Brazil and Biofuel

Biofuel first steps in Brazil’s arid land independent study by Manuela Guzman / Harvard Graduate School of design / fall2013

/ Harvard Graduate School of design / independent study / Supervised By Andreas Georgoulias / fall2013

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An emerging industry such as biofuel production requires new infrastructural dynamics. Finding an equilibrium between profitable production of oilseeds, optimum integration with the environment, and satisfied healthy working community is still a challenge for the public and private agencies of biofuel producer countries. Biofuel production demands new kinds of infrastructure integration that will help in the achievement of such equilibrium.

Biofuel dependence on the cultivation of oilseed plants in large extensions of land stimulates the colonization of land that used to be unpopulated and unproductive. That is Brazil’s case, where public private partnerships were done in order to cultivate thousands of hectares of castor bean plants in dry semiarid soil. A fundamental part of the productivity of this land was the migration of a population that would cultivate, maintain and harvest the production.

Since 624 families were needed to work on the land, a new agricultural town was required. In order to propose a better infrastructure network that could help in the survivance of the town beyond maket forces of biodiesel, this study analyze the specific infrastructural requirements and optimal scale for growing Castor Beans. Afterwards, the study identifies the town infrastructures and select the social infrastructure as the appropriate for optimization. Finally the study proposes a more flexible services infrastructure that could increase the number of options in jobs, education and recreation. The increase of options would probably reduce the dependence of the town on one single industry stability and probably could help in the lifespan of the town.

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I. Diagnostic

Analysis of the castor bean cultivation process. Analysis of the biodiesel processing.

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II. Infrastructure Analysis

III. Optimization Proposal

Identification of the benefits, constraints and disadvantages of the system.

proposal to better integrate one infrastructure in to the system

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Fazenda Santa Clara Fazenda Santa Clara is a 624 families town founded in Brazil in 2006 to grow castor bean plants for biofuel production.

The town was created by Brazil Ecodiesel a Biodiesel producer company.

It was structured so that after 10 years farmers would earned the land and the company town would then become a new agricultural town. However the project lasted 4 years. The company dissolved and the town was burned.

The initial purpose of Brazil Ecodiesel was to diversify biodiesel imputs and to control the whole spam of the production chain. Considering that soy is the mayor biodiesel input in Brazil, biodiesel prices depends heavily of the price for such commodity. Introducing an additional plant such as Castor Bean, a new Biodiesel company could compete in the business with better prices by diversifying inputs. Castor Bean was an ideal plan because is a rapid growing crop that adapts well to semiarid land. Additionally it does not compete with food production because a few other plants can grow in semiarid land.

Brazil Ecodiesel started the business by investing in three assets: Building biodiesel plants, crashing facilities and farmer towns were a wide range of facilities were constructed. For that purpose, the company raised between 300 to 400 million dollars. Industrial facilities where located near the seed crops and the farmers towns. That

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condition lead to reducing transportation costs and time. It also drastically reduced taxes costs. Therefore the towns, the plants and the crushers where located in the same state. 7 plants for biodiesel production and 8 plants for beans crushers were created during the company lifespam. There is uncertainty about the number of towns.

commodities producer and an agro industrial real estate company.

There were two major causes for the project failure. One was the unavailability to maintain and control the legal agreement between the farmers and the company. The other one was the dependence of one single buyer: Petrobras.

After the large investments made in the farmers, and in the construction of the industrial facilities, Castor Bean production would only accomplish 5% of the total capacity of the company’s Biodiesel plants. Therefore Brasil Ecodiesel had to incorporate the traditional soy seed in to their production.

What it was projected to be an alternative model for producing Biodiesel rapidly fell in the traditional way of producing it.

However the company infrastructure and business model was set for the alternative model of Castor Bean.

The contracts for future supply failed.

After the company had teach the farmers how to grow the castor bean plant, farmers would sell some of their production to other buyers. Since castor bean is not a new plant in the country, other buyers would offer 20% or 30% more for their production. Presumably Brazil Ecodiesel benefit sharing with the farmers was not a success.

