Manchester Historian Issue 14

M H

Issue 14: May 2014

Manchester Historian

Opulence on the Orient Express History in Features

In the eye of the beholder History Behind the Headlines

Issue 14: May 2014

What’s Inside HISTORY BEHIND THE HEADLINES 4...Lost 4...Death of a statesman 5...In the eye of the beholder 6...Where are you really from?

7...Everyday racism 8...Comedy of errors 8...Selfish charity 9...How Britain brought football to the world HISTORY YOU SHOULD KNOW 10...The Mayans 11...South African apatheid A YEAR IN PHOTOS 12...1984 HISTORY IN FEATURES: TRAVEL 14...Nothing great is ever easy 15...Opulence on the Orient Express 15...Pilgrims’ progress 16...Seeing what a man should see 17...Planes, trains and automobiles 18...When people take flight 19...Itchy feet: travel films UNDISCOVERED HEROES OF HISTORY 20...Flora Trsitan HISTORY IN MANCHESTER 21...Bed to bookshelves: recent discoveries at Chethams 22...The Haçienda story 22...MHF film review: City Speaks HISTORY UPDATE 23...History Society farewell 23...Celebrations and congratulations at the History Society Awards 24...Manchester Historian 2014-15

Page 2

Check out our YouTube channel for extra content.

Editors

Charlotte Johnson Alice Rigby

Head of Layout Head of Copy-Editing Head of Marketing Head of Online Web Editor

Caroline Hailstone Kieran Smith Michael Cass Cai Reach Jennifer Ho

Layout Team

Keir Forde Imogen Gordon Clark

Copy-Editing Team

Alexander Larkinson Hebe Thorne Vidhur Prashar Jacob Taylor

Marketing Team

Amelia Fletcher-Jones Caroline Bishop Rebecca Hennel-Smith Sarah King

Online Team

Sarah Long

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

A Note from the Editors As you sit at a desk trying to recall a mountain of information learnt in three hours each week for the last few months, it’s tempting to dream about pastures sunny. In this issue, we’ve provided you with the perfect fodder for those forgetful exam moments, though we’d recommend saving it for after you’ve walked out of the exam hall. Plus the Manchester Historian might be considered contraband. It’s summer, which means you’ll spend the next few months travelling or wishing you were.

Our articles cover travel in all its forms, from the medieval to the very modern. We’ve explored the precursor to modern travel, pilgrimage, and travel undertaken for reasons of necessity rather than pleasure by migrants throughout history. Technology has changed the face of travel and our article on the transition from horse to horsepower charts this with fascinating insight.

The allure of travelling to foreign lands means that cultures and legends have sprung up around particularly prominent journeys, with our articles on the jet set and the Orient Express exploring just two of these. While many of us seek to actively avoid stress on holiday, a virulent industry for extreme travel exists today with surprising historical routes.

We have also included the regular sections that we hope have become familiar to you over the last five issues. While you may be wishing that the apocalypse had actually come in 2012 as you virtually live in Ali G, we’ve provided you with a helpful History You Should Know on the Mayans to keep you sane instead. Although we all know Mandela’s role in the story of apartheid, our knowledge of the events themselves can be a little rusty and so our second History You Should Know is a useful reminder. Our Undiscovered Hero, meanwhile, is Flora Tristan who alongside being a socialist writer and thinker also pioneered travel writing. Within Manchester’s history we’ve gone between two extremes, charting both high culture at Chetham’s and the more popular end of the spectrum with the Haçienda.

As ever, we’ve also looked at the history behind some of the headlines that have dominated the press in the last few months. From missing planes, to prominent deaths and the definition of fat and thin, our writers have examined a plethora of histories to help form a picture of our world today. You can form a literal picture of the year 1984 by looking at our Year In Photos.

With the end of exams also comes the end of an academic year and, for us, the end of our degrees. Though we’d like to cling on, this is our final issue as editors of the Historian. We hope you’ve enjoyed reading our six issues as much as we’ve enjoyed creating them. Thanks must go to all of our editorial teams, contributors and helpers within the department.

A special mention should go to Sasha Handley, who has provided immeasurable assistance to us throughout the year and keeps the Manchester Historian ticking over behind the scenes. Best of luck to Xan and Zoey who will be taking over the editorial mantle next year.

Thank you for reading and supporting the Manchester Historian throughout this academic year and enjoy Issue 14, Alice and Charlotte

@TheMcrHistorian

Page 3

History Behind the Headlines

Lost

Stephen Wears Over the Gulf of Thailand Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 disappeared from radar screens and sparked what has become one of the most baffling episodes in aviation history. For nearly fifty days an international search team led by Australia has followed lead after lead and are yet to find any evidence of the crash site currently believed to be in the Indian Ocean, a thousand miles west of Perth.

The fate of this airliner has rekindled memories of other mysterious disappearances of aircraft which have occurred during the first century of powered flight.

One of the most famous disappearances is that of Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan as they attempted to circumnavigate the globe in their Lockheed Electra aircraft built specifically for the trip. It is supposed that Earhart ran out of fuel after failing to locate a refuelling station on the remote Howland Island. While this appears to be the most plausible explanation for the disappearance there have been numerous unsubstantiated theories including that Earhart was shot down by the Japanese air force while on a reconnaissance mission aimed at revealing the positions of Japanese forces in the Pacific. The 1937 flight occurred at a time when Japan was beginning to expand its empire and amid heightened international tension in the prelude to the Second World War. It has been posited that Earhart was one of many women who served as Tokyo Rose broadcasting propaganda against the Japanese empire. The myths and legends surrounding the disappearance of Amelia Earhart continues to fascinate and inspire to this day with a memorial flight planned to take place during the summer of 2014.

people, aircrafts and ships have occurred around the Bermuda Triangle. Commonly held to consist of a triangular area of the Atlantic Ocean with points touching Bermuda, Florida and Puerto Rico, definitions of the area are contested. This means that some events attributed to the phenomenon may actually have taken place outside the region. Several ships have been discovered adrift in the area with no known explanation as to the whereabouts of their crew, other ships including a US Navy vessel, USS Cyclops, Amelia Earhart with her plane, Electra have sunk without trace. in 1937. Smithsonian Institution via Gannett

Aircrafts have not escaped mysterious fate; a US Air force training mission known as Flight 19 went missing as well as a rescue flight sent to locate the team. Theories explaining these losses range from the plausible navigational error and extreme weather events to the considerably less credible extra-terrestrial involvement and the influence of technology from the lost city of Atlantis. As with the legend of Amelia Earhart, the Bermuda Triangle will continue to Perhaps the most mysterious legends surrounding disappearing inspire theories based in both science and pseudoscience.

Death of a statesman Stephen Fulham After the sad loss of Tony Benn last month, the media-led marking of his passing once again demonstrated the political dimensions of remembrance. Given the extent of media bias, this process is unique in its treatment of leaders from the left of the political spectrum.

a marked contrast when it comes to leaders from the right of the political spectrum. Thatcher stands out as being remembered for her policies, to the extent that many working class In an interview with The Telegraph, Benn described this process of the communities showed significant sentimentalisation of himself as a national treasure, through which he vitriolic distain for said ideas after would be transformed into ‘a kindly, harmless old gentleman’, as ‘the her passing. worst corruption’ a political career can suffer. He was at least partially a victim of this, painted by some as an irrelevance to contemporary This perhaps also reflects in part on Tony Benn at a Labour Party Conference in Brighton, October British politics, just a pipe and a cuppa, rather than a continual plague the mediatised dichotomy of living 1971. Popperfoto/Getty to the establishment. statesmen and women as being either personality or politics and thus This too, was present last year following the passing of Nelson style or substance. This form of politics has been prevalent since the Mandela; a truly revolutionary leader of the struggle against the advent of TV during the Wilson administration and has been further injustice of Apartheid, selectively reduced in some media circles to a amplified in our digital age. relic of history, little more than his characteristically garish shirts.

The ideas and values of stalwarts of the left are often deliberately The strategically engineered personas of our time are testament to absent from the coverage offered by elements of the press in a manner this. Boris Johnson and Nigel Farage are, despite being anything but, complicit with a re-writing of history. characterised as non-establishment figures by virtue of their hairstyle, demeanor, or pint and thus have their political persuasions shielded This was demonstrated best by Fox News’ Bill O’Reilly, while from many. This has undoubtedly had the effect of rendering statesman interviewing Rick Santorum on air when the news of Mandela’s death and women as objects of history, remembered as distinct from the broke. His confusion was evident as he seemingly struggled to reconcile politics which defined them and the contexts which shaped their careers the apparently oxymoronic terms ‘good man’ and ‘Communist’.There is in governance.

Page 4

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

In the eye of the beholder Laura Robinson ‘obesity epidemic’ is thrown around by politicians and doctors alike, and one only needs to turn on the television in order to find multiple documentaries encouraging the obese to shed pounds.

