Calaveras and Cuatrociénegas are part of the same sea because there is a great diversity in the localities studied and similarity in the bacterial communities of the aforementioned valleys and affirm that if the group of dairy farmers of the lagoon contaminate or end up with the water, Cuatrociénegas dies (LJ, January 21, 2004). However, another group of hydrogeologist scientists from unam led by Dr. Oscar Escolero have a different vision…The result of the hydrogeological study that consisted of mapping, measuring and analyzing the hydrological system of Hundido and Cuatrociénegas was that there is no interconnection between these valleys (AC, Dr. Oscar Escolero, July 13, 2005) ... Not only did Dr. Escoledo's research show that the assertion of Dr. Souza and her team had no support. In 2005, the Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), SEMARNAT, the National Institute of Ecology and the National Water Commission published with the collaboration of 13 specialists (Mathematical modeling, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, geology, geophysics, isotopic hydrology, hydrogeochemistry, underground hydraulics. Climatology, meteorology and tectonics and structural geology, with advice from specialists in environmental isotopy and hydrogeochemistry from Germany) concluded, among other things, that:”…the piezometric levels measured in the observation network show that it is impossible for there to be underground flow from Cuatrociénegas to El Hundido... the salinity of groundwater in both valleys is due to the dissolution of rocks of marine origin and not to the contribution of seawater components from a fossil sea. The isotopic composition of the waters of both valleys confirms the above... The content of dissolved salts in El Hundido is significantly higher than in cuatrociénegas. Therefore, the waters of Cuatrociénegas cannot be recharged by El Hundido... geochemistry and isotopy allowed us to conclude that the water in both valleys is of pluvial origin... even multiplying the extraction in El Hundido by ten, there would be no significant effect on Cuatrociénegas for 500 years. Of course the effects on the Sunken would be both significant and immediate..." Imta, C. N. A., &

SEMARNAT, I. (2004). Hydrogeological study of the El Hundido and Cuatro Ciénegas aquifers, Coahuila. Ed. CONAGUA. The debate about the lower and lower water levels in Cuatrociénegas is still very heated because Dr. Souza does not stop talking to the media trying, as she herself said in an interview with Elena Poniatowska, to "make a great scandal [...] to stop the overexploitation of water in the valleys neighboring Cuatrociénegas" (LJ, January 21, 2004). For their part, the farmers of The Hundido, although with more difficulty because the federal government has extended the ban to exploit water in the valley, continue with their alfalfa crops (LJ, April 25, 2007). Meanwhile, the politicization of this situation has diverted the central objective of the protected natural area, which is to protect the ecosystems of Cieneguenses and seek possible solutions to the water problem. Instead, what is sought is who to hold accountable and create uproar among society…” Despite the fact that they do not have the qualifications or the specialty for opinion on geohydrology (their specialty is evolutionary genetics of microorganisms) and that the specialists of the same institution of the Institute of Geology of the UNAM, specialists in groundwater, demonstrated the opposite to their accusations, "the scandal" of Dr. Souza and the interest of NASA to establish in the valley a "laboratory to understand the origin of life" for its Institute of Astrobiology, weighed more for the criminalization of the producers of the valley of Cuatrociénegas and the obtaining of the favor of the public opinion.

But the PNA and the media harassment and criminalization did not seem effective enough to preserve their natural laboratories against the inhabitants and in 2002, Susana Moncada (municipal president of Cuatrociénegas by the PRI when the PNA was decreed in 1994, and director of the PNA from 1996 to 2010, president of Desuvalle, AC), Cristino Villarreal (CONANP staff in Cuatrociénegas) and Arturo Contreras (UANL researcher who ten years later would make a complaint against the team of IEUNAM) proposed the PNA as a Ramsar site.

While the control of the Valley and its heritage sites was in the hands of the Directorate of the Reserve, managed by personnel "from influential families of Cuatrociénegas" hired by CONANP and some of the sites of tourist attraction under the control of local environmental organizations, such as Desuvalle, AC, which has conflicts of interest because it is related to the

management of the Reserve, or by regional environmental organizations such as PRONATURA Noreste where Dr. Valeria Souza is part of the Board of Directors.

Their wrong actions, jealously guarded between them while everyone is on the same side, are easily exposed when they have disagreements when even between them their interests are affected.

As an example, reviewing the publications we found a publication made on social networks almost a decade ago, where Arturo Contreras Arquieta, a researcher based in Cuatrociénegas who promoted the PNA, in charge of the aquarium and herpetarium W.L. Minckley, publishes in the social network of Cuatro Ciénegas the following post, where he questions the unfounded and alarmist opinions among others of Dr. Falcón, now the main promoter of the initiative of PNA Bacalar, in this writing clarifies the assertions that she and Dr. Eguiarte made to discredit the region and its local actors, a strategy that we see is very much their way, and responds to them:

January 10, 2012 Recently, Luis Eguiarte (husband of Valeria Souza) and Luisa Falcón disseminated a writing entitled THE 7 ENVIRONMENTAL SINS OF CUATROCIÉNEGAS and today I want to comment on it repeating in quotes their writing and later my comment starting with letters of the alphabet in capital letters. Those who like can search for the full version on the Internet.

“(sin 1)... The drop in the level of the water table and all water bodies in Cuatrociénegas is clearly a multifactorial problem, but the most likely direct causes are the increase in the number of wells and in the rate of water extraction in the Cuatrociénegas Valley and its two contiguous valleys, Ocampo-Calaveras and El Hundido, all for the production of alfalfa associated with the milk production of the groups related to the Laguna region (i.e., Lala). In particular in El Hundido, despite our protests and concerns, a large number of wells have recently been opened and the opening of an impressive number of these has just been approved (about 250, since CONAGUA estimated that it is an unlimited aquifer). The ecological irresponsibility of allocating our fossil water and destroying Cuatrociénegas to produce milk (which almost no adult Mexican can really digest) is something we cannot allow...”

