MBP E-Newsletter: May 5/2023

Information on Environmental BMP Programs Under the Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership

E-Newsletter dsfsfa

Note: The following information has been provided by Manitoba Agriculture staff.

The Manitoba government has opened intakes for two new programs under the Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership (Sustainable CAP) that provide funding to support sustainable farming in Manitoba. Please see the News Release from April 28, 2023.

o The Sustainable Agriculture Manitoba (SAM) program provides 21 BMPs under 3 main funding streams: Cropland Management, Manure & Livestock Management and Water Management

Detailed program information, including eligibility, application forms and guides can be found here: https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/sustainabl e-agr.html

Application Intake is currently OPEN and will close 11:59 pm on June 13, 2023.

o The Resilient Agricultural Landscape Program: Carbon Sequestration and Grassland Resilience (RALP) will support on-farm beneficial management practices and projects that enhance the provision of ecological goods and services, through 2 BMPs: Agroforestry and Grasslands & Grazing Management. Eligible applicants include Association of Manitoba Community Pastures, Agricultural Crown Land forage lease holders, Indigenous primary producers and communities, including First Nations and Métis, and primary producers outside of watershed district boundaries.

Detailed program information including application forms and guides can be found here:

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/carbonsequestration.html

Application Intake is currently OPEN and will close 11:59 pm on June 12, 2023.

▪ Watershed districts are eligible for RALP: Watershed Resilience programming, where the districts will collaborate with primary producers within district boundaries to implement projects on agricultural land. Farmers are encouraged to contact their local watershed districts to inquire about any potential programs that may be available:

Environment, Climate and Parks | Province of Manitoba (gov.mb.ca)

• An Environment Farm Plan (EFP) is not required at time of application, however it will be required after project completion at time of claim. EFPs can be completed online: www.manitobaefp.ca

• Expenses are retroactive to April 1, 2023. However, any expenses incurred before receiving an approval letter are at the applicant’s own risk in the event the project is not approved.

• The application process requires each applicant to complete an Applicant Information Form ONCE (general applicant information), then go on to complete an Application Worksheet for each BMP applied for. All submissions must be emailed to: agriculture@gov.mb.ca

• For more information call 1-800-811-4411.

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An update from MBP May 5, 2023 mbbeef.ca

Additional Details About the SAM and RALP Programs

Source: https://www.gov.mb.ca/scap/index.html (accessed May 4, 2023)

Sustainable Agriculture Manitoba Components

Climate Change and Environment: Crop Land Management Stream

Funding to support the adoption of cropland management practices that optimize operations and improve productivity. Eligible beneficial management practices under this focus area include:

• BMP 1100: Reduced Tillage Intensity

• BMP 1200: Low Disturbance Placement of Seed & Fertilizer

• BMP 1300: Preventing Soil Compaction

• BMP 1400: Reduced Pesticide Use

• BMP 1500: Soil Landscape Restoration

• BMP 1600: Perennial Cover for Sensitive Lands

• BMP 1700: Hazardous Products Storage

Intake Information: The intake for this program is currently open, funding requests will be accepted from April 28, 2023 to 11:59 pm on June 13, 2023. BMP Summary

Project Timeline: Projects must be completed by March 31, 2024.

Additional Information and Documents – go to the website to access the application forms and worksheets.

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/sustainableagr/cropland-management.html

Climate Change and Environment: Manure and Livestock Management Stream

Funding to support the adoption of practices that improve livestock performance and manure management. Eligible beneficial management practices under this focus area include:

• BMP 2100: Enhanced Feed Efficiency

• BMP 2200: Improved Manure Application

• BMP 2300: Solid-Liquid Separation of Manure

• BMP 2400: Improved Manure Transport

• BMP 2500: In-Barn Air Quality Treatment

• BMP 2600: Limiting Thermal Stress on Livestock

• BMP 2700: Composting

Intake Information: The intake for this program is currently open, funding requests will be accepted from April 28, 2023 to 11:59 pm on June 13, 2023. BMP Summary

Project Timeline: Projects must be completed by March 31, 2024.

Additional Information and Documents – go to the website to access the application forms and worksheets.

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/sustainableagr/manure-and-livestock-management.html

Climate Change and Environment: Water Management Stream

Funding to support the adoption of practices that enhance the supply, efficient use, quality and management of water. Eligible beneficial management practices under this focus area include:

• BMP 4100: Increased Irrigation Efficiency

• BMP 4200: Fertigation

• BMP 4300: Sub-surface Drainage Water Management

• BMP 4400: Water Quality

• BMP 4500: Runoff Control

• BMP 4600: Water Use Efficiency

• BMP 4700: Water Supply

Intake Information: The intake for this program is currently open, funding requests will be accepted from April 28, 2023 to 11:59 pm on June 13, 2023. BMP

Project Timeline: Projects must be completed by March 31, 2024.

Additional Information and Documents – go to the website to access the application forms and worksheets.

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/sustainableagr/water-management.html

Resilient Agricultural Landscapes Program Components

Climate Change and Environment: Agro-Forestry Stream

The purpose of the Agroforestry BMP is to promote the establishment of shelterbelts and block tree plantings that provide:

• Enhanced carbon sequestration

• Reduced soil erosion

• Improved water conservation efforts

• Energy conservation (e.g. heating costs for home, barn, shop, etc.)

• Improved wildlife habitat

• Increased crop yields

• Thermal protection for livestock

• Reduced surface runoff and enhanced water quality

Intake Information: The intake for this program is currently open, funding requests will be accepted from April 28, 2023 to 11:59 pm on June 12 2023.

Eligible Applicants

• Association of Manitoba Community Pastures

• Indigenous primary producers and communities, including First Nations and Métis

• Primary producers outside of Watershed District boundaries.

*Please note that primary producers within Watershed District boundaries should contact their local Watershed District about available programming in their area.

Eligible Activities

• Establishment and maintenance of shelterbelts or tree buffers for farmyard, livestock facilities and fields

• Planting of trees/shrubs on marginal or high-risk cropland

• Silvopasture (the deliberate integration of trees and grazing livestock on the same land)

Project Timeline: Projects will have eighteen months to be completed.

Cost Share Funding: Eligible applicants can be reimbursed for up to 75 per cent of total approved eligible costs, to a maximum of $15,000 per project.

Additional Information and Documents – go to the website to access the application forms and worksheets.

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/carbonsequestration/agroforestry.html

Climate Change and Environment: Grasslands and Grazing Management Stream

Implementing the Grasslands and Grazing Management BMP will result in:

• Increased productivity and economic gains

• Increased environmental benefits, including

o Improved soil and water quality

o Reduced greenhouse gas emissions

o Reduced stream-bank degradation

o Improved nutrient and water retention

o Improved biodiversity and wildlife habitat

Intake Information: The intake for this program is currently open, funding requests will be accepted from April 28, 2023 to 11:59 pm on June 12, 2023.

Eligible Applicants

• Agricultural Crown Land forage lease holders

• Association of Manitoba Community Pastures

• Indigenous primary producers and communities, including First Nations and Métis

• Primary producers outside of Watershed District boundaries.