Interestingly, looking at art from the Renaissance period makes it clear that larger bodies were favoured at the time. This was due to the cultural assumption that those with larger bodies had significant financial success and therefore were portrayed as being desirable or having qualities which were enviable. For example, many medieval religious paintings depicted angels as obese, as is Jesus in some works where he is portrayed as a child, most notably the oil painting Madonna with the Christ Child and St John the Baptist by Lorenzo di Credi. It may also be that paintings of notable figures of the time, such as General Alessandro del Borro, used obesity as a way to portray the immense power of these individuals. This is reminiscent of the classic image of Henry VIII in which his staggering size is clearly Everyone is familiar with the image of King Henry VIII in his later years; translated to the viewer. having been a lean, athletic man in his youth, by the time of his death his weight had reached staggering proportions. In the days before his Throughout history it is possible to see changing attitudes to obesity death in 1547 he has been described as being ‘hideously obese’ by the and obese people, often associated with class and financial status. This historian Robert Hutchinson, a far cry from the handsome Renaissance explains why obesity was more likely to be praised in medieval and Renaissance art, as it was a symbol of wealth and power, as can be Prince who ascended to the English throne in 1509. seen in the case of Henry VIII. However, nowadays obesity is more It must be remembered, however, that Henry was not entirely to blame likely to be linked to poverty and poor characteristics and thus this for the drastic change in his physical appearance. A particularly nasty may explain why obese people are treated harshly and unfairly in the jousting accident in 1536 left him unable to continue his previous level of modern Western world. exercise due to the reopening of an old wound in his leg which thereafter required almost constant draining. Having already been reported to be getting quite large prior to the accident, it is clear that the fall from his horse put the nail in the coffin of his sporting lifestyle. Unfortunately, Henry did not adjust his eating habits accordingly, resulting in him reportedly weighing in at 28 stone by the time of his death.

Henry VIII. Corbis

Such gluttony is nowadays associated with laziness and a lower socioeconomic background; therefore there is clearly a class dynamic when it comes to obesity and perceptions of obese people. Studies from the US have shown that obesity was seven times more frequent among women of a lower socioeconomic class than women of a higher class. This could be attributed to the generally higher price of healthy, organic foods as opposed to fast food chains which offer a much cheaper, unhealthy and fattening alternative. Also of note is the fact that 24% of all dieters in the US come from only 11% of the country’s entire population – the upper-middle and upper classes. It may be reasonable to assume that this is because they are more likely to be able to afford the foods that make their diets possible.

‘Massive obesity’, as it has been termed, is not a condition exclusive to the past fifty years, or even the past five hundred years. The state of obesity has been described in ancient Greece as well, but unlike nowadays obesity in those times was associated with wealth and power rather than a reduced income, as it allowed those in that position the means to afford rich foods. One such example is that of Dionysius of Heraclea of the 4th century B.C. who was said to have become very fat through gluttony and extravagance, much like Henry VIII. What is similar between ancient Greek times and the modern world is that, sadly, massive obesity was viewed with contempt and Dionysius himself was said to have been markedly ashamed of his condition.

It is sadly true that obese people in modern Western societies are Madonna with the Christ Child and St John the Baptist by Lorenzo di treated harshly and subjected to social stigma and cruelty. The term Credi. Wikimedia Commons @TheMcrHistorian

Page 5

History Behind the Headlines

Where are you really from?

Ata Rahram Even if your own family history doesn’t span across more than one nationality, there’s bound to be a degree of cultural difference present in your family that’s been the hotspot of some tension at a gathering.

Whether it’s Gran confessing to you that she never wanted your Mum to marry to your Dad because his family wasn’t good enough for her after a few gins at a wedding, or the first of your cousins to announce they’re marrying outside of the homogeneous racial lines that exist within your family, these actions can have considerable impact on how you view your identity.

Admittedly, when you come from a family that gives you what I call the ‘internal culture conflict’ (that of being born into a culture while being raised in a different one), viewing your identity within your family and their ancestry becomes more pronounced. My situation is perhaps slightly more complex, I was raised by Pakistani parents in the UK, by a father who did all he could to protect me from what he refers to as the dangers of Western culture, which I now consider the best bits of living in Britain and a mother who used to take me to Devon, Cornwall and the Isle of Wight for summer holidays. Though the religious barrier was still there with my Mum (I was raised to be a strict Muslim which I have now denounced), I essentially had one parent raising me as a foreigner and one as a local. My entire life has been in the UK, I’ve been to Pakistan 4 times and only one of those was when I was of an age when I could commit it to living memory.

where two of her children ended up going to University, she found herself developing what she calls not her second home, but one of her two homes. My Gran loved her life in the UK and when I was younger would always tell me stories about going to the theatre with her husband in Covent Garden and shopping for fabric at Liberty so she could sew and knit. Partially through her husband’s career and through many Pakistani people she connected with in the UK, her Pakistani identity, conflicted as it may have been, never left her, however she was able to form her own new British identity and find her own community and home.

Reflecting on where her true home lies now, she still feels a part of both nations are within her. This is beyond simply enjoying taking the tube when she visits London or my Uncle’s house in Lahore that she lives in, but both cultures have had considerable influences on the way she views the world. Though it could be argued that the Britain she came from is not the one of today, the Pakistan she returned to was certainly not the one she grew up in. My Gran says that if a stranger met her on the street, she would call herself Pakistani, but perhaps only as not to confuse ethnic guidelines or to state where her current long term residence is. If she was asked to explain her identity and nationality, it is a myriad of both nations, but through many conversations I have had with her in the past, defining yourself as one or the other is necessary in many situations. A small part of her still feels connected to the British India she grew up in, but the I don’t feel any connection to the country – I may have family that live pressures from Pakistanis in the UK would not allow her to even there, but asides from an incredibly fond love of the food (nothing express this feeling of identity. will make me feel more at home than fresh naan and chappali kebabs), I am a Brit through and through. During my time at The When I compare what my Gran has been through to me, my main Manchester Historian while running the Our Histories project, I did thought was I should stop complaining as I was only raised in two some investigation into my only living grandparent’s history (my cultures and two nationalities and I have grown up in a time within Mum’s Mum). We’ve always spoken about her life, which has been a society which is relatively free of ‘identity pressures’. Though amazing, she’s lived in over 10 countries and she grew up in what members of my family actively express their dislike for my full became Pakistan near the Pakistan-India border, witnessing all the adoption of British culture, it is throughout my life where I have horrific events of Partition. I suddenly realised having grown up in always felt like I belong and where I feel safest. This is not to say I one country, then not moving but living in another and then spending completely ignore my Pakistani heritage, I just express and explore about 30 years living in London to then return to Pakistan on an the parts I feel connected to and accept. My Gran however, didn’t increasingly more full time basis must have made her question her have much of a choice wherever she went. In Pakistan it became identity quite a lot. no longer acceptable to Indian or British Indian. In Britain, it wasn’t acceptable for her to be British until much later in her stay. In Pakistan Big thanks to my cousin in Pakistan who took down all my questions now, she cannot be anything other than a Pakistani. I get so angry and interviewed my Gran for me. Naturally as you can imagine, the whenever I express my nationality or home as Britain or London and feeling at the time of Partition was one of great instability or insecurity. then get the follow up question, ‘no, tell me where you’re really from’.

My Gran was only 15 at the time, but the changes she witnessed At least though, I have always had a stable idea of where I know I’m she has held with her forever. Though her family remained safe, from and where I belong. My Gran has not yet been afforded such violence was widespread. One of the hardest things she recounts luxuries and unfortunately in her home in Pakistan, she is unlikely from this time is losing all her Hindu and Sikh friends from school ever to do so. after where she lived became Pakistan and no longer India; most of these people she never heard from again. She describes the identity The real historical message I would take away from here is that transition as being confusing – she was suddenly no longer Indian, notions of identity have lost certain dimensions (despite taking on but due to the tensions between the nations and post-partition India many others) as movement between peoples becomes increasingly being India and not ‘British India’ as she had grown up in, her old common. Though we may be aware that the freedom to express nationality no longer truly existed. one’s individual identity and/or nationality is a recent phenomenon restricted to certain parts of the globe, what we often fail to ignore is Growing up and marrying a Pakistani diplomat, she has said for a the complexities of identity struggles of those from the past. In my large part of her life, she has felt like a Pakistani having had to act as Gran’s case, the story of the individual plays out very differently to a cultural ambassador of sorts in all corners of the world. She says the unification of Muslims and of Hindus that shaped the geography that though she had cultural similarities to Indians, particularly those of present-day South Asia. Perhaps if we examined identity struggles of the same ethnic group, she doesn’t feel she could ever be Indian within the context of nationality and home in past societies, we may because of the politics that have shaped events in the subcontinent. have a better understanding of why today’s identity struggles have Upon arriving in the UK in 1977, where she spent over 30 years and taken the forms on that they have developed.

Page 6

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

Everyday racism Helen Chapman Recently, the ‘I, too, am’ photo campaign against racial prejudice on university campuses has swept the country. Originating at Harvard University, it sparked further campaigns in Oxford and Cambridge where students of ethnic minorities write down everyday racist comments they have experienced at university. These comments may be perceived as innocent and harmless, but in a wider context of the marginalisation of ethnic minorities in society the realities are much harsher. The campaigns of Harvard, Oxford and Cambridge show how everyday racism affects students even in highly educated spheres and has been successful in sparking interest and awareness of racial prejudice, exemplifying the power of art and visual communication.

Moreover, the campaign illuminates how racial prejudice is far from a thing of the past.

Racial prejudice can be traced back to Britain’s colonial era.

British imperialism was based on the idea of the ‘white man’s burden’ where Europeans believed it was their moral duty to educate natives of the colonies, and used this to justify the domination of their countries.

This ideology was carried out through the ‘othering’ process of the colonised subjects who were portrayed as primitive, backward and savage; also validating slavery. Ideas like these were spread through popular culture and imprinted in everyday imagery as seen with the ‘Pears’ Soap’ advertisement from 1899, claiming to be ‘a authentichistory.com potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilisation advances’. This shows how everyday imagery was a powerful force in spreading ideas of everyday racism.

Anti-Irish sentiment in Britain can be traced back to the Middle Ages when Pope Alexander III gave Henry II of England permission to invade Ireland on the basis of it being a ‘barbarous nation’ with ‘filthy practices’.

