Madeleine Appelros - The adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites as social hubs by Madeleine Appelros

The adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites as social hubs A solution to strengthen urban communities

Madeleine A. E. Appelros Supervisors: Associate Prof. XU Kai & Prof. Undine Giseke

A dissertation submitted to Tongji University Shanghai and Technical University Berlin in conformity with the requirements for the degrees Master of Architecture (Tongji University Shanghai) and Master of Science (Technical University Berlin)

June 2017

去工业化地块的适应性再利用作为社会融合的场所强化社区的一种方式

Madeleine A. E. Appelros

指导教师：许凯

同济大学(建筑学硕士) -柏林工大(科学硕士) 双硕士学位论文

二〇一七年六月

ABSTRACT In Shanghai, recent and current patterns of urban development are creating a larger-scale, more private, less public and less social city. In this process, deindustrialised sites are becoming increasingly valuable land resources and are consequently under increasing threat of poor redevelopment or demolition. From the 1990s, when Shanghai shifted its focus from manufacturing to service industries, urban development planning was adjusted to suit. However, with a lack of appreciation and protection of deindustrialised structures and a driving desire to meet Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prescribed image as an international, metropolitan and globalised city, valuable urban form and social spaces are being lost. The aim of this thesis is to solve two key problems with one proposal: how can deindustrialised sites be transformed to serve as social hubs? Thereby, not only are valuable deindustrialised sites spared from demolition, but also an essential city space, a social space, is returned to the city that the processes of urbanisation threaten. The hypothesis is, that deindustriaised sites hold key spatial and cultural characteristics that provide them with great potential to be successful social spaces. The review of key international literature produce the key findings of spatial qualities that constitute a successful social hub. They can be summarised as three conditions: active and fine-grained accessibility, human-scale public space to stay in and to pass through and diverse and interdependent functions. These findings are later utilised as a methodology to analyse case studies of adaptive reuse in the Shanghai context. The culmination of this research is a design proposal for a deindustrialised site in Yangshupu in Shanghai, the former Tianzhang Paper Factory. Yangshupu, once one of the most intensive industrial areas in Shanghai, rich in history and value, is now a focal point of urban renewal, making it a highly appropriate vehicle to undertake this research. The design tests and explores the three established conditions of social hub design, and thereby communicates the high suitability of deindustrialised sites to be transformed into social hubs.

Keywords:

deindustrialised, social hub, social space, adaptive reuse, urban development, Shanghai, Yangpu, Yangshupu, Tianzhang Paper Factory

Ma & Pa, For you: for the gift of flight and for the ability and belief to chase the unknown.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, thank you to the German Academic Exchange Service, Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst, for their generous scholarship that has made studying in Shanghai possible. Thank you to my Chinese supervisor, Associate Prof. XU Kai, for his engagement and dedication throughout the year, and to his other master students: Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong and Zhao Chang, for their invaluable work on the case studies and site visits. I must also thank my German supervisor, Prof. Undine Giseke, for her input and guidance in the early stages of the thesis development. Thank you to my parents, for their consistent and unwavering belief and support. A special thank you to Berni, for his encourangement and love every step of the way. And to Jenny, Ben and Rico: for their laughter and wisdom from rooftops to hospital beds. Thank you to our Chinese peers: Yushan, Aoli, Lin, Bubu, Yisha and Yue, for saving us in numerous foreign situations and offering so much help and insight to their culture. Finally, I would like to thank all the friends, family, peers, teachers and colleagues I have had the pleasure of knowing and working alongside; for contributing to my worldview and for bringing me to this point.

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The adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites as social hubs A solution to strengthen urban communities Madeleine A. E. Appelros June 2017 Supervisors: Associate Prof. XU Kai (Tongji University Shanghai) & Prof. Undine Giseke (Technical University Berlin)

CONTENTS I. Introduction................................................................................................................................................. A. Research Questions, Aims and Objectives............................................................................... B. Key Terms and Definitions.......................................................................................................... C. Methodology, Process and Structure......................................................................................... D. Scope of Research........................................................................................................................

1 1 2 2 3

PART A: GENERAL PERSPECTIVES II. Literature Review........................................................................................................................................ 7 A. Urban Renewal Upheaval........................................................................................................... 7 B. Cities for People............................................................................................................................ 8 C. Strategy: Adaptive Reuse............................................................................................................. 10 III. Methodology.............................................................................................................................................. 15 A. Summary of Principles................................................................................................................ 15 PART B: LOCAL FOCUS IV. Context Analysis........................................................................................................................................ 19 A. Shanghai Urban Processes.......................................................................................................... 19 1. Industrialisation.............................................................................................................. 19 2. Deindustrialisation......................................................................................................... 19 B. Yangshupu Urban Processes....................................................................................................... 21 1. Industrial History........................................................................................................... 21 2. Current & Future Urban Development Plans............................................................. 21 3. Design Site: Introduction to Tianzhang Paper Factory............................................. 23 C. Industrial Heritage....................................................................................................................... 28 1. General Understanding of Industrial Heritage........................................................... 28 2. Industrial Heritage Status in Shanghai........................................................................ 28 V. Project Review............................................................................................................................................. 31 A. Bridge 8......................................................................................................................................... 32 B. M50................................................................................................................................................ 36 C. 1933 Slaughterhouse.................................................................................................................... 40 PART C: DESIGN VI. Design: Tianzhang Paper Factory, Yangshupu...................................................................................... 49 A. Site Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 49 B. Developed Design........................................................................................................................ 75 VII. Conclusions and Critical Reflection.....................................................................................................103 A. Design Evaluation........................................................................................................................103 B. Summary of Research & Findings..............................................................................................103 C. Outlook of Reseach......................................................................................................................104 References........................................................................................................................................................ 111 Sources of Figures........................................................................................................................................... 113 Appendix.......................................................................................................................................................... 119 Epilogue............................................................................................................................................................123 v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION A. Problem Statement, Research Questions, Aims and Objectives In Shanghai, recent and current patterns of urban development are creating a larger-scale, more private, less public and less social city. In this process, deindustrialised sites are becoming increasingly valuable land resources and are consequently under increasing threat of poor redevelopment or demolition. From the 1990s, when Shanghai shifted its focus from manufacturing to service industries, urban development planning was adjusted to suit. As a result, vast numbers of historical industries, located in the inner-city, were shifted to the fringe of the city or closed down altogether. The result is a magnitude of valuable inner-city land freed up for in-demand urban forms and functions. However, with a lack of appreciation and protection for deindustrialised structures, and a driving desire to meet Shanghai’s new prescribed image as an international, metropolitan and globalised city, valuable urban form and social spaces are being lost. Urbanisation and the issues that come with it became apparent decades earlier in the United States and Europe than in China. Pioneers on urban design in the 1960s and 70s such as Jane Jacobs and Jan Gehl documented the struggles and griefs of poor urban decision making and the impacts on neighbourhoods and people. Importantly, they proposed principles to reduce or prevent these negative impacts. Likewise, from the 1960s and 1970s, many European cities and regions began a similar process of deindustrialisation as Shanghai is currently undergoing. As such, urban planning policies for spatial redevelopment have been in place for a long time and produced a multitude of projects exhibiting adaptive reuse of deindustrialised buildings. We could look to the West for design analysis and inspiration, although Shanghai has already made noteworthy strides in this arena; several projects of which will be analysed in chapter four. The aim of this thesis is to solve two key problems with one proposal: how can deindustrialised sites be transformed to serve as social hubs? Thereby, not only are valuable deindustrialised sites spared from demolition, but also an essential city space, a social space, is returned to the city that the processes of urbanisation and globalisation threaten. The hypothesis is, that deindustriaised sites hold key spatial and cultural characteristics that provide them with great potential to be successful social spaces. The result of this research is a design proposal for a deindustrialised site in Yangshupu in Shanghai, the former Tianzhang Paper Factory. Yangshupu, once one of the most intensive industrial areas in Shanghai rich in history and value, is now a focal point in urban renewal, making it a highly appropriate vehicle to undertake this research. B. Key Terms and Definitions

1. Deindustrialised

Deindustrialisation in Shanghai began following the “open-door” policy of the 1980s and Shanghai’s consequent change in economic direction from secondary to tertiary industries, namely from manufacturing to service industries. This process will be summarised in the Context Analysis chapter. The physical results of this economic and social process are disused and abandoned buildings and sites, namely deindustrialised buildings and sites. Importantly, not only individual buildings but agglomerations of buildings, sites and areas formerly occupied by manufacturing industrial functions are included in this definition. In the case of Shanghai, this includes factories, warehousing and storage, energy, transportation and waste management, as well as residential 1

functions affiliated with the former industries.

2. Social Hub

A social hub, is an epicentre and concentration of various complementing forms of social space. Put simply, it is space for people; for direct or indirect interaction. In a social hub, the open space as well as the closed space provide opportunities for diverse social activities to occur. They are unique and diverse spaces for people to live, work and play. Social hubs are local and accessible to all, and interlace and connect a neighbourhood together spatially and socially. To establish the specific social needs and spatial qualities of a social hub is a primary outcome of this research and is explored in depth in the Literature Review chapter.

3. Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse refers to the process of giving old buildings or structures new functions. When old buildings become unsuitable for the functions they were designed for, adaptive reuse is an increasingly popular strategy to reclaim and inject new life into the space. Benefits of adaptive reuse are particularly seen when applied to deindustrialised buildings, as it allows significant features of the old structures to remain, while at the same time allowing for modifications and new insertions that allow the building to function in current society - this has significant benefit in terms of the value of heritage which will be discussed in the Context Analysis chapter. Further advantages of adaptive reuse include economic incentives and sustainability factors of choosing to reuse old structures, rather than building new. C. Methodology, Process and Structure To achieve the stated aims and objectives this research will be led by a methodology of two underlying indices: social needs and the corresponding spatial qualities. It was David Harvey (1973) who brought attention to the need for the interrelation between social processes and spatial form in urban theory and research. He believed past urban research was restricted by disciplinary boundaries, considering either sociological or geographical perspectives. A combined social and spatial approach to research is essential and highly appropriate for successful research in the chosen topic. First of all, in Part A, the combined aspects of social needs and spatial qualities will lead the discussion and analysis in the Literature Review chapter. Part A is about establishing a general perspective on the topic - as both deindustrialisation and the impacts of urban change have occurred decades earlier elsewhere than in China. Major urban change in Paris and New York introduces the struggles of urban transformation and the principles and ideas of key texts written in response to urban change are discussed. Key literature includes urban design principles and methods by journalist Jane Jacobs (1961) and architect and urban planner Jan Gehl (1987). The need for social places and their qualities is primarily covered in a review of urban sociologist Ray Oldenburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work (1989, 2000) and recent and specific discussion on the adaptive reuse of deindustrialised structures comes from academics and professionals Martina Baum & Kees Christiaanse (2012). Using the literature review, a methodology is established by which to conduct the case studies and develop the design proposal. In Part B, the focus is brought to Shanghai and the local industrial history and urban change is discussed. Case studies selected show a range of reused deindustrial building types and new functions including Bridge 8, M50 and 1933 Slaughterhouse, which will be analysed using the methodology established following the Literature Review. This progressive research will provide a summary of design ideas and principles, from multiple disciplines, for adaptive reuse and integration of deindustrialised sites in the new Shanghai urban 2

fabric. In Part C of this research, the findings will be utilised in application to a deindustrialised site in Yangshupu – the former Tianzhang Paper Factory – and a design proposal for a social hub developed. (see fig.1.1) D. Scope of Research Although sited in the urban environment of Shanghai and referencing global literature, this research looks specifically at the former Tianzhang Paper Factory and it’s immediate surroundings in Yangshupu. This research does not directly include points of adaptive reuse to other functions, other forms of disused buildings nor other areas of Shanghai. Furthermore, points outside the scope of this research include economical aspects of development, possible stakeholders and management structures, implementation policies and structural integrity of reuse. However, these are all aspects which may be worthy of further exploration in relation to this work, and will be discussed in the Conclusion chapter of this thesis.