*Please note that primary producers within Watershed District boundaries should contact their local Watershed District about available programming in their area.

Eligible Activities

• Planning

o Input from a knowledgeable professional to create a grazing management plan that takes into account forage rest and recovery, stocking rates, paddock rotation and placement of water infrastructure.

• Infrastructure

o Rotational grazing infrastructure including permanent and temporary cross fencing and offsite watering for tame pasture and native grasslands.

• Rejuvenation

o Convert marginal and high-risk annual cropland to permanent grasslands (includes establishment of native or tame forages) and/or increase the use of alfalfa or other locally-adapted and persistent nitrogen-fixing perennial legumes in pasture and hay to at least 30% of the cover.

Project Timeline: Projects will have eighteen months to be completed.

Cost Share Funding: Eligible applicants can be reimbursed for up to 75 per cent of total approved eligible costs, to a maximum of $15,000 per project.

Additional Information and Documents – go to the website to access the application forms and worksheets.

https://www.manitoba.ca/scap/climatechange/carbonsequestration/grasslands-and-grazingmanagement.html

Find Your Local Watershed District

Use the following link to search in which watershed district your municipality is located, or see the watershed district map (second link) to locate your local watershed district. Please note: Some RMs span multiple watershed districts.

https://manitobawatersheds.org/rm-lookup

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d1970615efdf4000145bc48/t/64062c2101852171e9fd1eae/167

8126165654/District+Map+PDF+March+2023.pdf

CFIA Industry Session: Implementation of the ERA Feed-Mill Model for Commercial Feed Mills

(Canadian Food Inspection Agency Notice) The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has developed an Establishment-based Risk Assessment model for feed mills (ERA-Feed Mill model). Beginning in the 2023-2024 fiscal year, the new model will be used, along with other factors, to inform where inspectors should spend time and to help focus program planning on areas of highest risk.

The CFIA ERA team is inviting the feed mill industry to an information session on May 16, 2023. This session will:

• provide an overview of the ERA-Feed Mill model development and implementation process,

• deliver details on the CFIA’s updated program design for commercial feed mills, including the ERA risk results; and,

• explain the expected participation of feed mills.

Session details:

English Information session for Industry on May 16, 2023 from 2:00 to 3:00 pm EST: Microsoft Teams Meeting

Join from computer, mobile application or room device

Click here to join the meeting Meeting ID: 258 256 056 160

Secret code: sK2d8Y

Download Teams | Join on the web

Join with a videoconferencing device teams@cfia-acia.video.canada.ca

Videoconference ID: 113 896 810 9

Or dial the number (audio only)

+1 613-800-7011,,1222138# Canada, OttawaHull

Phone conference ID: 122 213 8#

Please do not hesitate to forward this message to anyone who may be interested in attending this industry session. Should you have any questions, please contact the ERA team at cfia.eramodelmodeleere.acia@inspection.gc.ca

Thank you for your involvement and support with this initiative and look forward to seeing you on May 16, 2023. The ERA team

FCC Sustainability Incentive Program reopens with the Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef and McCain Foods

Regina, Saskatchewan, May 2, 2023 – Farm Credit Canada’s (FCC) Sustainability Incentive Program is once again open to applicants in partnership with the Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (CRSB) and McCain Foods.

FCC encourages eligible cattle producers and potato growers to explore the benefits of receiving incentive payments by increasing the adoption of sustainable practices through the CRSB certification initiative and the McCain Foods potato growers’ framework. Anyone who applied to the program in 2022 and new eligible applicants are now able to apply for this year’s incentive payments.

“FCC is happy to be reopening applications for our sustainability programs. We are in a unique position to work with individual sectors in the agriculture and food industry on their sustainability goals,” explains Curtis Grainger, FCC’s director of sustainability programs. “The progress we’re seeing looks different depending on the sector and on an individual’s operation. That’s why the established, verified initiatives at CRSB and McCain Foods are important partnerships that allow us to support producers with their individual needs.”

The goal of the Sustainability Incentive Program is to recognize and encourage customers as they adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Incentive payments are calculated on a portion of a customer’s lending with FCC. Producers are required to continue to meet the requirements and certification of their respective program to be eligible for the annual incentive payment. Complete details are available at fcc.ca.

The CRSB works with third-party certification bodies (Verified Beef Production Plus, Where Food Comes From and Ontario Corn Fed Beef

Quality Assurance Program) to provide audited certification to its Sustainable Beef Production Standard at the cow-calf, background and feedlot level.

“FCC has shown up in a big way for CRSB certified producers, recognizing the time and investment it takes to maintain certification and continuously improve production practices,” says Ryan Beierbach, CRSB Chair and Saskatchewan producer. “The partnership between CRSB and FCC has been pivotal to the growth of the Certified Sustainable Beef Framework over the past year. We’ve seen increased interest and retention in CRSB certifications and as a producer myself, I am proud of FCC acknowledging beef producers’ commitment to sustainable production.”

Beierbach notes that increased consumer demand for certified sustainable beef in the marketplace puts CRSB certified producers in an excellent position moving forward.

McCain Foods is an excellent partner in the FCC Sustainability Incentive Program by providing matching incentive payments to eligible producers. Their framework guides producers on their sustainability journeys. McCain Foods has a goal to implement sustainable agricultural practices across 100 per cent of its potato acreage worldwide by 2030.

“As a global leader in the food industry, McCain Foods is committed to promote sustainable agriculture practices,” says Daniel Metheringham, McCain Food’s vice-president of agriculture. “We are proud to work in partnership with FCC to incentivize and support farmers in their transition to regenerative agriculture. This collaboration exemplifies our shared commitment to creating programs that

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FCC Sustainability Incentive Program reopens with the Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef and McCain Foods

foster environmental stewardship, improve farm resilience, and build a more sustainable future for our communities and our planet.”

Canadian producers have always focused on what is best for their land and livestock, while meeting the challenges of the market and the needs of consumers. The future will require continued innovation and the adoption of new practices and technologies as an ongoing part of business planning and risk management.

FCC continues to look for opportunities to incentivize producers who participate in industry-led sustainability initiatives that have established systems for verification and measurement of best management practices.

FCC is Canada’s leading agriculture and food lender, dedicated to the future of Canadian agriculture and food. We provide flexible financing, AgExpert management software, information and knowledge specifically designed for the agriculture and food industry As a Crown corporation, we reinvest our profits back into the industry and communities we serve. For more information, visit fcc.ca

Province of Manitoba Fire Bulletin #1

(May 3, 2023 Province of Manitoba News Release)

The Manitoba Wildfire Service advises that wildfire danger across southern Manitoba remains low to moderate, while wildfire danger in northern Manitoba remains low, with some areas still covered by snow. Municipalities and the Manitoba Wildfire Service are starting to see some fires across the south and central regions, but at this point, they have been human-caused.