A.- Technically most of the water goes to Sacramento, Nadadores and Frontera, Coahuila, where it does not matter so much the water that comes out, but the one that is wasted. Profauna's studies revealed that the Saca Salada Canal that reaches Frontera takes out 1100 to 1500 liters per second, equivalent to 34.65-47.25 million cubic meters per year (=mmca). But the plots reach a maximum of 250 (7.87 mmca). That is, up to 39.38 mmca are lost. The solution is to pipe it but the investment would require almost $100,000,000 equivalent to the 125-year fiscal budget of the PNA Directorate. On the other hand, the main producer of alfalfa in the Sunken Valley is Beta Santa Monica, at the time Lala Competition. And the water that is used 100% in those plots is only slightly higher than the amount that is wasted in the Saca Salada. It is true that too many wells were opened, but the minority of them were productive. Many did not give enough water or were very salty. I agree with the use of water.

Sin 2 "... the imminent reopening of the gypsum production plant at the entrance to the Cuatrociénegas Valley. One of the main initial achievements of when the Protected Area was decreed was that the extraction of the gypsum dunes was stopped. We cannot understand how the reopening of this factory in the protected area was approved, but its environmental effects throughout the region will be disastrous and spectacular, so it is essential that the change of land use is not allowed for any reason.” B.- Yeso del Bajío does not extract gypsum from the dunes (sw of the town) but from the plasters located at the E of the town, the lowest part of the valley and had not stopped working until it fell into the trap of the authorities of CONANP and CONAFOR that it should have resolution of environmental impact and Change of use of forest lands. This use of gypsum has a mining concession, which is above the forestry law. The land had already been authorized as a mining use and was blocked by corrupt federal authorities. Sin 3 "... For a long time canals were built to take water from the springs of Cuatrociénegas and send the water to other parts, within the same valley or to other valleys, to ca. 80 km, like the town of San Buenaventura. The channeling of this water has implied the loss of wetlands and the gradual desiccation of the entire floor of the Cuatrociénegas Valley. We believe that the operation of these canals should be reviewed to prevent evaporation, as well as the water use agreements that have allowed their irresponsible removal in the region. These actions are essential to allow the regeneration, at least partial, of the ancestral wetlands of the valley and so that the aquifer can be recharged again.”

C.- It goes hand in hand with what was said in the first. But when it comes to reviewing concessions, the law is not retroactive. When declaring the NAP, the rights previously established must be respected and encouraged to save water. A ban will not allow new uses, and if we want farmers to use less water, so that the surplus stays in the pools, then it must support them to improve their irrigation infrastructure or productive reconversion. But they will not change to other products if they are not guaranteed the market and equal or better income. "The fourth environmental sin is uncontrolled and ecologically irresponsible tourism. The number of visitors has increased incredibly, mainly on holidays such as Easter, and with them the garbage they leave, the destruction or environmental alterations with works to capture this tourism (for example the baths and other works recently carried out in the Churince pool), the amount of beer bottles and garbage that are found throughout the valley, the "all-terrain" vehicles that run at full speed destroying the vegetation and the thin layer of cyanobacteria that gives structure to the ground, with apparent approval of the authorities. Undoubtedly, ecotourism is a very important source of income, but this must be done in a respectful and controlled way, as the government of Ecuador has developed in the Galapagos.” D.- I explained it before. Tourism can be managed to make it more responsible and tourism is responsible only for minimal changes in ecosystems. Aquatic species are disappearing because of the problem of water use and removing tourists from the 4 traditional tourist areas is like giving an aspirin to cure cancer. "A fifth major environmental problem is the recent invasion of organisms, in particular Arundo donnax, the giant reed, which increases water loss, modifies habitat and increases the likelihood of fish extinction and the proposal to use a powerful herbicide for its control (glyphosate, with ammonium sulfate as a surfactant), of which there are reports of its toxic effects on the ecosystem, by killing all plants that are in contact with as well as photosynthetic bacteria and their possible toxic and perhaps carcinogenic effects on animals and humans. Other invasive organisms, such as jewelfish, are also found to place additional stress on endemic fish populations."

E.- In my opinion, the Jewel Fish is more dangerous than the reed, since it is more distributed and its direct effects on native fish and on the invertebrates that serve as food will be seen in the short term. The effort being made to control it is insufficient "The sixth environmental sin has been the lack of transparency and the attitude of certain authorities, who have not allowed water conservation actions to be

implemented or effective and ecological measures to be implemented in a series of environmental and conservation problems, an attitude that has been very exhausting for independent researchers and NGOs interested in the area. We could be wrong, but the Protected Area seems to serve mainly to ask for work or collection permits and to charge the entrance to visitors to the restricted regions of the valley (for example, the Poza Azul and the gypsum dunes).” F.- The attitude of the PNA Management to work only with the AC's Profauna and Pronatura Noreste (note Dr. Valeria Souza is a member of the Board of Directors of this organization) means that they monopolize all the budgets that can be allocated to various projects and that local organizations can not work. Example: They used the name of my company and my volunteers as collaborators to request permission to catch jewelfish before SAGARPA and whenever I asked for the traps to go on my own they never provided them to me. My name being on the permit. On the other hand, La Poza Azul and the dunes are owned by Desuvalle AC and have nothing to do with the federal government. You can't even get the benefits of collecting duties. "The seventh environmental sin is land tenure and the status of the Protected Area, which have not helped its conservation by being a complex mosaic of land tenure, with several supposed owners, clearly undefined boundaries and complex water rights, so responsibilities are diluted and active management and conservation programs cannot be unified. It is urgent that an effort be made to define the boundaries of the properties, that more areas are really fully protected (as is the case of the Rancho de Pozas Azules, administered by Pronatura) and restructure the status of the protected area. G.- In reality the tenure is mostly well defined, few lands do not have deeds for dying the intestate owners, but there are heirs or irregular sales. Most of the surface has well-defined owners, whether they are individuals, companies, civil associations or ejidos. The real problem is that the ejidatarios and other owners are selling because they have been told that even to build a house on such land requires environmental impact studies and that is totally false. As they feel that they can do nothing on their land because they sell them at ridiculous prices. Others buy them and resell them more expensively. But only those who sympathize with the authorities receive support for the projects and actions that the CONANP authorities want. If a project does not seem to them, they do not support it as beneficial for the economy and for the environment. Example: The ejido 6 de enero was about 96% within the PNA