C. DESIGN

B. LOCAL FOCUS

A. GENERAL PERSPECTIVES

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review 3. Methodology

4. Context Analysis

Baum & Christiaanse (2012), Gehl (1987), Harvey (2008), Jacobs (1961), Oldenburg (1989, 2000) Social needs + spatial qualities

Theoretical Research

Shanghai industrialisation & deindustrialisation, development plans, heritage status

5. Project Review Bridge 8 - M50 - 1933 Slaughterhouse

6. Design Tianzhang Paper Factory, Yangshupu

Theoretical & Empirical Research

Site Analysis Design

7. Conclusion

Fig. 1.1: Progressive structure of research.

PART A: GENERAL PERSPECTIVES

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW The shift from a manufacturing society to a consumer society and the consequent processes of urban change occurred in western Europe and in the United States thirty to forty years ahead of China. With time and perspective, much discussion, writing and projects have arisen in these contexts. These are useful to study, as the wealth of knowledge generated and lessons learned with time are valuable in order to better understand the process currently occurring in the Chinese context, which will be discussed in the next part of this research, Part B. The literature is selected based upon its ability to connect the two indices of social needs and spatial qualities. This chapter will trace major stories of urban renewal in the west, the response of professionals and academics to the changing urban fabric and finally a summary of the emergence of adaptive reuse as a unique and valuable technique in urban development. This research will provide the base for establishing a methodology in the following chapter. A. Urban Renewal Upheaval The first major urban event to be discussed comes much earlier than the deindustrialisation period, however it is a rich story to highlight motivations and impacts of urban renewal. In 1853 Haussmann was brought to Paris to take charge of public works. Following high unemployment and civil unrest due to capitalist greed and inequality, the newly self-proclaimed Emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, initiated a vast program of infrastructural investment both at home and abroad. This was an outlet for the capital surplus problem, and above all provided jobs for the working class by means of urbanisation and growth. Haussmann’s task was to reconfigure the urban infrastructure of Paris, and he did so on a grand scale. He redesigned entire neighbourhoods, such as Les Halles, and drew monumental boulevards through the city, demolishing the old Parisian slums. He was initially successful in his prescribed task; transforming Paris into a great centre of consumption, tourism and pleasure, featuring cafés, department stores and the fashion industry. However, when the speculative financial system upon which everything was based crashed in 1868, so did the temporary civil peace. From this arose the Paris Commune, who revolted to regain the urban fabric that Haussmann had taken from them - in part, they wanted to regain control over the city. David Harvey describes this as “the right to the city”: “to claim some kind of shaping power over the processes of urbanisation” (2008, p.2). He explains that by changing the city, we change ourselves to the kind of people we want to be. The two are directly related and raise questions of what we want: what kind of social relations, lifestyles, architectural aesthetics and more (2008, pp. 1-2). In the case of Haussmann’s Paris, but also typical of urbanising and globalising cities, Harvey says the right to the city is held only by a very small privileged part of society - evident in the consistent trend of new mega cities built to serve consumerism, tourism and cultural and knowledge based industries (2008, p.8). Fast forward to post-World War II New York, and Robert Moses sought to do to New York what Haussmann had done to Paris. Prior to his ascent, Moses even wrote an article in an architectural journal seeking to re-establish Haussmann’s reputation as one of the greatest urbanists of all time (Moses, 1942). This was a time of great economic growth in New York, when governments and developers invested heavily in building new infrastructure and expanding cities, bulldozing old neighbourhoods in the process. Like Haussmann, Moses changed the scale of urban thinking and pushed for modernist planning of great elevated roads, high-rises and large open spaces. His power went beyond Manhattan however, stretching to the suburbanisation of the metropolitan region. All these changes, as in Paris, entailed a radical transformation in lifestyles. Moses’ reign only lasted until the 1960s, when locals rallied around Jane Jacobs to protect their neighbourhoods: their urban form and their way of life. Jacobs famously rivalled Robert Moses’ modernist planning and played an integral role in activating grassroots efforts and overturning big projects such as the Lower Manhattan elevated road that would have cut her home of Greenwich Village in two. She called the big, ugly new construction the “great 7

blight of dullness” and said “we expect too much of new buildings, and too little of ourselves” (1961). Her book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which she claimed, destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. Led by the revolutionary transformation of American cities, European planners in the 1960s and 70s also rode the wave of modernist planning. The movement saw countless inner-cities gutted of traditional residential blocks and narrow streets that were deemed unhealthy and suppressive, while concrete was poured for mega road systems for the beloved car. Take for example the English city of Birmingham: vast areas were cleared to make way for an innercity road which placed cars on the surface and pedestrians in tunnels beneath. Meanwhile in Stockholm, the Essingeleden motorway was opened in 1966 to traverse the city’s islands. Soon thereafter it was refigured from six to eight lanes in a bid to improve congestion levels, however to this day it still remains the busiest road in Sweden - an example of the fact that more roads only breed more cars and more traffic (Litman, 2017). Copenhagen also made plans to follow this route, with architects declaring the development of a network of motorways through the city necessary for the continued functioning of the city. Additional plans included the demolition of the now immensely popular Vesterbro neighbourhood. In hindsight, the failure of these plans due to lack of funding is a blessing. Reflecting on his time working for the City, former Copenhagen planner Søren Elle said: “In the 60s and 70s, we thought that if you built huge blocks with apartments and efficient traffic systems, everyone would be happy…But quality of life is more than square metres, concrete, lifts, motorways and subways.” (Cathcart-Keays, 2016) Sharon Zukin compares the mid 20th century trend in the United States and Europe to what is happening in China now; where highways for cars and trucks are prioritised and dictate the city form around them, and projects of monolithic scale and homogeneity take over districts (2011, p.128). Moreover, a new film documenting Jacobs’ life and work states that India and China are both experiencing a “Moses on steroids” type of growth today (Tyrnauer, 2017). What we see in major Chinese cities and elsewhere in the world is a common goal of urban development today - that to become a global city. As cities chase typical images of metropolitan, technological and cultural cities and spectacular architecture is designed by renowned international architects, many replicas of New York and London are emerging (Wang, 2012, p.77). Our neighbourhoods and cities are becoming increasingly the same and increasingly large, stripped of local history, identity and character. B. Cities for People Academics and professionals began to document the impacts of major urban change on people and lifestyles and promoted their ideas of good social and spatial design in cities. The underlying theme, is the focus on people and the social web of urban life. One major author has already been mentioned, American journalist Jane Jacobs and her significant work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961). Two further authors will be looked at: The Great Good Place (1989) and Celebrating the Third Place (2000) from American urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg, and Life between Buildings (1987) from Danish architect and urban planner Jan Gehl (1987). Jacobs claims, that the street is pre-eminently a social space, and discusses romantically the everyday routine and diversity that unfolds on city streets and injects quality and life into spaces. Jacobs refers to shopkeepers as “public characters” who exert social controls on residents and on strangers, in their shops and on the streets. Shops should face the street, not leave the street blind. The shops and their buildings, handle strangers and ensure the safety of both residents and strangers. Jacobs highlighted the importance of small blocks and frequent streets providing multiple possible routes through a neighbourhood. She observed that this results in sidewalks to have users on it fairly continuously, increasing safety, or as she calls it, “eyes on the street”, but also gives the shopkeepers and those visiting shops, or sitting outside, something to look at. 8

People are induced by watching street activity. Similarly, Gehl claims that for public spaces to be lively and successful they must provide for both moving and stationary activities. He focusses particularly on how to invite people to not only stop but to spend time in a space, either sitting or standing. The edge effect is an important concept here, the terminology which Gehl has in fact adopted from De Jonge (1967). People find edges to be more preferable spaces to occupy, as they like to face the pedestrian flow and have an extensive view of people and activities (Gehl, 1987, p.159). Only when the edges are fully occupied, do people select places further inwards. Gehl says, that human activities are the main attraction for users of public spaces. Furthermore, his research has shown that increased pedestrian flow in a space causes the increase of static occupancy. More people, moving and stationary, create a safer and more secure environment. In case studies in The Great Good Place, Oldenburg identifies similar characteristics that draw people to visit and to stay: storefronts with large windows, outdoor seating and wide stone steps and entrances that lead to generous sidewalks. These features encourage people to linger between the street and the shop, sitting or standing, consequently unifying indoor and outdoor and injecting “life on the street” (1989). Gehl credits Jacobs for drawing his attention to the importance of human scale, and like many other authors (Sitte 1889, 1945; Alexander et al. 1977; Lynch 1971), he believes that there is a correlation between the dimensions of a square and a sense of place. If a public space is too large for its function and number of users, it will feel empty and placeless. Further to this idea, he introduces the idea of the ‘self-reinforcing’ process, where individual events and activities, if brought together, can stimulate and feed off one another, leading to a greater sense of place (1987, p.107). He suggests spatial qualities to improve the number of people in and passing through or by the space: building heights of five to seven floors, orientation of entrances to the street and active frontages, multifunction areas, cyclist and pedestrian transport priority, accessibility and visibility from the immediate surroundings. These principles, essentially speak for the need of a human scale. According to Jacobs, the district and as many of its internal parts as possible must serve at least two primary functions, preferably more. Also, buildings should be a mix of age and condition, to provide opportunity for a variety of renters and leasers - thereby diversity is able to grow. Jacobs explains that new buildings are always replaceable by the construction of more new buildings, whereas old buildings have an immense value, economic and otherwise, that can only be created and fostered through time (1961, p.199). Jacobs stresses the requirement of old buildings in society by suggesting that small businesses which are special to a community could be lost along with the demolition of all old buildings, as they are unable to afford the high costs of new construction (Jacobs, 1961, p.188). It is “chain stores, chain restaurants and banks which go into new construction. But neighbourhood bars, foreign restaurants and pawn shops go into older buildings” (Jacobs, 1961, p.188). While Jacobs states general requirements of mixed-age and mixed-diversity, Gehl further defines the type of activities people undertake into three categories: necessary, optional and social activities (1987, p.9). Unlike necessary activities which occur regardless of the quality of the physical environment, optional activities depend largely on the quality of the space and how it makes people behave and feel. Gehl explains that social activity is the result of the quality and length of necessary and optional activities, because it occurs spontaneously in certain places. These become meaningful meetings in communities. The necessity of the quality of public space to promote optional activities is becoming increasingly important as we shift to more privatised lives. As we no longer need to inhabit public space in our daily lives, we must want to inhabit them. Gehl explains: “In a society becoming steadily more privatised with private homes, cars, computers, offices and shopping centers, the public component of our lives is disappearing. It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life.” (Gehl, 2009) 9