Rapidly the tension between Brasil Ecodiesel and Petrobras started to flourish. Presumably, Petrobras was not picking up the production form Brasil Ecodiesel which with a limited Storage capacity stop the fuel production and the beans collection from the farmers. On the other hand, soy prices were very high at the time, making the production not very profitable. Tension continued, and the business start declining. By 2008 stocks from the company were 7% less valuable than before.

By 2011 Brasil Ecodiesel turned their efforts completely in to soy, It changed the name, and changed the company type from public to private. Now is called Vanguarda Agro a large scale agricultural

The additional issue was that to improve biodiesel product so that the company would be able to sell Biodiesel in Europe, which in addition to Brazil, is the other major market of biodiesel. Brazil Ecodiesel had only one buyer that was Petrobras. Presumably, Petrobras was interested in driving Brasil Ecodiesel out of business so that they could buy the producing plants at a low price.

The company would contract several months ahead the price with the farmers.

However there was uncertainty about the seeds prices. In public actions prices were negotiated periodically. Altough Petrobras would always pay what it was agreed, and Brazil Ecodiesel would win the betting, the prices were not profitable for Brasil Ecodiesel. People that was not involved with Biodiesel was allowed in the public actions. Such people would drive the soy price down.

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Castor bean is an oilseed plant traditionally cultivated in the northeast of Brazil. It easily adapts to acid soils where others plants find difficoulties to grow. In adittion to the use for biodiesel, the oil seed is used for several industries like ink, cosmetics, varnishes and soap.

For optimal yields of 1500kg/Ha rainfall should be between 400mm and 500mm. It survives to dry seasons.

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diagnostic

diagnostic / location

Fazenda Santa Clara

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Fazenda Santa Clara is located 60Km from the next town (Canto do Buruti) in the state of Piaui. The location of the town was determined by low land price and low tax charges. Geographical features were secondary.

Canto do Buruti

D

Brazil’s ICMS (tax for the circulation of merchandise) was the mayor incentive for placing the town in Piaui.

This tax charges the transportation of merchandise form one state to the other inside Brazil. The availability of large extensions of land at affordable prices made Piaui a great candidate. Since Castor Bean plant adapts to semiarid soils the quality of the land was not an issue.

The land was owned by the state of Piaui and was given to Brazil Ecodiesel in a partnership deal. However the area did not have drinking water supply or irrigation. The plantations depended only on rain water.

Piaui year rainwater precipitation varies between 1500mm and 1000mm. With a tropical climate the area has only two seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. In the rainy season rain water precipitation varies between 120mm and 340mm. In the dry season rainwater precipitation varies between 2mm and 25mm.

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diagnostic / bean to bottle facts

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CASTOR BEAN FROM SEED TO BIODIESEL Quantity Supply Water Min Water Max Seeds Nitrogen Min Nitrogen Max Potassium Min Potassium Max Phosphorus Min Phosphorus Max Total Fertilizers min Total Fertilizers max Space Distances (min) Distances (max) Distances (min) Distances (max) Geographical Constraints Soil Rain Temperature min Temperature max Sun light Harvesting Process Seeds by plantation (min) Seeds by plantation (max) Management Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Drying (Min) Drying (Max) Storage crop rotation Productivity Low productivity Average productivity Large Productivity Bags per hectare (lowP) Bags per hectare (Average) Bags per hectare (largeP) Vegetal Oil per seed Vegetal Oil per seed Castor Bean Oil per hectare Biodiesel per hectare

Unit

500 1500 4.5 90 135 15 19 37 56 142 210 1x1 1.5 x 1.5 3 4 6 500 to 1500 20 30 Direct

mm mm Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha

D

m/plant m/plant m/plant m/plant Ph mm 째C 째C

2 3 2 150 30 190 50 240 20 2 3 60 2

Un Un weeding days % Days % Days % Days Days Kg/Bag years

1500 2000 4000 25 33 67 46 43 900 1125

Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Bags/ha Bags/ha Bags/Ha % gr l/Ha l/Ha

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diagnostic / bean to bottle facts

