Landscape Archetypes, Forms and Typologies
The language of Vegetation in the Landscape LA221|Fall 2013 Nuo Man
Catalog
Savanna········································································································· 20
Allée·············································································································· 4
Shelterbelt·······································································································21
Grove·············································································································5
Wetland·········································································································· 22
Bog················································································································6
Woodland········································································································23
Bosque···········································································································7
Ardors············································································································ 24
Boulevard········································································································8
Borrowed Landscape·························································································25
Fen················································································································9
Clearing··········································································································26
Floating Island··································································································10
Green Roof······································································································27
Forest·············································································································11
Labyrinth·········································································································28
Grid················································································································12
Lawn··············································································································29
Hedge/Hedgerow······························································································13
Prairie············································································································ 30
Knot Garden···································································································· 14
Promenade······································································································31
Living Wall·······································································································15
Riparian Coridor······························································································· 32
Meadow··········································································································16
Secret Garden··································································································33
Orchard·········································································································· 17
Swaths··········································································································· 34
Parterre·········································································································· 18
Terrace··········································································································· 35
Quincunx········································································································ 19
Reference(book, website)···················································································37
Allée Allée can guide people go straight when they go through it. At the end of A Allée, it could be a important landscape point or magnificent building. Definition: Allée walkway lined with trees or tall shrubs. In landscaping, an avenue or allee is traditionally a straight route with a line of trees or large shrubs running along each side, which is used, as its French source venir (“to come”) indicates, to emphasize the “coming to,” or arrival at a landscape or architectural feature.
Grove Grove is an old word in English, exisiting more than 1,000 years ago, but it is of unknown origin. Definition:The primary meaning of “grove” is simply a group of trees that grow close together, generally without many bushes or other plants underneath. Such as a Sequoia grove, or Coconut, Olive, Cherry and Loucust trees grow together. For landscape design: The Grove can make shade and create a space for people doing activities.
In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the same species or cultivar, so as to give uniform appearance along the full lengh of the avenue. Trees for example: Cedar, Sequoia and Aspen. Origin of Allée: French, from middle French. Firsh known use: 1795
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Reiman Garden, Ames, Iowa State
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Bog
Definition: Bogs are one of North America’s nost distinctive kinds of wetlands. They are characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss. Bogs receive all or most of their water from precipitation rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams. As a result, bogs are low in the nutrients needed for plant growth, a condition that is enhanced by acid forming peat mosses. 6
Bosque
Definition: Bosque can be found along the riparian flood plains of stream and river banks in the southweatern United States. It derives its name from the Spanish word for woodlands. The bosque is an oasis-like ribbon of green vegetation, often canopied. Bosque has applied to landscape design: By using the trees to create a canopied space. Plants in combination with others, and in harmony with the site. 7
Boulevard
Fen Definition:Fens are defined as peat accumulating systems, which are influenced by groundwater, but even after slight drainage, many characteristic vegetation types remain on altered fens if low intensity land use is practiced.
History: The word boulevard was first used in French in the fourteenth century, as a military term designating a city wall. It was derived from Middle Dutch bolwerc, similarly contributing to the English word bulwark. Later, boulevard was used to designate only a part of a fortication, namely, the bastion. Thus, in 1690, one of the very first French dictionaries defined boulevard in the following terms: ‘ A large bastion’. It added: ‘ This word is no longer uesd as a military term’. By then it had been relegated to the metaphorical sphere: a ‘protective element’.
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Landscape: A type of large road, usually running through a city. It means a wide road divided with a median down the center with riadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes for bicycle and pedestrian usage.