In the early modern period following the advent of Protestantism in Great Britain, the Irish people suffered both social and political discrimination for refusing to renounce Catholicism. Following the Potato Famine many Irish people moved to Liverpool where Anti-Irish prejudice was widespread. This led to Anti-Irish stereotyping in Victorian Britain, such as the view that the Irish were alcoholics. Throughout Britain, newspaper illustrations and hand drawings depicted a prehistoric apelike image of Irish faces to reinforce evolutionary racist claims that the Irish people were an inferior race. This can be seen in the 19th century example of cartoons from the British Victorian magazine ‘Punch’.

Racial prejudice is arguably also present in the UK’s police force, showing institutional racism which invades and damages society.

Stephen Lawrence was killed in 1993 in a racially motivated attack by a gang of white youths. Furthermore, the police were later investigated for trying to avoid further probing into the racial motivation behind the attack. Racial prejudice here can be seen to lead to fatal consequences, and be ingrained into society’s institutions which hinder justice, exemplifying the danger behind everyday racism. @TheMcrHistorian

The period of decolonisation in post war Britain led to a massive influx of immigrants from the British colonies in the Caribbean, Africa and India. This fuelled fresh racial prejudice in Great Britain due to the changing dynamics of the country. The racial tensions were exemplified by the 1958 Notting Hill race riots.

In 1959 there was also the murder of Kelso Cochrane in North London, an Antiguan immigrant to Britain who was killed by a group of Punch white youths.

However, from 1959, activist Claudia Jones organised events to celebrate Caribbean culture “in the face of the hate from the white racists”. This led to establishment of the Notting Hill Carnival which first took place in 1964. The carnival now takes place annually and is one of the largest street parties in Europe, attracting around one million people in the past years. Claudia Jones’ artistic initiative has managed to raise awareness and celebrate racial diversity in Britain thus making it a successful counterbalance to Notting Hill Carnival existing everyday racism in Britain.

Today, we see the ‘I, am, too’ photo campaign have national impact on how students face racial prejudice. It is seen that everyday comments, which may seem innocent, add to a wider perspective of racial prejudice which has been inherent in Britain for as long as history can date. The impact of art and design was used in the Victorian era to promote racial prejudice, but recently, we have seen artistic outputs used to counter racial prejudice. Imagery has a strong impact on the way we see and think a b o u t things, w h i c h is why we need to keep producing positive imagery to make r a c i a l prejudice history. itooamoxford.tumblr

Page 7

History Behind the Headlines

Comedy of errors Jamie Brannan

Censorship, the act of supressing public communication considered harmful towards others or the state, has long been used as a means of ensuring that the masses remain loyal to the ruling elites by filtering out any messages or vehicles of speech which may provide a platform for their opposition. Although censorship can be used to protect groups of people, such as through the censoring of expletives throughout the media during pre-watershed hours, the majority of such censorship over the course of history has been seen to drift towards the former usage in controlling the messages which may pose harm towards the state, as seen through the burning of books in Nazi Germany, the banning of theatres during Puritan rule, and the recent ban on Twitter and YouTube in Turkey.

AFP

a prominent part of society due to his beliefs that one should have a pure soul, and his regime saw the outlawing of a wide variety of life’s pleasures including most sports, swearing, theatre and even the festivities of Christmas. In this instance censorship is seen to be acted upon to both reinforce Cromwell’s religious beliefs and to protect the state from any messages of opposition which could be spread through such platforms as the theatre.

Meanwhile, the actions of the Nazi regime on May 10, 1933 – when they burned upwards of 20,000 ‘Un-German’ books such as Jewish and American novels shows a form of censorship where the state acted to protect their ideologies by eradicating opposing ones: an important factor that, alongside strategies like propaganda, was During the period significant to the success of the Third Reich. of 1653-1658, Oliver Cromwell, More recently, the last few months have seen the move by Turkey to a highly religious block the social media websites YouTube and Twitter amid fears that ‘Puritan’, became they pose a national security risk to the country after a confidential the effective ruler of high-level security meeting was allegedly recorded and leaked onto England following YouTube. This illustrates how censorship is still as prominent as his orchestration ever in aiding the state in moderating threats towards them and of the execution of their people. However it is unclear whether this incident is a mask Charles I in 1649. for the banning of such social media sites to generally block such Throughout his rule potential platforms of opposition to the state, thus possibly echoing censorship became the regimes of Cromwell and The Nazis.

Selfish charity James Green The inner moral dialogue that accompanies charitable giving evokes a curious phenomenon, a kind of guilt-laden altruism that plagues the comfortable pockets of the West. It is no secret that good deeds make you feel good. An inescapable warmth seemingly emanates from philanthropy like some unavoidable moral hangover.

denouncing what he saw as the sale and purchase of salvation.

The Catholic Church, with all its power and influence, definitively reinforced the idea that charity was predominantly related to, and held consequences for, the giver just as much as the receiver.

Four centuries later, the Liberal welfare reforms (1906-1914) ignited the issue of charity versus self-help in Victorian consciousness.

Social investigations by both Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree challenged the Victorian maxim of ‘pulling yourself up by the bootstraps’ by discovering the true severity of poverty in England.

As a result of these changing perceptions, clashes between the state and the church were aggravated. Christian individuals and charities believed it was their duty before God to help the needy and thus constituted a significant affirmation towards being accepted into the kingdom of heaven. As has been argued by historians, in The notion of selfish charity, the idea that helping those less fortunate assuming these duties, the state was essentially undermining the can benefit the donor, has been highlighted throughout British self-interested desire of Christians to fulfil their obligations. history. The Protestant Reformation at the beginning of the 16th Century and the Liberal Reforms at the dawn of the 20th Century These cases all call into question the motives behind giving. Should are pertinent examples. The late medieval abuses of Catholic selfishly motivated charity be considered charity at all? Does feeling indulgences allowed for good deeds, including charitable donations, contented devalue the selfless nature of giving? Does donating to be used as remuneration for punishment due to sin. The marketing anonymously circumvent the problem? Though perhaps the easy of generous donations by the Catholic Church became increasingly way out, the utilitarian approach of simply saying ‘so what?’ holds a aggressive; in 1517 Pope Leo X offered indulgences for those certain appeal. So what if people are motivated on a personal level who contributed to the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. to give to charity? After all, a philosophical case can be made for Johnathon Tetzel, a Roman Catholic friar and preacher, promoted personal motivations stimulating every decision made by humans. the now infamous verse, ‘As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul At the end of the day it is a win-win situation. Help others, feel good, from purgatory springs.’ These abuses are what influenced Martin donate when you can and ignore the naysayers, because only in Luther to condemn the Catholic Church in his Ninety-Five Thesis, absence of ego can you not reap rewards of charitable giving.

Yet a quick Internet search underscores the self-aggrandising process that is connected to giving, with titles of articles such as: ‘Charity is Selfish’ and ‘The Selfish Reasons Behind Why We Give.’

These articles clamour for a departure from the contented rut of donating generously and feeling gratified because of it. The only problem is that this is not some post-modern anxiety that has etched its way into the sophisticated digital-age psyche. Alas, once again history reminds us that there is nothing truly new under the sun.

Page 8

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

How Britain brought football to the world Joshua Flew With this year’s World Cup in Brazil less than a month away the chances of England adding to their sole victory in 1966 are slim for even the most optimistic fan. On the other hand, Brazil and Argentina are considered favorites and between them they have won 7 out 19 previous tournaments, with fellow South American Uruguay taking the continent’s total to 9. How then did a game, whose origins are quintessentially British since the Football Association was established in a pub, become dominated by a continent over 5000 miles away?

The answer can be found in the massive expat British communities south of the Rio Grande that moved there during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Whilst cricket was spread primarily by soldiers, administrators and settlers of British colonies, association football was the game of the managers, engineers and teachers of new industrial communities. This is reflected in Europe as the ports, coalfields and textile factories of North West England, the Ruhr and Northern Italy remain home to some of the most successful clubs in the world. However, South America, the ‘informal empire’, saw the most fervent adoption of our national game through the pioneering Pele during a game against Malmö FF in 1960, Brazil won 7-1. Wikimedia businessmen of the past.

Commons

In fact the spread of football in Brazil can primarily be attributed to one man, Charles William Miller. Born in São Paulo to a Brazilian mother and British father, he returned from an English education in 1884 equipped with two footballs and a copy of the Hampshire FA rulebook. He organised the first known match in São Paulo between the railwaymen and gasmen, established its first ever football club, São Paulo Athletic, and help set up the first league in 1902. The sport spread like wildfire among the Brazilian elite due to its social cachet with the British, and big matches become important events on the society calendar. Furthermore, its simple, cheap and exciting

nature meant the working classes, looking to imitate the upper echelons of society, easily adopted it and so it became the game of the masses within a decade. Brazil soon considered itself O País do Futebol or ‘the country of football’.

Similarly, Argentina has its own ‘father of football’, Alexander Watson Hutton, a teacher from Glasgow. He established and was the first president of the Argentine Association Football League in 1893, a competition which is effectively still in existence today. Alumni Athletic Club initially dominated the league, made up entirely of former pupils from Watson’s school; the team’s stated aim was to ‘play well, without passion’, and maintain the British stiff upper lip. Soon genuinely indigenous clubs began to spring up: River Plate in 1901 with Independiente, and Boca Juniors joining them in 1905. The clubs played regular exhibition matches against touring clubs from England generating massive excitement from the locals. Sam Allen, manager of the 1910 touring side Swindon Town, described how ‘everywhere one sees the hold it [football] has taken on the people, boys on the street, on the seashore, down alleys, soldiers in the barrack grounds all have the fever!’