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Storage Bags Capacity (seeds) Truck capacity (seeds) Truck capacity (seeds) Truck Capacity(Average Production) Truck Ocupied Space by one Hectare Biodiesel by truck Silo Capacity (average size) Silo Capacity (average size) Silo Capacity (Average Production) Silo Ocupied Space by one Hectare Truck Travels Biodiesel by silo Finnancing Farmer Salary (Duncan) Brazil minimum wage 2006 Transportation Total production cost Biodiesel wholesale Net Return on Biodiesel Sales (Duncan) Net Return per Hectare (Duncan) Addtional Truck Capacity (Low Production) Truck Capacity (Low Production) Truck Capacity (High Production) Truck Capacity (High Production) Average Silo Capacity (Low Production) Average Silo Capacity (Low Production) Average Silo Capacity (High Production) Average Silo Capacity (High Production) Large Silo Capacity Large Silo Capacity Large Silo Capacity (Low Production) Large Silo Capacity (Average Production) Large Silo Capacity (High Production) Truck Travels

60 33000 550 16.5 6.06% 18562.5 105000 1,750 53 1.90% 3 59062.5 466 350 22 0.4 1 0.45 504 22 4.55% 8.25 12.12% 70 1.43% 26 3.81% 673000 11,217 449 337 168 385

kg kg Bags Ha/Truck L Kg Bags Ha

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Un L USD/Month USD/Month USD/TON USD/l USD/l USD/l USD/Ha Ha/Truck Truck Capacity Ha/Truck Truck Capacity Ha Silo Capacity Ha Silo Capacity Kg Bags Ha Ha Ha Un

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diagnostic / one hectare castor bean cultivation process

Inputs

10

0m

0m

10

1Ha

2000 kg

8 Kg

142 kg

Unpopulated Arid Land

Lime

Seeds

Fertilizers

18.000 Plants/Ha.

70

2000kg

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Man Days Labor

Seeds/Ha

Bags/Ha.

142 kg

500mm - 1500mm

Fertilizers

Water

10

0m

1Ha Unpopulated Arid Land outputs

0m

10

2000 kg

8 Kg

142 kg

Lime

Seeds

Fertilizers

33 Bags/Ha.

142 kg

500mm - 1500mm

Fertilizers

Water

18.000

70

2000kg

33

Plants/Ha.

Man Days Labor

Seeds/Ha

Bags/Ha.

33 Bags/Ha.

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one hectare cultivation process D

To achieve the maximum productivity of a hectare planted with castor beans plants, a farmer needs 2000 kg of lime, 8 kg of castor bean seeds, 142kg of fertilizers and 500 to 1500 mm of rain water or its equivalent. He also needs to work for 70 days.

Out of this work a farmer will produce 2000kg of seeds that can be storage in 33 bags.

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diagnostic / one hectare inputs and outputs

Constraints

Inputs

outputs

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Hectare Hectare

300 300 to to1500 1500

2000 2000 Lime LimeKg Kg

2000 2000 Seeds SeedsKg Kg

masl masl

PH PH66 20째 20째 to to30째 30째

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9.256 9.256

Seeds SeedsKg Kg

Plants Plants

142 142

990 990

Average AverageTemperature Temperature

Fertilizers FertilizersKg Kg

Castor CastorOil OilLiters Liters

Direct Directsunlight sunlight

500 500 to to1500 1500

Biodiesel BiodieselLiters Liters

1125 1125

mm mmofofwater water

LABOR REQUIREMENTS

1 1Farmer Farmer 1 Farmer FullFull timetime labor Full labor time labor

1 1Family Family 1 Family

1 1Job Job 1 Job Farmer Farmer Partner Farmer Partner Partner

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Access toto to Access Access higher education higher higher education education

2/4 2/4 2/4 School School School places places places

Recreation Recreation Recreation

New forfor for Newhousing New housing housing new newfamilies new families families

4/6 4/6 4/6 Health Health Health care carecare plans plans plans

Culture Culture Culture

New Newjobs New jobsfor jobs for for new newworkers new workers workers

logistics

one hectare Inputs and outputs D

One cultivated hectare will produce 2000kg of Castor Bean seeds that are equivalent to 990l of vegetail oil and 1.125l of biofuel.

