VOLCANO RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
BY MALLORY ADAMS
Copyright Š 2013 By Mallory Adams All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from the publisher.
CONTENTS
04 08 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 30
BITMAP TIFF LOCK-UP DEPTH & MOTION CUSTOM TYPEFACE CONCEPTUAL PATTERN THE GRID LOGO DESIGN INFORMATION GRAPHIC CUT PAPER ENVIRONMENTAL GRAPHIC WEBSITE
4 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
VOLCANO A volcano is an opening (or rupture) in the Earth’s surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from deep below the surface. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time. Volcanoes are generally found where two to three tectonic plates pull apart or come together.
ASSIGNMENT 01 BITMAP TIFF LOCK-UP
5
6 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent. Lava is erupted during either nonexplosive activity or explosive lava fountains. Lava flows destroy everything in their path, but most move slowly enough that people can move out of the way.
ASSIGNMENT 01 BITMAP TIFF LOCK-UP
7
8 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
It is slightly similar to bubbles of gas in a bottle of soda. You don't see many bubbles before the bottle is opened because the pressure keeps the gas dissolved in the soda. When the bottle is opened the pressure is released and the gas bubbles leave the soda. If you were to shake the bottle first, the bubbles of gas push the soda upward causing it to rush out of the top.
ASSIGNMENT 02 D E P T H & M OT I O N
9
10 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
Lava is made up of crystals, volcanic glass, and bubbles (volcanic gases). As magma gets closer to the surface and cools, it begins to crystallize minerals like olivine and form bubbles of volcanic gases. When lava erupts it is made up of a slush of crystals, liquid, and bubbles. The liquid “freezes� to form volcanic glass. Chemically lava is made of the elements silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and titanium (plus other elements in very small concentrations.)
ASSIGNMENT 02 D E P T H & M OT I O N
11
12 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
ASSIGNMENT 03 C U S T O M T Y P E FAC E
13
The most powerful eruptions are called “plinian” and involve the explosive ejection of relatively viscous lava. The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas hundreds of miles downwind. Fast-moving deadly pyroclastic flows (“nuées ardentes”) are also commonly associated with plinian eruptions.
ASSIGNMENT 04 C O N C E P T UA L PAT T E R N
15
18 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
About 1,900 volcanoes on Earth are considered active, meaning they show some level of activity and are likely to explode again. Many other volcanoes are dormant, showing no current signs of exploding but likely to become active at some point in the future. Others are considered extinct.
ASSIGNMENT 06 LOGO DESIGN
19
20 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
There are four major types of volcanoes: Shield Volcanoes, which are large broad volcanoes that look like shields. The lava that pours out of shield volcanoes is thin, so it can travel for great distances down the shallow slopes of the volcano. Dome volcanoes are created by small masses of lava which are too viscous (thick) to flow very far. Unlike shield volcanoes, with low-viscosity lava, the magma from volcanic domes just pile up over and around the vent. Cinder Cone Volcanoes are the simplest type of volcano. They occur when particles and blobs of lava are ejected from a volcanic vent. The lava is blown violently into the air, and the pieces rain down around the vent. Over time, this builds up a circular or oval-shaped cone, with a bowl-shaped crater at the top. Composite volcanoes have a conduit system inside them that channels magma from deep within the Earth to the surface. They can have clusters of vents, with lava breaking through walls, or issuing from fissures on the sides of the mountain. With all this material coming out, they can grow thousands of meters tall.
ASSIGNMENT 07 I N F O R M AT I O N G R A P H I C
21
22 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
The erupting force generally comes from internal gas pressure. The material that forms magma contains a lot of dissolved gases—gases that have been suspended in the magma solution. The gases are kept in this dissolved state as long as the confining pressure of the surrounding rock is greater than the vapor pressure of the gas. When this balance shifts and vapor pressure becomes greater than the confining pressure, the dissolved gas is allowed to expand, and forms small gas bubbles, called vesicles, in the magma.
ASSIGNMENT 07 I N F O R M AT I O N G R A P H I C
23
24 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
During an episode of activity, a volcano commonly displays a distinctive pattern of behavior. Some mild eruptions merely discharge steam and other gases, whereas other eruptions quietly extrude quantities of lava. The most spectacular eruptions consist of violent explosions that blast great clouds of gas-laden debris into the atmosphere.
ASSIGNMENT 08 C U T PA P E R
25
26 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
In fissure-type eruptions, molten, incandescent lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano’s rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central-vent eruptions, a fountain of fiery lava spurts to a height of several hundred feet or more. Such lava may collect in old pit craters to form lava lakes, or form cones, or feed radiating flows.
28 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
Although volcanoes can be extremely destructive, they are also one of the most important geological processes on Earth. Its dual purpose is not only creating catastrophic devastation, but is instrumental in the Earth’s continuous regeneration process. Volcanoes are one of nature’s most interesting phenomena that takes place on the Earth’s surface, but so few people ever get a chance to see.
ASSIGNMENT 09 E N V I R O N M E N TA L G R A P H I C
29
30 VOLCANO
RUPTURE ON THE SURFACE
VOLCANO HOME
ABOUT THE BOOK
DESIGNER
“A volcano is a vent or fissure in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. ”
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
HOME
ABOUT BOOK
DESIGNER
VOLCANO HOME
ABOUT THE BOOK
HOME
DESIGNER
ABOUT BOOK
DESIGNER
VOLCANO HOME
ABOUT THE BOOK
HOME
DESIGNER
ABOUT BOOK
DESIGNER
ABOUT THE DESIGNER
ABOUT THE BOOK The objective of the book was to choose a natural phenomenon and develop ten different design exercises to represent and communicate that phenomenon.
01 BITMAP TIFF LOCK-UP
02 DEPTH & MOTION
03 CUSTOM TYPEFACE
04 CONCEPTUAL PATTERN
05 THE GRID
06 LOGO DESIGN
07 INFORMATION GRAPHIC
08 CUT PAPER
09 ENVIRONMENTAL GRAPHIC
Born and raised in Hawaii, currently residing in San Francisco, California. Student studying Graphic Design at the Academy of Art University.
The natural phenonmenon choosen for this book was volcano. “A volcano is an opening (or rupture) in the Earth’s surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from deep below the surface. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time. Volcanoes are generally found where two to three tectonic plates pull apart or come together.” -Science Daily
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
CONTACT E-mail: mapadams@hotmail.com Website: mapadams.com
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MALLORY ADAMS
ASSIGNMENT 10 WEBSITE
31
Designer: Mallory Adams Class: Graphic Design 1 Instructor: Julia Brown Title: Volcano: Rupture on the Surface Fonts: ITC Franklin Gothic, Adobe Garamond Pro Software: Adobe Indesign, Illustrator, and Photoshop Printer & Bindery: Chums Design & Print 582 Market St. Suite 100 San Francisco, CA 94107 (415) 399-3834 Academy of Art University School of Graphic Design San Francisco, California 94105 Fall 2013 All content for the book taken from the web: Live Science Universe Today Science Daily How Stuff Works National Geographic USGS