The Alumni Athletic Club in 1910, Alexander Watson Hutton top centre, Wikimedia Commons

@TheMcrHistorian

Soon these fledgling clubs forged their own style, skills and passion, allowing for individuals with flair to shine rather than the team as a single unit. It has even been argued that this style of play is derived from Samba and Tango dance techniques, and has created some of the greatest players the world has ever seen, including Alfredo Di Stéfano, Maradona and Pele, alongside their modern day equivalents Lionel Messi, Neymar Jr. and Martin Demichelis. So while the world’s most popular sport was invented in England, it’s the 2014 World Cup in Brazil that sees football truly ‘coming home’.

Page 9

History You Should Know

The Mayans Sophie Brownlee

The Mayan civilisation lasted an extraordinarily long time from 2600 BC to the end of the seventeenth century; today, their descendants still live in Central America with millions of people still speaking Mayan languages. The merging of pre-Columbian and post-Conquest ideas and cultures from the sixteenth century colonisation of the Americas by the Spanish resulted in a unique set of traditions and beliefs.

script, we know that they were one of the few civilisations where artists labelled their work. The script had more than 1,000 glyphs and could be as old as 400 BC. It was most likely lost within a few generations of the Spanish conquest. Texts existed on paper made from tree-bark as well as on limestone and ceramic pottery and were written using quills in black and red ink. Evidence of a belief in the afterlife exists in writing on funeral pottery.

The Mayans occupied what is today southern Mexico and Central America. Historians cite their establishment around 2600 BC with clay figurines being the earliest evidence of small communities. The Mayans were not alone in their early existence; other civilisations included the Olmec culture and Zapotec-speaking peoples and it is possible that there was great cross-cultural exchange in terms of hieroglyphics, the earliest of which date back to 250 BC.

Much of Maya religion is not yet understood but they believed in an underworld, Earth and heavens. Human sacrifice was practiced to a certain extent and religious ceremonies were enacted only when symbols from the heavens were promising. There were gods of death, sun and sky as well as many supernatural characters and unattached gods, such as the ‘aged’ god, Itzamma. The important thing to remember is that the religion was based on cycles, not permanence; therefore ‘good’ traits were not always considered Up to AD 900, an agriculturally intensive and urban-centered admirable. civilisation developed. Small kingdoms sprang up, complete with temples and palaces, accommodating a total of millions of people. What is clear is that the Maya were a complex and incredibly Power appears to have moved with the economy, focusing on trade advanced civilisation, even by the 16th century. After this, the or commercial centres. Long-distance trade took place with the Mayan civilisation continued to develop, though thanks to the lack other aforementioned Mesoamerican cultures, trading cacao, jade of interest the Spanish showed in preserving traditional Mayan and salt, as well as with other, more alien groups in the Caribbean. culture, much of what was unique to the Mayas was lost. Despite this, a more fusion-style culture developed and is still passed Some cities began to be abandoned as early as the 9th century, on between people today, who are Maya by both language and possibly due to factors such as trade collapse, droughts caused by descent. climate change, and the exhaustion of agricultural potential. In the north, the civilisation continued to flourish but it is believed that groups split into competing city-states. Typical polities included a city and several lesser towns ruled by a hereditary ruler (ajaw). Cave sites, some of which are used by modern Maya today, were as important as the stepped pyramids and temples. The rebuilding of these sites was common by rulers though city planning seems minimal if not non-existent. Open public plazas were the focus of urban design, surrounded by the principal governmental and religious buildings. Careful attention was paid to the directional orientation of temples, while individual shrines and common housing made up the outer spheres of the cities. Orientation was due to the Mayan interest in astronomy, especially the moon and Venus. Stone was used from local quarries, often limestone, while houses were usually wood and thatch. Cities could be linked so closely to the royal household that the fall of the royal court, as at Piedras or Copan, could see the settlement collapse.

When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century the lack of a single political centre caused the conquistadors to take up to 170 years to gain full control. Though the invaders were attracted by the supposed material and mineral wealth of Mayan lands, the cultural life was far richer, not quite representative of the ‘savages’ the Europeans spoke of. Art began in stone reliefs and coloured murals often depicting the human form. Ceramics and clay figurines followed Human sacrifice portrayed in the Codex Magliabechian. Wikimedia Commons Mayans to their graves and, thanks to the Maya

Page 10

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

South African apartheid Xan Atkins reaction if they were executed instead sentenced them to life in prison.

However, another movement had begun, based within the younger and more radical generation, which became known as the Black Consciousness Movement. This movement grew in the late 1960s and 1970s, thanks to its charismatic leader Steve Biko, whose ideas of Black Pride and a non-violent opposition to Apartheid were at its core. Alongside this, other movements such as Black Trade Unions, also helped spread the fight against Apartheid.

Mass protests would turn violent as the government, now under the leadership of PW Botha, violently repressed the movements, as seen by events such as on June 16th 1976 when 20000 students The aftermath of the Sharpeville Massacre. Wikimedia Commons protesting in the township of Soweto were attacked by police leading to hundreds of deaths. This was followed by the arrest and death of On the 27th April, 1994, non-white South Africans cast a vote for the Steve Biko in 1977, murdered by the police. first time ever to determine the first post-apartheid president. Before this, they had endured 46 years of one of the most extreme systems The situation could no longer be ignored by the outside world and of racial segregation of the 20th century. protests took place in numerous countries leading to international sanctions and trade embargoes, not helped by Britain and the USA In 1948, the Herenigde Nasionale Party, an Afrikaans political party whose Cold War policy was in favour of a capitalist South Africa with were victorious in the national elections, with their lead policy of vast resources.

Apartheid (Afrikaans word for ‘apartness’). After evolving into the National Party, their leader D.F. Malan became the first prime Throughout the 1980s the situation grew direr as townships erupted minister in the new Apartheid system. This policy proposed that all and battles between protesters and police took place leading to the different races in South Africa had to live separately. the declaration of a National Emergency. All of this culminated in the 1989 elections which saw FW De Klerk become president and Soon laws were being passed that enforced Apartheid, such as the begin paving the way for the dismantling of Apartheid. The ban Registration Act where all people had to register with their ethnic on the ANC was lifted and dozens of its members were released origin. Other segregation laws followed: the Mixed Marriages Act from prison, including, after 27 years, Nelson Mandela. A series of and the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act which paved the negotiations took place between the NP and the ANC building up way for segregated beaches, toilets, parks and other public areas. towards the 1994 elections and the vote for Mandela.

Understandably, it was not long until some kind of resistance emerged. This came in the form of a black political organization known as the African National Congress (ANC) which believed that the overthrowal of Apartheid could be achieved through mass action such as strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience. Behind these resistance ideas were three men whose actions in the next few decades placed them in history. They were Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela.

This year marks the 20th anniversary since the 1994 elections and, as South Africa stands on the eve of another presidential vote, it looks back through decades of violence and remembers the sacrifice of those who helped it overcome oppression and racism.

Over the next ten years, the defiance campaign continued; thousands were arrested but even more swelled the ranks of the ANC. In 1959, disenchanted with the ANC, a group of radicals formed the Pan-African Congress (PAC) and began coordinating nationwide strikes. This climaxed on 21st March 1960 when between 5000 and 20000 protesters gathered outside the police station in the small town of Sharpeville, to protest against the Pass Law, a law stating that all Black people had to carry a pass that restricted them to certain areas. Three hundred police officers watched the crowd nervously until panic set in and they opened fire killing 69 people.

This incident sparked an international outcry against South Africa as the government consequently, issued a ban on the PAC and ANC. These bans took the movements underground and and they began a militant campaign, of which Mandela was an integral part, leading the ANC’s guerrilla wing known as Umkhonto We Sizwe. Eventually, in 1963, ten members of the ANC were arrested, including Mandela, and were tried for treason. The government, aware of the national Steve Biko. www.mg.co.za @TheMcrHistorian

Page 11

The world learns from BBC News television reports presented by Michael Buerk of the famine in Ethiopia, where thousands of people have already died of starvation due to a famine, and as many as 10,000,000 more lives are at risk. His reporting inspired the Band Aid charity record and subsequently, the Live Aid concert. Wikimedia Commons

Charlotte Johnson

1984 a year in photos

Indira Gandhi, the 3rd Prime Minister of India, was assassinated on 31 October at her home in New Delhi by two of her bodyguards in the aftermath of Operation Blue Star. Wikimedia Commons

Operation Blue Star: the Indian army assaulted the Golden Temple in Amritsar which left the temple heavily damaged. Sikh Times

Page 12

A miners’ strike picket in South Yorkshire. Wikimedia Commons

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Brunei becomes a fully independent state. Wikimedia Commons

The AIDS-virus is identified at the Pasteur Institute by isolating a virus from the swollen lymph gland of an AIDS patient. Wikimedia Commons

Apple’s ‘1984’ television ad, set in a dystopian future modelled after the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, set the tone for the introduction of the Macintosh personal computer. Wikimedia Commons

Speed-skatering Gaétan Boucher won three medals at the Winter Olympics hosted by Sarajevo, then in Yugoslavia. Wikimedia Commons

Joan Benoit, had a stunning victory at the first women’s Olympic marathon, in Los Angeles. Wikimedia Commons

@TheMcrHistorian

Page 13

History in Features

Nothing great is ever easy Lloyd Hammett

For some people the feeling of success can only be achieved after completing a monumental and grueling task, the ecstasy is sweeter when the aim is that much harder. How else can you explain the agony extreme travellers go through if not in terms of the self-fulfillment they must feel on completion of their dreams?