6%

Truck Capacity

2%

Silo Capacity

Since the seed production of one hectare is not enough for filling a truck or a silo, at least 16.5Ha of land with an average production of 2000Kg needs to be harvested for using 100% of the capacity of the truck.

Using the maximum capacity of the truck impacts the amount of Co2 emissions of the complete life cycle of the Biofuel production.

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diagnostic / fazenda bean to bottle santa clara factsfacts

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FAZENDA SANTA CLARA TOTAL HARVEST FACTS Fazenda Santa Santa Clara Clara Cultivated Land Families Hectares By Family Castor Beans Cultivated area Seed production Trucks Silos (Average Capacity) Castor Bean Oil Biodiesel Lime Seeds planted Total Fertilizers min Total Fertilizers max Water Min Water Max Plants Transportation Costs Farmers Costs Transportation Transportation Santa Clara to Floriano Santa Clara to Floriano Santa Clara to Canto do Buriti Santa Clara to Canto do Buriti Floriano to Sao Luis Floriano to Sao Luis

5,670 630 9 5,040 10,080,000 305 96 4,536,000 5,670,000 10,080,000 40,320 715,680 1,058,400 2,520,000 7,560,000 46,650,240 221,760 293,580

Ha

218 3 55 40 655 8

km

Families Ha

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Ha Kg Travel/TotalHarvest Un /TotalHarvest L/TotalHarvest L/TotalHarvest Kg/TotalHarvest Un/TotalHarvest Kg/TotalHarvest Kg/TotalHarvest mm/TotalHarvest mm/TotalHarvest Un/TotalHarvest US/TotalHarvest US/TotalHarvest

Hr km min Km Hr

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analysis

Analysis/ Fazenda Santa clara territorial impacts

unit

1200m

252Ha Per Cell

18 Cells

2100m

2 Communal areas

35 Houses

population

630 Families

2520 People

9Ha 44m

2 House per family

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7m

7m

Fazenda Santa Clara Territorial impacts In terms of spatial requirements, Fazenda Santa Clara proposed a system based on the repetition of a 35 houses cell. Each cell contains the 9ha that every farmer has right to.

From those 9 hectares, a farmer can use 1 for free use, 5 for growing Castor beans with alimentary crops and the remnant 3 exclusive for castor bean cultivation.

After 10 years of Castor Beans production, farmers will acquire the ownership rights of the 9Ha. Therefore a new town of 2520 people will emerge from these spatial proposal.

9Ha. Land by family

1Ha. Housing and free use

5Ha. Castor Beans + Beans

a

3Ha. Castor Beans alone

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Analysis / Fazenda Santa clara inputs and outputs

constraints

inputs

5040

Hectare

600

10.000.000 Lime Kg

masl

40.320

PH 6

Seeds Kg

20째 to 30째

715.600

Average Temperature

Fertilizers Kg

Direct sunlight

2.520.000 to 7.560.000 mm of water

outputs

logistics

10.000.000 Seeds Kg

46.650.000 Plants

4.536.000

Truck Travels

5.670.000

105.00kg Silos

Biodiesel Liters

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305

Castor Oil Liters

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Fazenda Santa Clara Inputs and outputs Fazenda Santa Clara has an extension of 5040 Ha of semiarid soil, located at 600masl and an average temperature between 20 and 30o. For Cultivating this land extension with Castor Beans plants, a farmer would need 10.000.000kg of Lime, 40.320 seeds, 715.600kg of fertilizers and minimum 2.520.000mm of water.

Once the inputs are place on the terrain, 10.000.000kg of Castor Bean plants could be harvested. That represents 4.536.000l of vegetail oil and 5.670.000 l of Biodiesel.

a

In order to produce the biodiesel the 10.000.000kg of seeds need to be transported by truck to a producing plant. 305 travels of trucks are required to transport the 10.000.000kg production.

Seeds can be storage before processing. To storage the product of 5.040Ha, 96 silos are required.

