MFA Thesis Project _Designer
MANJIA ZHAO
MFA Thesis Project _Designer
MANJIA ZHAO
MANJIA ZHAO _Web
manjiazhao.com
_Email
zhaomanjia@yahoo.com
_Phone
415 489 8926
BOOK COVER Flax Art & Design
TEXT STOCK 100# Finch Fine ID
MINUSGREY
TYPE FACE
MFA Graphic Design Thesis
NT Gargarin Jouri & Dmitri
_Web
m i n u s g re y. o rg
Akko Rounded
ACADEMY OF ART UNIVERSITY
Š2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
School of Graphic Design
No part of this publication may be
7 9 N e w M o n t g o m e r y,
reproduced without the permission
San Francisco, CA 94105
of Manjia Zhao
minusgrey MFA Thesis Project _Designer
MANJIA ZHAO
minusgrey is about increasing people's awareness of air pollution. It motivates people to change daily behaviors and reduce energy consumption so that everyone can make efforts to improve our environment.
Table of Contents
Chapter 01 _Page 8–19
Chapter 02 _Page 20–37
The Problem
Develop the Concept
Chapter 03 _Page 38-65
Chapter 04 _Page 66-155
Design process
Final deliverables
_MFA Thesis / MANJIA ZHAO
01
MINUSGREY
_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
The problem I found
I c ar e a lo t abou t air pol l u t ion and wan t to ac t ual ly do s ome t hing to hel p make our air c leaner. I pl an to us e m y gr aphic de sign sk il l s to c r ea te a smar t phone app t ha t w il l inc r eas e pe ople's in ter e s t in air pol l u t ion and mo t i v a te t hem towards ac t ion t hr ough mobile gaming. I bel ie v e m y concep t w il l hel p r e duce air pol l u t ion.
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_MFA Thesis / MANJIA ZHAO
MINUSGREY
_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
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The origin of minusgrey
THIS THESIS BEGAN WITH A TRIP I TOOK BACK TO CHINA.
I w en t bac k to C hina f or hol ida y in t he summer o f 2011 and de v elope d an al ler g y ou t o f now her e. I couldn' t s top sne e zing. T he doc tor told me t ha t I was no t us e d to C hina's air qual i t y. I t hough t t ha t s ounde d r idic ulous be c aus e I was bor n and r ais e d in C hina and ha v e l i v e d t her e f or 20 y ear s. Bu t t he t r u t h is t ha t C hina's air qual i t y is r eal ly bad—s o bad t ha t I couldn' t bear i t a f ter hav ing be en in t he US f or a w hile. T his si t ua t ion r eal ly s adden s me. I don' t wan t m y coun t r y to be come no tor ious f or ha v ing poor air qual i t y. I don' t wan t t he pe ople I lo v e to l i v e in t ha t en v ir onmen t . I wan t to make s ome c hange s, s o I c hos e air pol l u t ion as t he topic f or m y gr adua te t he sis pr oje c t , Minusgr e y.
_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
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_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
In Hong K ong, tour is t s hav e to t ake t heir pho tos in f r on t o f a f ake d sk y l ine. T his may be hil ar ious, bu t i t is al s o s ad. Pe ople hav e to do t his unbel ie v able t hing be c aus e t he r eal wor ld is wor s e t han t he f ake d one. Pho tos o f t he "r eal Hong K ong" c an' t be c apt ur e d be c aus e o f t he pol l u t ion.
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The real problem under the surface
MOST PEOPLE ARE AWARE OF AIR POLLUTION, BUT FEW DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT. PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO WASTE TIME ON THINGS THEY ARE NOT INTERESTED IN.
90% o f t he pe ople w ho took m y sur v e y s aid t ha t t he y s e e air pol l u t ion as a s er ious is sue and t ha t t he y do c ar e abou t i t . Ho w e v er, only t hr e e percen t o f t ha t 90 percen t s aid t he y would lo v e to c hange t heir bad beha v ior s and be come mor e en v ir onmen t al ly f r iendly f or t he s ake o f our air. S o, t he pr oblem is no t pe ople's le v el o f awar ene s s. R a t her, t he pr oblem is t ha t pe ople ar e ei t her too c augh t up in t heir ow n l i v e s to be bo t her e d w i t h t he r e s t o f t he wor ld, or t ha t t he y ar e too l az y to make c hange s f or t he be t ter be c aus e doing s o is no t eas y or com f or t able.