and most of the Ejido was bought by the Carlos Slim Foundation. Previously Desuvalle had bought the gypsum dunes (800 Has) In 1999 the Management Program of the Cuatrociénegas Flora and Fauna Protection Area was decreed, who were the actors? Julia Carabias Lillo, Secretary of Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries; Enrique Provencio, President of the National Institute of Ecology; Javier de la Maza Elvira, Head of the Coordinating Unit of Protected Natural Areas and Susana Moncada, Director of the Cuatrociénegas Flora and Fauna Protection Area. The objective of the Management Program is: "... Preserve the region's natural habitats and the most fragile ecosystems; ensure the balance and continuity of its ecological evolutionary processes, make rational and sustained use of its natural resources; safeguard the genetic diversity of species, particularly endemic, threatened and endangered species; and provide a field conducive to scientific research and the study of the ecosystem and its balance..." Who manages Cuatrociénegas? La CONANP Rational use refers to water, gypsum and landscapes. PRONATURA receives a lot of money a year for pressuring the authorities to limit the use of water to producers and "guarantee" water for the pools, but to date there is no strategy to achieve this, except projects to "restore" wetlands and advertises on its page:

“…During this period, Pronatura Noreste and its conservation partners managed to restore 51.6 hectares of wetland by carrying out works of installation of gabions, cleaning and desazolve, modernization of works of taking and closing of disused canals; in addition to providing the ecological flow in the wetlands through the concession for environmental use. In 2020 alone, 3.5 hectares (has) of wetlands were restored in Poza Escobedo and 2.6 hectares in

Tío Julio, which retained a flow of 3.1 million cubic meters of water for conservation... In addition, the restoration of 12 hectares of wetlands of the

Mezquites River was achieved, becoming a transcendental milestone; with this action, the river's water mirror was increased by 120 centimeters and a volume of 7.8 million cubic meters per year was preserved. Pronatura Noreste has managed to recover a total volume of 29.78 million cubic meters of water per year (equivalent to 4,613 Olympic pools).”

Far from these organizations and the authorities having organized themselves to provide the local population with sustainable development alternatives, as promised, this has not been possible given that there are conflicts of interest between them, because they "fight" the clientele of members of the community that justifies their efforts of funds for their training courses, their sustainable development projects (handicrafts) or wetland restoration, their tours, their courses to local schools, while researchers continue to shout that the basin continues to dry up. To date, neither the PNA, nor Ramsar's declaration, nor the closures or regulations and the harassment of producers by researchers has managed to stop the "desiccation" of the valley, nor the contamination in the water or around the pools, and the supposed benefit derived from tourism that was supposed to save the Valley after the declaration of Cuatrociénegas as a Magical Town in 2013, it is highly questioned by researchers from various specialties (obviously not by microbiologists who continue to boast and generate projects of "their" natural astrobiological laboratory). Ironically, even with the closures and the desertion of agricultural activities, the Cuatrociénegas valley continues "inexplicably" to dry up, which without a hint of reluctance the same promoters who 20 years ago assured that they would save the Cuatrociénegas Valley with the establishment of the PNA, continue to make more requests for funds to save it.

In another volume we will see how those same strategies of media scandal and manipulation of information are being taken up by the proponents of the Natural Protected Area in Bacalar, led in some points by Dr. Luisa Falcón, a pupil of Dr. Souza, to point out those responsible and create political pressure, without scientific foundations other than their own limited vision of the way the world works, at the expense of whatever, in order to maintain the status quo of their way of life, the benefits of recognition. Souza acknowledged in an interview for Milenio Magazine that: "... the case of Cuatrociénegas has generated awards for me, because I am a beast that defends the ecosystem..." These recognitions, it should be specified, translate into financing, with its partial and over-specialized vision of the world, manipulating information, criminalizing the inhabitants, producers and businessmen and manipulating half-truths, modifying its discourse depending on who it is directed, to gain followers among young people and public opinion.

What his pupil has been trying to repeat in Bacalar.

242

A FEW FINAL WORDS

In the end, what we learned from this research was that the way in which neoliberal environmentalism was constructed and its supposed environmental struggle was based on the benefit of those who gave rise to it. Far from being a humanitarian issue, the monetary and power interests for control that have been developing as neoliberal environmental groups have been strengthened and positions have created increasingly complicated and positioned networks of actors who in direct or indirect collusion know that they will obtain a benefit by stripping the locals of control of their areas in favor of big money. Whether to obtain areas to do research, benefits of projects, financing, recognitions, awards and rise as saviors of the planet or to pretend that international commitments to protect the environment are being fulfilled, with intentional discourses and images that are bombarded towards public opinion, they are nothing more than a masquerade to act in a pernicious way towards local populations, communities of indigenous peoples, historical users of natural resources and dispossessing them while criminalizing them. We hope it will be much easier for the local population to identify early the attempts at domination and dispossession of the different actors of the triad. Because knowledge is power, and that power must remain in the original peoples, local inhabitants and historical users to take the baton in the environment and do what we have done for generations: take care of our natural resources, our biocultural heritage and conserve the environment from local knowledge, with total governance and empowerment.

While outsiders believe that the lagoons and jungles have been magically preserved, the local populations and those who live day by day with our natural environment are aware that it has been the result of a work and a generational commitment of families, inhabitants and production groups that

acquired a historical moral responsibility, not as a business that is the case with the triad, but as a moral commitment out of love.

How it was then, today knowledge, identity and information and an enormous feeling of belonging, dignity and Justice moves the population of the Bacalar Basin to come to their defense.

Dedicated to all local actors, historical users and indigenous peoples who continue to fight to regain control of their territories taken away by neoliberal environmentalism.