There are no current restrictions in place. However, Manitobans are reminded to avoid wildfire areas and watch for road closure or detour signs. When using an ATV in areas where backcountry travel is permitted, ATV operators are asked to stay on developed trails, stop frequently to check areas around the engine and exhaust for debris and carefully dispose of any debris found. Operators are also reminded to be prepared by carrying a fire extinguisher, axe and shovel.

Provincial burning permits are required for outdoor fires set within the Burn Permit Area from April 1 to Nov. 15 annually. Provincial burn permits issued under the Wildfires Act may be cancelled or restricted at short notice if fire danger conditions require. The province will not issue burning permits for areas where

municipalities have already implemented burning restrictions.

The public is reminded to contact a local municipality or the local Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development office for more information. Burn permit holders are reminded to check weather conditions, have adequate suppression equipment and ensure proper fuel breaks are in place before burning. Never leave an outdoor fire unattended and always extinguish it before leaving, exercise caution when in or near forested areas.

FireSmart Tip: As part of a spring cleaning routine, take some time to prune any branches within two metres of the ground and remove any flammable debris that may have fallen from trees. This will help keep surface fires more confined, limiting the heights flames can reach.

For further information on Manitoba Wildfire Service, situation updates, restrictions and other important wildfire links go to www.gov.mb.ca/wildfire/ or follow the Twitter account at https://twitter.com/mbgovnews

To report a wildfire, call 911 or the TIP line (tollfree) at 1-800-782-0076.

Manitoba Government Announces Support for Young Entrepreneurs through Futurpreneur

(May 2, 2023 Province of Manitoba News Release)

The Manitoba government is providing $1.2 million over four years to Futurpreneur to support the Startup Program, delivering mentorship programming and financing for young entrepreneurs across the province, Economic Development, Industry and Trade Minister Jeff Wharton announced today.

“Young entrepreneurs drive innovation and help to keep our province competitive in today’s global market,” said Wharton. “The support our government is announcing today is an investment in Manitoba’s future.”

Futurpreneur is a non-profit organization that provides inclusive financing, mentoring, and support tools to help aspiring business owners aged 18 to 39 start and succeed. Its mentoring program matches diverse young entrepreneurs with business experts from a network of more than 2,400 volunteer mentors. The organization’s Startup Program provides financing, mentorship and resources to help young entrepreneurs plan, launch and grow their businesses.

“With the Manitoba government’s renewed investment in Futurpreneur’s programming, we are poised to make a significant impact on the lives of diverse, young entrepreneurs across the province,” said Karen Greve Young, CEO, Futurpreneur. “This partnership will provide the necessary support for these young entrepreneurs to turn their ideas into reality, build thriving businesses, and contribute to the economic growth and prosperity of their communities throughout the province. We are incredibly grateful to the Manitoba government for its unwavering commitment to the success of the province’s young business owners, and we look forward to creating a brighter future together.”

Futurpreneur expects to support the creation of up to 50 businesses each year, the minister noted.

The Manitoba government entered into a threeyear funding agreement with Futurpreneur in 2020 to provide $250,000 per year to fund operating expenses and support the Startup Program for Manitoba small businesses.

“It takes a community to raise a startup and, in Manitoba, Futurpreneur is at the centre of it. Creating something from nothing requires money, advice, direction, and a slew of resources. Futurpreneur provides it all,” said Luc Bohunicky, founder and CEO, Avid Golf. “As a Manitoban, Métis entrepreneur, two-time Futurpreneur programming recipient and a former member of Canada’s G20 Young Entrepreneurs’ Alliance, I’m grateful for the opportunities Futurpreneur has provided me and my colleagues. I’m thrilled to see the Manitoba government’s continued support and am driven to be one of many examples to aspiring entrepreneurs of what’s possible.”

The minister noted the agreement has resulted in the distribution of more than $1.6 million of collateral-free loan capital to 91 businesses and $2 million in financing from the Business Development Bank of Canada in the first two years. In addition, Futurpreneur provided over $550,000 in cash-flow relief to Manitoba clients through its COVID-19 response measures, ensuring young entrepreneurs were supported through business challenges brought on by the pandemic.

A total of $4.1 million has been invested provincially to date through current partnerships.

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Manitoba Government Announces Support for Young Entrepreneurs through Futurpreneur

Additionally, Futurpreneur has spent more than $1.2 million on programs, operations and administration support in Manitoba, for a combined investment of $5.4 million that resulted in a nearly 10-to-1 return on investment on the initial $500,000 investment over the first two fiscal years, the minister said.

For more information on economic development in Manitoba including programs and incentives for businesses, visit www.manitoba.ca/jec.

For more information on Futurpreneur, visit www.futurpreneur.ca

A LANDOWNER’S GUIDE TO GRASSLANDS STEWARDSHIP AGREEMENTS

The Grasslands

Stewardship Program

provides financial support to livestock producers for Best Management Practices (BMPs) that ensures cattle operations ‘keep grazing’ while providing benefits to wildlife and biodiversity.

Program Incentives

BMPs may include:

Perimeter and Cross Fencing

Watering systems designed to improve cattle distribution

Management of woody or invasive plants

Establishing spring or fall pastures

Seeding Native Prairie

Range Management Plan

Terms of Stewardship Agreement:

Agreement Term is for 10 Years. Payment is one time when project is completed.

Supporting Wildlife Habitat Conservation

A landscape with beef producers and cow/calf operations that have cattle grazing pastures, will be a landscape with an abundance of wildlife habitat.

Management of Native Grasslands

Shrub encroachment on native Grasslands is a great concern to Manitoba Habitat Heritage Corporation (MHHC). Shrubs, although native to Manitoba, reduce grazing potential and decrease habitat for ground nesting birds.

MHHC will work with landowners to have their Wolf Willow and/or Snowberry mowed on their native grasslands to increase grazing distribution as well as increase habitat for grassland nesting birds.

Range Management Planning

MHHC provides Range Management Plans that evaluates the health of the pasture to maintain a balance between cattle requirements and grassland ecosystem functions, including benefits for wildlife and biodiversity.

Need More Information?

Contact your local Habitat Conservation Specialist:

Brandon Kasie Cullen 204-724-0583 kcullen@mhhc.mb.ca

Boissevain Tom Moran 204-305-0276 tmoran@mhhc.mb.ca

Hamiota Ian Fortune 431-235-3058 ifortune@mhhc.mb.ca

Minnedosa Jessica Belcher 204-573-4840 jbelcher@mhhc.mb.ca

Reston Carol Graham 204-821-4943 cgraham@mhhc.mb.ca

Rosser Scott Beaton 204-471-9663 sbeaton@mhhc.mb.ca

Shoal Lake Roy Bullion 204-729-7592 rbullion@mhhc.mb.ca

Treherne Kathy Murray 204-871-1569 kmurray@mhhc.mb.ca

Or visit our website: www.mhhc.mb.ca

The Manitoba Habitat Heritage Corporation is a non-profit Charitable organization established in 1986. The MHHC mandate is the conservation, restoration and enhancement of fish and wildlife habitat.