Oldenburg also identifies the trend of increasingly privatised lives, in his work due to modern suburbia, where time is primarily spent in isolated first (home) and second (work) places. In contrast, third places offer a neutral public space for a community to connect and establish bonds. Third places “host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work.” Oldenburg stresses the neutrality of third places, that visitors are not encumbered by the role of either host or of guest, “Such an environment is well described as casual because the elements of accident and informality are strong within it...without having to plan or schedule or prepare, those who move about in a familiar and casual environment have positive social experiences” (Oldenburg, 1989, p.289). Oldenburg argues that for a healthy existence citizens must live in a balance of three realms: home life, workplace and the socially inclusive third place. Although his research focusses on the issues of post-war American suburbia, his ideas and suggestions are transferable to any place that for one reason or another, have lost or lack altogether mixed-use neighbourhoods and local gathering places. Oldenburg lists main streets, pubs, cafes, post offices and beer gardens as examples of third places that are the heart of a community’s social vitality. Importantly, there is a need for a variety of third places; that there should be something for everyone within the community. Discussing American suburbia residential land use patterns, Oldenburg identifies the key flaw: “all space is used up and there’s no provision for a community life. What should be local is remote, and because it is remote it serves no community at all” (Oldenburg, 1996, p.6). He states that all third places must be local and must be within walking distance of the people they serve. Perhaps surprisingly, Jacobs does not target Moses nor the state powers or financial institutions that supported his vision for the urban upheaval witnessed in New York (Jacobs, 1961). Rather, she targets city planners. Reflecting on Jacobs’ work 50 years on, urban historian Thomas Campanella reiterates her call to city planners: “Planners alone have the breadth and range of expertise that solving the full spectrum of urban problems and opportunities in the 21st century will require. An extraordinary global urban age is just dawning, and it could well bring about either planning’s end or its finest hour. The choice is ours.” (Campanella, 2011, p.160). As Campanella discusses, the greedy, ignorant and destructive urban “renewal” Jacobs fought against then is still evident around the world today, “while the principles for which she advocated still work” (Parham, 2011, p.93). Oldenburg also calls on planners as the primary actors to evoke change and combat negative patterns of urban development. He is however more explicit in the actions required: a. allow and encourage mixed-use districts and b. promote walkable communities (1996, p.10). Gehl, an urban planner himself in parallel to his academic work, has worked on countless public space designs and urban regeneration projects across the world. He has worked together with more than 100 City Councils globally to undertake analysis and strategy development including New York, Melbourne, Sydney, Wellington, London, Newcastle and of course Copenhagen - called on to implement his human and life focussed methods and principles. C. Strategy: Adaptive Reuse In light of the increasing homogenisation and de-humanising effects of urbanisation and globalisation of cities, a powerful trend already topical in western Europe and the United States for several decades now is that of adaptive reuse (Wang 2012, p.78; Baum & Christiaanse, 2012, p.13). Adaptive reuse refers to the process of giving old buildings new uses. Further to creating unique places in cities, adaptive reuse has proven popular and successful for its simultaneous achievement of historical preservation, urban renewal and sustainable development. Although adaptive reuse can be applied to all types of buildings, here the focus is on deindustrialised buildings and areas. Deindustrialised buildings and areas offer a unique bipolarity of stability and flexibility. Deindustrialised spaces offer stability, due to their architecture, history and identity which 10

Fig. 2.1: The entrance of the Tate Modern art gallerly in London, formerly the turbine hall of the power plant.

Fig. 2.2: Olafur Eliasson’s ‘The Weather Project’ in the Turbine Hall, October 2003 - March 2004.

firmly root them in the history of the city and in collective memory (Baum & Christiaanse, 2012, p.8). The architecture indicates its original usage, is distinctive and genuinely local and as such is a witness to the past. The previous use of the buildings in the city is evident in its architecture. In addition to stability, deindustrialised spaces also offer flexibility; often of generous size and with open plans, these structures can be adapted to almost any function (Baum & Christiaanse, 2012, p.8). Therefore, they not only have great potential for hosting a variety of functions, due to their inherent flexibility, in the future they will again be able to be adapted, in order to meet ever changing lifestyles and demands. In contrast, new buildings purpose-built today may not be needed nor able to be reused in the future. Furthermore, adaptive reuse is favoured for its economic advantages, more sustainable practice by reusing existing building stock, ability to protect and conserve heritage and for its trendy rough and raw aesthetics (Krejcisz, 2012, p.38). A wealth of projects adaptively reusing deindustrialised sites have arisen over the past decades, particularly in Europe. A very successful and well known project is the Tate Modern Art Gallery in London. Formerly the oil-fired Bankside Power Plant, it closed down in 1981 after only 30 years of operation and left an abandoned and undesirable scene along the River Thames. The winners of the architecture competition to transform the site, Herzog & de Meuron, were the only firm that suggested reusing a significant portion of the building, stating “our strategy was to accept the physical power of Bankside’s massive mountain-like brick building and to even enhance it rather than breaking it or trying to diminish it” (Herzog & de Meuron in Craven, 2016). The immense potential of adaptive reuse is particularly evident in the enormous entrance of the museum, formerly the turbine hall (see figs. 2.1 & 2.2). As explained by architect and critic Rowan Moore, “it’s a space you never could ever have achieved with a new building - for one thing they’d never get the money for it, but even if they did it would seem like a bombastic gesture because there’s all this empty space here” (Moore, 2000). Another significant project is the Zeche Zollverein in Essen, Germany. The former coal mine was one part of a regional conservation process to revitalise the formerly heavily industrial Rhur region, initiated by the International Building Exhibition held in Emscher Park in the 1990s. The masterplan for Zeche Zollverein, designed by Rem Koolhaas, achieves uniqueness and authenticity by utilising the location’s strong and iconic industrial architecture, history and culture (Baum & Christiaanse, 2010, pp.167-171). At the same time, strong connections are created with public life and current and future lifestyles by developing a belt of new buildings around the existing structures. The once grim remnants of industrial decline now form a centre for culture and leisure, featuring regenerated parks and waterways, a museum, event venues, small office spaces for creative industries and in the winter an impressive 150 metre long ice skating rink (see figs. 2.3 & 2.4). Conclusion The negative impacts of urbanisation have already been seen and documented in the United States and in western Europe and have provided numerous principles and ideas by which to learn from and utilise in future urban development. Unfortunately, it seems that the urban forces experienced in Haussmann’s Paris and Jacobs’ New York still prevail today elsewhere, including China: big scale urban development at the cost of traditional neighbourhoods and lifestyles. Therefore, the ideas and principles summarised here from Jacobs, Gehl and Oldenburg are no less relevant today than they were when they were written. The common thread between the three authors is the prioritising of people and community in urban space. The question is, how and if the principles and ideas brought forward from Jacobs, Gehl and Oldenburg can be applied to deindustrialised sites and to the Shanghai context through the strategy of adaptive reuse. In the following chapter, the findings from the aforementioned key literature will be summarised and formulated into a methodology for later application on the case studies and design.

Fig. 2.3: The Food Truck Food Festival at the Design Zentrum of Zeche Zollverein, May 2016.

Fig. 2.4: The ice-skating rink at the Zeche Zollverein in Essen, adaptively reused from a coal mine to a mixed-use cultural and creative area. 13

social needs

interaction (Jacobs, Gehl, Oldenburg)

pedestrian flow (Jacobs, Gehl)

comfort & safety (Jacobs, Gehl)

identity & familiarity (Jacobs, Oldenburg)

entertainment (Jacobs, Gehl, Oldenburg)

connection and harmony between indoor and outdoor functions

spatial qualites

local, independent enterprises

fine street grid: multiple possible routes and turns

attention to variety and irregularity of edges

concentration of various functions support one another

within walking distance of home or work

relating to neighbouring indoor function

various functions, something for everyone

active frontages, shops face streets

places to sit & stand

mixed-use

visible entrance points and open spaces

scale relative to function and users

necessary & optional functions

1. ACCESSIBILITY

2. PUBLIC SPACE

3. FUNCTION

Fig. 3.1: Summary of literature review under three categories of spatial qualities, and their corresponding social needs.

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY Here, the literature discussed in Chapter Two is reiterated and reformulated to form a methodology. The common theme across all literature is the focus on the people: the behaviour and the interaction in space, which is influenced by the spatial qualities of accessibility, public space and function. These three factors are prevailing themes, and form the structure for the methodology. The methodology will be used to analyse local case studies in Shanghai and to direct the design development. A. Summary of Principles In figure 3.1 the findings of the literature review are reorganised in terms of social needs and spatial qualities. Spatial qualities are organised under three prevailing themes of accessibility, public space and function. It is evident that one spatial quality can fulfill many needs while one social need can be met by a variety of spatial environments. In terms of accessibility, the focus is on creating an active, fine-grained and permeable environment. Places should be easily accessible and visible. The public space must be an inviting place to stay and to pass through. It is of an appropriate scale for the human scale and function and responds to its neighbouring indoor functions. Finally, the functions must be diverse, lively and support one another through their concentration. The functions extend to adjacent spaces and include optional as well as necessary activities.

To summarise, the three conditions that make a social hub are: 1. Active and fine-grained accessibility 2. Human scale public space to stay in and to pass through 3. Diverse and interdependent functions

Conclusion At this stage, a methodology for an understanding of social hubs has been established using international literature. In the following chapters, in Part B, first the local context of Shanghai will be introduced, after which the methodology can be used in empirical research on local case studies of adaptive reuse in Shanghai.

PART B: LOCAL FOCUS

CHAPTER FOUR: CONTEXT ANALYSIS This chapter will cover the processes of industrialisation, deindustrialisation and urban development at the Shanghai scale and at the Yangshupu scale (the location of the design proposal) in order to provide an understanding of the form and growth of industrial space and its significance in Shanghai’s history. The chapter will finish with an overview of industrial heritage status and protection in Shanghai. These points will provide a thorough understanding of Shanghai’s unique industrial history and directions of urban development, to then be able to analyse cases of adaptive reuse in the following chapter. A. Shanghai Urban Processes

1. Industrialisation

Located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, Shanghai has always been an integral node in the export and import industry. The Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek provided river transportation and access to water for production, creating an extensive concentration of industrial buildings and structures along the waterfront. Significantly, these industrial areas were located in the inner-city area - now highly valuable land. Industrialisation first grew from the 1840s with significant foreign, but also national investment. The earliest industries included weaponry, wood processing and copper. In the 1930s Shanghai held more than 50% of China’s total investment in industry with 1200 factories; it was the biggest centre for the manufacturing industry and also had the greatest technology and workforce (Cui, 2008, p.58). During the First World War Shanghai’s economic position was further strengthened as it became the main hub for the export of materials from China to the European battlefield. This time also saw the surge of light industries, such as chemicals, food-processing and beverages. One well-known industry from this time is the Fuxin Flour Mill, constructed in 1913 and expanded to five factories by 1919 - China’s biggest enterprise in the flour industry. In the following years until the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, significant growth in a wide range of industries from both national and international investors was seen (Xukai, 2010, p.154). With the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Shanghai was targeted to become the biggest national manufacturing centre, and shifted from a consumption-based city to a production-based city. Heavy industries including iron, machine and power were prioritised and made up 80% of the total investment on industry in Shanghai. GDP was greatly impacted: from 1952 to 1978, secondary sector GDP rose from 52.1% to 77.4%, while the tertiary sector fell from 41.7% to 18.6% (Chen, 2001, p.5). Urban planning supported this dramatic shift in industry: in the Preliminary Master Plan of Urban Development 1958, eight industrial districts were planned for the inner-city of Shanghai, each with a specialised industrial field. Furthermore, the comprehensive plan of 1959 planned 12 satellite towns that would serve not only as periphery residential areas, but as service areas for the industries. As a result, the urban characteristics of the international city from the period of the concessions greatly weakened (Xukai, 2010, p.156).