_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
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_MFA Thesis / MANJIA ZHAO
Energy Sources in the U.S.
37 %
26 %
Oil
Natural Gas
8%
21%
8%
Renewable
Coal
Nuclear
_Chapter 1 / FIND THE PROBLEM
EVERYONE CREATES POLLUTION EVERY DAY BECAUSE EVERYONE USES ENERGY.
Ev er y one c r ea te s pol l u t ion e v er y day be c aus e e v er y one con sume s ener g y. We ne e d ener g y to ke ep going. W i t hou t gas and ele c t r ic i t y, w e wouldn' t k now how to con t inue l i v ing com f or t ably. Ho w e v er, our com f or t come s a t t he cos t o f pol l u t ion. T he big ener g y -pr oduc ing pl an t s c r ea te har m f ul emis sion s. Only 80% o f t he ener g y in t he US come s f r om c lean s ource s, suc h as w ind and s ol ar po w er. T he o t her 92% is f r om s ource s suc h as coal w hic h c aus e l ar ge amoun t s o f air pol l u t ion. We ar e al l r e spon sible f or air pol l u t ion and w e al l ha v e t he pow er to r e duce i t .
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_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
Develop the concept
I de c ide d t ha t air pol l u t ion is a pr oblem t ha t I would l ike to hel p s olv e using de sign. I t took a long t ime to de v elop a wor k able concept to hel p s olv e t he is sue, as t he pr oce s s in v olv e d f inding in spir a t ion, r e s earc hing, and t hink ing ou t side o f t he box.
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My inspiration
"FUN" HELPS DRIVE PEOPLE TO ACTION. IT'S THE BEST WAY TO MOTIVATE PEOPLE.
Fun theor y describes how people more willingly do things they f e e l ar e f un. Dur ing m y r e s earc h, I dis co v er e d a gr oup w ho c hange d a r ailwa y s t a t ion's s t air s in to piano ke y s to mo t i v a te pe ople to t ake t he s t air s in s tead o f t he e s c al a tor. Mor e and mor e pe ople c hos e t he s t air s be c aus e t he y w er e f un to s tep on. T his gr oup succe s s f ul ly c hange d pe ople's beha v ior. T his in spir e d me to make s ome t hing r eal ly f un t ha t could al s o mo t i v a te pe ople to c hange t heir daily beha v ior s and r e duce t heir ener g y con sumpt ion.
_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
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_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
"I believe gaming can make a better world." —Jane McGonigal
INTANGIBLE REWARDS WORKS WELL TO MOTIVATE PEOPLE.
Tangible rewards do not always wor k in moti-
like they are at the top of the wor ld because
vating people for change. Intangible rewards,
they made changes to the vir tual gaming wor ld
on the other hand, might be a bet ter choice.
by killing the mons ter, for ins tance. Therefore, if
Video game player s are always willing to change
behavioral changes make people feel power ful,
their behavior if it means advancing to the nex t
they will continue to make these changes and
level and ultimately winning. Mos t of the time,
will be less likely to return to the old habit s.
rather than tangible rewards, like money, simple
Thus, I decided to center Minusgrey on game to
phrases such as “Congratulations, you passed!”
motivate as many people as possible to reduce
Motivate them to keep playing. I think this helps
air pollution.
them feel power ful. When they win, they feel
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Mobile game is on the rise
211 million
90
million Boom in mobile gaming
Boom in social gaming
20
million
2000
2008
2011 2012
_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
MORE THAN ONE BILLION PEOPLE USE SMART PHONES. SMART PHONES ARE A PART OF OUR LIVES NOW AND MOBILE GAMING IS ON THE RISE.