‘I like the freedom inherent in being on my own, and I like the growth and learning processes that develop from taking chances.’ That is a quote from the bestselling book Tracks by Robyn Davidson, the woman who decided to trek across 1700 miles of Australian outback with just four camels and her dog, Diggity. Davidson only decided to make it public with a book In 1875 Matthew Webb became the first man to swim the English when she realised she would need Channel without the use of artificial aids. The precedent was set, and challengers would continue to repeat this feat, even though funding for her preparation. The dream was a completely they could no longer be the first. The bar was duly raised in 1961 individual one, not driven by competition like the others. when Antonio Abertondo swam it twice, and again in 1981 when Davidson wanted to be closer to the desert; she wanted to bare Jon Erikson swam it three times. Everyone that put themselves the hardships and she wanted to do something extraordinary through those trials wanted to overcome their predecessors: that she could live her life by. It was a 195 days trek in searing it was the competition that made them strive for better. The heat until the next time she saw open water in the Indian Ocean, channel straight-line distance is twenty-two and a half miles, an an unbearable task for most, an intense solitude, but the reward imposing distance. Yet even this pales in comparison to the one of discovery outweighed it all. hundred and ten mile gap from Cuba to Florida that Diana Nyad swam.

There is a memorial in Dawley dedicated to Matthew Webb with the inscription, “Nothing great is easy”. To achieve great There was nothing leisurely about these activities; they were things you have to push yourself to the edge. Across here lies battles against the elements. Diana Nyad waged this war four exhilaration and discovery, and those that are part of it will no times before succeeding in 2013 as the first person to swim the doubt question why others are not.

Straits without a shark cage. The task was incredibly demanding; adding the presence of sharks and swarms of jellyfish made it borderline insane. Yet Nyad could not be dissuaded by anyone not to take this on, and despite contention to the legitimacy of her swim, the extent of her achievement was still remarkable.

But why did she do it? For Nyad it was simple: you never give up and always pursue your dream. There is an intensity about people that attempt such exploits, a standard they demand from themselves, to conquer and not be conquered.

In 1953 Edmund Hilary, Tenzing Norgay and their team sought mastery of the elements. Their gaze fell on Mount Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, which had not yet ever been successfully scaled. Hilary and Norgay were to become the first two men to reach the summit of Everest (it is possible but unproven that George Mallory and Andrew Irvine did it in 1924).

A seven-week climb with dangers of frostbite, long falls, and altitude sickness, which could lead to dementia among other things, begged the question of why they would want to endure such hardships? The reason was simple. Because it was there, because it was a test of the body, and because it would show how far man had come since 1924. The beauty in the climb for these men was the isolation and solitude from the rest of the world, and they were doing things no one else could dream of. They put themselves through hell for the ultimate ecstasy of standing on top of the world.

So what has come from this legacy? Now, Everest has become a plaything, something that anyone can now conquer for the right price. Many will pay locals to take the risks for them, finding the safest paths first and carrying all their equipment. On May 25th and 26th 2013 one hundred and fifty climbers reached the summit causing delays en route. The multitudes of untrained climbers have caused deaths, a blemish on the legacy of the mountain. What the climb was truly about has been lost to commercialism.

Page 14

Face to Face: Ocean Portraits by Dr Huw Lewis-Jones

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

Opulence on the Orient Express Stephen Wears From the romantic era of the steam locomotive, the Orient Express retains a place in popular imagination, known for its luxury and mysticism, it has become legendary. The service was operated by the French company, Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits.

Inaugurated in 1883, the service ran continuously until 2009, except for interruptions caused by the First and Second World Wars.

During the 126 years of its operation various route changes were made but the romanticism remained. The original route snaked its way across Europe from Paris to Istanbul, meaning that western travellers could visit the East with relative ease and comfort.

Stops along the way, depending on the route taken, included the capitals of many Eastern European nations such as Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. During the twentieth century the route was shortened several times, in 1977 the route ceased to terminate in Istanbul, with Budapest becoming the final calling point before it was shortened again to Vienna. By the time the Orient Express ceased operations the route had become a fraction of its interwar heyday, travelling from Strasbourg to Vienna. The Orient Express is considered to be a victim of advances in high speed rail travel and the proliferation of no frills airlines such as EasyJet which offer long distance travel at a fraction of the time and cost.

Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Orient Express is its use as a plot device in many works of fiction including Agatha Christie’s Murder on the Orient Express starring the infamous detective

Hercule Poirot. It has appeared in a number of other well-known novels including Ian Fleming’s from Russia with Love and Bram Stoker’s Dracula, further perpetuating the legend, mystery and intrigue surrounding the train. It has also featured in many film and television adaptations of these stories and has been introduced to younger audiences via episodes of the 1980’s cartoons Dangermouse and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

While the original Orient Express stopped services in 2009 there are various private companies around the world which use the name to run leisure tours both along the original Paris-Istanbul route as well as other locations around the world using replica or restored carriages from the 1920s and 1930s. The infamy of the Orient Express and the perpetual shroud of mystery in which it is e n g u l f e d ensure that the legend of this train will continue well into the twentyfirst century.

Life Magazine

Pilgrims’ progress Tom Oliver Whilst holidays abroad are very much a luxury, they are nowadays a perfectly reasonable one. Cheap flights, ferries and even a train under the English Channel means that going abroad is a simple endeavor, one that most people can afford. During the Middle Ages this was far from the case, where the vast majority of people would never explore much farther than their place of birth, and long travel times meant that very few could afford to take the time to travel at all. The one exception was taking a pilgrimage, and the journeys that people took in the name of visiting holy sites seem almost bizarre to us today.

you fell, that would be the death of you. This was certainly not for the fainthearted.

One of the most famous pilgrimage routes both in the Middle Ages and today is the route to the shrine of Saint James in Santiago de Compostela. There are records of people travelling from England and going by foot to the far end of Galicia, a journey through mountains and extreme conditions. That was the easy version. For those travelling for reasons of penitence, the journey was to be undertaken on your knees, and the route was so tightly controlled by the papacy and religious orders that there was no way of cheating your way around this penance.

There were of course many other pilgrims’ routes in the Middle Ages, including those that ended in the Holy Land and Jerusalem itself, so choice was not limited.

For any good Christian who could afford it a pilgrimage was a serious endeavor and a far cry from our present day beach Map of the routes to Santiago de Compostela.

Wikimedia Commons getaways.

Another route closer to home but far less famous is the pilgrimage of Reek Sunday in Ireland to the peak of Croagh Patrick, Ireland’s most holy mountain. This route has been in use for over one and a half thousand years, and is undertaken barefoot. The route is still used today and mountain rescue is on call around the clock to protect pilgrims from hurting themselves en route. Imagine climbing the side of a mountain with bare feet and knowing that if @TheMcrHistorian

A final Pilgrims route that was a test of faith in itself was the Pilgrim’s route to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway. This route is 400 miles long and starts in Oslo, snaking its way up into the extreme north of Scandinavia to visit the tomb of St. Olav, the king that brought Christianity to Norway. The kings of Norway followed this route themselves, and whilst the route has changed today it was still one of the most significant pre-reformation pilgrim routes.

Page 15

History in Features

Seeing what a man should see Xan Atkins The Gap Year today has transformed from an idea of taking some time between school and university to experience the world to a rite of passage, tackled by many in the quest for culture, fun, work and travel. But this ritual undertaken by thousands every year is not entirely new to this world and has deep historical roots.

In the eighteenth century, the basis of the aristocracy did not lie in economic or military power but in cultural intelligence. This was what defined the elite and separated them from the other classes.

But how did the future of Britain, the young men of the upper class emerging from their sojourns at Oxford and Cambridge, go about gaining this knowledge? They embarked on their version of the Gap Year, known as the Grand Tour.

This journey found its roots in the wake of Christian pilgrims who travelled to holy sites across Europe, and would bring back relics. However, after the reformation, many sneered at the idea of religious travelling and so a new justification was needed to undertake these fantastic adventures: education was that new excuse and so cultural learning took its place.

therefore a heart of religious learning. The next phase would be the crossing of the Alps into Italy, a hard undertaking made easier depending on how much money one was willing to spend.

Turin was the next destination and sometimes Milan, followed by the renaissance cities of Florence, Padua and Venice, where one would take in the fine arts. As Ancient Roman culture was becoming more and more obsessed over in England, one had to visit the ruins in Rome and possibly other Ancient Roman sites nearby such as Pompeii. In later years, the gentlemen might acquire a yacht and travel as far as Greece depending on funds but Italy was usually the farthest point and from here, the traveller would turn back towards the Alps to visit Innsbruck, Vienna, Berlin and Potsdam. Finally, before the last stretch home, some more art appreciation in Holland.

The traveller would have a guide accompany them, usually in the form of a tutor and they carried very little money due to the risk of highway robbery, instead carrying letters of credit from their banks in London. Although the tour was meant to be educational, many pursued more social encounters such as drinking, gambling and sex. However, there was a certain tension involved in these tours It was also based on the seventeenth century idea that travelling as destinations such as Rome and Paris, which were centres of is key to learning and understanding. The thinking of the time Catholicism, were seen as daring and subversive destinations to demonstrated that learning was a product of the external visit, keeping in line with the English post-reformation thought. senses and therefore the environment around you. When one had lived in an area for too long, he had taken in all he could It was the lifestyle of the wealthy, to travel and experience the and consequently required a change of location to reinvigorate, wonders and luxuries of Europe with an ‘educational’ frame of develop and expand one’s thought. This idea was summed up in mind. Although the Gap Year of today would not be so grand a quote by the English writer Samuel Johnson who said, ‘A man or eloquent, there are many resemblances in the endeavours who has not been in Italy, is always conscious of an inferiority, and pursuits of those undertaking these journeys, even though from his not having seen what it is expected a man should see’. today’s traveller might not be so lucky as to be carried over the This was the cultural learning curve that every young man had to Alps. undertake.