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Protegidas-de-Mexico-20140922-0003.html 16. History.com Editors (2020). The 1950s. A&E Television Networks. https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/1950s 17. Preservation vs. Popularity: the National Parks Service in the 1950s. https://medium.com/timelines-and-telescopes/preservation-vs-popularity-thenational-parks-service-in-the-1950s-6d68558f291 18. https://www.coneval.org.mx/Medicion/Paginas/Glosario.aspx 19. http://www.sgm.gob.mx/Web/MuseoVirtual/Rocas/Rocas-sedimentarias.html 20. Bioconstrucción: Parámetros que configuran u na relectura contemporánea de la arquitectura vernácula. http://oa.upm.es/54314/1/TFG_Rubio_Picazo_Cristina.pdf 21. http://www.sgm.gob.mx/Web/MuseoVirtual/Rocas/Rocas-sedimentarias.html 22. https://www.geologia.unam.mx/contenido/estromatolitos 23. Tobas calcáreas. Edificios tobáceos, minuto 3:01, en el link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_7mjTKl6_4 24. Página del Gobierno de México: Se busca establecer el 15 de julio como el Día de los Estromatolitos en México. • En Bacalar se conmemora desde el 2014 y este año se llevará a cabo un evento virtual para dar a conocer la importancia de conservar el hábitat de estas colonias bacterianas. https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/prensa/se-busca-establecer-el-15-de-julio-como-eldia-de-los-estromatolitos-enmexico?idiom=es#:~:text=Debido%20a%20la%20importancia%20de,sea%20recon ocida%20a%20nivel%20nacional 25. Quintana Roo, Santuario Mundial De Los Estromatolitos https://granacuiferomaya.org/2019/10/21/santuario-mundial-estromatolitos-vivos/ 26. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/ciencias/2020/07/15/se-pronuncianinvestigadores-por-proteccion-de-estromatolitos-1205.html 27. https://hipertextual.com/2016/09/la-gran-oxidacion

28. (https://mundo.sputniknews.com/ecologia/201906191087697185-estromatolitos-

Bacalar -tren-maya-mexico-quintana-roo/ 29. Estromatolitos, el organismo más antiguo del planeta que corre riesgo de muerte en México (fotos); https://www.facebook.com/aguaclaraBacalar /posts/1996029594051195/ , 30. https://vuelaalavida.com/el-tren-maya-podria-acabar-con-los-estromatolitos-de-

Bacalar / - El Tren Maya podría acabar con los estromatolitos de Bacalar , https://piedepagina.mx/Bacalar -una-destruccion-anunciada/ 31. Bacalar , ¿una destrucción anunciada?, https://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/04/03/medioambiente/estromatolitos-tesoro-de-vida-en-quintana-roo - Estromatolitos: tesoro de vida en Quintana Roo; https://granacuiferomaya.org/2019/10/21/santuariomundial-estromatolitos-vivos/ 32. Quintana Roo, Santuario Mundial De Los Estromatolitos, https://www.facebook.com/aguaclaraBacalar /posts/1772719383048885/ -¿Sabes qué son los Estromatolitos?. 33. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/semarnat-declara-15-de-julio-dianacional-de-losestromatolitos#:~:text=%2D%20Por%20su%20importancia%20evolutiva%2C%20 al,como%20%E2%80%9Ch%C3%A1bitat%20cr%C3%ADtico%E2%80%9D%20a%2 0los – SEMARNAT declara 15 de julio Día Nacional de los Estromatolitos. 34. http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/cc_symp1/intro1.html 35. Decreto por el que se declara como área natural protegida, con el carácter de área de protección de flora y fauna, la región conocida como Cuatrociénegas, con una superficie de 84,347-47-00 hectáreas, municipio del mismo nombre,

Coah. En http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?Codigo=4759233&fecha=07/11/1994 36. Pools in the Mexican desert are a window into Earth’s early life https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/pools-mexican-desert-are-windowearth-s-early-life 37. http://web2.ecologia.unam.mx/perfiles/perfil.php?ID=1237852985093).

PRONATURA Noreste declara en su página web: “…ONG de conservación más importante a nivel Nacional, con un monto de inversión en los últimos 5 años de más de mil cien millones de pesos…”Fuente: https://www.pronaturanoreste.org/acerca-de 38. https://www.milenio.com/ciencia-y-salud/valeria-souza-figura-mitologica-cienegasdragon-unicornio 39. https://web.facebook.com/Cuatrocienegas/posts/10150483672642057?_rdc=1&_r dr 40. Conceden Suspensión Provisional Al Dir. Gral. De Pronatura Noreste Vs.

Municipio De Cuatro Ciénegas.

https://www.pronaturanoreste.org/post/conceden-suspensi%C3%B3n-provisionalal-dir-gral-de-pronatura-noreste-vs-municipio-de-cuatro-ci%C3%A9negas 41. Cuatrociénegas Coahuila un humedal extraordinario en peligro de extinción.

Valeria Souza. https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/media/1/ecosistemas/smmanglares/files/t5/5_V

ALERIA_SOUZA_03022012.pdf 42. https://www.milenio.com/ciencias-y-salud/valeria-souza-figura-mitologicacienegas-dragon-uniornio

Chivita literature

Use that can be given to them as food

1.Alonzo, P. M. (1984). Efecto de tres dietas diferentes sobre el crecimiento, conversión alimenticia, valor de eficiencia proteica y retención de proteínas y lípidos en el caracol dulceacuícola Pomacea flagellata (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis de

Licenciatura. Universidad de Yucatán, Yucatán, México). 2.Amador-del Ángel, L. E., Mugartegui-Esquiliano, J. A., Chin-Caña, F., Arcos-Pérez, A., & Cabrera-Rodríguez, P. Características del desove del Caracol de agua dulce

Pomacea flagellata livescens (Reeve, 1986) en ambiente controBenavides Linares, J.

R., Ruano-Iraheta, C. E., Chacón Piche, M. D. L. Á., Portillo, N. Y., Erroa Ramos, I.

R., & Ramos Sosa, R. A. (2017). Evaluación bio-económica de alojamientos y densidades de siembra para el cultivo de caracoles comestibles de agua dulce (Pomacea flagellata Say, 1827). Revista Minerva, 1(1), 29-39. 3.Brito-Manzano, N., Rivera-López, V., Fragoso-Pérez, R., de la Cruz–Lázaro, E., &

Estrada-Botello, M. (2007). Efecto de la densidad en la sobrevivencia de juveniles del caracol “tote” Pomacea flagellata bajo condiciones de laboratorio en Tabasco,

México. 4.Dávila Pérez, L. D. S. (2002). Aspectos taxonómicos, contenido nutricional y autoecología de Pomacea flagellata Say, 1827 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae (Doctoral dissertation). 5.De Jesús-Carrillo, R. M. (2014). Crecimiento y Engorda de la Chivita (Pomacea flagellata) utilizando tres tipos de dietas (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis de Licenciatura en Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Quintana Roo). 6.Ebenso, I. E. (2004). Molluscicidal effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts on edible tropical land snails. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 60(2), 178-182. 7.Enrique, A (2014) Reproducción del caracol tote pomacea flagellata en un humedal de la Isla del Carmen, Campeche, México. Producción y Manejo de los Recursos

Acuáticos en el Trópico, 84.