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Analysis / large scale territorial impacts

Canto do Buriti Brasil Ecodiesel Extinct Plant

Fazenda Santa Clara

Rio De Sao Paulo

Marialva, PR 127.000.000 l/y

Passo fundo, RS 160.000.000 l/y

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LARGE SCALE Territorial impacts

Queixadรก, CE 108.000.000 l/y

Candeias, BA 217.000.000 l/y

758km

924km

Brazil produces 10.000 million liters of Biodiesel per year. Along with Germany and the United States.

Other Biofuel producers plants, besides the one located in canto do buriti, are located between 728km and 3.018km from Fazenda Santa Clara. Although this plants are located adjacent to railways transportation of the seeds is done by trucks.

Salvador

Petrobras owns the existing bifuel plants of Brazil. Vegetal oil comes mainly from soy.

Montes Claros, MG 108.000.000 l/y

a

1.334km

e Janeiro

2.372km

3.018km

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Analysis / town infrastructure

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Communal Uses

Roads and public space

streams network

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Analysis / town infrastructure

communal buildings

communal open space

public buildings School clinic church

Administrative buildings

Workers housing

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type of services

Communty Services. Each cell shared a communal space where two buildings and a rectangular open space. According to Eduardo Scavassa, a previous employee of Brasil Ecodiesel this area was dedicated to recreation and communal services of each cell.

The use would vary from cell to cell, sometimes it could be a soccer field other a communal plaza.

a

Neighborhood Services. There was no information founded about the specific distribution of the use of each building. However it can be identifyed that there were two pools a complex of public buildings and a complex of administative buildings including aditional housing.

Neighborhood Services. The communal buildings and spaces where: administrative buildings a hospital and a school. This construction were located in a central avenue of the town.

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analysis / social infrastructure

Constraints

Inputs

outputs

1

Hectare

300 to 1500

2000 Lime Kg

2000 Seeds Kg

masl

PH 6 20째 to 30째

8

9.256

Seeds Kg

Plants

142

990

Average Temperature

Fertilizers Kg

Castor Oil Liters

Direct sunlight

500 to 1500

Biodiesel Liters

1125

mm of water

LABOR REQUIREMENTS

1 Farmer Full time labor

1 Family

1 Job Farmer Partner

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Access to higher education

2/4 School places

Recreation

New housing for new families

4/6 Health care plans

Culture

New jobs for new workers

one hectare logistics

Inputs and outputs One cultivated hectare will produce 2000kg of Castor Bean seeds that are equivalent to 990l of vegetail oil and 1.125l of biofuel.

6%

Truck Capacity

2%

Silo Capacity

Since the seed production of one hectare is not enough for filling a truck or a silo, at least 16.5Ha of land with an average production of 2000Kg needs to be harvested for using 100% of the capacity of the truck.

Using the maximum capacity of the truck impacts the amount of Co2 emissions of the complete life cycle of the Biofuel production.

a

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analysis / social infrastructure

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The provided services of the town achieved the minimal requirements of the life of the farmers. The minimal social services were provided, Education, health and recreation spaces were constructed in the Fazenda. However, the minimal services did not seem to be enough for the success of the town. Because the farmers´ families had only one job option, (growing Castor Bean) they depended too much on the stability of this business. This condition made other job or commercial proposals attractive and facilitate that the farmer would unfulfill the contract with Brasil Ecodiesel.

Providing a more flexible strategy in the town service providence could have improve the financial condition of the farmers. If the farmer and its family would have had the possibility of multiple job options, education , commerce and recreation they might have come with alternative answers to the bad times of the biodiesel production.

If Brasil Ecodiesel would structure the town as an additional neighborhood of Canto do Buriti with a transportation infrastructure that could connect the Fazenda with the town within 15 to 20 minutes, the Fazenda population could have had the chance to live in the Fazenda but work, study, shop and recreate in Canto de Buriti.

a

Once the Castor bean production would fail, Fazenda Santa Clara´s farmers could have remained in the same land dedicating their labor to the production of an additional plant, alternative industries or existing jobs in Canto do Buriti. In this way, the town could have had survived beyond Biodiesel production and could have survived overtime.

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optimization

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model for optimization It is in the field of geography that rural planning has had some study.