2. Deindustrialisation

From the 1980s the Chinese economy boomed due to the open-door policy and the shift from a planned to a free market. Along with this major change, came a dramatic spatial development in Shanghai, redirected to become an international metropolitan city. Two comprehensive urban development plans in 1986 and 1999 primarily guided the shift in urban development in this period. Formerly an industrial city, the comprehensive plan of 1986 targeted Shanghai 19

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Suzhou Creek

Zhenru

Tianzhang Paper Factory 10km

Lujiazui

2km Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Square

Huamu

Xujiahui

World Expo Site

Fig. 4.1: The location of Tianzhang Paper Factory in Yangshupu, along with other formerly intensive industrial areas along the waterways: Suzhou Creek and the World Expo Site.

as an economic, technology and cultural centre and an important harbour city (Municipal Government of Shanghai, 1986, p.5). The comprehensive plan of 1999-2020 stated that Shanghai must develop into an “international economic, financial, trading and shipping centre” where a “spatial structure fitting to the international metropolitan city is pursued” (Municipal Government of Shanghai, 1999, p.3). The most distinguishable results of this include spatial expansion, decentralisation, balanced development and sustainable development (Xukai, 2010, p.141). The amount of industrial land in the inner-city was very high for a city now set to become an international metropolitan city; in 1987 accounting for 142 sqkm of the inner-city area. This is problematic, because as the city grows the inner-city land becomes more scarce and more valuable. The manufacturing industries on this land prevent the development of other required urban functions (Xukai, 2010, p.164). Therefore, the restructuring and redistribution of industrial space out of the inner-city became one of the primary tasks of urban planning. The area of industrial land in the inner-city decreased to 66 sqkm by 1999. As this amount continues to drop, the comprehensive plan of 1999 aims to release a further 25-30 sqkm of this land by 2020, to be redeveloped as land for urban green space, municipal facilities and commercial and residential use (Municipal Government of Shanghai, 1997, pp.12-15). B. Yangshupu Urban Processes

1. Yangshupu industrial background

The selected site for this design research - Tianzhang Paper Factory - lies at the south-western end of the Yangshupu Riverfront Area (see fig. 4.1). Yangshupu refers to the formerly heavily industrial strip of land alongside the Huangpu River, located in Yangpu district. The Yangshupu Waterfront Area, also known as the East Bund, has a shoreline of 15.5 km along the Huangpu River and a total area of 11.75 sqkm. The southern end of the site lies very close to the city centre, 5 km from People’s Square and 3 km from the Bund. (Xukai, 2010, p.186) The great concentration and agglomeration of industries in the development of Yangshupu occurred primarily due to its long waterfront allowing convenient river transportation. Furthermore, the area was located on the edge of the international concession, with a wellestablished road network connecting it well to the nearby downtown area. (Xukai, 2010, pp.186187) By the 1990s Yangshupu had grown into Shanghai’s most important industrial area. The southern side of Yangshupu Road alongside Huangpu River was completely occupied by largescale industry (some being municipal and transport infrastructure), whereas on the northern side the industrial space was dispersed between residential and commercial functions (Xukai, 2010, p.188) (see figs. 4.2 & 4.3). However, this changed rapidly: according to official statistics in 2004, 40% of the industrial enterprises had stopped production completely, 30% were in very low production and 65% of the port areas were abandoned (Xukai, 2010, p.188).

2. Yangshupu recent and current redevelopment plans

While Yangshupu has always been very close to the city centre, it has been dislocated from the rest of the urban fabric due to its former dominating function as an industrial area. Since 2002 the Shanghai Municipal Government started to plan for the area’s redevelopment, in line with Shanghai’s target to develop into a metropolitan city (Municipal Government of Shanghai, 1999, p.3). In 2004, detailed planning for two core parts of Yangshupu were made, called W5

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municipal utilities industry & warehousing Fig. 4.2: Past urban functions, current and planned development and infrastructure in Yangshupu.

and W7 (Shanghai Urban Planning Design and Research Institute, 2004). For the first time, the area was no longer set to develop as an industrial district, but as an area for modern tourism, public facilities, education, office and modern living. The initial results of these plans are evident today (see fig. 4.4). The waterfront area from the Bund right up to the intersection of Dalian Road and Yangshupu Road, directly adjacent to the design site, has already been completely redeveloped: warehouses and industrial buildings have been torn down and in their place stand high-rise office towers; the city centre is effectively being extended north. Even further north, the redevelopment continues: large areas of residential blocks are currently under demolition, and the construction for a new high-end apartment complex and commercial and office space is underway to replace it. This new development, called Ba Dai Tou, is designed by American architect John Portman. Analysis of his design and its impact on the immediate surroundings is undertaken in the site analysis section of the design chapter. Shanghai’s Yangpu district is currently developing a 2.8 km long riverside area that is planned to be open to the public by the end of 2017 (see fig. 4.5-4.8). It is part of the Shanghai city plan to create 45 km of continuous public areas along both sides of the Huangpu River, which would ultimately connect the Yangshupu waterfront directly to the Bund, only 3km away. Xie Jiangang, the director of Yangpu district, says the riverside area will be a public space for residents and tourists, with walkways, cycle paths, parks and museums, as well as renovated industrial buildings (Huang, 2016). The details of which industrial buildings are to be preserved, how and when, are unclear. According to Xie, 60% of the riverside area will become public space, currently occupied by deindustralised buildings. The remaining land is reserved for commercial and office functions. Already now, a 550 metre section of the redeveloped riverside area is completed and open to the public, located adjacent to the Fisherman’s Wharf. Forty billion yuan is being invested by the Yangpu district government for construction of infrastructure in the area: by 2020, nine tunnels are planned to be built to cross the Huangpu River, the metro line 18 will be completed connecting the area through Fisherman’s Wharf and the main road artery in the area, Yangshupu Road, is planned to be expanded (Huang, 2016) (see fig. 4.2). Significant deindustrialised buildings in the area include the Yangshupu Power Plant, located at the very northern end of Yangshupu. Although the Power Plant has been officially closed since 2010, no redevelopment plans have yet commenced. Neighbouring the Power Plant is the old Shanghai No.17 Textile Mill, which has been converted into the Shanghai International Fashion Centre, designed by French architect Jean-Marie Charpentier and open to the public since 2012. Yangshupu is also home to the city’s earliest waterworks, now Shanghai Water Science and Technology Museum, as well as the earliest shipyard and the earliest mechanised paper mill - namely, Tianzhang Paper Factory - the chosen design site for this research. (see fig. 4.2)

3. Design Site: Introduction to Tianzhang Paper Factory

Papermaking is one of China’s “four great inventions”. However, nearing the end of the 19th century it became apparent that the traditional handmade paper was not suitable for the growing mechanised printing industry. The Tianzhang Paper Factory, opened in 1884 under the name Shanghai Machine Paper Bureau, was the first Chinese-owned mechanised paper mill in China. This change in paper-making methods was a huge development at the time, and allowed the Chinese to compete with foreign industries in Shanghai that were importing and producing paper. Over the course of a century, the factory has changed names and owners. Since 1947 it has been a state-owned business. The original site at 408 Yangshupu Road is currently occupied by various small industries, however the majority of the buildings are abandoned. Tianzhang Paper Factory is still a thriving industry today, however in accordance with the urban restructuring policies, has moved from its inner-city location in Yangshupu to the outskirts, on Kangyi Road in Pudong. (Yangpu District, 2015) 23

Fig. 4.3: The south-western edge of Yangshupu in 1979, at the peak of industrial activity. Tianzhang Paper Factory marked.

Fig. 4.4: The south-western edge of Yangshupu in 2016, undergoing significant urban redevelopment. Tianzhang Paper Factory marked.

Fig. 4.5: The section of the riverside redevelopment already open to the public, located adjacent to Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wharf in the northern end of Yangshupu.

Fig. 4.6: The busy ferry-crossing located at Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wharf, connecting pedestrians, cyclists and scooters from Yangshupu to Pudong.

Fig. 4.7: Riverside campervan accommodation with views to Pudong and the Bund, located 200m south of Tianzhang Paper Factory.

Fig. 4.8: Adjacent to the campervan site, stands one of many abandoned deindustrialised buildings, this one belonging to the former Shanghai Shipyard Company.

C. Industrial Heritage

1. General Understanding of Industrial Heritage

Industrial heritage refers to the remains of industrial culture, which are of historical, social, architectural, technological or scientific value. Interestingly, what sets industrial heritage apart from simply cultural heritage, are the fundamental characteristics of technological and scientific value (Xu, 2012, p.115). The Nizhny Tagil Charter for Industrial Heritage (2003) further defines Industrial Heritage to include “buildings and machinery, workshops, manufacturing plants and factories, mines and processing and treatment areas, warehouses and storage sites, sites generating, transmitting and using energy, transportation and its infrastructure, and in addition, spaces used for industry-related social activities such as accommodation, prayers or education.” (TICCIH, 2003)

