From the Future: The Darwin Kit

POSSIBLE FUTURES

From the Future: The Darwin Kit ___________ Manisha Laroia First Year, Digital Futures Possible Futures DIGF-6042-001

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Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS

The case of CRISPR

___________ Research and understanding the context of gene-editing, the technology used and its possibilities.

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Is it ethical to edit your child’s DNA — or your own?

CRISPR enters its first human clinical trials The gene editor targets cancer, blood disorders and blindness The procedure, which takes about an hour to perform, involves making tiny incisions that enable access to the back of the eye. That allows a surgeon to inject three droplets of fluid containing billions of copies of the virus that has been engineered to carry the CRISPR geneediting instructions under the retina.

Samuel, Sigal. “Is Biohacking Ethical? It’s Complicated. A New Netflix Series Explains Why.” Vox, 22 Oct. 2019, https://www.vox.com/futureperfect/2019/10/22/20921302/netflix-unnatural-selection-biohackingcrispr-gene-editing.

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We risk creating a society where some groups, because of culture or geography or poverty, bear a greater burden of genetic disease.

—taking existing inequities and turning them into something inborn.

Regalado, Antonio. “Disgraced CRISPR Scientist Had Plans to Start a Designer-Baby Business.” MIT Technology Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614051/crispr-baby-makerexplored-starting-a-business-in-designer-baby-tourism/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2020.

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Scientists and amateurs who are grappling with these questions as they use gene-editing technologies like CRISPR to perform experiments — including on themselves.

Biohackers talk about “optimizing” and “upgrading” their minds and bodies, and they’ve got many ways of trying to do that.

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Samuel, Sigal. “Is Biohacking Ethical? It’s Complicated. A New Netflix Series Explains Why.” Vox, 22 Oct. 2019, https://www.vox.com/futureperfect/2019/10/22/20921302/netflix-unnatural-selection-biohackingcrispr-gene-editing.

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CRISPR is mind-boggling in what it suggests.

As Doudna writes, “the genome — an organism’s entire DNA content, including all its genes — has become almost as editable as a simple piece of text.” https://podcasts.apple.com/nz/podcast/what-happens-when-human-beings-take-control-theirown/id1081584611?i=1000393574081

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Inspiration

___________ Analysing existing gene editing and consumer DNA testing kits.

Taking inspiration from Discursive Design projects in the space of terrain of genetics.

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Human-gene editing kit created by Josiah Zayner, CEO and founder of the ODIN.

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Consumer DNA testing kits by 23andme, MyHeritageDNA and ancestoryDNA 20 April 2020

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E.chromi

The Cambridge team accomplished this feat by designing an array of standardized DNA building blocks called BioBricks. The name is no accident — scientists and genetic engineers can “snap” these BioBricks together in simple patterns, insert them into simple microorganisms like e.coli, and turn them into tiny machines. In E.Chromi’s case, “bacteria could be programmed to do useful things, such as indicate whether drinking water is safe by turning red if they sense a toxin.” The E.Chromi BioBricks are open-source and listed in a genetic “parts database” run by MIT. “The colour generator bricks are being used in labs around the world, integrated into other systems and circuits,” https://www.fastcompany.com/1663578/what-if-you-couldgauge-your-health-with-color-coded-poo

Transfigurations

The fictitious range of speculative transhuman procedures span believability, necessity, desirability and fear in dealing with environmental challenges to come.

In the wake of technologies leading to the “designer baby” this project reveals that modification, particularly of children, is not new, and techniques today may achieve what we believe to only be alterations of the future. The feedback since the production of these sculptures has shown that decision making in healthcare, particularly when it involves vulnerable parties is incredibly complex and sadly rarely accessible to everyone. https://www.agihaines.com/transfigurations

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Fluid Landscape is a speculative design for post-

human. A.I. is embedded in the human skin through DNA-programming to scan the environment and adapt to it. Therefore, human become radical symbiosis with nature. This project questions the definition of human as well as humanity with the development of A.I and DNA-editing: Will human disappear from nature or will nature be totally manipulated by the human?

https://altereality.studio/fluid-landscape 20 April 2020

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TRANSFORM / GENETICS/ KIT / UNEASE

Concept 1: Progeny

___________ It is in interactive concept where the participant uses a blockbuilding kit to edit the genetic code of their progeny and choose the outcome.