Fens are peat-forming, groundwater fed wetlands. Fens differ from bogs in that they are less acidic, have higher nutrient levels and can support a mote diverse plant and animal community. They are often covered by grass, sedges, rushes and wildflowers. 9
Floting Island
Forest
Definition: A floating island is a mass of floating aquatic plants, mud, and peat ranging in thickmess from a few inches to several feet. Floating island are a common natural phenomenon that are found in many parts of the world. They exist less commonly as a man-made phenomenon. Floating island are generally found on maeshlands,lakes, and similar wetland locations,and can be many hectares in size. Naturally-occurring floating wetlands are made of peat or other plant material, and kept afloat primarily by gas produced by microbes within the island. Those same microbes, along with the plants and their root systems growing on island, pull unwanted nutrients from the waterway, cleaning the water and creating potimal habitats for native species. 10
Forest are dominated by trees and other woody vegetation, can be classified according to numerous characteristics, with seasonality being the most widely used. 11
Grid
Definition: A rectangular array of squares or rectangles of equal size, such as in a crossword puzzle. Landscape Design: Outdoor grids, concrete grass and other plants combine to create an interesting layout of squares and rectangels.
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Hedge\Hedgerow
Hedgerow is a line of closely spaced shrubs and tree species, planted and trained to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area. Hedges uesd to separate a road from adjoining fields or one field from another, and of sufficient age to incorporate large trees, are known as hedgerows. It is also a simple form of topiary. Landscape design: Hedges enclose, provide shelter, structure, privacy, and floral interest. A traditional hedge would be one which provides good screening. Screening may be necessary for privacy, covering up somteting unsightly, reducing noise or also shelter from the wind. Species composition of hedgerows have an infinite wariety, they are different every 100 yards or sometimes every few yards. 13
Knot Garden
Rosemary Verey’s design
Definition: A living wall is a verticle arrangement of plants and other prganisms that naturally remove toxins and unhealthy contaminants from the air that we breathe. They can be a complete ecosystem or a simple configuration of plants and they have been introduced to decontaminate urban enviroments. Living walls are both indoor and outdoor.
Living Wall
A knot garden is a garden which carefully srtuctures herbs, shrubs, and flowers to creat a detailed and symmetrical design of knotwork. Knot gardens are particularly associated with British and French culture, although they can be found all over the world. They vary widely in size from massive gardens which can only be truly appreciated from on high to small garden accents in larger gardens. The concept of a knot garden first emerged in Elizabethan England. Elizabethan knot gardens were designed to mimic the beautiful embroidery designs which are associated with that period in British history. They were often made with aromatic herbs and plants, and meandering walkways which allowed people to enjioy the sights and smells of the garden.
Living walls support vegetation that is either rooted on the walls or in substrate attached with the wall itself, rather than being rooted at the base of the wall.
In some cases, a knot garden was meant to be viewed from raised walkways and terraces Garden knots of any description are impressive; planting one with annual herbs is a playful experiment in colors, textures, forms, fragrance --and flavors. Knot designs fit well in gardens of any style or period. A formal knot lends dynamic contrast to an otherwise informal garden. On the other hand, the curves of a knot provide delicate ornamental balance to the crisp, architectural angles in a formal garden. In any garden, placing a well-defined border around the knot helps set it apart.
Living wall—Vertical gardens aren’t new. In fact, they’re an ancient consept with examples in architectural history reaching the Babylonians. History says that Romans used to train grapevines, on garden trellises and on villa walls. Also climing roses were the symbols of secret gardens.
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Meadow
Definition: A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by grass and other non-woody plants, which locate on a free-draining site. A meadow can be a shelter for wildlife animal. The plants on meadow can provide food for animals. vA meadow could be artificially created from cleared woodland, which is meadowscape is that it contains annual plants, creeping perennial plants and biennials, grasses and deeply-rooted specimen plants. Meadows are preserved by fire,low rainfall, low soil fertility. 16
Orchard
Definition: An orchard is an area which is dedicated to the growing of fruit or nut trees and sometimes shrubs which produce fruit and nuts. Orchards vary widely in layout, shape, and size, depending on regional preferences and the types of trees involved, and many people have fond associations with orchards, as they produce favored treats like peaches, cherries, apricots, almonds, and many others. Even a small orchard can be amazingly productive, which is why some homes in rural areas have a planting of a few fruit trees to supply household needs. Humans have been establishing orchards for a very long time, and until the 15th century, the word was also used to refer to vegetable gardens. Pioneers in the world of agriculture undoubtedly learned a great deal through the domestication of fruit trees, finding out how to breed desirable varieties, making grafts and slips, and learning about the best conditions for growing various types of trees. The remains of ancient orchards can be seen in many regions of the world, and some orchards have trees which are hundreds of years old and still producing. 17
Parterre Definition: A parterre is a formal garden constructed on a level surface, consisting of planting beds arranged to form a pleasing, usually symmetrical pattern, with gravel paths laid between. The bed are edged in stone or tightly clipped hedging and need not contain any flowers. French parterres originated in 15th century gardens of the French Renaissance, such as the Chateau of Versailles, and reached a climax at Versailles and its many European imitators, such as Kensington Palace in London.