Major Program Partner:

Canada secures Guatemala market for Canadian meat products

(April 28, 2023 – Ottawa, Ontario – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada News Release) The Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food, the Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau announced that the Government of Canada has regained market access to Guatemala for Canada’s pork, beef and poultry products.

Guatemala had closed access to its market for Canadian meat products in December 2013, due to new requirements to inspect facilities in Canada for approval of exports. Since 2013, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, with the support of Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, has been negotiating access for Canada’s meat products to Guatemala.

As part of this market access, Canadian exports of beef, pork and poultry meat products produced on or after April 17, 2023, are now eligible to be exported to Guatemala.

Increased exports into Guatemala has been part of Canada’s long-term strategy to grow international markets for Canadian exporters, while contributing to global food security benefiting global consumers with access to highquality meat and poultry products.

This also provides more opportunities for Canadian producers to diversify their exports and access key markets that are in close

proximity geographically. Given the high transportation costs and supply chain challenges industry has faced, this access is welcomed news.

Quotes

“This is a big win for Canada. The success of Canadian agriculture depends heavily on Canada’s ability to export to the world, and Guatemala presents many opportunities for our exporters. Our Government will continue to support industry’s efforts to get Canadian businesses into new and existing markets and stimulate economic growth.”

- The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau, Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food

Quick facts

• In 2022, Guatemala’s total global import of beef, pork, and poultry was valued at $360 million.

• Canada’s agriculture and agri-food exports have continued to increase despite sector challenges, reaching over $93.9 billion in 2022 and surpassing a previous target to grow agri-food exports to at least $75 billion by 2025.

Canada secures Guatemala market for Canadian meat products

(April 28, 2023 – Ottawa, Ontario – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada News Release) The Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food, the Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau announced that the Government of Canada has regained market access to Guatemala for Canada’s pork, beef and poultry products.

Guatemala had closed access to its market for Canadian meat products in December 2013, due to new requirements to inspect facilities in Canada for approval of exports. Since 2013, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, with the support of Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, has been negotiating access for Canada’s meat products to Guatemala.

As part of this market access, Canadian exports of beef, pork and poultry meat products produced on or after April 17, 2023, are now eligible to be exported to Guatemala.

Increased exports into Guatemala has been part of Canada’s long-term strategy to grow international markets for Canadian exporters, while contributing to global food security benefiting global consumers with access to highquality meat and poultry products.

This also provides more opportunities for Canadian producers to diversify their exports and access key markets that are in close

proximity geographically. Given the high transportation costs and supply chain challenges industry has faced, this access is welcomed news.

Quotes

“This is a big win for Canada. The success of Canadian agriculture depends heavily on Canada’s ability to export to the world, and Guatemala presents many opportunities for our exporters. Our Government will continue to support industry’s efforts to get Canadian businesses into new and existing markets and stimulate economic growth.”

- The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau, Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food

Quick facts

• In 2022, Guatemala’s total global import of beef, pork, and poultry was valued at $360 million.

• Canada’s agriculture and agri-food exports have continued to increase despite sector challenges, reaching over $93.9 billion in 2022 and surpassing a previous target to grow agri-food exports to at least $75 billion by 2025.

Core Vaccination Guidelines

CLOSTRIDIAL BACTERIA

Clostridium chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. sordelli and C. perfingens Type B, C, & D)

C. hemolyticum and C. tetani* are considered risk based vaccines)

Vaccines should always be given according to label instructions.

MINIMUM ANNUAL PROTOCOL

Previously Vaccinated:

Cows/Bulls: Vaccinate at either prebreeding, pregnancy check, or precalving

Cows/Bulls: Booster series of 2 vaccine doses, at least 3 weeks apart No or Unknown Vaccine History:

Vaccinate at 2 or more of the following times:

• spring processing (i.e. branding)

• 3-6 weeks before weaning

• weaning

PRE-WEANED/ NURSING CALVES

STOCKERS/ BACKGROUNDERS

Previously Vaccinated:

REPLACEMENT HEIFERS

Concerns about Tetanus*: See Vaccination Decision Tree for C. tetani

Vaccinate at weaning/arrival

Vaccinate at either prebreeding, pregnancy check, or precalving

Booster series of 2 vaccines, 3 weeks apart No or Unknown Vaccine History:

This document provides general guidelines for vaccine use in cow-calf herds. Specific recommendations for your operation should be discussed with your veterinarian.

BLACKLEG (CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVOEI) BLACKLEG (CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVOEI)

CAUSES

The C. chauvoei bacteria produces spores, which cause severe and often fatal muscle damage

Inactive spores are common in the environment and can exist within the intestines of cattle They convert to active bacteria and multiply in the muscles of affected animals, often after muscle injury.

Disease tends to occur seasonally, especially in warm, wet months

BLACKLEG, CAUSED BY C. CHAUVOEI, OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN YOUNG FAST-GROWING ANIMALS AT 3 -24 MONTHS OF AGE.

CLINICAL SIGNS

Causes swelling and gas accumulation in muscles

Large muscles of the legs, back, and neck often affected, resulting in lameness

Difficulty breathing if tongue and throat muscles affected

Sudden death if heart or diaphragm muscles affected

Mortality rate is high

Post-mortem findings: visible muscle damage that has a metallic, dry reddish-black. May have a sweet smell.

TREATMENT

Treatment is only successful in the very early stages of disease, with high doses of antimicrobials, supportive care, and surgical removal of damaged muscle, if possible.

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

VACCINATION

C. chauvoei is considered a core vaccine, so it should be included in every herd’s vaccination program (See Core Vaccine Guidelines - Clostridial Vaccines)

Cattle that have not been previously vaccinated or have unknown vaccine history should be given a booster series (i.e., 2 vaccines, 3-6 weeks apart), as per label directions. Cattle that have been previously vaccinated should be revaccinated annually.

Calves should be vaccinated at 2 or more of the following times: spring processing (or. branding), 3-6 weeks before weaning, and/or weaning, as per label directions. Two vaccines should be given 3-6 weeks apart.

C. CHAUVOEI IS CONSIDERED A CORE VACCINE AND SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN YOUR HERD'S VACCINATION PROGRAM.

Source: Jowel et al., 2016

Low-stress cattle handling, to reduce the risk of bruising and muscle injury, is important

Source: University of Saskatchewan

BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA (BVD) BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA (BVD)

CAUSES

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), the cause of BVD, has many different strains that cause varying severity and types of disease

The main source of infection is calves infected during the first trimester of gestation, who shed the virus for life (Persistently Infected, PI)

Animals get infected by direct contact, through the placenta, and by indirect contact (e.g., airborne, flies, rectal sleeves, needles, stomach tubes, nose tongs).

BVD VIRUS IS COMMON IN WESTERN CANADIAN BEEF HERDS AND FEEDLOTS. INFECTION SPREADS QUICKLY WITHIN AND AMONGST GROUPS OF CATTLE.