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Edit / DNA technology / Using code to show the editing process/ Show a face of the progeny using AI tool / ERROR!

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small|part of the code| generated as part of a Project by ManishaALaroia Possible Futures OCAD University computation experiment last term.

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This face does not exist!

It is an AI StyleGAN generated faces.

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Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

15 AI Generated Faces | https://www.thispersondoesnotexist.com/

DISCIPLINE / GENETICS / TATTOO / UNEASE

Concept 2: Self-editing

___________ It is in wearable concept, like a tattoo or a device worn by the people of the future. Using it one can self-edit their own genetic code to suit the environment.

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Duoskin, MIT+Microsoft

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Reflections

___________ Based on the peer review in class on March 10, 2020

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Explorations through research, technology exploration & sketching

My explorations were influenced by my interest in the space of AI and genetic technology, and my design practice in healthcare.

CRISPR is a path-breaking technology in gene editing and disease elimination, but when critically examining its application its is evident that the use is inequitable and leading to unnatural selection in humans.

I used the Thing from the Future card toolkit (Situation Lab) to narrow down to 2 objects: one a wearable concept and another an interactive kit/service concept. I also wanted to explore future space where design, will have to collaborate with science, health, technology and computation, with an intent to add to the discourse on human gene editing and the sociocultural impact of it in the possible future.

Through explorations, I used the process of understanding the science, analysing its technological application to the design interaction concepts to ask the question, Is it ethical for us to design babies by unnatural selection; to edit our genes and What will be the mutant repercussions of these technologies in a futures scenario.

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SPECULATIVE DESIGN/DESIGN FICTION

From the Future: Research & Methodology ___________ Manisha Laroia First Year, Digital Futures Possible Futures DIGF-6042-001

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Proposal ___________ Description The Research Question

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Description

In Part 1 of the project I carried out explorations in the space of genetic technology researching the associated politics of the technology with respect to the future of healthcare and wellbeing. The two concepts thereby explored were: 1. PROGENY An interactive concept where the participant uses a block-building kit to edit the genetic code of their progeny and choose the outcome.

2. SELF EDITING A wearable concept, like a tattoo or a device worn by the people of the future. Using it one can self-edit their own genetic code to suit the environment.

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The Proposal

Through the reflections, feedback and peer review I have narrowed down to: Research the possible future of genetic technology and its democratisation through making a diegetic piece to explore the ethics of the technology, its use case and at the very basic understand the response of user to the experience of their bodies interacting with such a technology.

As Dunne & Raby put it, “Design speculations can act as a catalyst for collectively redefining our relationship to reality�. It is this relationship between the body and the technology that I wish to speculate upon through the research.

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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Research Question

In the Speculative Everything “the idea of possible futures is described as a tool to better understand the present and to discuss the kind of future people want, and, of course, ones people do not want.”

Building on my research question I want the speculative piece to invoke these questions in the user’s mind: • How will the access to self-editing gene technology affect our Progeny?

• What will be the, thus unforeseen repercussions for the future human generations?

• Is its use beneficial in making us resistant to pandemics like Covid-19?

• Is it inequitable and leading to unnatural selection in humans?

• How do we weight the beneficial nature of the technology to the terrifying outcomes of its use by biohackers?

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What if CRISPR, a genetic editing technology, is democratized and made available to people at-home so as empowering them to alter their DNA, cure diseases and take control of their genetic data?

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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Methodology

___________ The Process Research Context Why this methodology Literature Review: research examples

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Methodology

My methodology has evolved through the iterative process of working on the project.

I used the Thing from the Future card toolkit, Situation Lab to narrow down to 2 objects: one a wearable concept and another an interactive kit/service concept.