8.García‐Ulloa, M., Gallo‐García, M. C., Rodríguez‐González, H., Góngora‐Gómez, A., & Ponce‐Palafox, J. T. (2008). Morphometric relationship of weight and length of cultured freshwater snail, Pomacea patula (Baker, 1922), at three different life stages.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(6), 842-846. 9.Gabriela, VS, Barrera, TC, Mejía, JC y Martínez, GDM (2012). Efecto de las dietas comerciales sobre el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la composición química del caracol de agua dulce comestible Pomacea patula catemacensis. Revista de tecnología agrícola , 8 (6), 1901-1912.-256. 10. Ghosh, S., Jung, C., & Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2017). Snail as mini-livestock:

Nutritional potential of farmed Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51(6), 504-511. 11. Iriarte-Rodríguez, F. V., & Mendoza-Carranza, M. (2016). Validación del cultivo semi-intensivo de caracol Tote (Pomacea flagellata), en el trópico húmedo. Revista

AquaTIC, (27). 12. Kaensombath, L. (2005). Evaluation of the nutritive value of ensiled and fresh

Golden Apple snails (pomacea spp) for growing pigs. Research Papers, National

University of Laos, Vienetiane, Laos. 13. Ki, O. L., Ismadji, S., Ayucitra, A., Soetaredjo, F. E., Yulia, Y., & Margaretha, H. S. P.

Utilization of Pomacea Sp Shell as Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Full Factorial

Design Optimization. 14. Luo, D., Zhang, H. T., Mu, X. D., Gu, D. G., Xu, M., Zhang, J. E., ... & Hu, Y. C. (2015). Modeling of Efficient Hot Air Drying of Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata) for Use as a Fishmeal Protein Substitute. Advance Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 8(3), 193-201. 15. Mejía-Ramírez, M. Á., Rocha, V. V., & Pérez-Rostro, C. I. (2020). Economic feasibility analysis of small-scale aquaculture of the endemic snail Pomacea patula catemacensis (Baker 1922) from southeast Mexico. Aquatic Living Resources, 33, 2. 16. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1978). The utilization of Pomacea snails at Tikal, Guatemala.

American Antiquity, 65-73. 17. Navarrete, A. D. J., & Gil Tun, B. (2016). Caracterización de la ovoposición del caracol Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1827) bajo condiciones experimentales. Revista peruana de biología, 23(3), 287-292. 18. Naranjo-García, Edna. "Los moluscos 'no marinos' de la península de Yucatán: una revisión". El área maya de las tierras bajas: tres milenios en la interfaz entre humanos y tierras silvestres (2003): 305. 19. Olivares-Rubio, H. F., Salazar-Coria, L., & Vega-López, A. (2017). Estrés oxidativo, metabolismo lipídico y neurotransmisión en el caracol dulceacuícola (Pomacea patula) expuesto a la fracción hidrosoluble de petróleo crudo. Hidrobiológica, 27(2), 265-280.

20. Ramnarine, i. W. 2003. Induction of spawning and artificial incubation of eggs in the edible snail Pomacea urceus (Muller). Aquaculture, 215: 163– 166Vázquez-

Silva, G., Castro-Barreta, T., Castro-Mejía, J., & Mendonza-Martínez, G. D. (2011).

Los caracoles del género Pomacea (Perry, 1810) y su importancia ecológica y socioeconómica. ContactoS, 81, 28-33. 21. . Ramnarine, I. W. (2004). Quantitative protein requirements of the edible snail

Pomacea urceus (Muller). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35(2), 253 22. Vázquez-Silva, G., T. Castro-Barrera, J. Castro-Mejía & G. D. Mendoza-Martínez. 2012. Effect commercial diets on growth, survival and chemical composition of the edible freshwater snail Pomacea patula catemacensis. Journal of Agricultural

Technology, 8: 1901–1912.

Biology and Ecology

1.Arreguín‐Espinosa, R., & Arreguín‐Lozano, B. (1997). Biochemical properties of hemagglutinins in the mollusk Pomacea flagellata. IUBMB Life, 43(6), 1241-1251. 2.Rangel Ruiz, L. J. (1987). Estudio morfológico de Pomacea flagellata Say, 1827 (Gastropoda: Ampullaridae) y algunas consideraciones sobre su taxonomía y distribución geográfica en México. In Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad

Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología (Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 21-33). 3.Darby, P. C., Bennetts, R. E., Miller, S. J., & Percival, H. F. (2002). Movements of

Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events. Wetlands, 22(3), 489-498. Darby, P. C., Bennetts, R. E., Miller, S. J., & Percival, H. F. (2002).

Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events.

Wetlands, 22(3), 489-498. 4.Darby, PC y Percival, HF (1999). Tolerancia al secado del caracol manzana de Florida (Pomacea paludosa, Say): efectos de la edad y la estación. 5.Diupotex-Chong, M. E., Cazzaniga, N. J., & Uribe-Alcocer, M. (2007). Karyological and electrophoretic differences between Pomacea flagellata and P. patula catemacensis (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae). Biocell, 31(3), 365. 6.De Jesús-Carrillo, R. M., Ocaña, F. A., Hernández-Ávila, I., Mendoza-Carranza, M.,

Sánchez, A. J., & Barba-Macías, E. (2020). Mollusk distribution in four habitats along a salinity gradient in a coastal lagoon from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Natural

History, 54(19-20), 1257–1270. 7.De Jesús-Navarrete, A., Ocaña-Borrego, FA, Oliva-Rivera, JJ, De Jesús-Carrillo, RM, & Vargas-Espositos, AA (2018). Abundancia, distribución y producción secundaria del caracol manzana Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1829) en el lago Bacalar, un sistema kárstico tropical en el sur de México. Estudios sobre la fauna y el medio ambiente neotropicales, 1–9. doi: 10.1080 / 01650521.2018.1481807 8.De Jesús-Navarrete, A. D., & Tun, B. G. (2016). Characterization of oviposition snail

Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1827) under experimental conditions. Revista Peruana de

Biología, 23(3), 287-292.