Quincunx A quincunx is a grouping of 5 equal interlocking circles or points, with four being on the outside and one in the center, or arranged in a cross. Buxus was the plant of choice in this case. In the center circle is a commissioned fountain created by Clive Davies who is a potter based in Suffolk. The colors are blue, white, and a reddish orange which is picked up by the house.
Paterre can create an open space garden, sometimes it can be find in personal yard. This type of paterre is neatly trimmed shrub has several small gravel paths. Otherwise the paterre could be a huge landscape center point of a garden.
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Savanna
Hill of Ashmore, near to Netherton, Perth and Kinross, Great Britain
Shelterbelt
Definition: Windbreaks or shelterbelts are barriers used to reduce wind speed and usually consist of trees, shrubs, or a combination. Definition: A savanna is a rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between a tropical rainforest and desert biome. Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests. Savannas are also known as thropical grasslands. They are found in a wide band on either side of the equator on the edges od tropical rainforests.
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A windbreak saves energy and adds comfort and livability to homes in open country. For homeowners in rural areas, well-designed windbreaks can cut home heating costs by 10 to 25 percent. Up to one-third of the heat loss from a building is caused by air leakage through cracks and other openings. High winds can force cold air through cracks around poorly fitting windows or frequently opened doors, aggravating the heat loss from unprotected buildings. Windbreaks reduce the force of the wind on the exterior surfaces of buildings and thus the amount of cold air that enters the home. 21
Wetland
Loughborough University woodland. The two main blocks of woodland consist of Burleigh Wood and Holywell Wood (16 hectares of woodland located on the campus)
WoodLand
The town of Branford inland wetland
Definition: Generally, wetlands are lands where saturation with water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living in the soil and on its surface. Wetlands vary widely because of regional and local differences in soils, topography, climate, hydrology, water chemistry, vegetation, and other factors, including human disturbance. Indeed, wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica. Knowledge about the plants in an area is essential for delineating wetlands. Wetland plants have adaptations or responses that allow them to survive, grow, and reproduce with their roots in water or saturated soils for at least part of a year. 22
Definition: A plant community in which, in contrast to a typical forest, the trees are often small, characteristically short-boled relative to their crown depth, and forming only an open canopy with the intervening area being occupied by lower vegetation, commonly grass. Woodlands in the northern hardwood province contain hardwood trees including sugar maple, and soft wooded, coniferous trees, such as pine, hemlock, spruce, tamarack, cedar, and balsam fir. While in the prairie-forest floristic province, woodland occur on a full range of moisture sites, from very wet areas along streams and lakes through areas with deep mesic soils to very dry, thin soils on exposed hills and bluffs. 23
Ardors
Arbors and brick-lined path by HOOKEDONHOUSES on JULY 24, 2011
Borrowed Landscape
Adachi Museum in Matsue
Definition: A shady resting place in a garden or park, often made of rustic work or latticework on which plants, such as climbing shrubs or vines, are grown. Now it hosts many events including wedding ceremonies or receptions, anniversaries, reunions, company picnics and birthdays. The arbor sometime acts as an entranceway through to the next garden area while also forming a picture frame, highlighting the planter in the distance. They help people visually separate two spaces and it may be integrated into a fence or wall. Arbor structures can be custom made by everything from redwood to stone or stucco and other materials that reflect one's architecture. 24
Definition: "Borrowed landscape" is a technique frequently used in designing Japanese gardens, where it is called shakkei, but it can be employed in any garden style. The idea is to incorporate distant elements of the surrounding landscape into your own, creating the feeling of greater space. The benefits of utilising the borrowed landscape are fairly obvious. Firstly, by tying your garden design in with what can already be viewed over your fences aids in keeping the look natural. Secondly, if you’re starting with a new garden then being able to incorporate a borrowed landscape of trees can add some maturity to your design. Finally, you may be able to take advantage of different flowering seasons. 25
Clearing
Green Roof
The Chicago City Hall green roof helps cool building and minimize water run-off.