I also wanted to explore future space where design, will have to collaborate with science, health, technology and computation, with an intent to add to the discourse on human gene editing and the socio-cultural impact of it in the possible future. The approach of codesign was adopted from Sander & Stappers methodology where designers engage in making for unidentified opportunity through prototyping, scenarios and storyboarding.

Through developing future scenarios and the prototyping the future context I am able to place the object in a diegetic space of speculative ethics, Speculative Everything, where the object is part of a genetic technology service from the future. Also I am using the illustration of the PPPP Futures, as a grid to place the project and build the narrative around it.

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Research Context

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FROM RECENT EVENTS • He Jiankui in November 2019, the Chinese scientist edited the DNA of twin girls using the gene-engineering technology CRISPR, in an attempt to make them immune to HIV. (France-Presse 2019) • An HIV-positive man who injects himself with an experimental gene therapy that he hopes will cure him.

• An MIT scientist engages with various communities to explore whether they want to use CRISPR genome editing to, for example, immunize the mice that infect many ticks that give people Lyme Disease • A Mississippi dog breeder tinkers with DNA in his shed, trying to create transgenic puppies that will glow in the dark.

• A little boy with a rare genetic condition that’s causing him to go blind get a genetic treatment.

• Celebrity biohacker Josiah Zayner, known for injecting himself using CRISPR at a biotech conference and livestreaming the stunt • Silicon Valley’s obsession with anti-ageing through DNA editing and blood Transfusions 20 April 2020

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Concept

THE CONTEXT Democratization of self-editing genetic technology to be able to do it at home, with a simple. It is a like creating the context for how Apple II was introduced to be a Future object to democratize the computer for personal computing.

HOW DOES THE USER ACCESS IT (making links between today’s world and the suggested one.)

The object/kit is offered by the likes of companies like 23andMe and Acestory who are already in the space of offering DNA testing kits at home.

The concept is a future service offered by a genetic technology company that already has access to being used at home.

SCIENTIFIC POSSIBILITY The research context on the previous slide and the research shared in the Part 1 Explorations talks about the current events, like the Biohackers movement, creating designer babies and the use of the CRISPR technology in disease treatment and other research advancements.

AESTHETICS & SEMANTICS I want the object to be a Wearable to create the connection between the technology and the body to show the interaction of affecting the body.

The interface would be designed such to show an Input/output flow to show that data is being exchanged or altered.

The graphic language would follow the brands of present day DNA testing companies.

Photos/Videos to show the use at home.

Deliverable: Webpage to show the Kit/Object can be ordered. To believe it is accessible it has to be visible shop.

20 Aprilin 2020 Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

Introducing Apple II advertisement, first page, 1977. Via Modern Mechanix. Source link.

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WHY the methodology

The Speculative diegetic method of exploring Possible futures through scenarios and fictional objects is used to open up spaces of debate and discussion around editing ones own DNA. It is meant to be provocative, to see it as at home kit that is being delivered by the likes of companies like 23andMe and Ancestory, intentionally simplified to be worn by the user and fictional in operation through an interactive interface to create the experience and induce an affect.

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Their fictional nature requires viewers to suspend their disbelief and allow their imaginations to wander, to momentarily forget how things are now, and wonder about how things could be in the context of self-editing ones DNA like we edit our digital information. “The role of the expert is often, not to prevent the impossible but to make it acceptable.�

- David Kirby, Lab Coats in Hollywood

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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El Arca de la Vida

“... it symbolizes the social recognition of the responsibilities and freedoms of who becomes an adult, and as a container of the euthanasia capsule.”

This object has become one of the most precious goods, not only because it protects the Thanatos capsule, but because it represents the identity of its owner as it is one of the few objects that are made with ancestral techniques to achieve personalization.

These capsules are specially produced for each of the citizens, according to their DNA, by the Public Euthanasia System which, in addition to controlling its production, attends to the false attempts of its intake or follows up on those who, with certainty and conscience, have made use of their capsule. (“El Arca de La Vida” n.d.)

Research examples

Here are a few more specific examples within the speculative diegetic space, exploring ethics, and the access of genetic technology to2020 people.