T her e ar e mor e t han one bil l ion smar t phone us er s in t he w or ld. W i t h abou t 211 mil l ion mobile s oc ial gamer s in t he US in 2012, smar t phone s hav e made mobile gaming a par t o f our daily l i v e s. Mobile gaming hel ps pe ople r el ax dur ing a bus y da y. I t 's f un and c an lead to happier l i v e s. I de c ide d to c r ea te a mobile game to ac hie v e m y goal o f mo t i v a t ing pe ople to r e duce air pol l u t ion. T he game w il l be f un and eas y to pl ay, be c aus e pe ople should no t fe el s t r e s s e d w hile c hanging t heir habi t s f or t he be t ter. T his w il l hel p me r eac h as man y pe ople as I c an.
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_MFA Thesis / MANJIA ZHAO
Device used when playing games:
33%
32%
18%
13%
4%
Mobile phone
PC/laptop
Game Console
Tablet
Handheld
_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
57% daily
7%
less than once a week
Time that Mobile gamers spend on mobile games
4%
once a week
32%
2-3 times a week
37 % of iphone owners play daily
21% of time spent on tablets is for gaming
54 % of gamers play more than one hour a day
45 % of app sessions on smartphone are games
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The game's concept
CONNECT THE REAL WORLD TO THE VIRTUAL WORLD.
W i t h t his game, I wan t to f ind a wa y f or pe ople to ac t ual ly s e e t he pol l u t ion t he y ' v e made. T he game w il l al s o r el a te to e v er yday l i fe s o t ha t pe ople w il l conne c t emo t ional ly to t he e f fe c t s o f pol l u t ion and t hen be mo t i v a te d to c hange. S oc ial game s ar e v er y popul ar in mobile gaming, s o I de c ide d to c r ea te a s oc ial game w hic h w il l l ink t he en v ir onmen t in t he game to t he r eal wor ld's daily ener g y con sumpt ion. T he mor e ener g y pe ople con sume, t he wor s e t he en v ir onmen t w il l be come in t he game. T his w il l le t pe ople s e e t he pol l u t ion, fe el t he pow er o f c hange, and be come mo t i v a te d to t ake ac t ion.
_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
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_MFA Thesis / MANJIA ZHAO
Mobile game players' age range:
Age
65+
55-64
45-54
6% 10% 18% 23%
35-44
27%
25-34
18-24
16%
_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
My audience
General audience: people who have smartphone and play mobile games. Main audience: young adults
I hope to reach as many people as possible. Smar tphone user s and mobile game player s are my potential audience. Young adult s, ages 18 – 35, will be my target audience as more than 60% of mobile game player s fall within this age range. People from this age group in f l ue n c e eac h o t her a lo t and ar e major s oc ial ne t wor k us er s. I f a ne w trend s tar t s, it would be this group who spreads it, making them the bes t audience for mobile social games. Las tly, young adult s represent the future. Success fully changing their behavior improves our chances at making a bet ter future.
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_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
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_Chapter 2 / DEVELOP THE CONCEPT
Thesis development book
I DECIDED WHICH DIRECTION TO TAKE MY THESIS IN MY THESIS DEVELOPMENT CLASS.
In my thesis development class, I researched air pollution and the gaming indus tr y. I decided to make a smar tphone game to help reduce air pollution and make the wor ld a bet ter place to live in based on the result s of my research.
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_Chapter 3 / DESIGN PROCESS
Design process
C r ea t ing gr ea t wor k is a leng t h y pr oce s s. I t t ake s mor e t han a fe w s e conds to come up w i t h a gr ea t de sign. T he pr oce s s inc l ude s r epea te d ske tc hing, br ain s tor ming, and r e f ining.
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How I developed my design
ANYONE CAN DO SOMETHING IF THEY WANT TO DO IT.
I spen t a l ar ge amoun t o f t ime on r e s earc h, t ime or ganiz a t ion, and ske tc hing to pr epar e m y de sign. T his pr oje c t r e sulte d in a mas si v e amoun t o f br ain s tor ming and r e f ining.
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_Chapter 3 / DESIGN PROCESS
Sketch book s help me clear my concept and develop design.
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APP FLOW CHART I created a f low char t for the app to clarif y the level s and s teps to the game. This f low char t will make my design process easier and more organized. _Pages
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APP THUMBNAILS Thumbnail s are always a good tool for designer s. They help show the f low of the app and make the ref inement process easier.