2. Industrial Heritage Status and Outlook in Shanghai

In accordance with the Nizhny Tagil Charter’s definition, the many various industries that once existed in Shanghai are significant places in the city’s history, as they “generated major economic outcome for Shanghai for a considerably long period of time, and many of them gained strong urban character through their long history” (Xukai, 2010, p.4). They are evidence of the great achievement of the industrialisation process not only in Shanghai, but also nationally, as China’s major industrial centre (Yu, 2012, p.6). However, in contrast to the west, formal policies and guidelines are lacking. Xu suggests the reason for this is related to the relatively short period industry occupied in China’s vast history (2012, p.115). With a relatively longer agricultural history, more importance is generally attached to ancient times. In contrast, the industrial period developed late, was relatively short and restricted to several main cities. Relatively speaking, industry is not prominent in China’s history. As outlined by Yu, Chinese cities are still in the initial stages of preservation and reuse of industrial heritage. She concludes that more work is required, in order to develop strategies and models suited to Chinese conditions, and outlines two key issues of importance here. Firstly, due to the lack of systematic and comprehensive research, there is no complete inventory of industrial heritage sites, resulting in sites being forgotten in a state of neglect, poorly reused or demolished altogether in the process of urban renewal (2012, pp.8-9). In July 2002, Shanghai Municipal Regulations on the Protection of Outstanding Historical and Cultural Sites and Prominent Historical Buildings suggested the addition of industrial buildings to the list for the first time in China and as of 2012, 34 industrial heritage sites were listed (Xu, 2012, p.116). Significant sites in Shanghai include the Yangshupu Waterworks, the Sheshan Astronomical Observatory and the Sihang Warehouse (Yu, 2012, p.3). However, even sites with some level of recognition or protection suffer from a lack of maintenance, are permanently damaged, abandoned or improperly used and lack public appreciation - due primarily to an absence of heritage laws and design guidelines (Yu, 2012, pp.8-9; Xukai, 2010, p.189). Furthermore, attention is primarily given to prestige and monumental buildings, generally favoured for their aesthetic features or significant former function. However, as Baum asserts, the value and identity inherent in deindustrialised buildings is just as much present in everyday, seemingly plain buildings (2012, p.10). These also have immense potential in urban regeneration and must not be forgotten. Secondly, Yu states that current research and practice exhibits a tendency to focus on individual industrial buildings, rather than the overall industrial area or district (2012, pp.8-9). Research from Xukai supports this finding; he states that the isolation of industrial buildings from each other and from the public contributes to the lack of value and appreciation for these sites (2010, p.4). This phenomenon is apparent in Shanghai’s numerous “creative parks” or “technology parks”, where the reused deindustrialised buildings are gated in clusters - this is visible in every 28

case in the Project Review Chapter. The isolation is also evident in deindustrialised buildings now serving as museums, preserved as island-like monuments, such as the Shanghai Water Science and Technology Museum at the former Shanghai Waterworks. Conclusion The Yangshupu area holds great potential to be a thriving and desirable place in Shanghai: its proximity to the city centre, riverside access and existing and planned public transportation networks are a few of its key advantages. Shanghai City Planning recognises these attributes, and consequently has planned Yangshupu as a new CBD. Smaller areas of the district have already undergone regeneration: deindustrialised sites, new office towers and residential towers, and significantly more commercial and office functions are to come. The concern lies in a trend of large scale buildings and public space and the consequent homogeneity due to loss of familiar and human scale buildings and spaces. A key issue to address in the regeneration of Yangshupu is forming cohesive connections and unity with its immediate surroundings and beyond. Also as a significant industrial machine in the city, its many buildings, and in fact the entire area as a whole, hold heritage value. Attention and appreciation must be given to valuable deindustrialised buildings and areas, to thoughtfully and respectfully integrate them in urban development planning. Only when deindustrial buildings are made accessible, visible and successfully reused, will public awareness and consequently appreciation and protection of deindustrial heritage improve. Tianzhang Paper Factory is a suitable site to undertake this design research, as it has a significant place in Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial history, technologically and scientifically as the first mechanised paper factory. However, due to underdeveloped industrial heritage protection systems, and its location in a redeveloping Yangpu, it is at great risk of imminent demolition. The context analysis of this chapter has provided a sound base to develop a design in Part C. However first, case studies of adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites will be analysed in the following chapter.

CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT REVIEW Three case studies, Bridge 8, M50, and 1933 Slaughterhouse, are analysed here following the methodology established at the conclusion of Part A. To reiterate, the three main factors that make up a social hub are: 1. active and fine-grained accessibility, 2. human scale public space to stay in and to pass through, 3. diverse and interdependent functions. The aim of this chapter is to identify whether adaptive reuse projects in Shanghai hold spatial features characteristic of social hubs, following the three established factors. The analysis will show how those characteristics are realised in various cases and their consequent impact on people and the success of the space. The three factors are communicated through a series of drawings as well as text. This analysis will help to determine the suitability of deindustrialised sites as social hubs and furthermore provide inspiration and ideas to be used in the design development. Although numerous international projects would serve as excellent case studies, the selection has been restricted to Shanghai for two main reasons: firstly, so that multiple site visits and thorough analysis could be undertaken, and secondly for a better understanding of how such spaces can work in the Shanghai context that this research design proposal is sited in. The case studies were completed with the assistance of my supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master students: Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Chang and Zhao Yuetong.

Fig. 5.1.1: The street front and main entrance, featuring the green glazed base of the elevated bridge.

Figs. 5.1.2-5.1.4: Internal public space and networks of walkways and lanes. 32

A. Bridge 8 Bridge 8 is an industrial park, housed in the former workshops of the Shanghai Automotive Brake Factory. The name ‘bridge’ refers to multiple facets of the project: the distinctive bridge elevated across the road, the many small walkways and corridors connecting spaces throughout the site, as well as the bridge from past functions to new.

Fig. 5.1.5: Indoor public space in an atrium like form, connecting offices.

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People’s Square

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10km

2km

Bridge 8

Lujiazui

Huamu

Location: Site Area: GFA: Architects: Completion:

8-10 Jianguo Middle Rd., Shanghai 7,000 sqm 20,000 sqm HMA Architects & Designers Feb. 2004

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1. Accessibility 8号桥周边的城区的功能比较混合，除了医院、 The area is学校、集中商业之外还分布着较多住宅和沿街商 surrounded by a relatively dense street network, with three entrances at street level along 业。8号桥坐落于这个功能体系之中，也自然成为城 the two main roads on the southern and eastern 区功能的组成部分。例如，它的附属商业服务设施 borders. Additionally, a bridge spans across the 也成为服务城区居民的的设施。 southern street connecting two buildings, while A hybrid function system, which is composed of passing through a store along the border also leads hospital, schools, shopping mall as well as many into the site. A large enclave of open space at the residential buildings and street shops, is found in main entrance welcomes workers and visitors into Birdge 8’s surrounding area. Bridge 8 naturally the internal spaces. becomes part of this system. For example, the shops affiliated to it naturally serve the inhabitants living

2.nearby Publictoo. Space The main public space is located at the main entrance, while several lineal spaces penetrate into the site with enterprises laid out on both sides. At 非住宅 Non-residencial 住宅 Residencial the main entrance, a cafe and a restaurant extend out onto the public space, with large windows and outdoor furniture. Further within the site, a network of narrow lanes is intriguing and popular. 8号桥坐落于稠密的街道和城市公共空间网之 At times, 中。周边的道路路幅大多比较小，车流量不大，街 the lanes open up to a small gathering space, are 道网密度很高。其中不乏以环境优美闻名的街道，如 interrupted by stairs or meet a crossroad. They are a思南路、泰康路、嘉善路和绍兴路。田子坊、嘉善市 highlight 8号桥周边的城区具有上 of the project, offering a sense 8号桥周边的城区具有上场、思南公馆是周边比较重要的公共空间节点。 of discovery and海法租界区域的典型特征，建 delight. 海法租界区域的典型特征，建筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有

Bridge 筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有 8。 is 建 situated net street 趣筑类型in和a建wide-spreading 造年代多 3. Function 趣。建筑类Most 型和建年代多 and public space. of 造 the surrounding streets 样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 Businesses in Bridge 8 are mainly design, media 样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 are narrow and pedestrian friendly. Among them are 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单 and tradewell-known companies. Adjacent to the public 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单 Sinan Road, Taikang Road, Jiashan Road 位住宅和新近建造的医院、学 spaces areand several cafesRoad. and restaurants, as well as 位住宅和新近建造的医院、学 Shaoxing Tianzifang, Jiashan Market and 校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南 exhibitionSinan spaces for the companies. Stores line the 校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南 Villa are among the important public spaces in 北高架切断了原本细密连续的 eastern border towards the main road, however all 北高架切断了原本细密连续的 its surrounding area. 城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最

are high-end boutique style stores. Beyond the site, 城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最为突出的断裂地带。 the area is mainly composed of non-residential 为突出的断裂地带。可步行路径 Walkable Path 公共空间节点 Public Space functions. The surrounding urban areas of The surrounding urban areas of Bridge 8 have typical identity Bridge 8 have typical identity of former Shanghai French

Conclusion 密集的宜步行街道网络令8号桥的步行可达性很 of former which Shanghai French Concession, is that the Bridge 8 高，但东侧的南北高架路和南侧的肇嘉浜路是这个 seemsConcession, to be primarily catered which is that theto and urban fabric is very compact 网络中较为异质的，妨碍这两个方向上可达性的进 popular with those who or close urban fabric work isBuildings verywithin compact and hybrid. type to the site.一步提高。 It gives the impression of being well and hybrid. Buildings type covers a wide range from connectedThe to its surroundings, due to its system of street covers a wide range from historic Linong housings, single dense net composed of pedestrian-friendly public space, entrances, and successful placement Linong housings, single houses factories and makes historic the highto accessibility ofworkers Bridge 8. However, the of functions: those serving the public near theElevated houses to factories and workers dwellings built afternet, 1949, as two breaking zones of this South-north entrances Road where they are visible to the public. All dwellings built after 1949, as as and hospital, schools and inwell its east the Zhaojiabang Road in its south, well as hospital, schools and three conditions are fulfilled using multiple spatial buildings whichimprovement in hinder commercial the accessibility from further buildings which characteristics. were built recently. The Souththe twocommercial directions. were recently. Thesituated Southnorth built elevated Road north elevated Road situated in east of Bridge 8 cuts through in of Bridge through theeastdense and8 cuts continuous

hrough tinuous mes the

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area.

可达性低可达性高 urban fabric becomes breaking zoneand of whole area.theLow Accessibility High Accessibility

breaking zone of whole area.

d Plan Map d Plan Map

8号桥周边的城区的功能比较混合，除了医院、 8号桥周边的城区的功能比较混合，除了医院、学校、集中商业之外还分布着较多住宅和沿街商学校、集中商业之外还分布着较多住宅和沿街商业。8号桥坐落于这个功能体系之中，也自然成为城业。8号桥坐落于这个功能体系之中，也自然成为城区功能的组成部分。例如，它的附属商业服务设施区功能的组成部分。例如，它的附属商业服务设施也成为服务城区居民的的设施。也成为服务城区居民的的设施。

residential and street shops, is in Birdge 8’sbuildings surrounding area. Bridge 8 found naturally Birdge 8’s surrounding area. Bridge 8 naturally becomes part of this system. For example, the shops becomes this system. the shops affiliated part to it of naturally serveFor theexample, inhabitants living affiliated to it naturally serve the inhabitants living nearby too. nearby too. 功能 Function Fig. 5.1.6: Surrounding function.

t 非住宅 Non-residencial 非住宅 Non-residencial

t 住宅 Residencial 住宅 Residencial

8号桥坐落于稠密的街道和城市公共空间网之 8号桥坐落于稠密的街道和城市公共空间网之中。周边的道路路幅大多比较小，车流量不大，街中。周边的道路路幅大多比较小，车流量不大，街道网密度很高。其中不乏以环境优美闻名的街道，如道网密度很高。其中不乏以环境优美闻名的街道，如思南路、泰康路、嘉善路和绍兴路。田子坊、嘉善市思南路、泰康路、嘉善路和绍兴路。田子坊、嘉善市场、思南公馆是周边比较重要的公共空间节点。场、思南公馆是周边比较重要的公共空间节点。 Bridge 8 is situated in a wide-spreading net street Bridge 8 is space. situatedMost in aofwide-spreading netstreets street and public the surrounding and public space. Most of the surrounding streets are narrow and pedestrian friendly. Among them are are narrow and pedestrian friendly. Among them are well-known Sinan Road, Taikang Road, Jiashan Road well-known Sinan Road, Taikang Road, Jiashan Road and Shaoxing Road. Tianzifang, Jiashan Market and and Road. Tianzifang, Jiashan Market and SinanShaoxing Villa are among the important public spaces in Sinan Villa are among the important public spaces in its surrounding area. its surrounding area.