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Rent Your Body as Data Storage

speculates on the possibility of DNA-digital data storage on human skin, which inquiries an alternative relationship between the human body and data storage. It imagines that due to the data overload in the year 2040, hardware-based storage is not able to support striking data growth. Therefore, people start to archive data on the skin by taking advantage of the outstanding capacity and longevity of DNA-strands. (“Rent Your Body as Data Storage” n.d.)

Life Support (2008)

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Revital Cohen proposes using animals bred commercially for consumption or entertainment as companions and providers of external organ replacement.

The use of transgenic farm animals or retired working dogs as life support “devices” for renal and respiratory patients offers an alternative to inhumane medical technologies. With this project she asks, Could a transgenic animal function as a whole mechanism and not simply supply the parts?

(Dunne and Raby 2013) Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University 30

The Tissue Culture and Art Project (Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr)

Victimless Leather: A Prototype of Stitchless Jacket Grown in a Technoscientific “Body”, 2004.

The exhibit had to be kept alive throughout the exhibition and at one point began to grow out of control. After much discussion with Paola Antonelli the curator, it was decided to euthanize the artwork. But the debate it sparked is highly pertinent—how should we manage works of art and products when they are made from living tissue? (Dunne and Raby 2013)

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Concept

___________ Diegesis: Scenarios Inspiration Board Early Iteration of the Artefact

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Scenarios

Starting the narrative in 2020 the user is already exposed to home healthcare kits, mobile applications, wearables for health tracking and is actively using them in ones daily life.

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Speculative Object positioning I am deriving the object from the 2060s, fifty years down the scientific research timeline, which had been accelerated by Biohackers and made available to user for at-home gene self-editing.

The object doesn’t emphasize a topia but creates an experience for the user to then speculate what the possible future of this object could be?

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Progeny™ At-home DNA self-editing kit

“Giving you the complete control on your Genetic Information” 20 April 2020

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Duoskin, MIT+Microsoft

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Mood Board

SPECULATIVE DESIGN/DESIGN FICTION

From the Future: Final Outcome ___________ Manisha Laroia First Year, Digital Futures Possible Futures DIGF-6042-001

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Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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FROM THE FUTURE

Speculative design/design fiction outcome ___________ The Narrative (Diegesis) The Object Object details

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The 20 April 2020 Darwin Kit

The Darwin Kit, is a speculative artefact, an “at-home DNA self-editing kit”. Using the diegetic space of Speculative Ethics based on Dunne & Raby's 'Speculative Everything', the approach through the making was to explore the future technology of self-editing one's DNA and creating a space where it was introduced in the world. In the possible future, the Darwin Kit can be bought from genemapping companies. The user experience is for the participant to wear the disc and start the process on the tablet which guides them through a fictitious DNA editing interface. The designed artefact has a disc-wearable with an Adafruit CPX that is used to start a Processing sketch as shown in the tablet.

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

“at-home DNA self-editing 39 kit”

The Narrative

Sonia was in a meeting intensely talking about the new AI-based legal assistant, when her watch buzzed.

Message from Home Hub – “Hey, your Darwin Kit has arrived.”

The tech enthusiast that she was; she had been waiting to use the kit since its launch two months ago at CES 2060 in Las Vegas.

Sonia was amongst the first 50 people at the Consumer Electronics Show to preorder the kit from the popular personal genomics and biotechnology company, 23andMe. The Darwin Kit is an FDA approved CRISPR technology based kit that enables people to edit their own DNA, at home, from the 7 new DNA enhancement features they have launched. The first clinical trial for a CRISPR cancer treatment on human patients was approved in 2016 in the US. 20 April 2020

But unfortunately over the next 5 years many biohackers had overused the technology in home labs, unregulated and there were over 50 causalities. The FDA with the support of WHO, had intervened and imprisoned the illegal dealers of the CRISPR equipment. CRISPR was limited to the lab for the next thirty years, until Sonia’s firm fought the first case for democratisation of the CRISPR technology. It was through her team’s efforts that 23andMe had just launched the first clinically approved kit.