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_Thesis logo sketches
grey
grey minusgrey grey minusgrey minusgrey minusgrey
GREY minus a world without
SMOG
a world withou
minus
t SMOG
a world withou
t SMOG
a world withou
minus
minusGREY
t SMOG
minus a world without
SMOG
minusGREY minusgrey minusgrey minusgrey minus minus a world without
SMOG
minus grey a world without
SMOG
minus a world without
SMOG
grey
grey
_App logo sketches
AirNERGY AirNergy Airnergy airnergy _App icon sketches
airnergy
airnergy
airnergy airnergy airnergy
airnergy
_Chapter 3 / DESIGN PROCESS
_Thesis logo
_App logo
nergy _App icon
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Technique possibility
IN ATTENDING THE CLEAN AND GREEN HACKATHON, I'VE MADE SURE THAT MY IDEA FOR THIS MOBILE GAME IS REALLY POSSIBLE.
My idea for this game is to connec t the vir tual wor ld to our real wor ld. In the game, our real-time energy consumption data will trans form into a vir tual garden. The less we use, the more beautiful our gardens will be; other wise, the gardens will die. I was concerned about the real-time energy data tracking and wondered if it was ac tually possible. Af ter the Hackathon, I found several APIs that can really help: the Ber kely CoolClimate projec t, the Moves app, and the ohmconnec t app which monitor s real time energy on smar tphones.
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User survey
90% OF THE PEOPLE WHO TOOK MY SURVEY THINK A SMARTPHONE GAMING APP THAT HELPS REDUCE OUR DAILY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS A GOOD IDEA.
76% o f m y sur v e y par t ic ipan t s k now only a l i t t le abou t t heir ener g y con sumpt ion. 80% t hink t he y ne e d hel p con t r ol l ing t heir ener g y us age. 92% wan t to spend le s s mone y on ener g y and 90% t hink i t w ould be gr ea t to ha v e a f un game t ha t c an r e duce daily ener g y con sump t ion.
_Chapter 3 / DESIGN PROCESS
Pic t ur e o f t he sur v e y
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_Chapter 4 / FINAL DELIVERABLES
Final deliverables
F inal del i v er able s ar e t he ke y to s olv ing t he air pol l u t ion pr oblem. M y major del i v er able s f or Minusgr e y inc l ude a smar t phone gaming app, a w ebsi te, r el a te d pr oduc t s, pos ter s, and a v ide o. Toge t her, t he s e w il l c hange pe ople's beha v ior in an eas y and f un way.
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The app
nergy
IS A SMARTPHONE GAMING APP THAT LINKS DAILY LIFE TO THE VIRTUAL WORLD.
T he gaming app, A ir ner g y, is t he main del i v er able o f t he Minusgr e y pr oje c t . T his pr oduc t c an c hange pe ople's minds toward ac t ing gr e ener and r e duc ing t heir ener g y con sumpt ion. C hanging behav ior f or t he good o f our en v ir onmen t w il l no longer be hard and bor ing. Pe ople w il l no t be a f r aid to make c hange s and t ake ac t ion f or our en v ir onmen t be c aus e t he pr oce s s w il l be f un and pl ay f ul w i t h t his easily acce s sible smar t phone gaming app.
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Feature 1_Social Game
THE ENVIRONMENT IN AIRNERGY CHANGES BASED ON THE PLAYERS' REAL WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA.
Player s will own their own per sonal garden in the game to be decorated however they'd like. Airnergy will automatically connec t to the data of player s' daily energy consumption. Af ter generating this data, the player s' garden environment s will change. People can see how much pollution they've caused based on their gardens' development. If the player s want their gardens to look cool, clean, and nice or even bet ter than their friends', they need to do something to reduce their energy consumption in the real wor ld.
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PLAYERS CAN VISIT THEIR FRIENDS AND CHECK RANKINGS.
Competition with and ranking agains t friends are impor tant aspec t s to social gaming. Player s can play together and motivate each other. Competition makes people wor k harder. Winning makes people feel s trong and power ful. Scoring higher than their friends makes people happy. All of these point s can make people willingly change their behavior.