This is the Riverclan clearing, a dry gassy area with a couple trees surrounding it as well as the ancient oak that stands in the middle of the learing. Definition: A considerable open space, natural or artificial, in forest or brushwood. 26
Green roofs, also known as vegetated rooftops or eco-roofs, are energy-efficient and ecologicallysensitive installations of vegetation onto a rooftop. According to an empirical study conducted by American Rivers on green roof stormwater retention performance, green roofs can retain anywhere from 40 to 80 percent of annual precipitation. Green Roofs are an integral solution to the stormwater management and energy reduction(thru climate control), in addition to increasing natural habitat and agricultural space in an otherwise urban location. The benefits of green roofs are numerous and include: Reducing a building’s cooling needs by 50-90%; Reducing temperature fluctuations on a rooftop, which allows HVAC equipment to operate less and with greater efficiency; Reducing the volume of runoff into combined sewer systems, which helps prevents overflows; Crestes a natural habitat, promoting biodiversity; 27 Improves air quality; Reduces noise pollution.
Labyrinth
Lawn
Vandusen Botanical Garden, Vancouver, Canada
Definition: A labyrinth is a non-denominational spiritual tool used for meditation, inspiration, and self-discovery. Over the past several decades, there has been a revival of this ancient practice of walking to its center and back out. Labyrinths are now being created in parks, churches, retreat centers, schools, hospitals, and prisons. Modern Garden Labyrinth In the 21st century, the rebirth of labyrinths has shown to be a democratic movement. Everyone is allowed to participate. When using traditional designs from the Middle Ages or earlier, most labyrinth walkers are seeking a focus of meditation and well-being, rather than entertainment. For this reason, the designs are two-demensional, laid out on the ground with stones or bricks. The same is ture for more durable surfaces, such as pavers or concrete. Three dimentional desinges made of fences or hedges or tall grass tend to isolate the walker and invoke a sense of panic. 28
The Rose Garden in Butchart Gardens. Canada
Definition: A lawn is an area of land planted with grass and sometimes clover and other plants, which are maintained at a low, even height. Especially one closely mowed, as near a house, on an estate, or in a park. The best lawns fit seamlessly into a home's landscape. A careful design can make sure lawn perfectly supports the other elements of home's surroundings. 29
Prairie
Promenade
The Bradley Prairie, Texas.