9.Estebenet, A. L., & Martín, P. R. (2002). Minireview: Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae): life-history traits and their plasticity. Biocell, 26, 83. 10. Freitas, J. R., L.C. Bedê, P. De Marco Jr., L. A. Rocha & M. B. L. Santos. 1987.

Population dynamics of aquatic snails in Pampulha Reservoir. Memorias do

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82: 299–305. 11. García, E. N. (2003). Moluscos continentales de México: dulceacuícolas. Revista de

Biología Tropical, 51(3), 495-505. 12. Hayes, KA, Burks, RL, Castro-Vazquez, A., Darby, PC, Heras, H., Martín, PR,…

Cowie, RH (2015). Perspectivas de una visión integrada de la biología de los caracoles de manzana (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae). Malacologia, 58 (1-2), 245-302. doi: 10.4002 / 040.058.0209 13. lbarrán Mélzer, Natalia Celia, Rangel Ruiz, Luis José, Gama Campillo, Lilia María,

Arévalo de la Cruz, Juan Armando, Moguel-Ordoñez, Eduardo, & Pacheco

Figueroa, Coral Jazvel. (2017). Tolerancia a la salinidad aguda de gasterópodos dulceacuícolas nativos e introducidos en Tabasco, México. Hidrobiológica, 27(2), 145-151. 14. Koch, E., Lozada, M., Dionisi, H., & Castro-Vazquez, A. (2014). Uric acid-degrading bacteria in the gut of the invading apple snail Pomacea canaliculata and their possible symbiotic significance. Symbiosis, 63(3), 149-155. 15. Lobo Vargas, X. M. (1986). Estudio de algunos aspectos de la biología del molusco

Pomacea flagellata (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis. Lic. Biología. Escuela de Biología.

Universidad de Costa Rica. CR. 54p). 16. Meyer-Willerer, A. O. & A. Santos-Soto. 2006. Temperature and light intensity affecting egg production and growth performance of the Apple Snail Pomacea patula (Baker, 1922). Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 10: 41–58. 17. Naranjo-García, E. & A. García-Cubas. 1986. Algunas consideraciones sobre el género Pomacea (Gastropoda: Pilidae) en México y Centroamérica. Anales del

Instituto de Biología UNAM, 56: 603–606. 18. Naranjo-García E. 2003. Moluscos continentales de México: dulceacuícolas. Rev

Biol Trop. 51:495–505. 19. Naranjo-García E 2004. Notes on the knowledge of the freshwater mollusks of

Mexico. Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists; Ensenada, Baja

California (México). Abstracts: 67. 20. Negrete Yankelevich, S. (1998). Contribuciones a la biología y ecología del caracol anfibio Pomacea flagellata Say de la Reserva Ecológica El Edén. Bachelor's thesis.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico. 21. Ocaña, F. A., de Jesús-Navarrete, A., Oliva-Rivera, J. J., de Jesús-Carrillo, R. M., &

Vargas-Espósitos, A. A. (2015). Population dynamics of the native apple snail

Pomacea flagellata (Ampullariidae) in a coastal lagoon of the Mexican Caribbean.

Limnetica, 34(1), 69-78.

22. Oliva-Rivera, J. J., Ocaña, F. A., Jesús-Navarrete, A. D., Jesús-Carrillo, R. M. D., &

Vargas-Espósitos, A. A. (2016). Reproduccion de pomacea flagellata (mollusca: ampullariidae) en la Laguna de Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biología

Tropical, 64(4), 1643-1650. 23. Ottaviani, E., Accorsi, A., Rigillo, G., Malagoli, D., Blom, J. M., & Tascedda, F. (2013).

Epigenetic modification in neurons of the mollusc Pomacea canaliculata after immune challenge. Brain research, 1537, 18-26. 24. Pain, T. (1964). The Pomacea flagellata complex in Central America. J Conch, 25(6), 224-231. 25. Rangel-Ruíz, J. L., Gamboa-Aguilar, J., & Medina, R. U. (2003). Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1827) un gigante desconocido en México. Revista de divulgación KUSULKAB’,

IX, 5-9. 26. Rangel-Ruiz, L. J. 1988. Estudio morfológico de Pomacea flagellata Say, 1827 (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) y algunas consideraciones sobre su taxonomía y distribución geográfica en México. Anales del Instituto de Biología UNAM, 58: 21–34. 27. Reed, W. L., & Janzen, F. J. (1999). Natural selection by avian predators on size and colour of a freshwater snail (Pomacea flagellata). Biological Journal of the

Linnean Society, 67(3), 331-342. 28. Sandoval, J. C., & Reynoza, X. L. G. (2019). Distribución y abundancia del gavilán caracolero (Rostrhamus sociabilis) y la correa (Aramus guarauna), y su interacción con la chivita (Pomacea flagellata) en la Laguna de Bacalar, Quintana Roo, México.

Huitzil, 20(1). 29. Tsushima, M., Katsuyama, M., & Matsuno, T. (1997). Metabolism of carotenoids in the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology

Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 118(2), 431-436.

Efect dur to population density

1.Donnay TJ, Beissinger SR. 1993. Apple snail (Pomacea dolioides) and freshwater crab (Dilocarcinus dentatus) population fluctuations in the Llanos of Venezuela.

Biotropica. 25:206–214. 2.Garr, A. L., H. López, R. Pierce & M. Davis. 2011. The effect of stocking density and diet on the growth and survival of cultured Florida apple snails, Pomacea paludosa.

Aquaculture, 311: 139– 145. 3.Ito, K. (2002). Environmental factors influencing overwintering success of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in the northernmost population of Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 37(4), 655-661. 4.Pires-Júnior, A. N., Hattori, G. Y., & Sant'Anna, B. S. (2019). Effect of stock density of cultured Amazon apple snail Pomacea dolioides (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in

Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 48.