CLINICAL SIGNS

Reproductive Disease: infertility, low conception and pregnancy rates, abortions, stillbirths, weak calves, congenital defects

Diarrhea: mild diarrhea, fever, off feed, quick recovery, high numbers of animals affected

Peracute Diarrhea: severe diarrhea, fever, high numbers of sick animals, frequent and rapid death

Unthrifty PI calves: may be smaller than rest, grow poorly, curly hair

Acute Mucosal Disease (PI calves 6-24 months of age): depressed, off feed, salivation, profuse watery diarrhea with mucus and/or blood, straining, fever; may have erosions in mouth and nose, dirty nasal discharge, or lameness; rapid death

Chronic Mucosal Disease (PI cattle): unthrifty, chronic diarrhea and bloat, weight loss, chronic skin lesions, hoof deformities, chronic erosions in mouth, pneumonia; high death loss

Hemorrhagic Disease: bloody diarrhea, hemorrhages in eyes, bleed from injection sites, nose bleeds

BVDV causes immunosuppression so it increases the risk of other diseases (e g BRD)

BVD IS A VIRAL DISEASE SO IT DOES NOT RESPOND TO ANTIMICROBIALS.

TREATMENT

This is a viral disease so it does not respond to antimicrobials. Discuss treatment options, including addressing potential secondary bacteria infection, with your veterinarian.

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Segregate new stock from existing herd for a few weeks and ensure proper vaccination before mixing Ensure calves get sufficient colostrum from vaccinated dams. In a BVDV outbreak, contact your veterinarian on how to control and reduce disease losses, and discuss value of testing and culling BVD PI cattle.

VACCINATION

BVDVisconsideredacorevaccine,soitshouldbeincludedinevery herd’svaccinationprogram(SeeCoreVaccineGuidelines-BVD Vaccines)

Cattlethathavenotbeenpreviouslyvaccinatedorhaveunknown vaccinehistoryshouldbegivenaboosterseries(ie,2vaccines,3-6 weeksapart),asperlabeldirections.Cattlethathavebeenpreviously vaccinatedshouldbere-vaccinatedannually

Calvesshouldbevaccinated2ormoretimesateither1)spring processing,2)preweaning,or3)weaning,asperlabeldirections Ifexportingbreedingstock,somecountrieshaverestrictionson BVDVvaccination

ModifiedLiveBVDVvaccineshouldneverbeusedinpregnant animalsofunknownvaccinationhistoryandshouldalwaysbe givennolessthan1monthbeforebreeding.

Source: Wikipedia

Source: NADIS Animal Health Skills

BOVINE RESPIRATORY BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS SYNCYTIAL VIRUS ((BRSV) BRSV)

CAUSES

BRSVisapneumovirusandisspecifictocattle Thereare2subtypes calledAandB,withdifferentvirulenceamongstdifferentisolates The largestsourceofvirusisothercattlesheddingthevirusthroughcoughing andaerosoltransmissionordirectcontact

Diseaseoccursmostcommonlyinnursingcalvesonpasturebutcan occurinoldercattleaswell

OtherpointsonBRSV:

Reinfectioniscommon.

Naturalinfectionandvaccinationdonotpreventreinfectionbecause immunityisshort-lived,butvaccinationmayreducetheseverityof clinicaldisease

Persistentinfectionispossible Outbreaksmayoccurwithweatherchanges.

CLINICAL SIGNS

BRSVcausesupperandlowerrespiratorydiseaseandcan bepartoftheBRDcomplex. Infectionsarecommonandmost animalshavemildclinicaldiseaseandrecoverinaweek.

Asmallpercentagewilldevelopafatalviralinterstitial pneumonia,withsevererespiratorydistress,abdominal breathing,mouthbreathing,frothyfoamaroundmouth,fever, reluctancetomove,andunabletoeatanddrinkduetosevere respiratorydistress,withdeathin2-5days

Suddenoutbreakscan occasionallyoccurina susceptibleherd,withhighmorbidity(30-50%)and mortality(3-5%).

BRSV

Typical clinical signs include:

Mild, moderate to severe respiratory distress

Dry non-productive cough

Nasal disacharge

Fever (40-42°C)

Reduced milk production.

Decreased feed/water consumption.

TREATMENT

BRSV is a viral disease; thus, it does not respond to antimicrobials Your veterinarian may recommend antimicrobials to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections in the lung i e , Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).

BRSV INFECTIONS ARE COMMON IN WESTERN CANADIAN BEEF HERDS AND FEEDLOTS.

IS A VIRAL DISEASE AND DOES NOT RESPOND TO ANTIMICROBIALS.

Source:CanadianCattlemen

BOVINE RESPIRATORY BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS SYNCYTIAL VIRUS ((BRSV) BRSV)

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Minimize stressors on cattle

Vaccinate cattle prior to disease risk, as per your veterinarian’s vaccination protocol, using good vaccination techniques (Watch videos here).

Segregate new stock for a few weeks from existing herd and ensure vaccinated against BRSV before mixing Ensure calves get sufficient colostrum from vaccinated dams

Keep good vaccination records.

IN A BRSV OUTBREAK, CONTACT YOUR VETERINARIAN ON HOW TO CONTROL AND REDUCE DISEASE LOSSES.

RECOMMENDED VACCINATION SCHEDULE (CORE VACCINE):

Replacementheifers:vaccinatewithaBRSVvaccine,andrevaccinateaspermanufacturer’slabeldirections CowsandBulls:vaccinateannuallywithaBRSVvaccine,andrevaccinateaspermanufacturer’slabel directions.

Calves:vaccinatewithaBRSVvaccineateither1) >3daysofage,2)springprocessing,3)preweaning,or4) weaning,andrevaccinateaspermanufacturer’slabeldirections Ifvaccinatinginfirstweekoflifeoratspring processing,useanintranasalBRSVvaccinetoreduceimmuneresponseinterferencefrommaternalantibodies.

CONSULT THE CORE VACCINE GUIDELINESBRSV VACCINES

CALF SCOURS (DIARRHEA) CALF SCOURS (DIARRHEA)

CAUSES

Scours can be caused by bacteria (e g E coli, Salmonella, Clostridium), viruses (e g rotavirus, coronavirus), OR parasites (e g cryptosporidium, coccidia)

Often, more than one pathogen might be affecting a single calf or calves within a single herd.

Many of these pathogens can cause disease in humans, particularly cryptosporidium and salmonella. Good personal hygiene is essential when handling scouring calves

CLINICAL SIGNS

Calves can exhibit a wide range of symptoms, such as:

Loose or watery feces for >2 days

Reduced or lack of appetite

Dehydration (i e sunken eyes, tacky gums, reduced skin elasticity) Dullness or lethargy (i e droopy ears, lower levels of activity)

Weakness (i.e. reluctance or inability to stand)

3-5% OF BEEF CALVES IN WESTERN CANADA ARE TREATED FOR SCOURS EACH YEAR WHEN

Dehydration and sepsis are the predominant reasons calves die from scours, more so than the scours itself.