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Feat ure 2 _Energy Monit or
PLAYERS CAN MONITOR THEIR ENERGY CONSUMPTION WITH THE APP SO THEY KNOW HOW THEY ARE DOING AND HAVE MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR GARDEN.
This app wouldn't be complete if it were based only on a garden. But Airnergy al so let s player s know how their daily behavior s af fec t their energy consumption. This makes it easier for them to control their behavior and reduce their energy usage so that they can make the wor ld and their gardens cleaner.
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SET UP GOALS
Airnergy collec t s player s' daily energy consumption from electricit y, gas, and gasoline data. Player s can set up daily, weekly, or monthly goal s for each t ype of consumption. By reaching their goal s, player s will receive bonus point s to decorate their gardens. In this way, player s can monitor their behavior in an interes ting way that is neither hard nor boring.
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MONITORING DATA
Player s can monitor their energy usage data in Airnergy. By watching the data and comparing it with friends' data and similar homes, player s will know which s tage they are in and whether or not they should reduce their usage. Unlike the garden, this of fer s a s tatis tical depic tion of player s' energy consumption.
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ALERTS AND CONGRATULATIONS
There will be aler t s to tell player s to be cautious about their energy consumption to help make it easier to control their behavior. There will al so be aler t s in the game telling player s that they are doing great to keep them even more motivated.
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When a phone is in a car, the app will detec t which kind of car it's in and collec t the player 's mileage data so that it knows how much gasoline that player has used. Player s can al so set up their car t ypes in the set tings.
MINUSGREY
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Feat ure 3 _B onus and B adges
PLAYERS CAN GET BONUS POINTS AND REWARD BADGES BY ACTING GREENER.
Besides reducing energy usage, there are so many things we can do in our daily lives to reduce air pollution and protec t our environment, such as planting trees and rec ycling. Airnergy will reward player s who do good things for the environment by giving player s ex tra bonus point s to buy more decorations for their gardens and badges to show of f to their friends. There are three ways to get bonus point s: scanning energy saving produc t s they have bought, checking in at green ac tivities, such as ur ban bilking, or choosing from the bonuses Airnergy has lis ted.
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P rof ile and S et t ings
PLAYERS CAN SEE THEIR GENERAL STATUS IN THEIR PROFILES AND THEY CAN ALSO VISIT FRIENDS' PROFILES.
A prof ile has general information about one player and can al so enable player s to connec t by visiting friends, checking rankings, and get ting tips. In the set tings, player s can modif y their data, including changing their prof ile pic tures, etc. Prof ile and set tings are t wo general features of a func tional app.
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GUIDE STEPS FOR NEW USERS:
MINUSGREY
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APP FLOW CHART:
MINUSGREY
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This app is al so available on android phones and ipads.
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The posters
I CREATED TWO TYPES OF POSTERS: MINUSGREY CAMPAIGN POSTERS AND AIRNERGY ADVERTISEMENT POSTERS.
I r eal ize d t ha t I ne e d to c r ea te t wo k inds o f pos ter s. One is f or a Minusgr e y c ampaign to spr ead t he idea o f c hanging beha v ior and t ak ing ac t ion. A no t her is t he ad v er t is emen t pos ter s f or t he A ir ner g y app. T his pos ter in f or m s pe ople abou t t his app and w her e to dow nload i t . T hr ough bo t h k inds o f pos ter s, pe ople w il l k now abou t t he pr oje c t and wan t to pl a y t he game, c hange t heir beha v ior, and make our wor ld be t ter pl ace to l i v e in.
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The website
THIS MINUSGREY WEBSITE WILL INTRODUCE THE APP AND RELATED PRODUCTS AND EXPLAIN THE PROJECT.
I c r ea te d a w ebsi te f or m y t he sis pr oje c t . In t his w ebsi te, t her e is a sho wc as e o f t he di f fer en t del i v er able s f r om m y t he sis and t u tor ial s f or ne w us er s to e x pl ain how t he app wor k s. T her e is al s o a l ink to dow nload t he app.