All consumers who have their DNA data saved in the DNA-Drive of the company could order custom kits for editing their own DNA. It was reduced to a simple add and delete function now with the support of powerful computing, miniaturized electronics and AI to guide with error-free DNA editing.

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

“Your genetic information is in control of your.”

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Sonia quickly wrapped up the meeting and hopped into her car, excited to reach home. Once home she unveiled the Darwin kit. There was palm size disc like wearable that she had to wear on her arm. She logged into the Darwin application and was being guided by the application.

The kit offers 7 features: • Covid-50 genetic vaccine • HIV 3.0 genetic vaccine • Vision 6/6.N power correction and night vision • Doppler++ enhanced Hearing • Melaα skin resistant to +50°C • Alveoli54 enhanced O2 alveoli54 • Collagen+ for wrinkle-free skin The Darwin disc has all the 7 solution cartridges preloaded but they have to used at six month gap, with regular health check-ups every month.

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Sonia remembered the grey-eyed founder, Ben, she had met at CES. He had his vision corrected to 6/6 and had enhanced night vision, and was now both flying with a private license and hiking through night trails. Sonia’s client and the brains behind the kit, Dr. Joanne had added the Covid-50 gene to her DNA so she could easily travel to Europe and not bother with the flu that was prevalent for the last 2 years in the continent. She also remembered the actress Zoya, who had shared the whole process of getting a wrinkled free skin with the Darwin kit on Instagram live.

Sonia was in deep wonder about which feature to add. She wore the Darwin kit and pondered, when she was shaken by an urgent notification from the office.

The space travel company founder Kim’s manager had barged into her firm, screaming to sue the Darwin Kit. Kim had Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

added the Doppler++ gene to enhance his hearing for his space travel to Mars due September and was just admitted with a brain haemorrhage. Sonia shocked by the news, was added into a video conference and aborted the Darwin program.

Throughout meeting, the corner of her eye was focussed on the Darwin Kit sitting at her desk. The video call lasted for about two hours. Home Hub had already ordered her dinner. Sonia took her dinner and scrambled into her bed, tired after the long day. She took a deep breath and clicked ‘Launch’. With the TV chattering in the background, there in the dark, was a ‘small pink glow on her arm’ and Sonia deep asleep.

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Choice of Interactions

The interactions are broken down into: • The Website (Online service to order the kits) • The Kit (the object and the application that guides the user) • The Narrative (for the future scenario) The website prototype is on the next slides.

The Kit, wearables was prototyped using Adafruit Circuit playground express and serial communication with Processing, in which I coded the application and the interactive screens.

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Choice of Aesthetics

All the faces of people here are AI styleGAN generated from the website www.thisfacedoesnotexit.com These are not real people but AI generated. I used them to add to the technological progress so far and to add to the surreal nature of the From the Future project. The faces are also from the future and could or could not ever be possible based on the large permutations possible in the human genome.

I used similar brand style as that of existing genomics to show the access point and the connection to the this object and service.

Scientific Evidence

I researched the process of CRISPR editing and discovered that it has to be a solution injected into the body. I research on miniaturized electronics and detailed the object and the kit.

“Everything You Need To Know About Crispr Gene Editing.” Wired. www.wired.com, https://www.wired.com/story/wired-guide-to-crispr/.

Accessed 9 Apr. 2020.

Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY. Accessed 16 Apr. 2020.

“The CRISPR Revolution.” NPR.Org. www.npr.org, https://www.npr.org/series/773368439/the-crisprrevolution. Accessed 16 Apr. 2020.

Pataranutaporn, Pat, et al. “Wearable Lab on Body: Combining Sensing of Biochemical and Digital Markers in a Wearable Device.” 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), IEEE, 2019, pp. 3327–32. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1109/EMBC.2019.8857479.

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The Object: The Kit

The intention with the wearable was to create the physical contact with the body that such a technology will have and the application was to link it to a digital artefact so to make the user experience the technological interaction.

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Microneedle to allow for pain free injection of the solution.

No syringes!

Micro flow sensor to control the function as per your body’s need.

Micro pump for Feature Control and effective outcome.