The Tour became a symbol of power and wealth as well, not only because one could afford to undertake it but also, upon their return, they came back with art, books, sculptures, plants and various other souvenirs that would be displayed in their homes and therefore became symbols of wealth and status, proving that they had completed the Grand Tour.

The Tour itself was never a fixed route and changed over the years but typically began in Dover where one would cross the channel either to the Spanish Netherlands or to Calais. From here, the gentleman could travel by coach to Paris and integrate with French high society learning diplomacy or visiting the court of the French king.

After Paris, the next destination would be Switzerland, a centre of protestant reformation and thegrandtour.it

Page 16

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

Planes, trains and automobiles Katherine Almond In November 2003 the last Concorde flew from New York to London, marking the end of an era and arguably the last peak of technological advancement in commercial travel. In 2011, NASA prepared to launch its last space shuttle, ending an era of over 30 years of space exploration, not quite beginning, but most famously recognised from the 1969 moon landing. Now, as less than 500 people have been into space, Virgin Galactic Space Travel, with a cost of over $250,000 per person, and over 700 people already booking a place to go to space, are advertising space holidays. So when and what caused travel to evolve so exponentially, opening tourist routes and accessible holidays for all?

in the 15th century to become an explorer, navigator and colonizer As the industrial age began, so too did the development of steam powered transport. Richard Trevithick designed the first full scale working railway steam locomotive in 1804, but was largely unrecognised for his efforts. It was not until 1825 when George Stephenson developed the idea of the steam locomotive with its instalment on the first public steam railway in the world, the Stockton to Darlington route that steam railways took off. This led to steam locomotion’s widespread adoption. The Manchester to Liverpool line, was the first modern railway, and due to its competition with the canal system, displays many miraculous feats of engineering. The growing number of railway lines gradually replaced canals, due to their impracticality. Steam power also facilitated the advancement in ships, as clipper routes (very fast sailing ships) fell into disuse after the introduction of steam ships and the opening of the Suez and Panama canals in the 19th century.

Famously in the 3rd century BC, Hannibal marched to Italy with war elephants. Despite his best effort, elephants as a mode of transport did not take off, although this did not stop the growing tourist trade in Thailand and other countries to go on an elephant trek. Nevertheless the horse did succeed, which William the Conquerer infamously used to seal his victory in 1066, with the help of his superior cavalry.

However, these methods of transport were all utilised in the field of Moreover, steam power led to a boom in holidaymakers. For the war, and not by civilians. first time, working class families could afford to go on day trips to the seaside and other places. Before that, only the rich went on Domesticated horses emerged in Britain in the early Bronze Age, holiday. In the 16th and 17th century, this was mostly sons of rich from around 2000 BC, with horse ownership becoming widespread families, after their education, going on the Grand Tour. Before the by the 12th century. This put them in direct competition with the ship, 16th century, people did not go on holiday, but travelled for work. It which had aided the gradual settlement of Oceania from about 1000 was only pilgrimage that could really be classified as travelling for to 3000 BC. Nonetheless by the 17th century the rise of various other reasons. The traditional seaside holiday persisted until the naval powered nations, including the Vikings, the Chinese with the 1960’s, when package holidays abroad began to be offered.

Zheng He voyages, and most notoriously European exploration had been seen. The ship then, arguably facilitated the greater discovery, The early powered flights developed at the beginning of the 19th mapping and conquering of various countries. Marco Polo in the century, saw the dawn of technology that could make the world a 13th century, although not the first European to visit China, was the smaller place for all. By World War II, the planes had advanced first to leave a detailed travel diary. Travelling by camel and boat, technologically. The planes were sleeker, with aluminium bodies he eventually reached China, later inspiring Christopher Columbus and supercharged piston engines, as well as experimentation being carried out on jet engines during the war. The birth of the modern airplane began.

Wikimedia Commons

@TheMcrHistorian

As men were jetted to the moon, average British families were taking their first package holiday abroad, using that most modern of invention, the plane. Throughout the years, air travel has advanced significantly, although the zeppelin was unfortunately left behind, leading to the budget airlines and ease of travel that we have today. As Concorde completed her last flight, has all this progress really made life better?

Certainly sitting in a budget airline seat, feeling cramped and annoyed makes me wonder.

Page 17

History in Features

When people take flight Matt Steadman Mass migrations represent some of the greatest examples of human travel in history and their ebbs and flows have helped shape the world as we know it. In a modern context of increased migration towards the United States and Europe from under-developed nations, it is important to look back at other great migrations that have shaped the modern world.

across Europe between 400 and 800 A.D. Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons and Franks spread across Western Europe and lay down, among others, the foundations for the French and British territories and identities as we recognize them today, and the arrival of Slavic tribes such as the Huns and Slavs had a similar impact in Eastern Europe. Here, we see another example of human migration as a factor towards the formation of the modern There is a general consensus amongst historians that historical mass world, as they helped create the early grounds for nationalism and migration of human populations began with Homo erectus’ exodus ethnic and national identity. out of Africa and spread across Eurasia, after crossing the Red Sea about a million years ago. This was followed by what is perhaps More recently, mass migration was a key factor in the development the most important event in human prehistory: when Homo sapiens of the United States as an economic and political power. During the left their homeland in Africa 70,000 years ago to colonize the world. 1800s, pushed by the hardships brought on by the Great Famine in This migration laid the foundations for our specie’s development and Ireland, more than 2 million Irish workers migrated to America and eventual dominance that it has never relinquished. Indeed, Homo settled on the Eastern Coast. This massive influx of workers lead sapiens’ departure from Africa signaled the extinction of any of its to the country’s economic development as its workforce increased close competitors, namely the Neanderthals in Europe and Asia, the tenfold. Similarly, between 1880 and 1920, over 4 million Italians scattered Homo erectus in the Far East and the inhabitants of the immigrated to the US mainly from impoverished areas of Southern Indonesian islands of Flores. Homo sapiens spread into Australia, Italy, seeking a better life across the Atlantic; thus furthering this Asia and Europe thereby starting to populate much of the world process of economic growth and ensuring America’s rise as a world as we know it today, before reaching America some 20,000 years power in the years preceding the Second World War. ago. These early migrations were responsible for the spread of mankind across the globe and provided the basis for the growth and One of the greatest migrations in human history took place after expansion of human civilization. Indeed, at the end of this massive the partition of India, which led to the creation of the Dominion of human migration, Homo sapiens was the last species standing.

Pakistan. This partition was the result of the British withdrawal from India and sought to resolve the religious and ethnic tensions within Human migration also marked the transition between the period the country by separating Muslims from Hindus and Sikhs. This of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. These early-modern partition led to the displacement of 14.5 million people who migrated migrations, grouped together under the umbrella term ‘Migration across the newly created border for religious reasons. This migration Period’ occurred in Europe, and brought about the creation of flow has been the cause of a great deal of violence and tensions in grassroots European states, by causing the downfall of the Holy the area, and contributed to the destabilization of the Punjab region.

Roman Empire through the spread of Germanic and Slavic armies However, an even more recent example of human migration occurred on a scale rarely seen before. It has taken place in China and has been driven by the country’s rapid industrialization which has been gathering pace ever since Mao’s ‘Great Leap Forward’ and transformed the country’s economy from a primarily agricultural based one, to one focused on manufacturing and industrial production; thus forcing many peasant workers to leave the countryside and flock to the cities where the new jobs are to be found.

According to some reports, since 1979, China’s urban population has grown by a staggering 440 million people, and of these approximately 340 million are attributable to migration, making this the largest rural-urban migration in human Irish Immigrants arrive at Ellis Island, New York in the early twentieth century. Library of Congress via history. pingnews

Page 18

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

Itchy feet: travel films Alex Hulmes Cinema is the ultimate form of escapism. Watching a film means enjoying a brief break from reality and, for a moment, engaging with another set of experiences from an entirely different time and place. Of course, the pinnacle of this ideal is found in the travel film, which, in its most successful incarnations throughout history, can take both the protagonist and the viewing audience on a journey.

One of the genre’s most recent offerings, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty – an adaptation of the 1939 short story by James Thurber – is centred firmly on this principle of escaping, as day-dreamer Walter embarks on a global quest for adventure and excitement. With these grandiose ideas in mind, it is unsurprising to note that travel films have provided some of the most memorable landscapes, moments and experiences in cinematic history.

The release of Roman Holiday in 1953, the quintessential travel film, was a Hollywood watershed. Not only did it provide an early star-making performance from Audrey Hepburn, but it inspired a generation of Americans to travel overseas and embark on a journey of their own. Largely considered to be the first American production filmed and processed in Italy, Roman Holiday catches the sense of Rome’s time and place with great authenticity. As a result, the film provided its Hollywood audience with an insight into the possibilities and experiences available abroad; a landmark achievement, given that vacationing overseas was still a relatively rare practice at the time.

explains the popularity of foreign cinema in English-speaking countries, in that it often depicts cultures distinct from our own.

There is no clearer cinematic demonstration of this practice than in Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation. The film stars Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson as Americans visiting Tokyo, where they are both faced with differing struggles caused by the language and cultural barriers between themselves and those around them. In one particularly engaging scene, Charlotte (Johansson) observes a traditional Japanese wedding in Kyoto and the audience, in turn, watches and experiences the events as if they were alongside her.