Definition: An extensive tract of level or rolling land that was originally treeless and grass covered. The prairie lands that stretch across North America start in southern Canada and work their way down to Texas. As far as east to west is concerned, people can find prairie lands in the United States between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. A prairie is basically a type of land that is dominated by grass species. Trees and shrubs can be found in prairies, though they tend to be scattered about. Things like climate and geological history determine the kinds of grass species that are native to the various prairie lands. 30
Promenade Plante Parkway, the Highline Park in Paris
Definition: A public place for such walking. Promenade will provide extra space for people to walk, sit at a table or on a bench, chat with a friend, or just watch as thousands of people pass by. Wood, stone, and metal trim will provide a rich visual quality to the space, softened by landscaping and pedestrian scale lighting. A good promenade creates a base for the navigation and organization of the site, which uniquely separated this design from the other entries. 31
Riparian Coridor
Secret Garden
Definition: The term "riparian" refers to the banks of a natural waterway. A "riparian corridor" is a buffer of land on either side of a stream, creek, river, or other waterway. This strip of land is allowed to grow naturally with native vegetation including grasses, sedges, mosses, flowers, shrubs, and trees. These riparian corridors then act as a buffer between the waterway and whatever is on either side. Runoff from any of these adjacent lands is filtered through the soil and root systems of the riparian corridor and these same root systems stabilize the banks. By providing a buffer zone around the waterway, a riparian corridor protects water quality and preserves and improves habitat for plants and animals. The natural curves of the waterway (preserved by not artificially straightening it) and woody debris within the streambed help to slow the velocity of the flowing water which reduces erosion. In addition, the buffer lands hold much rainwater and runoff water allowing it to slowly trickle down to replenish the underground aquifer. A healthy riparian corridor has a setback zone that is about 100 feet wide and has continuous running water passing through. There are seasonal riparian corridors where surface water is not always present because the water may be flowing underground due to a low water table. The diagram below shows various zones of a riparian corridor and the benefits of each. 32
The Secret Garden is a distinct seaside garden complete with shell ornamental wall hangings and sculptures that draw from classical mythology. Designer: Simpkins Modeled after the Secret Garden at the Villa Gamberaia in Settignano, Italy
Definition: Special places in a garden where people can relax, read a book, enjoy a cup of coffee or simply listen to the birds. It can be a retreat people share with others or use for private contemplation. Whatever the size, purpose or place, the key feature remains the same — it needs to be at least partially hidden from the outside world. 33
Swaths
Terrace
House in Itaipava, Brazil
Swaths of Alfalfa Hay Definition: The space created by the swing of a scythe or the cut of a moving machine.
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Terrace is a raised flat area. The word “terrace” is used in a number of different contexts, ranging from a naturally formed geological terrace to a man-made platform outside a building used for recreation. The meaning intended is usually fairly clear from the context in which the word is used. The origins of the word lie in the Latin root for “earth,” reflecting the fact that building a terrace usually requires building up a mound of earth. Definition: A terrace garden is a garden which is established on a terrace, roof, or patio, usually in a house where there is limited gardening space.
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Terrace
Information Allée http://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/Allée http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allée Picture http://www.houzz.com/allee/p/8 Grove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_(nature) Bog http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/bog.cfm Picture http://www.nhdfl.org
The various existing levels in garden will be terraced to create a more usable space, with several distinct areas providing a variety of alfresco dining and entertaining opportunities. Nowadays, urban terrace garden is one of the great choices for those who want to improve their terrace garden area with the modern style. For people who stay in the urban modern apartments or houses with the modern construction, the terrace garden design can be the most natural improvement which will be very suitable for modern houses and buildings in the new improvement for the mixture of conventional and modern landscape area. Humans have been including terraces in their architecture for a very long time. A terrace creates an extension to a building, usually under the open air, which can expand usable space and create a recreation area for people to enjoy the outdoors when the weather is fair. Some terraces are at ground level, while others are raised, allowing access from other floors. In the simplest design, it may simply be a tiled area, while more ornate versions can include columns, latticework roofs, and other features.