Jacob Maos a German geographer based in Israel has been among the few scholars that have study rural planning in detail. In his book Rural Settlements of Latin America, Maos propose a model for towns dedicated to farming. After studying cases of new land settlements in Israel, Spain and Latin America his proposed model focues on the providence of a model that is flexible in its implementation and productive uses. For maos the elements of success of a land settlement are an appropriate farmyard yard and a correct service network. The farmyard should be capable of contain both extensive as intensive farming as well as the possibility for the subsistence of livestock. The farmyard and the farmstead are the basic spatial unit for Moas model. The farmyard is the area surrounding the farmer’s house where different activities from subsistence cultivation to experimentation, storage, processing etc. occur. The distance between the farmstead and the fields, the services and the neighboors is also determinant for the model. Finally, the number of farmsteads that will create a neighborhood is also definitive to the model. o

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optimization / social infrastructure

Comunity Services Small scale services where local services are located.

S 100

500

1000

CONVENIENT STORE RECREATIONAL USE COMMUNAL CENTER

2000

5.500m EXTENSIVE FARMING

Neighborhood Services

4.600m

1200 / 1600m

Medium scale services where services for a zone are located. They serve the needs of around 4 or more comunities.

M

HEALTH SERVICES SUPERMARKET SCHOOL MANUFACTURING SPORTS FACILITIES

INTENSIVE FARMING

100 500

1000

2000

Metropolitan Services Mixed use dense urban center where large equipments of metropolitan scale are located.

UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY SERVICE CLUSTER SPETIALIZED SERVICE

L

0

50

2000

4000

5.500m

5.500m

1200 / 1600m

4.600m

4.600m

2750

100 500

1000

2000

UNDETERMINED FARMING 25Ha

ZONAL SERVICE 25Ha

dispersed

DISPERSED MODEL

96 Housing Units 400 People Aprox More roads = Expensive Infrastructure Longer distances to services = Inneficience No local services

With these three determinations (farmyard, distance and size of the neighborhood) the model proposes a rural settlement that is able to grow over time, were infrastructure is optimized and were future mechanization of the farming practices is possible. Maos proposes two models a dispersed and a nucleated. In the nucleated model, road infrastructure is optimized, distance to services are shorter and equivalent for farmyards group and two scale of services is provided. Dispersed model is less efficient because the variation of distance between the farmyards, the single kind of farming type and the proposal of one single scale of service.

When the model is taken to a regional scale the nucleated model remains as the most efficient. The concentration of the farmsteads allows for more number of houses than in the case of the dispersed model. The definition of the distances of the model are determined by an equilibrium between the farmyard size and walkability. In the widespread proposal (17km) it is considered that the parcels dedicated to extensive farming are a second phase development in

INTENSIVE FARMING

EXTENSIVE FARMING

15Ha

10Ha

LOCAL ZONAL SERVICE SERVICE 1Ha

600m x 400m

nucleated

NUCLEATED MODEL

96 Housing Units 400 People Aprox Less roads = Optimazed Infrastructure Shorter distances to services = Inneficience Local Services = Community development

which the farmer would already be able to buy mechanical equipment to work in the land and additionally to move to it.

When applying Maos model to Fazenda Santa Clara, there are some optimizations that could be done. Although Fazenda Santa Clara provides services at the scale of the community and at the scale of the zone, it is located far from other populated areas where metropolitan services exist. The long distance between the towns implies inefficient road infrastructure and also isolation from possible additional services options. The lack of options limit the sustainability of the town over time making the population dependent of mechanic transportation and exclusive users of their own services. This isolation may affect future generations which may want to look for different areas where more options are provided.