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Thepathogensthatcausescoursarespreadintheenvironmentwhenyoung, vulnerablecalvescomeincontactwithcontaminatedmaterials

Bedding,pasture,andevencows'uddersgetcontaminatedwhenexposedto infectedmanureofoldercalvesorcowsthatmaynotshowanysymptomsof scours.

Pasturemanagementstrategiesthatminimizethecontactofyoungcalveswith manurearekeytoreducingcalfscours.

VACCINATION

Pre-calvingvaccinationofcowsandheiferscanbeusedtohelp protectcalvesagainstscourscausedbyE.coli,rotavirus, coronavirus,and/orclostridium,whenusedaccordingtolabel directions.(SeeCalfDiarrheaVaccinationGuidelines)

Scoursvaccinesaregiventothecowsbutimmunityonlygets passedtothecalveswhentheydrinkenoughgoodquality colostrumshortlyafterbirth,so...

Scoursvaccinesareonlyasgoodasyourcolostrum management!

TREATMENT

Mostcausesofscourscannotbetreatedwithantibiotics. Treatmentwithantibioticsonlyhelpspreventcalvesfrom becomingseptic.(SeeCVMABeefCalfDiarrheaDecision Tree)

Therefore,theONLYscouringcalveswhoneedantibiotics:

Areseverelydullorlethargic, Havebloodormucusinthefeces, Havesignsofsepsis(e.g.reddenedgums,bloodshoteyes)

Fluid therapy, either oral or IV, are essential to keeping scouringcalvesalive.Discussthiswithyourveterinarian.

Pasty soft manure, no dehydration, bright and alert, still nursing cow (belly full), can’t catch easily.

Leave on cow. Monitor for developing signs of systemic disease, such as depression, lethargy, weakness, reduced milk intake (full udder on cow), dehydration (↑skin tent, ↑CRT), fever (rectal temp ≥ 39.5 C), purple/red gums or toxic line.

Diarrheic Beef Calf (<30 days old) – Antimicrobial Treatment Decision Tree

Mild diarrhea (semi-liquid but still solids), mild depression, dull, belly not full, mild dehydration 6-8% (eyeball recession 2-4 mm skin tent 1-2s, CRT<2s), light pink gums (normal), ambulatory, nursing cow, good suckle reflex.

NO FEVER

FEVER

Moderate diarrhea (liquid, wet tail and hindquarters), depressed, moderate dehydration 8-10% (eyeball recession 4-6 mm, skin tent 2-5s), empty belly, not nursing cow (udder full), weak suckle reflex, general weakness but still ambulatory.

NO FEVER

FEVER

Severe watery diarrhea (fire-hose diarrhea, pure liquid) or diarrhea with blood or mucosal shreds, severe depression, severe dehydration ≥10% (eyeball recession ≥6 mm, skin tent ≥5s, CRT>2s), empty belly, not nursing cow (full udder), weak, no suckle reflex, cold, recumbent, red gums or toxic line.

Leave on cow, supplement with appropriate oral electrolytes¥, monitor closely

Leave on cow, supplement with appropriate oral electrolytes¥, NSAIDs*, antimicrobial+ if ≤3 days of age, monitor closely

Leave on cow, treat with appropriate oral electrolytes with dextrose¥, bolus of IV fluidsβ¥ , monitor closely

Leave on cow, treat with appropriate oral electrolytes with dextrose¥, bolus of IV fluidsβ¥ , NSAIDs*, antimicrobial+ , monitor closely

Remove from cow, warm IV fluids¥ (bolus of IV fluids β¥ initially followed by continuous slow IV dripβ); once sucking give appropriate oral electrolytes with dextrose¥, milk¥, NSAIDs*, antimicrobial+, hot box, monitor very closely

*NSAID – do not exceed 3 doses or use in dehydrated calves. Meloxicam preferred over flunixin due to COX2 target. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009 Mar;25(1):101-20. J Anim Sci. 2010 Jun;88(6):2019-28 βChoice of fluids for IV bolus (hypertonic saline or isotonic or hypertonic bicarb) depending on acid-base balance, ¥ IV and Oral Fluid and Milk Recommendations: J Vet Med A Physiol Path Clin Med 2003 Mar;50(2):57-61. J Vet Intern Med 2017 May;31(3):907-921; Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2014 Jul;30(2):409-27; J Dairy Sci. 2019 Dec;102(12):11337-11348. J Dairy Sci. 2020 Nov;103(11):10446-10458. Vet Clin Food Anim 25 (2009) 55–72. Vet J. 2017; 226:15-25.

+Only use antimicrobials in diarrheic calves with signs of systemic illness (dehydration, depression, fever, weak or absent suckle reflex, generalized weakness, red gums/toxic line) or diarrhea with blood or mucosal shreds and if disease not coccidiosis (≥3 wk of age): a) TMP-Sulfa (caution in dehydrated calves) - 25 mg/kg IV or IM every 24 hours for maximum of 5 treatments b) ceftiofur – 2.2. mg/kg IM every 12 hours for minimum of 3 days, c) parenteral fluoroquinolones per label dosage and route (ELDU), d) Ampicillin -10 mg/kg IM every 12 hours for minimum of 3 days J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18:8–17. Res Vet Sci. 2003 Apr;74(2):171-8. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009 Mar;25(1):101-20. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Dec;97(12):7644-54. Cryptosporidiosis Halocur® or Halagon® and fluids Parasitology 2020 Dec 2;1-12. Coccidiosis Baycox® or Amprol® for treatment; ionophores, Deccox® or Amprol® for control/prevention. Non-antimicrobial alternatives review J Vet Res 2020. 64,1 119-126.

Note: Fecal bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not recommended in calves with diarrhea because fecal bacterial populations do not accurately reflect small intestinal or blood bacterial populations and because the break points for susceptibility test results have not been validated. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18:8–17. If herd problem, may consider fecal sampling to determine if problem E. coli (usually ≤3 days of age), cryptosporidia (5-14 days old), rota/corona virus (5-14 days old), bloody scours (DDX: Clostridial perfringens, Salmonella spp), coccidiosis ≥ 14 days old. Mixed infections common. If herd problem, investigate risk factors associated with diarrhea and adjust to prevent and control disease e.g. poor colostral immunity (Failure of Passive Transfer) overcrowding, environmental factors including poor hygiene…Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012 Nov; 28(3): 465–481.

FOOT ROT (INTERDIGITAL NECROBACILLOSIS) FOOT ROT (INTERDIGITAL NECROBACILLOSIS)

CAUSES

Footrotiscausedbyvariousbacteria,themostcommonofwhichis Fusobacteriumnecrophorum.

Whileitusuallyoccursassporadicindividualcases,outbreakscanoccur Allagesofcattlearesusceptible

Infectedfeetarethesourceofinfection,butthebacteriacansurviveinthesoil Bacteriainfectfeetthroughabrasionsordamagetotheskinbetweenthetoes Wet,humidweathercausingmuddygroundandwet,dirtybedding,rough ground,andhighstockingdensityincreasetheriskofdisease.