Nevertheless, while the travel genre is defined by expeditions across land and sea, it is seemingly a genre centred on selfdiscovery. Films like Up and Into the Wild are built around this theme and, in both cases, the characters’ physical journeys are mere vehicles for something more metaphorical. However, it is the sense of inspiration, the depiction of new cultures, and the stunning cinematography that has provided the travel genre with its unique ability to endure throughout history, and take the audience on a journey that continues long after the credits have rolled.

Fr Alice

However, this sense of motivation and encouragement still remains a prominent feature of the travel genre, as demonstrated in films such as The Beach, which was based on an Alex Garland novel.

The film was not a critical success, but its use of the vast, beautiful coastlines and beaches of Phuket and Phi Phi Leh has made for some incredibly enduring images and, consequently, has provided much inspiration to young British tourists since its release in 2000, in spite of the darker aspects of the work.

Air tra secur the w worth War T to en kitting innova under

While the sentiment of inspiration is, undoubtedly, a contributing factor to the enduring popularity of travel films, it is the cinematography that provides the genre’s most awe-inspiring, jawdropping and memorable moments. An early demonstration of this can be seen in the much-revered 1951 classic, The African Queen.

Although some scenes were deemed too dangerous to be shot on location, vast amounts of the film’s production took place in Uganda and the Congo – which, while providing rich and wonderfully realised landscapes, proved to be an arduous and difficult task with early Technicolor cameras.

This a first b the Lo and th new g intern and L the F spots. exclus

More recently, the majority of praise directed towards The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was centred on the look of the film, particularly in regards to Walter’s experiences in Iceland and the Himalayas. This practice is also present on a much smaller scale within travel films, as seen in Alexander Payne’s 2013 film, Nebraska. While this film did not take our protagonists quite as far afield as Walter Mitty, the film-makers used the unique mountains and landscapes visible on the cross-country journey from Lincoln to Nebraska to extraordinary effect. No easy task, given that the entire film was presented in black and white.

It was develo

In scaling previously uncharted landscapes, travel films are able to introduce these new sights to audiences watching at home.

However, such films can also introduce their audience to another Ben Stiller in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Twentieth Century Fox, culture, and actually allow them to experience it vicariously. This Wilson Webb @TheMcrHistorian

Page 19

Undiscovered Heroes of History

Issue 14: May 2014

Undiscovered heroes: Flora Tristan Evie Hull pregnant with their third child; however, the separation only became official after Chazal shot and wounded her, thus giving her legal grounds for divorce.

Undertaking a journey atypical for women at the time (both in terms of purpose and of scale), Flora travelled from France to Peru in 1833 to claim her paternal inheritance from an uncle in her father’s hometown. These travels, in conjunction with early life and experiences of marriage, formed the basis of Pérégrinations d’une paria. The publication of the journal was groundbreaking both in terms of female travel-writing and of Flora’s open and frank discussions of her marriage. Eschewing the gender expectations of compliance and submission, Flora wrote powerfully about her feelings of oppression and enslavement in the relationship: ‘You are married! True, he’s a despicable creature... you cannot escape his yoke!’

The majority of Flora’s legacy, however, lies in the final years of her life. Her essay The Workers Union (L’Union Ouvriere) is held in equal esteem to the work of Fourier and the SaintSimonians in the Utopian Socialist movement; however, Flora’s particular legacy is in the blending of socialist and feminist theory, advocating for education and safety for children, workers’ health and collaboration with other classes. The proposed Union - widely considered to be one of the most practical and workable propositions of the era - would collect dues to pay for the aforementioned services, and in turn support and unite the members. Flora’s famed rallying cry of ‘Workers, without women, you are nothing!’ encapsulates the ethos of the socialist feminism she pioneered.

Continuing to travel, Flora took her Workers Union ideas on a speaking tour of France, seeking to set up committees to Wikimedia Commons lay foundations for the union. This tour, however, although ‘She was audacious, she was autonomous, she was an undoubtedly a mine of information and inspiration for future work, immediately preceded Flora’s death in Bordeaux at the indefatigable combatant for the workers and for the women.’ age of 41.

A pioneer of Latin American feminist movement and instrumental in the growth of Utopian Socialism, the life of Peruvian-French social activist Flora Tristan took her on a global journey of the sort seldom undertaken by lone women of the time. Undaunted, Flora took it upon herself to raise and defend the cause of the oppressed and challenge the injustice she saw, documenting and publishing her travels and observations in Pérégrinations d’une paria (Pilgrimage of a Pariah).

Flora’s youth is largely undocumented, due to the circumstances that befell her. Born in 1803 into a wealthy family, the death of her Navy colonel father in 1807 led to significant poverty for Flora, her mother and brother, perhaps a foundation for her later work in socialism. Until the age of fifteen, the historical consensus has been that Flora lived in the countryside, before moving back to Paris with her mother to pursue art and dance.

This led to employment with engraver Andre-Francois Chazal, and to their subsequent marriage, when Flora was seventeen.

Chazal claimed to have ‘saved [Flora] from poverty and obscurity’ through their marriage. Despite - or perhaps due to - this ostensible ‘kindness’, Flora walked out of the marriage and divorced Chazal after only four years of marriage, whilst

Page 20

Perhaps the core of Flora’s work lay in her cohesion of ideologies that, in the early-mid nineteenth century, did not naturally mesh.

Due to the infancy of the feminist movement, the argument of common humanity was not necessarily one she could use to great advantage. Instead, she utilised the concept of the union to create a sense of togetherness and, through this, political consensus. In believing and declaring that securing rights for women would ‘fix’ society, Flora brought into consideration the notion that types of oppression differed depending on social factors other than socio-economic. Furthermore, she understood clearly her primary audience and, instead of deviating from her personal ideology, used her influence to introduce a new level of discourse to the existing debates.

Why, then, has history forgotten Flora Tristan? Despite her wideranging influence, little is written about her, and beyond a school in her name in Peru, she has largely been forgotten. Was she eclipsed by contemporaries of the European left, such as Marx and Engels? Did her lack of active work and limited publication decrease her longevity? It is certain, however, that her life was one lived to the full and she was truly a radical of the age.

www.manchesterhistorian.com

History in Manchester

Issue 14: May 2014

Beds to bookshelves at Chetham’s Charlotte Johnson For our final excursion for the Historian, Alice and I made our way to Chetham’s to join the Friends of the library to see not its books but recent discoveries made about its objects, furniture and paintings. This visit was particularly poignant for me as my first visit to Chetham’s last year was for one of my first articles for the Historian, and so it is fitting that this should also be my last article for the magazine.

The tour began the best way tours should, with a glass of vino in the Baronial Hall. The library had been an accessible public space since it was altered from a College to a Library and Hospital in the 1650s, where the literate high and mighty visited read from its colossal textual collection, and the illiterate ‘dim wits’ came to view its cabinet of curios that were displayed in the Hall. Taxidermy, including an entire menacing alligator, had been hung from its walls, though now (only) stag heads crown the entrance wall.

The next room we visited was the Warden’s Room where the furniture symbolises the cumulative styles of various ages: the timber ceiling dated to the early fifteenth century is decorated with grotesque masks, and the Queen Anne walnut settee that rests on ball and claw feet and other chairs in the room date mostly from the eighteenth century. The refectory table against one wall upon which an oval shape is burnt into the wood was claimed to be the hoof print of the devil conjured by John Dee, Elizabeth I’s astrologer, alchemist and occultist, and warden of the Collegiate Church, now the Cathedral, from 1595.

From here we ascended a secret passageway to the first floor main library and the Reading Room. The walnut clock was given to Chetham’s in 1695 by Nicholas Clegg, a former pupil of Chetham’s school, and was made

by Thomas Aynsworth of Westminster. Inset is a barometer, a later addition that was made by the esteemed instrument-maker John Patrick, reputedly the first barometer maker. Nowadays, it always pessimistically forebodes ‘rain’, though the clock, after restoration and recalibration, now works accurately to a few seconds gained or lost each month.

Dominating the room is a central table surrounded by twentyfour Cromwellian type leather-backed chairs purchased in the 1650s. You might notice that the table is not flat, which is due to a broken beam in the room below.

It is likely that the quirks observable in this room today were viewed by a succession of readers; a notable few include @TheMcrHistorian

Benjamin Franklin, Charles Dickens, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

In one corner of the room an unusual carved bookshelf, part of Humphrey Chetham’s chained libraries, was recently found to have unconventional origins. It was revealed earlier in the year to have been made out of a rare early sixteenth-century bed made for Bolton gentleman, Adam de Hulton. The royal bed was the central feature of the innermost sanctum of the state apartments and was regarded as an extension of the king’s divine body. As such, a Paradise Bed was made for Henry VII and Elizabeth of York to commemorate their wedding in 1485. It is beautifully carved and depicts Adam and Eve in likeness of the King and Queen surrounded by the fruits of paradise symbolise fertility.

Imitating the royal Paradise Bed, the Hulton’s Paradise Bed is decorated with intricate carvings of Adam and Eve and symbols of the Garden of Eden. For example, the fruit has religious connotations with the strawberry leaves representing the Trinity and the grapes symbolising the transubstantiation of Christ’s bloody during the Eucharist. A BBC 4 documentary on these findings is being produced for release later in the year.

William Hulton, one of the Library governors, donated the bed to Chetham’s in 1827 when it was remade into a bookshelf. Lucy Worsley’s series on The History of the Home has shown that the bed was enthusiastically surrendered to houseguests in the early modern era, and so it has been deduced that visitors to Hulton’s home such as Bonnie Prince Charlie would have slept in this bed-turned-bookshelf.