路网与广场 Roads andand Plazaspublic space. Fig. 5.1.7: Walkable routes 可步行路径 Walkable Path 可步行路径 Walkable Path

路路

公共空间节点 Public Space 公共空间节点 Public Space

密集的宜步行街道网络令8号桥的步行可达性很密集的宜步行街道网络令8号桥的步行可达性很高，但东侧的南北高架路和南侧的肇嘉浜路是这个高，但东侧的南北高架路和南侧的肇嘉浜路是这个网络中较为异质的，妨碍这两个方向上可达性的进网络中较为异质的，妨碍这两个方向上可达性的进一步提高。一步提高。 The dense net composed of pedestrian-friendly street The dense of pedestrian-friendly street makes the net highcomposed accessibility of Bridge 8. However, the makes the high accessibility of Bridge 8. However, the two breaking zones of this net, South-north Elevated two of this net, South-north Elevated Roadbreaking in its eastzones and the Zhaojiabang Road in its south, Road in its east and the Zhaojiabang Road in its south, hinder the accessibility from further improvement in hinder accessibility from further improvement in the twothe directions. the two directions.

Fig. 5.1.8: Accessibility. 可达性 Accessibility 可达性高可达性高 High Accessibility High Accessibility

可达性低可达性低 Low Accessibility Low Accessibility

SMALL AND CREATIVE: a solution for urban regeneration

Fig. 5.1.9: Axonometric of Bridge 8.

3层及以上 3rd and over floors

二层 2rd nd Floor

图底关系 Figure Ground Plan Fig. 5.1.10: Figure-ground plan.

设计

sig

一层 Ground Floor

19%

de Tra

18% Ser v ice

科技与传媒 a

公共服务

nd Me dia

22%

公共空间 Public Space

lo gy

贸易与管理

a nd M a na g e m en t

41%

no ch Te

产业构成 Industry composition. Composition Fig. 5.1.11: Industry

产业分布与公共空间 Industries and Public Space Fig. 5.1.12: Industries and public space.

Fig. 5.2.1: Colourful graffiti along the wall of an internal street.

Figs. 5.2.2-5.2.3: Internal work and cafe spaces. 36

B. M50 As inner-city industrial spaces began to be vacated in the 1990s, the first attention-grabbing reuse of these derelict structures was the development of artist studios along Suzhou Creek; Moganshan Road, or M50 as it is known, is the largest and most well-known conglomeration of artist studios and galleries, located in the former workshops of the Shanghai Chunming Wool Factory.

Fig. 5.2.4: Outdoor cafe seating in the central public space.

Wujiaochang

Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Square

Zhenru

10km

M50

3km

Lujiazui

Huamu

Location: Site Area: GFA: Architects: Completion:

50 Moganshan Road, Shanghai 23,000 sqm 41,600 sqm multiple 2000

Xujiahui

tion tion

区建筑分 ap 住区、商 ap 海火车站且丰富。代的建筑州河划分为肌理图带。

ounding M50 are t to the Station, umerous sidential nd office makes it Buildings de range modern Suzhou divided ast and mes the ole area.

1. Accessibility M50周边的城区功能以艺术产业、住宅和沿街 The location directly alongside Suzhou Creek in 商业为主。苏州河沿岸聚集的文创产业为这一片区 part restricts accessibility and only one entrance exists into 带来了巨大活力。M50坐落于这个功能体系之中， the site. It feels disconnected to its 也自然成为城区功能的组成部分。例如，它的附属 surrounding neighbourhood, and it is not a place 商业服务设施也成为服务周围居民的的设施。 you would just come across or visit by accident, nor regularly unless it isfunction your place of and work. A hybrid system theHowever, aggregation with due to its popularity, once at theindustries site thereofareM50 many cultural and creative brought a fellow visitors and the connections within of theArt siteindustry, great vitality ,in which composed and between space andresidential indoors are lively. and street as open well as many buildings shops,.M50 naturally becomes a part of this system. For example, 2. Public Space the commercial facilities affiliated to naturally serve the inhabitants livingmain nearby too. public itspace is vibrant and varied: one

The large space of irregular shape, with outdoor furniture and cafes extended out on terraces, 非住宅 Non-residencial 住宅 curving Residencial attracts people to linger and to sit. Smaller and intersecting roads direct people around the site, including semi-covered space leading to rows of galleries.

M50坐落于苏州河边，紧邻着两条城市干道，天目西路和恒丰路，周边街道网密度不高。上海火车 3. Function 站、上海长途汽车站、上海自然历史博物馆是周边比 8号桥周边的城区具有上 The majority of space in M50 is filled by artist 8号桥周边的城区具有上较重要的公共空间节点。海法租界区域的典型特征，建 studios and galleries. Cafes and boutique style 海法租界区域的典型特征，建筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有 shops selling art or design related products, M50 is筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有 situated beside the Suzhou Riveras and next 趣。建筑类型和建造年代多 to school, two趣main street, the West Tianmu Road and the well as an art have popped up in support of 。建筑类型和建造年代多样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 Road. Most of the surrounding the studiosHengfeng and 样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 the thriving visitor numbers. The streets 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单 are low density. Amongand them various businesses are all related relyare on well-known the 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单位住宅和新近建造的医院、学 Shanghai Railway Station,Shanghai Long-distance presence and success of one another to continue 位住宅和新近建造的医院、学校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南 Bus Station ,and Shanghai Natural History to attract visitors to the area. Although the siteMuseum 校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南北高架切断了原本细密连续的 which are among the important public neighbours residential areas, it is doubtful spaces that in its 北高架切断了原本细密连续的城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最 surrounding area. they are regular visitors to the site, due to its niche 城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最为突出的断裂地带。 market. 为突出的断裂地带。可步行路径 Walkable Path

公共空间节点 Public Space

The surrounding urban areas of The surrounding urban areas of Bridge 8 have typical identity

Conclusion Bridge 8 have typical identity of former Shanghai French The project itself is very popular, and provides 密度较低的步行及车行街道网络令M50的步行 of former Shanghai French Concession, which is that the an enjoyable atmosphere to spend time 可达性不高，同时东侧的苏州河和南侧的高架桥东 Concession, is compact that the in, in urban fabricwhich is very particular the public space is of high and the 侧的南北高架路是这个网络中较为异质的，妨碍这 urban fabric isBuildings very quality compact and hybrid. type numerous 两个方向上可达性的进一步提高。 galleries provide much entertainment and hybrid. Buildings type covers a wide range from and interest. Although the businesses well and covers a wide range do from historic Linong housings, single The low-density of pedestrian and carriageway net people continue to visit,to those people aresingle not locals, historic Linong housings, factories and workers makeshouses the low accessibility of M50.The Suzhou nor are theyRiver regulars. M50 is not targeted at houses to factories and1949, workers dwellings after as locals. on the eastbuilt and the North and South Viaduct The site’s physical disconnection to its surroundings dwellings built after 1949, as as are hospital, schools and on thewell south peculiar on this net, hinder the well hospital, schoolsto and further expresses thisaspoint. Referring the three commercial buildings which accessibility from further improvement in the two commercial buildings which points of the methodology: accessibility within were built recently. The Southdirections. were built The Souththe site is intriguing ofrecently. quality, assituated is the public northand elevated Road elevated Road situated space. However north the accessibility to the site in east of Bridge 8 cuts throughand it’s eastdense of Bridge narrow range ofin function limits itsthrough connectivity the and8 cuts continuous the dense and continuous and diversity of visitors. urban fabric and becomes the 可达性低可达性高 urban fabric becomes breaking zoneand of whole area.theLow Accessibility High Accessibility

breaking zone of whole area.

nd Plan Map nd Plan Map

Bridge 8 Phase 1

A hybrid function system, which is composed of A hybrid schools, functionshopping system, which composed of hospital, mall asis well as many hospital, schools, shopping mall as well as many residential buildings and street shops, is found in residential and street shops, is in Birdge 8’sbuildings surrounding area. Bridge 8 found naturally Birdge 8’s surrounding area. Bridge 8 naturally becomes part of this system. For example, the shops becomes this system. the shops affiliated part to it of naturally serveFor theexample, inhabitants living affiliated to it naturally serve the inhabitants living nearby too. nearby too.

Fig. 5.2.5: Surrounding function. 功能 Function t 非住宅 Non-residencial 非住宅 Non-residencial

住宅 Residencial t 住宅 Residencial

路网与广场 Roads and and Plazaspublic space. Fig. 5.2.6: Walkable routes

可步行路径 Walkable Path 可步行路径 Walkable Path

路路

公共空间节点 Public Space 公共空间节点 Public Space

可达性 Accessibility Fig. 5.2.7: Accessibility. 可达性高

可达性高 High Accessibility High Accessibility

可达性低可达性低 Low Accessibility Low Accessibility

SMALL AND CREATIVE: a solution for urban regeneration

Fig. 5.2.8: Axonometric of M50.

四层及以上 4rd th and over floors

三层 3rd floors

二层 2rd nd Floor 图底关系 Figure Groundplan. Plan Fig. 5.2.9: Figure-ground 艺

术

Trade and 与管理 Ma na ge m

40%

一层 Ground Floor

10%

17% n

公共空间 Public Space

服务

设 sig e

计

Se rvi ce

贸易

19%

14%

共公

媒

科技与传 dia Technology and Me

产业构成 Industry composition. Composition Fig. 5.2.10: Industry

产业分布与公共空间 Industries and Public Space Fig. 5.2.11: Industries and public space.

Fig. 5.3.1: The central and distinctive concrete ramps.

Figs. 5.3.2-5.3.3: Entrances at street level and within the building. 40

C. 1933 Slaughterhouse 1933 was designed by British architects to function as a cattle slaughterhouse. The Art Deco and abattoir building is stunning and unique architecturally, combining cement construction with Chinese influences.

Fig. 5.3.4: Rooftop space adjacent to a cafe.