5.Tanaka, K., Watanabe, T., Higuchi, H., Miyamoto, K., Yusa, Y., Kiyonaga, T., ... &

Wada, T. (1999). Density‐dependent growth and reproduction of the apple snail,

Pomacea canaliculata: a density manipulation experiment in a paddy field. Population

Ecology, 41(3), 253-262.

Medical importance as parasite vectors and toxicity

1.Damborenea, M. C., Brusa, F., Negrete, J., Joshi, R. C., Cowie, R. H., & Sebastian, L.

S. (2017). Symbionts and diseases associated with invasive apple snails. 2.Fernández, PE, Frassa, MV, Gimeno, E., Dreon, MS y Heras, H. (2011). Cambios en la expresión de carbohidratos en la médula espinal cervical de ratones intoxicados con perivitelina PV2 de Pomacea canaliculata. Envenenamiento por plantas, micotoxinas y toxinas relacionadas , 482-498. 3.Malagoli, D. (2018). Going beyond a static picture: the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata can tell us the life history of molluscan hemocytes. Invertebrate Survival

Journal, 15(1), 61-65. 4.Misnan, R., Aziz, N. S. A., Yadzir, Z. H. M., Abdullah, N., Bakhtiar, F., & Murad, S. (2016). COMPARISON OF ALLERGENIC PROTEINS OF SEA snail (cerithidea obtusa) and freshwater snail (pomacea canaliculata). Jurnal teknologi, 78(11). 5.Moreno Caraveo, j. (2014). Determinación de metales pesados (HG, PB, CD y ZN) en los moluscos pomacea flegellata (SAY, 1827) de la Laguna de Bacalar, Quintana

Roo. 6.Song, L., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Lv, Z., & Wu, Z. (2016). Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the vector snails Pomacea canaliculata and Achatina fulica in China: a meta-analysis.

Parasitology research, 115(3), 913-923. 7.Yue, G. U. O., Hong Chang, Z. H. O. U., Ying, D. O. N. G., Ting ZHANG, Y. Y. S.,

Jian Feng ZHONG, Y. L. C., Sheng Wen, S. H. A. O., ... & Hai Yan, D. O. N. G. (2018). New Nodule Type Found in the Lungs of Pomacea canaliculata, an

Intermediate Host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Iranian journal of parasitology, 13(3), 362.

Economic losses suffered by some areas in the world due to the invasion of snails in crops, as a result of the introduction of these species to ecosystems.

1.Acosta, B. O., & Pullin, R. S. (Eds.). (1991). Environmental Impact of the Golden Snail (Pomacea Sp.) on Rice Farming Systems in the Philippines: Summary Report of the

Workshop Held at the Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State

University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 9-10 November 1989 (Vol. 28). WorldFish. 2.Baker GH (1998) The golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Mollusca:

Ampullariidae), a potential invader of fresh water habitats in Australia. In: Zalucki

MP, Drew RAI, White GG (eds) Pest management—future challenges, vol 2.

Proceedings of the 6th Australasian applied entomological research conference,

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3.Carlsson NOL, Lacoursie`re JO (2005) Herbivory on aquatic vascular plants by the introduced golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Lao PDR. Biol Invasions 7:233–241. doi:10.1007/s10530-004-0741-4 4.Carlsson NOL, Bro¨nmark C, Hansson LA (2004) Invading herbivory: the golden apple snail alters ecosystem functioning in Asian wetlands. Ecology 85:1575–1580. doi: 10.1890/03-3146 5.Cazzaniga NJ (1990) Predation of Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae) on adult

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Literature consulted on sites with modern microbialites (stromatolites) with active microbial mats, in the world.

Pavillion lake, British Columbia. Canadá 1. Laval, B., Cady, SL, Pollack, JC, McKay, CP, Bird, JS, Grotzinger, JP, ... y Bohm, HR (2000). Análogos modernos de microbialitas de agua dulce para antiguas estructuras de arrecifes dendríticos. Nature , 407 (6804), 626-629. Lake Van, Turquía.

2. Chagas, A. A., Webb, G. E., Burne, R. V., & Southam, G. (2016). Modern lacustrine microbialites: towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy. Earth-Science Reviews, 162, 338-363. Fayetteville Green Lake, Estado de Nueva York, Estados Unidos. Great Sal Lake, oeste de Estados Unidos. Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila. México. Alchichica, Puebla.

México. Lago Satonda, Indonesia. Vai Lahi y Vai si’i, Isla Niuafo’ou en Tonga. Lago

Salda, Turquía. Lagos la Preciosa, Quechulac y Atexcac, a 10 km de Alchichica.

Puebla, México. Lago Clifton, Suroeste de Australia. Lago Walyungup, oeste de

Australia. Lago Fellmongery, Sur de Australia. Lago Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro,

Brasil. Laguna Pirata, Archipielago Los Roques. Venezuela. Atolón de Kiritimati,

República de Kiribati. Pacífico Central. 3. Arp, G., Helms, G., Karlinska, K., Schumann, G., Reimer, A., Reitner, J. and Trichet, 4. J., 2012. Photosynthesis versus Exopolymer Degradation in the Formation of 5. Microbialites on the Atoll of Kiritimati, Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific. Geomicrobiology Journal, 29(1): 29-65. Lago de la Isla Eleuthera. Bahamas 6. Dupraz, C., Visscher, P.T., Baumgartner, L.K. and Reid, R.P., 2004. Microbe–mineral interactions: early carbonate precipitation in a hypersaline lake (Eleuthera

Island, Bahamas). Sedimentology, 51(4): 745-765. Zirahuen, municipio El Salvador. Michoacán. México. 7. Zeyen, N., Daval, D., Lopez-Garcia, P., Moreira, D., Gaillardet, J. y Benzerara, K. (2017). Condiciones geoquímicas que permiten la formación de microbialitos lacustres modernos. La Alberca, Villa Jiménez. Michoacán. México. Quechulac, Guadalupe Victoria. Puebla.

México. Alberca Los Espinos. Municipio de Jiménez. Michoacán. México. Pátzcuaro,

Michoacán. México. Aljojuca, Puebla. México. Joya de Yuriria, Guanajuato. México.

Laguna de Atexcac, municipio de Guadalupe Victoria. Puebla. Rincón de Parangueo.