FOOT ROT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LAMENESS IN BEEF HERDS, AND THE 2ND MOST TREATED DISEASE IN WEANED CALVES AND ADULT CATTLE.

CLINICAL SIGNS

Animals are usually severely lame in one limb, putting very little weight on the leg

The foot is swollen between and above the claws at the coronary band. The skin between the claws may have a crack covered in dead tissue, and the foot will have a foul odor.

Animals may have a mild fever (39-40°C).

Affected bulls may show temporary infertility and cows may have a temporary drop in milk production.

If left untreated, the infection may spread to the joints and tendon sheaths

PROMPT TREATMENT OF FOOT ROT CAN RESULT IN A POSITIVE RESPONSE!

TREATMENT

Immediate treatment after the onset of swelling and lameness typically results in an excellent response In outbreaks, footbaths with copper sulfate and/or feed medication with tetracyclines may be effective in controlling the disease For those cattle with secondary joint infections or chronic foot rot, consider culling or humane euthanasia

Always consult your veterinarian about treatment strategies.

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Foot Rot can be prevented by reducing the risk of foot injuries (e g , fixing corrals, eliminating garbage in pastures), ensuring even footing in cattle handling areas, and keeping bedding areas, pens, and barns clean and dry Consult your veterinarian for advice on prevention, treatment, and control, including the use of footbaths.

VACCINATION

Foot Rot (i.e., Fusobacterium necrophorum) is considered a risk-based vaccine.

A commercial vaccine is available in Canada, but the vaccine’s effectiveness has not been well established in controlled field trials Discuss with your veterinarian whether to use the vaccine and its potential cost benefit in your herd.

Source: University of Copenhagen

CAUSES

Histophilosis is caused by the bacteria, Histophilus somni (previously called Hemophilus somnus).

This bacteria can be found in the upper respiratory and reproductive tracts of healthy cattle. The bacteria is shed in nasal and vaginal secretions and urine. It can evade normal immune mechanisms that normally kill bacteria

HISTOPHILUS SOMNI BACTERIA ARE A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN PRE-WEANED CALVES AND A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN FEEDLOT CALVES.

CLINICAL SIGNS

Histophilosismayappearwithvarioussymptoms,suchas:

Pneumonia:depression,offfeed,nasaldischarge,coughing,fever Laryngitis(Wheezer):snorewhenbreathingin

Earinfections:eardroop,headtilt,dischargefromear

Heartdiseaseandpleuritis:depressed,frothatmouth,mouthbreathing, orsuddendeath

Nervousdisease:depressedandknuckleonbackfeetinearlystages; typicallyfounddowninpen;maystargazeorareunabletogetup,with involuntarycircularmovementofeyes

Jointinfections:lame,swellingsoverlargejoints(e.g.,stifle,hock); usuallyaffectingmultiplejoints;mayalsohaverespiratorysigns

Abortions:possiblebutnotcommon

HISTOPHILUS SOMNI ARE CONSIDERED RISK-BASED VACCINES. DISCUSS WITH YOUR VETERINARIAN ABOUT WHETHER YOUR HERD SHOULD BE VACCINATED AGAINST THIS DISEASE.

TREATMENT

Usuallytreatedwithantimicrobialsandifgivenearly,animals mayrespond.Heartdiseaseisnoteasytodiagnoseuntilafter irreversibleheartdamagehasoccurred

Alwaysconsultyourveterinarianabouttreatment strategies.

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Reduce stress on cattle. Ensure good biosecurity. Use antimicrobials for metaphylaxis only when necessary. Prudent antimicrobial use is necessary to reduce antimicrobial resistance against H somni in in-coming feeder cattle, so antimicrobials will be effective in these animals, which are at greatest risk of this serious fatal disease In a Histophilosis outbreak, contact your veterinarian on how to control and reduce disease losses

VACCINATION

Histophilussomniisconsideredarisk-based vaccine.

Afewkilledwholecellvaccinesareavailable commerciallyinCanada.However,thereislittle evidencefromcontrolledfieldtrialstoshowthat existingvaccineseffectivelyreducethemultipleforms ofHistophilosisincommercialbeefherds

Discusswithyourveterinarianwhethertouse existingvaccinesandtheirpotent yourherd.

Source: Bano et al., 2011

LEPTOSPIROSIS AND VIBRIOSIS LEPTOSPIROSIS AND VIBRIOSIS

CAUSES

LeptospirosisiscausedbyatypeofbacteriacalledLeptospira Diseaseoccurs mostcommonlyinwarm,wetclimates Thisbacteriacancausediseasein humans

VibriosisisareproductivediseasecausedbythebacteriaCampylobacterfetus subspeciesveneralis.Bacteriaarespreadmostcommonlybyinfectedbullsto susceptiblefemales

LEPTOSPIROSIS AND VIBRIOSIS OCCUR SPORADICALLY AT LOW RATES IN WESTERN CANADIAN BEEF HERDS.

CLINICAL SIGNS

Leptospirosis

Calves < 1 month of age: fever, off feed, depression, red urine, jaundice (i e yellow gums and white of eyes), pale mucous membranes; high death rate

Adult cattle: abortions, reduced milk production, red or yellow-orange discolored milk with blood clots, udder may be limp and soft or normal, red urine, occasionally severe lameness, infertility with fever and off feed

Occasional nervous signs: incoordination, excessive salivation, conjunctivitis, muscle rigidity

Vibriosis

Infertility, with poor conception and/or pregnancy rates. Long calving interval

Uterine infections

Abortions late in gestation.

LEPTOSPIROSIS AND VIBRIOSIS ARE CONSIDERED RISK-BASED VACCINES. DISCUSS WITH YOUR VETERINARIAN ABOUT WHETHER YOUR HERD SHOULD BE VACCINATED AGAINST THESE DISEASES.

TREATMENT

Leptospirosis can be treated with antimicrobials, as per your veterinarian’s treatment protocol Vibriosis can be managed with vaccination against C fetus Consider culling chronically infected carrier animals

PREVENTATIVE MANAGEMENT

Use rodent and wildlife control where practical and feasible. Remove and dispose immediately of aborted fetuses and placentas (or freeze for diagnostics). Segregate new animals from existing herd for a few weeks and ensure proper vaccination before mixing In an abortion or infertility outbreak, contact your veterinarian on how to control and reduce disease losses

VACCINATION

Cattlethathavebeenvaccinatedinthepastyearshouldbe revaccinatedannuallypriortothebreedingseason,asper labeldirections

Cattlethathavenotbeenvaccinatedinthepastyearor thathaveunknownvaccinationhistoryshouldbe vaccinatedatleasttwicepriortothebreedingseason,as perlabeldirections.(SeeLeptospirosis/Vibriosis VaccinationGuidelines)

Bulls that are candidates for export or entry to breeding or AI centres are subject to testing and will be excluded if vaccinated against various diseases. Check with your veterinarian prior to vaccinating bulls.

Abortions associated with Vibriosis (Source: Canadian Cattlemen)

Jaundice calves with high mortalities

VACCINE BACKGROUNDER FOR VACCINE BACKGROUNDER FOR BEEF COW-CALF PRODUCERS BEEF COW-CALF PRODUCERS

WHAT ARE VACCINES?