Wujiaochang 1933 Zhenru

10km

6km

Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Square Lujiazui

Huamu

Location: 611 Hongkou Road, Shanghai Site Area: GFA: 31,700 sqm Architects: Completion: Feb. 2004

Xujiahui

tion tion

是一个东西方建筑密 p 传统的 p 有新近业建筑边有河市干道边的建

erhouse ng with

n style.

is very uildings ge from

usings, schools uildings

ecently. ry with

he 1933 hrough

1933 Slaughthouse

1. Accessibility 1933老场坊周边的城区的功能比较混合，周边 The four levels connected by heavy concrete ramps 主要以上海里弄住宅与娱乐创新产业园为主，另有 were originally designed to control the flow of 学校、医院、高层住宅等。1933老场坊在其中作为 cattle and一个标志性建筑存在，它的附属商业服务功能也为 to cool them to the ideal temperature 周边带来了人气。 for slaughtering. Today, these ramps, along with many mazes of staircases, are the highlight of A hybrid function system, which is mainly composed aesthetic delight and exploration. Surrounding the of historical Lilong housings, entertainment site, a dense network of pedestrian friendly streets and innovation parks, as well as high residential provides relatively good accessibility. buildings, hospitals and schools are found in

1933 Slaughterhouse’s surrounding area. 1933 in this

2. Public Space Slaughthouse naturally becomes a landmark As one building, there is no typical public space to be area and attracts people to come here. found between buildings in this project. However, the semi-open network of ramps, stairways and corridors can be considered as interlinked forms 非住宅 Non-residencial 住宅 Residencial of public space. In the surroundings, public space is frequent and evenly distributed.

3. Function 1933老场坊坐落于稠密的街道和城市公共空间 1933 is now a commercial hub for creative 网之中。周边的道路路幅大多比较小，车流量不大， industries,街道网密度很高。其中不乏以环境优美闻名的街道， consisting of entertainment, media and design offices as well8号桥周边的城区具有上 as cafes and restaurants. The 如哈尔滨路、沙泾路。音乐谷、星梦剧场是周边比较 8号桥周边的城区具有上海法租界区域的典型特征，建 rooftop is 重要的公共空间节点。 accessible through a cafe which offers an 海法租界区域的典型特征，建筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有 intimate space with an interesting vantage point 筑物十分密集混杂，丰富而有趣。建筑类型建造年in 代 a多wide-spreading 1933 Slaughthouse is 和 situated of the city. The 趣 surrounding urban fabric is very 。建筑类型space. 和建造年代of多the 样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 net street and public Most surrounding compact and constituted mainly of traditional 样，既有历史里弄、洋房，也 streets 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单 are narrow and pedestrian friendly. Among residential lilong, as well as a recently built hospital, 有大量解放后建造的厂房、单位住宅和新近建造的医院、学 them are well-known Harbin Road and Shajing Road. school and commercial buildings. 位住宅和新近建造的医院、学校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南 Music Valley and Dreamed Star Theatre are among the 校和商业建筑。紧邻东侧的南北高架切断了原本细密连续的 important public spaces in its surrounding area.

Conclusion 北高架切断了原本细密连续的城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最 Due to its impressive and monumental form, also 城市肌理，也成为肌理图中最为突出的断裂地带。 located within a为突出的断裂地带。 well-connected residential area, 可步行路径 Walkable Path Public Space 1933 is a popular place. In saying this,公共空间节点 in general The surrounding urban areas of the atmosphere The feelssurrounding cold and urban empty, presumably of Bridge 8 have typical areas identity due to the nature of the architecture and original Bridge 8 have typical identity of former Shanghai French use. However,密集的宜步行街道网络令1933老场坊的步行可 itofis former possibleShanghai that the French organisation Concession, which is that the and design达性很高，其中梧州路与周家嘴路方向的可达性最 of internal functions could remedy Concession, is compact that the this. urban fabricwhich is very Regarding高。 the three points the compact methodology: urban fabric isof very and hybrid. Buildings type accessibility is very good to the surrounding and hybrid. Buildings type area covers a wide range from and rich and intriguing within the building. The covers a wide range single from historic Linong housings, The dense net composed of pedestrian-friendly street project does nothistoric haveto open public space, Linong housings, single which factories and workers makes houses the high accessibility of 1933 Slaughthouse. may contribute to the empty and cold atmosphere. houses to factories and workers afterRoad 1949, Amongdwellings the roads,built Wuzhou andasZhoujiazui Road The functions are not particularly diverse dwellings built after 1949,and asnor are well as hospital, schools have the highest accessibility. well as hospital, schools and they well connected physically within the building. commercial buildings which commercial buildings which were built recently. The Southwere built recently. The Southnorth elevated Road situated north Road situated in east elevated of Bridge 8 cuts through in east of Bridge 8 cuts through the dense and continuous

t 住宅 Residencial 住宅 Residencial

路网与广场 routes Roads andand Plazaspublic space. Fig. 5.3.6: Walkable 可步行路径 Walkable Path 可步行路径 Walkable Path

路路

公共空间节点 Public Space 公共空间节点 Public Space

the and becomes continuous urbandense fabric and the

可达性高 urban fabric and becomes the可达性低 breaking zone of whole area. Low Accessibility High Accessibility

breaking zone of whole area.

d Plan Map d Plan Map

Fig. 5.3.7: Accessibility. 可达性 Accessibility 可达性高可达性高 High Accessibility High Accessibility

可达性低可达性低 Low Accessibility Low Accessibility

SMALL AND CREATIVE: a solution for urban regeneration

Fig. 5.3.8: Axonometric of 1933. 5层 5th Floor

4层 4th Floor

3层 3rd Floor 图底关系 Figure Ground Plan Fig. 5.3.9: Figure-ground plan.

间

Pu 公 bl

空 ce 共 pa i

设计 D

e si

19%

二层 2nd Floor

13.5%

in 与传 m 媒 en ta nd Me dia

38.5%

一层 Ground Floor

娱乐

e 公共服务 Servic

29%

rta te En

产业构成 Industry Composition Fig. 5.3.10: Industry composition.

产业分布与公共空间 Industries Public Space Fig. 5.3.11: Industries andandpublic space.

Conclusion The three case studies vary in their spatial characteristics and alignment against the three conditions: accessibility, public space and function. A common trait amongst the three projects is strong and unique accessibility within the site, with interesting connections often utilising the unique architectural qualities of the deindustrialised buildings: such as the ramps in 1933 or the close proximity of buildings creating lanes in Bridge 8. However, accessibility beyond the site is only strong in Bridge 8, adequate in 1933 and poor in M50. Concerning public space, those projects with various forms of outdoor public space were more successful: Bridge 8 and M50. In these two projects, the public spaces are inviting environments to stay in and to pass through and well connected to internal functions. To the third and final point, function: although each project consists of a conglomeration of functions that are mutually dependent and have good connections within the site, the diversity of functions is not particularly broad. Bridge 8 and 1933 host primarily creative industries while M50 is purely focussed on the art scene. Bridge 8 is probably the most successful in regard to function, due to the stores that form a threshold between the street and the internal site. The ability of the case studies to meet many of the defined spatial characteristics supports the hypothesis that deindustrialised sites hold great potential to function as social hubs. In saying this, of the three only Bridge 8 could be classified as a social hub following this analysis. In the case of M50 the site and the functions are too specific, whereas 1933 does not provide an atmosphere inviting regular visits and social interaction. These conclusions, the strengths and weaknesses of the selected case studies, will be utilised moving forwards to the design chapter.

PART C: DESIGN

CHAPTER SIX: DESIGN, TIANZHANG PAPER FACTORY The design chapter begins with site analysis: firstly, looking at a surrounding radius of 500 m and then at the existing condition of the site itself as it is today. Initial design development is briefly summarised visually, before the developed design is presented. The aim is, through the design, to communicate the three established conditions for social hubs under the headings of accessibility, public space and function. Design decisions made are an accumulation of the research presented in all previous chapters. Following the design chapter, the ultimate research findings will be presented and reflected upon in the conclusion. A. Site Analysis The point of departure for the site analysis is an analysis of the urban change in the immediate surroundings, here a 500 metre radius, selected as a walking distance from Tianzhang Paper Factory. As a focus area for urban renewal in Shanghai, the context analysis chapter expressed the urban change that has already occurred and the ongoing change that is planned in Yangshupu. The first set of site analysis drawings aims to visually express this spatial change that is occurring, first comparing pre-development to planned future development, then expressing the current intermediate state as it is today, the state for the design (figs. 6.4-6.13). Aerial images from 1979 and 2016, personal observations and publicised future projects informed the drawings. A significant project to mention is Ba Dai Tou (see figs. 6.1-6.3), as it drastically changes the image of the future outlook. Designed by American architect John Portman, the development encroaches over a large area demolishing many blocks of housing and industrial sites, including Tianzhang Paper Factory.

YANGPU BA DAI TOU Shanghai, China The new master plan for Yangpu Ba Dai Tou aims to activate the Yangpu riverfront with the goal of restoring an aged industrial area in Shanghai back to its former life as a vital and vibrant residential district. The master plan weaves together residential new construction with office, hotel, retail spaces, parks and public amenities to create a fully integrated mixed-use district with a focus on connectivity. The key to the interrelationships between the spaces and throughout the master plan is the dynamic Dragon Spine, a pedestrian connector that brings life to the area. The integrated district combines urban density, greenspace and strong pedestrian linkages with the repurposing of select historic buildings to create an engaging, multifaceted community. MASTER PLAN OBJECTIVES • Build a vibrant residential district. • Promote reuse of buildings and historic preservation. • Activate the Huangpu riverfront. • Emphasize pedestrian circulation by accommodating vehicular traffic on a separate plane.

Figs. 6.1 & 6.2: The planned Ba Dai Tou development by John Portman Architects, 2014.

YANGPU BA DAI TOU Shanghai, China

The new master plan for Yangpu Ba Dai Tou aims to activate the Yangpu riverfront with the goal of restoring an aged industrial area in Shanghai back to its former life as a vital and vibrant residential district. The master plan weaves together residential new construction with office, hotel, retail spaces, parks and public amenities to create a fully integrated mixed-use district with a focus on connectivity. The key to the interrelationships between the spaces and throughout the master plan is the dynamic Dragon Spine, a pedestrian connector that brings life to the area. The integrated district combines urban density, greenspace and strong pedestrian linkages with the repurposing of select historic buildings to create an engaging, multifaceted community. MASTER PLAN OBJECTIVES • Build a vibrant residential district. • Promote reuse of buildings and historic preservation.

Fig. 6.3: The view down Yangshupu road today, with the first stages of Ba Dai Tou construction in the background and the corner of Tianzhang Paper Factory to the right. 50

Fig. 6.4: Figure-ground plan of pre-development condition, 1979.

Prior to development, the area showed fine urban granularity, particularly in the north. The larger footprints and large open space in the south along the Huangpu River, are representative of the industrial functions. In the future plans the footprints of Ba Dai Tou are monumental in scale, covering entire blocks. Much of the industrial buildings along the Huangpu are removed in favour of the new development. (see figs. 6.4 & 6.5)

Fig. 6.5: Figure-ground plan of planned future development.

Fig. 6.6: Walkable routes and public space of pre-development condition, 1979.

Walkable routes, an indicator of accessibility, are dramatically more plentiful and denser prior to redevelopment. The fine street networks existed interwoven through the old residential areas, with several public spaces dispersed between. While the future development plans increase the amount of public space and extend access to the water, the scale is very large, far beyond that of a human-scale. Many streets have been lost and the remaining roads are widened, prioritising vehicle traffic and consequently forming barriers in the urban fabric. (see figs. 6.6 & 6.7)

Fig. 6.7: Walkable routes and public space of planned future development.

low-mid income residential high income residential commercial & office industry & transportation abandoned industry Fig. 6.8: Function of the pre-development condition, 1979.