Michoacán. México. Laguna negra. Provincia Catamarca. Argentina 8. Gomez, FJ, Kah, LC, Bartley, JK y Astini, RA (2014). Microbialitas en un lago andino de alta altitud: múltiples controles sobre la precipitación de carbonatos y la acreción de lámina microbialitas de lacustrina de alta altitud. Palaios , 29 (6), 233249. Atolón Tikehau, Tuamotu, Polinesia Francesa. 9. Abed, RM, Golubic, S., García ‐ Pichel, F., Camoin, GF y Sprachta, S. (2003).

Caracterización de cianobacterias formadoras de microbialitas en una laguna tropical: Atolón Tikehau, Tuamotu, Polinesia Francesa. Revista de Phycology , 39 (5), 862-873. Cayo Highborne, Bahamas 10. Mobberley, JM, Ortega, MC y Foster, JS (2011). Análisis comparativo de diversidad microbiana de esteras trombolíticas marinas modernas mediante pirosecuenciación con código de barras. Pantanos de Islas Andros, Bahamas y Golfo de Spencer, Sur de Australia 11. Burne, RV y Moore, LS (1987). Microbialitas: depósitos organosedimentarios de comunidades microbianas bentónicas. PALAIOS, 2 (3), 241. doi: 10.2307 / 3514674 Sonda de Exuma, Bahamas: incluyendo cayos Schooner, Isla Lee Stocking, Isla Stocking,

Cayo Highborne y la Isla Darby

12. Dupraz, C., Reid, RP y Visscher, PT (2011). Microbialitas, moderno. Serie

Enciclopedia de Ciencias de la Tierra, 617–635. doi: 10.1007 / 978-1-4020-92121_195 Lago Thetis, Cerca de Cervantes, lakes on Rottnest Island 13. Reitner, J., Paul, J., Arp, G. y Hause-Reitner, D. (1996). Microbialitas del lago Thetis domal. Globale und regionale Steuerungsfaktoren biogener Sedimentación . Colombia 14. Becerra Real, L. M. (2016). Evaluación del perfil metabólico de un consorcio de cianobacterias bentónicas arrecifales del Caribe colombiano bajo condiciones cultivo. Posgrado Interfacultades en Microbiología. Varias islas en las Bahamas también tienen lagos hipersalinos con esteras microbianas y estromatolitos bien desarrollados, incluido el lago Storr en San Salvador. El lago de Storr alberga acumulaciones estromatolíticas y trombolíticas alternas 15. Mann and Hoffman, 1984; McNeese, 1988; Neumann et al., 1988; Mann and

Nelson, 1989; Pentecost, 1989; Zabielski, 1991. Lago Tethys, Australia Lago Richmond y diferentes lagos en Rottnest Island (Australia), 16. Dupraz, C., Reid, RP y Visscher, PT (2011). Microbialitas, moderno. Serie

Enciclopedia de Ciencias de la Tierra, 617–635. doi: 10.1007 / 978-1-4020-92121_195 Kelly and Pavillon lakes (British Columbia, Canada), Lakes on Bonaire Island,

Netherlands Antilles, Sur del Caribe, Lago Sarmiento (Patagonia, Chile), Poza Azul lake (Cuatro Cienegas, Mexico), Yellow Stone National Park (USA), (siliceas),

Green Lake (Fayetteville, New York, USA). Lago hipersalino Petukhovskoe Soda, Rusia 17. Samylina, OS y Zaytseva, LV (2019). Caracterización de los estromatolitos de dolomita modernos del lago hipersalino Petukhovskoe Soda, Rusia. Lethaia , 52 (1), 1-13. China 18. Fuxing, W., Jianhua, C., Lideng, J., Junfa, H. y Jifu, H. (1994). Cueva de estromatolitos en zona kárstica. Gu Sheng wu xue bao = Acta Palaeontologica

Sinica , 33 (2), 172-179. 19. Cao Jianhua Wang Fuxing He Shiyi Huang Junfa (Instituto de Geología Karst,

CAGS, Guilin, Guangxi); Efecto hidrológico y significado kárstico de los líquenes endolíticos en la superficie de las rocas carbonatadas en la reserva natural de

Longgang, Guangxi [J] ; 1995-04 20. Wen Zhi-Feng, Zhong Jian-Hua, Li Yong, Guo Ze-Qing, Gao Jian-Bo, Xu Xiao-Lin (Facultad de Geo-recursos e Información, Universidad del Petróleo (Este de

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China; 2004-03 21. Wang Fuxing Cao Jianhua Huang Junfa (Instituto de Geología Karst, Mgmr, Guilin 541004); Biokarst en zonas de crepúsculo de cuevas [j]; carsologica sinica; 199801 22. Ran Jingcheng Chen Huiming (La Administración De La Reserva Nacional De

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Carsologica sinica; 1998-03 Francia 24. Freytet, P. y Plet, A. (1996). Carbonatos microbianos de agua dulce modernos: los estromatolitos de Phormidium (toba-travertino) del sureste de Borgoña (Cuenca de París, Francia). Facies , 34 (1), 219. España 25. Santos, F., Pena, A., Nogales, B., Soria-Soria, E., del Cura, M. Á. G., González-

Martín, JA y Anton, J. (2010). Diversidad bacteriana en estromatolitos secos modernos de agua dulce del Parque Natural Ruidera Pools, España. Microbiología sistemática y aplicada , 33 (4), 209-221. África Oriental (Etiopia, Somalia, Kenia) 26. Casanova, J. (1986). Estromatolitos del Rift de África Oriental. Sociedad Geológica,

Londres, Publicaciones Especiales, 25 (1), 201–210. Laguna Mormona (Baja California. México) y Sahkha Gavish (Sinai) – Golfo de Elat –

Mar Rojo 27. Kazmierczak, J. y Krumbein, We (1983). Identificación de cianobacterias cocoides calcificadas que forman estromatolitos estromatoporoides. Lethaia , 16 (3), 207213. Monte Pieniny, Polonia 28. Szulc, J. y Smyk, B. (1994). Calcificación bacterianamente controlada de esquizotrix-estromatolitos de agua dulce: un ejemplo de Pieniny Mts, sur de

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