_Chapter 4 / FINAL DELIVERABLES
Project Minusgrey www.minusgrey.org
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Project Minusgrey
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Project Minusgrey www.minusgrey.org
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Project Minusgrey www.minusgrey.org
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Project Minusgrey www.minusgrey.org
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Related products
M I N U S G R E Y P R O J E C T H A S E N E R GY SAVING PRODUCTS AND PROMOTIONAL PRODUCTS TO HELP PEOPLE SAVE ENERGY AND GET MOTIVATED.
I picked several energy saving products that relate to Minusgrey, such as compound fluorescent light bulbs, low flow shower heads, and rechargeable batteries. I think these products will help people save energy and clean our air. I also designed motivational t-shirts for the Minusgrey project. I hope this helps more people take action to save our air.
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Video and Illustrations
THIS VIDEO IS A COMMERCIAL INTRODUCTION OF THE APP. ILLUSTRATIONS ARE USED AS GAME SCENES AND COMMERCIAL PURPOSE.
I Created a video to explain my idea of the app and show users how the app works. With this video, people can get idea easier and be more attracted to the app. Illustrations of the gardens in different stages clearly show player the look and feel of their garden in different environments. Players will get the idea of "less energy, better environment" directly.
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Bibliog ra p h y
ONLINE
R i t a P u t a t u n d a . "A i r Po l l u t i o n Fa c t s " W e b . M a rc h 1 9 , 2 0 1 3 { h t t p : / / w w w. b u z z l e . c o m / a r t i c l e s / a i r- p o l l u t i o n - f a c t s . h t m l }
S p a re t h e A i r { h t t p : / / s p a re t h e a i r. o rg }
3 5 0 . o rg { h t t p / / 3 5 0 . o rg }
U n i t e d S t a t e s E n v i ro n m e n t a l P ro t e c t i o n A g e n c y { h t t p : / / w w w. e p a . g o v }
T h e Fu n t h e o r y { h t t p : / / w w w. t h e f u n t h e o r y. c o m }
J a n e M c G o n i g a l . " T E D t a l ks : I B e l i e v e G a m i n g c a n M a k e a B e t t e r W o r l d " F i l m e d Fe b . 2 0 1 0 { h t t p : / / w w w. t e d . c o m / t a l ks / j a n e _ m c g o n i g a l _ g a m i n g _ c a n _ m a k e _ a _ b e t t e r _ w o r l d . h t m l }
C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t ro l a n d P re v e n t i o n . "A s t h m a " W e b M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 3 { h t t p : / / w w w. c d c . g o v / n c h s / f a s t a t s / a s t h m a . h t m }
" R e d u c i n g A i r Po l l u t i o n — H o w C a n Yo u H e l p " W e b A p r i l 2 0 , 2 0 1 2 { h t t p : / / w w w. a i r- q u a l i t y. o rg . u k / 3 0 . p h p }
C l e a n a n d G re e n H a c k a t h o n { h t t p : / / c l e a n a n d g re e n h a c k a t h o n . c o m }
C o o l C l i m a t e . " C a r b o n Fo o t p r i n t C a l c u l a t o r " { h t t p s : / / d e v e l o p e r. b e r k e l e y. e d u / a p i d o c s / c o o l c l i m a t e }
M o v e s . "A c t i v i t y Tra c k i n g W i t h o u t G a d g e t s " { h t t p : / / w w w. m o v e s - a p p . c o m }
"A i r Po l l u t i o n a n d W h a t Yo u C a n D o " W e b S e p 2 1 , 2 0 1 1 { h t t p : / / w w w. a r b . c a . g o v / h t m l / c a n d o . h t m }
" Pe r s o n a l E n e rg y U s a g e D a t a " { h t t p : / / w w w. p g e . c o m }
A m e r i c a n L u n g A s s o c i a t i o n . " F i g h t i n g Fo r A i r " { h t t p : / / w w w. l u n g . o rg / a s s o c i a t i o n s / s t a t e s / w a s h i n g t o n / l o c a l - p ro g ra m s / a i r- q u a l i t y / }