Vaccines are biological substances used to stimulate immunity to a particular bacteria or virus that causes disease. They are not antimicrobials; thus, they can be used in most organic and natural programs.

MODIFIED-LIVE VACCINES (MLV)

Contain weakened strains of bacteria or viruses

Usually induce quicker immunity than killed vaccines. MLV vaccines given in the nose are safe in young calves and pregnant heifers/cows

MLV vaccines for injectable use may cause abortion in pregnant heifers/cows.

Talk to your veterinarian before using MLV vaccines in pregnant heifers/cows.

KILLED VACCINES

Contain killed whole viruses or bacteria or parts of them. Autogenous vaccines are killed vaccines made from your herd’s bacteria or viruses.

Toxoids are a subset, containing modified toxins that induce an immune response.

Viruses or bacteria are typically killed by heat or chemicals.

Usually require more boosters (revaccinations) than MLV vaccine.

More likely to cause hypersensitivity (rare) and injection site reactions after vaccination.

Safe in unvaccinated pregnant heifers/cows.

VACCINES CAN BE EFFECTIVE TOOLS BUT ONLY WHEN USED APPROPRIATELY Wellbalancednutritionateachstageofproduction. Goodenvironmentalmanagement. Goodcolostrummanagement.

Vaccinesareonlyonetooltopreventinfectiousdisease;they arelesseffectiveindiseasecontrolwithout:

Source: Beef Cattle Research Council

VACCINE BACKGROUNDER FOR VACCINE BACKGROUNDER FOR BEEF COW-CALF PRODUCERS BEEF COW-CALF PRODUCERS

DID YOU KNOW?

Vaccines must be properly administered to induce an effective immune response (Watch video here).

Protection is not immediate after vaccination, usually taking 1014 days.

Typically, multiple doses of a vaccine are required to induce specific immunity.

Not every animal will respond the same to vaccination. Immunity induced by vaccination does not last the life of the animal; therefore, revaccination is required for all vaccines.

VACCINATION MINIMIZES DISEASE RISKS

Read vaccine manufacturer’s label directions before use. Follow label directions and your veterinarian’s vaccination protocol.

Annually review your vaccination protocol with your veterinarian. Keep good vaccination records.

2022 A Year of New Opportunities for Farmers to Recycle More Agricultural Plastics

ETOBICOKE, ON (May 4, 2023) – Cleanfarms has posted its 2022 annual report, showcasing the expansion of on-the-ground programs that Canadian farmers can use to manage waste agricultural plastic products and packaging for recycling or safe disposal when they are no longer needed.

In the report, Cleanfarms describes how opportunities to divert agricultural waste materials from landfill have expanded beyond the long-standing small and large pesticide and fertilizer containers, adding to the options available to operate farms sustainably.

2022, in particular, saw a three-year project to collect seed, pesticide and inoculant (SPI) bags across the Prairies transition from a pilot to a permanent program. Commonly used to deliver agricultural crop inputs, SPI bags have been collected in the Maritimes, Ontario and Quebec for more than a decade, but it was not an option available to farmers in the west. Now empty SPI bags can be taken to Cleanfarms’ collection sites from Prince Edward Island west to Alberta. In 2022, about 553,800 kg of SPI bags, including fertilizer bags in Quebec, were recovered.

“Adding SPI bags to the list of items farmers can manage for recycling or safe disposal across the country, instead of landfilling, burning or burying them, is a major step forward in our goal to have zero plastic agricultural waste disposed of in landfill,” said Cleanfarms Executive Director Barry Friesen.

“Plastic products like grain bags, baler twine, jugs and 1000L totes are important tools in the agricultural industry. Farmers, like other Canadians, want ways to manage these materials as part of a sustainable circular economy. At Cleanfarms, our job is to develop and launch programs that are cost efficient and

give growers options to see these materials repurposed as new products.”

Another leading-edge recycling program included in the annual report is the pilot project to recover bale wrap and silage bags, made from a plastic commonly used to preserve hay for livestock feed. Through partnerships such as with Dairy Farmers of Canada, Cleanfarms initiated pilot projects across the country to assess the effectiveness of using a compactor mechanism to compress loose bale wrap and silage bags, bunker covers and silage tarps into bales that are more easily stored and transported for recycling.

Quebec has one of the most comprehensive pilot programs in Canada, collecting a variety of agricultural plastics and non-organic packaging for recycling and safe disposal. In its fourth year in 2022, it enabled farmers to manage bale wrap, silage bags, bunker covers, baler twine, netting and maple tubing for recycling.

“Pilot projects are the foundation of Cleanfarms’ program development to recover these materials. Through pilots we figure out how growers will use the programs, how to collect and transport materials, and how to ensure recyclables go to viable end markets. Pilots are the tool we use to determine what works and what doesn’t, and how to tweak systems until they are as efficient as possible. Then, wherever possible, we transition them to permanent programs,” Friesen explained.

He noted that connections with partners and with growers themselves are the direct result of having a group of on-the-ground knowledgeable, experienced staff who have backgrounds in Canadian agriculture.

continued on page 31

2022 A Year of New Opportunities for Farmers to Recycle More Agricultural Plastics

“Our staff in provinces across the country ensure that these programs reflect the variations in agriculture from coast to coast, and that’s the secret sauce in laying the groundwork for effective recycling and safe management of used agricultural plastics and other non-organic packaging and products,” Friesen said.

In the 2022 annual report, Cleanfarms highlighted the collection of agricultural materials since the inception of the programs for each (rounded):

• Plastic pesticide and fertilizer containers

23L and smaller - 149 million units

• Non-refillable bulk pesticide and fertilizer drums and totes – 392,000 units

• Seed and pesticide bags – 3,000 tonnes

• Unwanted old pesticides – 4,200 tonnes

• Old, obsolete livestock/equine medications – 67.3 tonnes

• Grain bags, agricultural film and baler twine plastic – 12,700 tonnes

• Maple Sap Tubing (in Quebec only) –342 tonnes

Cleanfarms collects ag waste materials through valued partnerships with more than 1,500 recycling collection sites across Canada.

Cleanfarms is operating pilot projects throughout Canada to assess compactor mechanisms that help farmers manage loose agricultural plastic sheets typically used for agricultural bale wrap, bunker covers and silage tarps. Farmers can compress the plastic film on the farm so that it is easier to store and transport to recycling collection sites. Once collected, the recovered plastic will be repurposed in a circular economy. – Cleanfarms photo

About Cleanfarms

Cleanfarms is an agricultural industry stewardship organization that contributes to a healthier environment and a sustainable future by recovering and recycling agricultural and related industry plastics, packaging and products. It is funded by its members in the crop protection, seed, fertilizer, animal health medication, ag plastics industries. It has staff located in Lethbridge, Alberta; Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan; Winnipeg, Manitoba; Etobicoke, Ontario; and St-Bruno, Quebec.