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Bosque http://www.thebattery.org/the-gardens/bosque/ Picture http://landscapeblogger.wordpress.com/photo-diary/imag0130/ Boulevard http://www.sfbike.org/?masonic Designating urban forms: French boulevards and avenues. Michae L Darin Fen http://cookinletwetlands.info/ecosystems/SpringFen.html Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grasing, cutting and burning Author(s): Beth A. Middleton, Bettina Holsten, Rudy van Diggelensource: Applied Vegetation Science, 9(2):307-316 2006. Published By: International Association of Vegetation Science Picture http://www.jillweekes.com 37
Floating Island http://www.floatingislandinternational.com Picture http://www.midwestfloatingisland.com/application_photos.aspx
Orchard http://www.ifood.tv/blog/how-to-grow-an-apple-orchard http://www.somerset.gov.uk http://www.123rf.com/photo_8336174_trees-with-red-apples-in-an-orchard.html
Forest http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php Picture http://good-wallpapers.com/nature/17043
Paterre Garden History | The Great Parterre at Chatsworth: Refining Noninvasive Archeaological Methods as Investigation Techiniques | Jan Woudetra, Colin Merrony and Michael Klemperer Picture http://www.houzz.com/parterre
Grid (various forms) http://www.decoist.com/2012-05-18/20-modern-landscape-design-ideas/ Hedge/Hedgerow http://hedgerowmobile.com/ecolhedgerow-plant.html http://www.paulashford.co.nz/planting_info/hedge_plants.htm http://www.lymefield.com/garden-centre/garden-products/hedging/ Knot Garden A basil knot garden. (includes design and planing directions) Author: Ross, Marty Flower & Garden Magazine, Feb-March, 1996,Vol.40(1), p.45(3) Http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-knot-garden.htm Http://starssucculentandcactus.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html Living Wall http://www.livingwallart.com/category/vertical-garden-installations/ http://ejournals.ebsco.com.proxy.lib.iastate.edu Meadow http://www.meadowscape.co.uk/online/meadow/meadow_planting.htm http://www.johnsankey.ca/meadow.html Picture http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_09/06/8985988_0.shtml 38
Quincunx http://avantgartdener.blogspot.com picture http://gardenhistorygirl.blogspot.com/2009/01/quincunx.html Savanna http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna.htm Picture http://image.baidu.com/ Shelterbelt/ Windbreak http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/energy/?cid=nrcs143_023634 http://www.clmcd.org/operation.asp Picutre http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1425389 Wetland http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/definitions.cfm http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3687-24314--,00.html Picture http://www.branford-ct.gov/InlandWetlands.htm
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Woodland http://uwarboretum.org/eps/woodland_comm_models.php Picture http://drjonmillett.net/loughborough-university-research-forest/
Lawn http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-grow-a-lawn1.htm Picture http://www.dailyventure.com/photo/The-Rose-Garden
Arbors http://www.decorfortheoutdoors.com/rose-and-flower-arbors.html http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/arbor/cost.html Picture http://hookedonhouses.net
Prairie http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/parks/i&m/east/goose/home.htm http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/kansas/prairies Picture http://kendallrosie.edublogs.org/2010/05/14/the-bradley-prairie/
Borrowed Landscape http://www.gardeningtipsnideas.com/2006/08/the_borrowed_landscape.html http://www.deepblue.be/index. http://www.sfgate.com Picture http://tok-yall.blogspot.com/2010/12/adachi-museum-in-matsue.html
Promenade http://www.socketsite.com/archives/2011/06/powell_street_promenade_making_progress.html http://landscapeinvocation.com/queen-elizabeth-olympic-park-south-london/ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk http:/www.cabe.org.uk/design-review/morecambe-central-promenade-redevelopment-site Picture http://www.localnomad.com/en/blog/2013/02/13/promenade-plantee-parkway-the-highline-park-inparis/
Clearing http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/clearing Picture http://vixenkit25.webs.com/riverclan.htm Green Foof http://www.greeningthegray.org/gi-features/gi-features/green-roofs/ Picture http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/green-rooftop.htm Labyrinth http://www.labyrinthproject.com/garden.html http://westbendlabyrinth.com/about-the-labyrinth-garden/ http://www.buffalo-niagaragardening.com Picture http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3664798 40
Riparian Corridor http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/hoosier/landmanagement/planning/ http://www.cayugawatershed.org http://www.planning.co.medina.oh.us http://www.geocaching.com Secret Gardens Lorton, Steven R. "A secret garden." Sunset Aug. 2000: 86. Biography in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/16335162/list/Landscape-Design--A-Secret-Garden http://courses.umass.edu/latour/Italy/gamberaia/index.html Picture http://thephotogardenbee.com 41
Swaths/Sweeps Picture http://www.shutterstock.com/language.en/pic.mhtml?id=540912 Terrace Picture http://airows.com/house-in-itaipava-rio-de-janeiro-brazil/house-itaipava-brazil-terrace-1/ http://www.houseideas.org/urban-terrace-garden-for-modern-houses.html http://www.flickr.com/photos/earthdesigns/5231467288/in/photostream/ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-terrace.htm
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