In-case charging+ data cable to configure the disc

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The Interface

Here is a video demo of the interaction: Onedrive view link This is the Home Page.

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Feature screen to choose which edit to make to inject the CRISPR solution 20 April 2020

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During the process of injection.

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Website

The intention was to offer a platform to purchase the kit and make the access to the speculative fiction believable.

The next few slides show the webpage sections in detail.

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The Darwin Kit

“Write your own future with the Darwin Kit.” 20 April 2020

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“I don’t have to deal with painful medical therapy.”

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The kit offers 7 features: • Covid-50 genetic vaccine • HIV 3.0 genetic vaccine • Vision 6/6.N power correction and night vision • Doppler++ enhanced Hearing • Melaα skin resistant to +50°C • Alveoli54 enhanced O2 alveoli54 • Collagen+ for wrinkle-free skin The Darwin disc has all the solution cartridges preloaded.

Read more

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Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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Get your Darwin kit today!

Order now

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“Giving you the control of your body.”

Get in Touch

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Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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Reflections

Using the Diegetic space of Speculative Ethics based on Speculative Everything, the approach through the making was to explore the future technology of selfediting ones DNA and creating a space where it was introduced in the world as any other technological innovation.

With a silicon-valley vision like online service and an application that makes the Darwin kit, much like pre-ordering the newly launched iPhone, and making it a part of ones life.

The narrative at the start was important for me to contextualize the persona of the user, the context and bring out the ethical premise overshadowing the technology.

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Future Scope

The next steps for the project would be two fold: • Make a robust experience prototype to be used for interaction • Making the experience available to users and getting feedback, opinions and engaging in a discourse on the subject.

With continued work, I could fabricate the object to scale and have live website to share with people. The website could serve as online prototype that I could share in these times of social-distancing and get responses.

Project by Manisha Laroia | Possible Futures | OCAD University

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References Bloomberg.Com. 2019. “The Bloody Tale of Ambrosia, the Startup That Wants to Slow Aging,” February 25, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-25/the-bloody-taleof-ambrosia-the-startup-that-wants-to-slow-aging.

Regalado, Antonio. n.d. “Disgraced CRISPR Scientist Had Plans to Start a Designer-Baby Business.” MIT Technology Review. Accessed March 10, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614051/crispr-baby-makerexplored-starting-a-business-in-designer-baby-tourism/.

Duhaime-Ross, Arielle. 2016. “In Search of a Healthy Gut, One Man Turned to an Extreme DIY Fecal Transplant.” The Verge. May 4, 2016. https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-mattertransplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff.

“Rent Your Body as Data Storage.” n.d. Altereality Studio. Accessed April 9, 2020. https://altereality.studio/rent-your-body-as-data-storage.

Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. 2013. Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London: The MIT Press.

“El Arca de La Vida.” n.d. GlobalFuturesLab. Accessed April 9, 2020. https://www.globalfutureslab.com/azmari-1.

Samuel, Sigal. 2019a. “A Celebrity Biohacker Who Sells DIY Gene-Editing Kits Is under Investigation.” Vox. May 19, 2019. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/5/19/18629771/biohackingjosiah-zayner-genetic-engineering-crispr.

———. 2019b. “Is Biohacking Ethical? It’s Complicated. A New Netflix Series Explains Why.” Vox. October 22, 2019. https://www.vox.com/futureperfect/2019/10/22/20921302/netflix-unnatural-selection-biohackingcrispr-gene-editing.

France-Presse, Agence. 2019. “China Gene-Edited Baby Experiment ‘May Have Created Unintended Mutations.’” The Guardian, December 4, 2019, sec. Science. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/04/chinagene-edited-baby-experiment-may-have-created-unintended-mutations.

Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N., and Pieter Jan Stappers. 2014. “Probes, Toolkits and Prototypes: Three Approaches to Making in Codesigning.” CoDesign 10 (1): 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2014.888183.

Hercher, Laura. n.d. “Designer Babies Aren’t Futuristic. They’re Already Here.” MIT Technology Review. Accessed March 10, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612258/are-we-designinginequality-into-our-genes/.

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