" E n e rg y- E f f i c i e n t I t e m s Fo r t h e H o m e " { h t t p : / / b u d g e t i n g . t h e n e s t . c o m / e n e rg y e f f i c i e n t- i t e m s - h o m e - 3 1 3 2 1 . h t m l }
"New Game Makes Complex Climate Change Issues Easier to Understand" { h t t p : / / w w w. n o rd - s t a r. i n f o / i n d e x . p h p / n e w s / n e w s 2 / 9 2 - n e w - g a m e - m a k e s - c o m p l e xc l i m a t e - c h a n g e - i s s u e s - e a s i e r- t o - u n d e r s t a n d }
B i l l M c k i b b e n . " G l o b a l Wa r m i n g ' s Te r r i f y i n g N e w M a t h " W e b J u l y 1 9 , 2 0 1 2 { h t t p : / / w w w. ro l l i n g s t o n e . c o m / p o l i t i c s / n e w s / g l o b a l - w a r m i n g s - t e r r i f y i n g - n e w math-20120719}
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Bibliog ra p h y
BOOKS
J o h n s o n , J e f f. D e s i g n i n g w i t h t h e M i n d i n M i n d : S i m p l e G u i d e t o U n d e r s t a n d i n g U s e r I n t e r f a c e D e s i g n R u l e s . M o rg a n K a u f m a n n : P u b l i s h e r, 2 0 1 0 . P r i n t .
B ra u n g a r t , M i c h a e l . C ra d l e t o C ra d l e : R e m a k i n g t h e Wa y W e M a k e T h i n g s . N o r t h Po i n r t P re s s , 2 0 0 2 . P r i n t .
Heath, Chip & Heath, Dan. Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survice and Others Die. Random House, 2007. Print.
L a l , R a j e s h . D i g i t a l D e s i g n E s s e n t i a l s : 1 0 0 Wa y s t o D e s i g n B e t t e r D e s k t o p , W e b , a n d M o b i l e I n t e r f a c e s . Rockport Publishers, 2013. Print
H a r t s o n , R e x & P y l a , Pa rd h a . T h e U X B o o k : P ro c e s s a n d G u i d e l i n e s f o r E n s u r i n g a Q u a l i t y U s e r E x p e r i e n c e . M o rg a n K a u f m a n n , 2 0 1 2 . P r i n t .
C l i f t o n , I a n G . A n d ro i d U s e r I n t e r f a c e D e s i g n : Tu r n i n g I d e a s a n d S k e t c h e s i n t o B e a u t i f u l l y D e s i g n e d A p p s . A d d i s o n -W e s l e y P ro f e s s i o n a l , 2 0 1 3 . P r i n t .
Wa r re n , R i c h a rd . C re a t i n g i O S A p p s : D e v e l o p a n d D e s i g n . Pe a c h p i t P re s s , 2 0 1 3 . P r i n t .
Fields, Tim. Social Game Design: Monetization Methods and Mechanics. C R C P re s s , 2 0 1 1 . P r i n t .
G re e n J e n . W h y S h o u l d I S a v e E n e rg y ? B a r ro n ' s E d u c a t i o n a l S e r i e s , 2 0 0 5 . P r i n t .
P ro f e s s o r J a c o b s o n , M a r k Z . A i r Po l l u t i o n a n d G l o b a l Wa r m i n g : H i s t o r y, S c i e n c e , a n d S o l u t i o n s . C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 2 0 1 3 . P r i n t .
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A ck n owl ed g emen t
FAMILY & FRIENDS Thank you for your cons tant suppor t and inspiration. I am so luck y to have each one of you in my life. E specially thank s to Wing, Paul and Jinn for your help with f inishing this projec t.
ADVISERS Thank s you to my awesome advisor Dave Got t wald for your guidance and advice. Dave helped me get my thesis in a place I wanted to be. His suppor t and awesome advice made a huge dif ference in my projec t. I could not have got ten to his place without him.
INSTRUCTORS Many thank s to Phil Hamlet t for all of the awesome guidance, advice, feedback and suppor t since the beginning of this thesis projec t.W
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M FA T h e s i s P r o j e c t _Designer
MANJIA ZHAO