According to the manual for sustainable infrastructure “As integral parts of the community, sustainable infrastructure projects should

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optimization / social infrastructure

17km

14km

11km

4km

Possible layout 1

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55 Comunity Services

16 Neighborhood Services

1 Metropolitan Services

Convinient Store Recreational Use Communal center

Hospital School Manufacturing Sports Facilities

University Industry Service Cluster Spetialized Service

1320 Housing Units

1320 Intensive crop parcels

1320 Extensive crop parcels

11km: 15Ha per Family

11km: 10Ha per Family

17km

14km

11km

Possible layout 2

0 Comunity Services

16 Neighborhood Services

1 Metropolitan Services

Convinient Store Recreational Use Communal center

Hospital School Manufacturing Sports Facilities

University Industry Service Cluster Spetialized Service

1112 Housing Units

1152 Crop parcels

o

11km: 25Ha per Family

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optimization / social infrastructure

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Fazenda Santa Clara

Teresina Canto do buriti

55km

S

Floriano

160km

S

224km

M

L

Fazenda Santa Clara Canto do buriti

55km

S

160km

S

address individual comfort, health, and mobility. ... Attention is also given to encouraging alternative modes of transportation and incorporation the project into the larger community mobility network.�

The multimodality that could be achieved when locating the towns closer to each other will affect the livability of the community and it might make it last longer over time.

Planning the metropolitan region from the Fazenda Santa Clara to Teresina will improve the growth and sustainability towards the future. If the 17 km that Maos proposes are used as a parameter of growth of each of these towns, extensive farming, along with specialized services will coexist and help each other.

o

Currently Fazenda Santa Clara counts with only one type of farmland. The implementation of two types: Extensive and Intensive will improve efficiency over time, economic growth and production 55

optimization / social infrastructure

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Fazenda Santa Clara

Teresina Canto do buriti

Fazenda Santa Clara 17km

S

Teresina

17km

Canto do buriti

M17km

17km

S 1 2

M

Diverse Scale Services Create a network of services at the local, zonal and metropolitan scale

Metropolitan Region Plan each town as part of the metropolitan network.

3 Phasing Diverse Scale Services 41Irrigation Plan the farmyard for extensive and intensive use in separate areas.

Implement an irrigation plan for the intensive Create a network of services at the farming areas

local,

zonal and metropolitan scale

2 3 4

L

Metropolitan Region Plan each town as part of the metropolitan network.

Phasing

L

flexibility. Intensive farming could be used in the current 9 Ha of each farmer and an additional 10 or 15 could be provided for extensive farming were livestock and diverse of crops can be cultivated.

Irrigation is the last improvement that will definitely change the future of Fazenda Santa Clara. Although the rainy season could provide enough production for farmer family, irrigation will duplicate the production. It will also increase flexibility. With an irrigated land the possible species available for cultivation increases considerably.

o

Plan the farmyard for extensive and intensive use in separate areas.

Irrigation Implement an irrigation plan for the intensive farming areas

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Assuming that Maos model will assure a productive and livable town. Fazenda Santa Clara would have require some adjustments for accommodating the existing layout to Maos recommendation.

This could be understood as an evidence that the failure of the town was not because of its spatial layout but because of socioeconomic circumstances.

Fazenda Santa Clara is an example of the fragility of rural settlements.

As described in the analysis, the Fazenda provided the spatial opportunities for the creation of a new town that could subsist from farming. It had a certain housing density, enough land sizes and a business plan. However the extreme dependence of the town with political and economic conditions avoid the persistence of the town over time. With the additional adjustments proposed in this study the new town could have become an example of productivity. With the provision of irrigation and the possibility of accessing additional services, it is possible that the town could have been successful and remained over time regardless of the sociopolitical circumstances.

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Bibliography

Jhon Duncan. 2003. Costs of Biodiesel Production. Energy efficiency and Censervation Authority. New Zeland.

Embrapa. 2006. Cultivo da Mamona. http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia. embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Mamona/ CultivodaMamona_2ed/index.html.

Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento. 2006 . Circular Tecnica104. Consorcio Mamona + Amendoim: Opcao para a Agricultura Familiar.

Maos, J. 1984. The Spatial Organization of New Land Settlement in Latin America.

Vol. no. 15. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. zofnass Program for sustainable Infrastructure.2012. Envision Guidance Manual. 18

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Biofuel first steps in Brazil’s arid land/ manuela guzman / Harvard Graduate School of design / independent study / Supervised By Andreas Georgoulias / fall2013

Manuela Guzman / Harvard Graduate School of design / fall2013