Furniture-maker George Shaw was inspired by medieval England and produced Paradise Beds and other furnishings in the medieval style, often passing off fakes as the real thing to unsuspecting dukes. Back on the ground floor and the final room in our tour, tables, chairs and cabinets are styled with symbols found on the Paradise Bed and the family crests of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The question remains as to whether these furnishings are medieval originals, possibly being the oldest royal chairs in existence, or whether they are successful fakes produced by the enterprising nineteenth-century furniture maker, Shaw.

Despite these recent discoveries made at Chetham’s, the mystery that engenders the library persists more than ever.

Furniture has defining social, political, economic and cultural associations, and Chetham’s houses some of the oldest and most symbolically important decoration in Manchester, if not in the country. If the books aren’t enough to tempt you, surely its extensive furniture collection and various curios will be adequate motivation for your visit or revisit.

The Reading Room clock, a grotesque mask on the ceiling of the warden’s room, and an A and H carved into the Paradise Bed, standing for Adam Hulton. All images provided by Chetham’s Library

Page 21

History in Manchester

The Haçienda story Zoey Strzelecki Fac 51 The Haçienda was more than a music venue, it was the birthplace of rave culture. The showroom factory turned club was iconic for its yellow and black striped tape, and shabby warehouse look. Established to challenge existing nightclubs, it offered a completely different style of nightlife within Manchester.

Its popularity streamed from its originality, and unique music scene.

The club was financed by Factory Records, run by Tony Wilson.

After the death of Joy Division’s lead singer, no one expected a comeback as successful as the newly branded band, New Order, whose recorded sales allowed The Haçienda to exist.

It appealed to the city’s indie bands which labeled the city ‘Madchester’. The club saw some of the most famous bands and performers in history, such as the Smiths who performed there 3 times in 1989, and Madonna who showcased her first People dancing at the Hacienda in 1988 at acid house night, Hot. Kevin performance in the UK there in 1984.

Cummins/Getty Images What allowed the club’s popularity to soar, was the genre of house music. From 1987, when the club started showcasing house music from famous DJs such as Mike Pickering (M People), the club was full 7 days a week. It was essentially the drug culture surrounding this style of music that allowed the club to peak during the 1980s.

club. It had been taken over by drug gangs in search of money and power.

Financial issues also began to loom over the club. With most attendees paying entry and then taking illegal drugs, alcohol sales were not providing enough income to support The Haçienda, which was struggling to survive on profit from record Drugs harboured some of The Haçienda’s highest points, but sales alone. With financial issues and rising drug gangs, in 1997 also some its lower times. The death of a teenager in 1989 due Fac 51 The Haçienda was shut down for good. to ecstasy abuse led to enquiries into the security of the club.

After briefly shutting down, it was reopened with stricter security The Haçienda was knocked down in 2002 and turned into controls. These security controls did not fit well with some of apartments, however the club still remains legendary in rave the previous club-goers, and drug dealers whose business was culture. Through 15 years of famous DJs, drug abuse and club being limited. Doormen were being threatened after refusing anthems, this club was an icon for Manchester in the 1980s and entry, and violence was breaking out outside and inside the 1990s.

MHF film review: City Speaks Lydia Hasan ‘What is the city but the people?’

This was the opening line of the “City Speaks” movie that I went to see as part of the Manchester Histories Festival. It is Manchester’s civic film from 1947 and describes the rich history of Manchester both industrially and socially.

Manchester was described as being the ‘cradle of industry’ and at the peak of the Industrial Revolution, 1 million people were working in the factories. Manchester’s motto was appropriately, “Anything that anybody wants, we can make it for you!”

transformed the social lives of Mancunions.

The film ended on high, reminding us that it wasn’t all hard work in Manchester, showing clips of men enjoying live football matches and children playing at the funfair; not that much has changed!

The city of Manchester was first developed by the Ancient Romans who named it ‘Mancunion’ and by 1536, it had grown into the largest city in Lancashire. Although the Industrial Revolution changed the city drastically, it brought with it negativity. In the Victorian times, Manchester was described as being a ‘cesspit of human misery’, because children as young as five years old were put to work.

If you didn’t get a chance to attend the film screening, then I would strongly recommend that you contact the ‘North Western Films Archive’ Manchester Metropolitan University and get a hold of this film. It is extremely interesting to see what However, in 1838 the Royal Charter was passed, what started has moulded the city we live and study in, and what events have out as being a local reform, became National legislation and enabled it to grow into what it is today!

Page 22

www.manchesterhistorian.com

Issue 14: May 2014

History Society farewell James Eatwell, President Hopefully you’ve all had a great year and are all well prepared for final essays and exams etc.! The society would like to thank everyone who got involved in society events, socials and the trip this year, we’ve had a great time and hope you have too.

We recently held elections for the 2014-15 History Society committee, with a really good turnout, and some excellent candidates have been selected. Three of last year’s committee have stayed on: Zoey Strzelecki has made the natural progression from Vice President to President, Jen Birdsall has moved from Social Secretary to Treasurer, whilst Andy Day will remain as Trip Secretary. However, there are eight new members, filling existing and also new roles. The new roles are Sports Secretary, Academic Officer and Postgrad Secretary.

This year’s committee would like to wish the new team the best of luck for 2014-15; we know they will be great! Some of the ideas suggested by new members at elections as to how to further our work sounded excellent, and we are really grateful and excited to see history students so engaged with the society.

Plans to integrate the society more with student-lead projects such as the Manchester Historian and peer mentors seemed particularly promising. (Meanwhile, rumours that Andy is plotting a trip to Blackpool have us all very jealous that we are leaving…)

Finally, good luck for the end of term deadlines, and revision (what?!) for summer exams. We hope you all enjoy the summer break, and for those finishing their degrees good luck out there in the real world!

The new History Society committee 2014-15

President

Zoey Strzelecki

Vice President

Xan Atkins

Secretary

Georgie Calle

Treasurer

Jen Birdsall

Careers Secretary & Peer Mentoring coordinator

Jamie Taylor

Social Secretary

Matt Steadman

Media Secretary

James Nolan

Academic Officer

Natalie Sharpin

Sports Secretary

Nina Khan

Tour Secretary

Andy Day

Postgrad Secretary

Stephen Wears

Celebrations and congratulations at the History Society Awards An inspiring number of students were deservedly awarded for their extra-curricula contributions. Well done all!

History Society

Peer Mentoring

Manchester Historian

Save the NHS Campaign

Student Ambassadors

James Eatwell

Sophie Praill

Alice Rigby

Conor McGurran

Tom Waring

Jennifer Birdsall

Zoey Strzelecki

Georgie Calle

Charlotte Johnson

Xan Atkins

Chris Allen

Harriet Boland

Andrew Day

Hebe Thorne

Kieran Smith

Maddy Hubbard

Conor McStay

Imogen Wheeler

Rebecca HennellSmith

Kyriaki Protopapa

Vivienne DelliouDaly

Alexander O’FeeWorth

Euan Bonnar

Michael Cass

Billy Godfrey

Ben Beach

Avni Kotecha

Lizzy Tomlin

Corinne Abrahams

James Nolan

Tom Oliver

Paul Adair

Jane Kilpatrick

Michael Smith

Keir Forde

Adrienne Galloway

Megan Dina Darlick

Eamonn O’Brien

Safiyya Bobat

Hannah Robb

@TheMcrHistorian

North West Early Modern Seminar

Page 23

History Updates

M H

M H

Manchester Historian

JPI@8 8E; K?< N<JK

History in Culture p.16

The History of Great Heists: Smash and Grab at Selfridges

History in the Headlines p.10

Issue 9 October ‘13

M H

Issue 13: March 2014

Manchester Historian

Your Country Needs You History in Features

In Defence of History

What made the Herald Angels sing?

THE CELEBRATION OF ROYAL BABIES Remembering Royal Babies through the ages

M H

Issue 12: February 2014

Manchester Historian

Shop fronts and Christmas Lights through History

From ‘I have a dream’ to the shooting of JFK p.23

I\d\dY\i n_\e Le` nXj aljk ]fi d\e6

Corrupting Crack

History in the Headlines p.8

History in Features p.8

Commercialising Christmas

1963: A Year in Photos

K?< IFFKJ F= DF;<IE LE@M<IJ@KP

M H

Victoria, Queen of Christmas

Manchester Historian

Manchester Historian

:Xe <lifg\Xe gfn\ij Y\ Zfdgc\k\cp mf`[ f] YcXd\6

N_f n\i\ k_\ ]`ijk ?`jkfip jkl[\ekj6

Rageh Omar’s Ottoman Empire Documentary

Issue 14: May 2014

History Behind the Headlines

History in Features

The Historical Precedent for Independence and for Union

The history of Christmas carolling Issue 10 November ‘13

Hung, Drawn and Waterboarded

History Behind the Headlines Issue 11 December ‘13

We are delighted to announce next year’s Manchester Historian team below, and we hope that they will have as much fun and learn as much as we have this year.

Good luck!

Editors

Zoey Strzelecki Xan Atkins

Copy editors

(Head) Hebe Throne Natalie Sharpin Sophie Brownlee Charlotte Munday Tom Learmouth

Design

(Head) James Brannan Laura Robinson Charlotte Gore Naomi Abel-Hirsch

Marketing

(Head) Stephanie Haszczyn Sabrina Kenth Caitlin Ovenden Kate Ayling

Online

(Head) James Schoomaker Kathyrn White Mandy Poon Evie Hull

Bertrand Taithe’s third year Democracy and Decadence group in Paris.

Photos courtesy of Charlotte Johnson, Charlie Sheriff and Lizzy Bailey