In alignment with Shanghai Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban development plans, the function of the area is seen to be shifting from predominantly industrial and residential functions to commercial and office functions. Here, the significant amount of industry being demolished in favour of new forms for new functions is evident. The Ba Dai Tou development constitutes a huge proportion of new development, consisting mainly of commercial and office functions, as well as high-end residential. (see figs. 6.8 & 6.9)

low-mid income residential high income residential commercial & office industry & transportation abandoned industry Fig. 6.9: Function of the planned future development.

Fig. 6.10: Figure-ground plan of the current condition, 2017.

The drawings depicting the current condition show a state in between the past and planned urban conditions. In the figure-ground plan urban change has already occurred in the southwest corner in the form of high-rise buildings. The extensive demolition already occurring directly north of Tianzhang Paper Factory for Ba Dai Tou is evident and the first residential towers to the east can be seen. The accessibility corresponds to these urban developments; connections are slowly being destroyed and as of yet no new public space has emerged. (see figs. 6.10 & 6.11)

Fig. 6.11: Walkable routes and public spaces of the current condition, 2017.

The function currently is quite mixed: a range of residential types exist, many deindustrialised sites stand empty and abandoned, some office functions have emerged in deindustrialised buildings along the river alongside the new office construction from the south-west (see fig. 6.12). The conclusion can be drawn, that in this current state, a wide range of people live and work within walking distance of Tianzhang Paper Factory and would frequent the site at varying times of the day.

low-mid income residential high income residential commercial & office industry & transportation abandoned industry Fig. 6.12: Function of the current condition, 2017.

While the full extent of Ba Dai Tou will not be present for several years, the demolition of buildings and closures of businesses can be seen on a weekly basis. Therefore, the current condition as depicted here will essentially be frozen to be used as the context for the design development and proposal. Furthermore, it would go against the aims and principles of this thesis to accept any element of the Ba Dai Tou development. Therefore, using the current state expresses a message of the possibilities of an alternative form of urban design and architecture, and critically, an alternative way to treat deindustrialised sites in urban development.

1979

current

future

Fig. 6.13: Overview of urban change surrounding Tianzhang Paper Factory. The current state will be used for the design proposal. 61

ferry

metro line 4

dalian

road tu nnel

Tianzhang Paper Factory is a site with great potential for establishing connections with its surroundings. The site is lodged between new office construction and further deindustrialised buildings. It is directly next to the metro station Yangshupu Road on line 4, has numerous bus connections already in place, and also has a ferry terminal a short distance away. The proximity to the soon to be developed public waterfront is a great advantage, as is the location on the arterial Yangshupu Road. (see fig. 6.14)

disused industrial buildings caravan accommodation

former shanghai shipyard co. ltd.

reused deindustrialised buildings

bus line s2

8, 1

35,

qinhuangdao rd. ferry station

853

bus lines 25 , 13

7, 155, 317,

unde rpass

current demolition

842

yangshupu rd. metro station

to be demolished

to wu jiaoch ang

5km

7km

demolished

Fig. 6.14: Site analysis of Tianzhang Paper Factory surrounding area.

new office construction

to th e

bund

A closer look reveals various rich functions directly surrounding the site: shops and restaurants facing the site on the opposite side of the road, industrial heritage buildings nestled behind and the adjacent abandoned shipyard. The site itself is a conglomeration of functions housed within many different buildings of varying age, style and quality. The majority of these buildings are abandoned, however a few small workshops and industries remain, including paper, steel and glass manufacturing. (see figs 6.15 & 6.16)

former shanghai shipyard co. ltd.

reused deindustrialised buildings - office

workers living

reused heritage - office

YAN GSH

new office construction

yangshupu rd. metro line 4

N RD .

shops & restaurants

DAL IA

current demolition residential

Fig. 6.15: Significant functions surrounding the site.

remaining industries

iii. ii. i.

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

printing paper steel glass paper

iv. v. iv.

remaining shops

Fig. 6.16: Remaining functions within the site.

Fig. 6.17: One of two main entrances to Tianzhang Paper Factory along Yangshupu Road. Figures 6.18-6.37 on the following two page spreads illustrate the process of identifying buildings that should be kept, and the removal of the remaining buildings to create adequate and varies open space and connections. 64

Fig. 6.18: Yangshupu Rd, buildings A & E from north

Fig. 6.19: Buildings G & F from east

Fig. 6.20: Building D from north

Fig. 6.21: Building F from north, G & D behind

Fig. 6.22: Building I from north, workshop doors

Fig. 6.23: Building H from south, opposite I

Fig. 6.24: View south to Pudong from building I

Fig. 6.25: Building L bridge from north

I B

H J

A F E

K L

Fig. 6.26: Buildings highlighted indicate those of value to keep, view from north.

Fig. 6.27: Removed buildings show new spatial arrangement, view from north.

Fig. 6.28: Building K from south, L behind

Fig. 6.29: Building I on left and H on right

Fig. 6.30: Building L from south, J on right

Fig. 6.31: Building K from south, chimney behind

Fig. 6.32: Stairs to building H from south

Fig. 6.33: Building J workshop

Fig. 6.34: Buildings F & E, Yangshupu Rd behind

Fig. 6.35: Building H stairs left, C ahead

B D

G H I L

K J

Fig. 6.36: Buildings highlighted indicate those of value to keep, view from south.

Fig. 6.37: Removed buildings show new spatial arrangement, view from south.

The result of the process on the previous two page spreads is shown in the diagrams below. Figure 6.37 shows the creation of two strong primary axes through the site, north to south, stretching out to the waterfront. Secondary axes are formed perpindicular to this, and also have the potential to connect to the neighbouring deindustrialised shipyard site to the east. In figure 6.38 the four main public spaces formed are highlighted: the plaza which opens up into the site from the metro station and Yangshupu Road, the central square, a narrow space in the lane, and the terrace. These steps establish the starting points for design development.

secondary axis

open space

Fig. 6.38: Resulting key axes through the site.

primary axis

the lane

the terrace central square

plaza

Fig. 6.39: Resulting key public spaces within the site.

accessibility:

L DA

the creation of two distinct main axis through the site increase permeability and the flow of pedestrian and cyclist traffic, activating the site and opening it up to its surroundings.

N IA . RD

YANGSHUPU

RD.

PLAZA

CENTRAL SQUARE

public space:

TERRACE SQUARE

THE LANE

a variety of form and scale of public space provides for a range of environments and functions to occur.

THE LAWN

public space:

a grass lawn replaces the empty road, providing a further form of public space that functions to connect the site to the waterfront.

Fig. 6.40: Masterplan, 1:1000

function:

the public basketball court is one of numerous functions in the project, selected to attract a wide range of people to the site and foster lively activity and spontaneous active and passive interaction.

B. Developed Design While the whole site and beyond is considered at an urban design scale, due to the large size of the site only a few specific buildings and spaces are designed and illustrated in further detail; namely the new office building and the plaza along Yangshupu Road, as well as a rooftop extension of a building along The Lane. Following the site plan, the overall schematics under the headings of accessibility, public space and function are diagrammatically shown. With these parameters established, the design is communicated with a series of drawings, each annotated to describe the design intent - under the heading of accessibility, public space or function.

Fig. 6.41: View from Yangshupu Rd. of plaza and main entrance to the site.

accessibility:

increased visibility and permeability is achieved through opening up the corner of the site, inviting visitors in.

public space:

the plaza, located between the metro, Yangshupu Rd. and the main site entrance acts as a transition ground, offering opportunities to sit and stay as well as to pass through and around.

PU RD. YANGSHU

accessibility:

the site is opened up with two main axis running from Yangshupu Rd. towards the waterfront. Branching off from the primary axis are further paths, connecting sideways to adjacent sites. Thereby a fine network is achieved

primary axis

secondary axis

open space tertiary axis

Fig. 6.42 (left): Accessibility from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, 1:1500 Fig. 6.43 (above): Accessibility within the site, horizontally and vertically. 75

Fig. 6.44: Accessibility within the site, horizontally & vertically 76

PU RD. YANGSHU

public space:

the careful consideration of existing buildings and removal of some, creates four key public spaces within the site: the plaza, central square, the lane and terrace square. Each space is of varying form and scale and consequently allows for varying atmospheres and activities

TERRACE SQUARE

CENTRAL SQUARE THE LANE PLAZA

open space

key public space

Fig. 6.45 (left): Open space from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, in black, 1:1500 Fig. 6.46 (above): Key public spaces within the site. 79

PU RD. YANGSHU

office residential shops & gastr. special use transportation

grand total 17,150 sqm GFA special use 850 sqm 5%

shops & gastronomy 2,600 sqm 15%

office 6,700 sqm 39%

residential 7,000 sqm 41%

function:

in general, shops and gastronomy are placed along the ground floor to activate the edges of the street and public spaces, and also in relation to one another, for example in the Lane. Residential and office functions occupy stories above, while particularly large and open plan buildings are reserved for special functions, such as galleries, event space or performance venues.

for example: fruit shop, clothing shop, print shop, hairdresser, nail salon, family mart, cafe, bar, restaurant

for example: gallery, event space, concert hall

for example: coworking space, architecture & design offices, creative workshops

Fig. 6.47 (left): Function of buildings from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, 1:1500. Fig. 6.48 (above): Function within the site. 81

public space:

the location, form and scale of the new office building work to frame the plaza and lead people further into the site.

Fig. 6.49: Axonometric from north, highlighting new construction. public space:

accessibility:

openings are created along the ground floor facade to activate the street and create permeability through the building to the inner-space.

accessibility:

the numerous existing staircases and elevated platforms are utilised and extended to create interesting paths of discovery for visitors.

landscaping provides both places to sit and locations for trees, while further forming the plaza and directing the flow of people to various functions.

function:

an addition to the roof of the building creates modern office space, that raises up to provide a view, while respecting the surrounding building heights.

Fig. 6.50: Axonometric from south, highlighting new construction. function:

a rooftop in the heart of Central Square is reimagined as an open terrace bar and event venue, embraced on all sides by the rich variance of the project.

public space:

rooftop space is reutilised as a public rooftop terrace, accessible by open stairs and overlooking the grass lawn and beyond to the Huangpu River.

PLAZA

restaurant

METRO

gallery

offices

cafe

shop

restaurant

AXIS cafe

offices

Fig. 6.51: Ground floor plan, 1:500 84

YANGSHUPU ROAD

cafe

shop

offices

CENTRAL SQUARE event venue

event venue

TERRACE SQUARE

bar

AXIS

offices

hop

shop

shop residential shop

shop

THE LANE

bar

shop

restaurant

cafe

shop

public space:

landscaping works to complement the building forms, provide places to sit and welcomes people into the site. PLAZA

entrance lobby

accessibility:

placement of functions within the ground floor provide for visibility and interaction with the public realm.

meeting room

A cafe

meeting room

common space

AXIS

outdoor seating

entrance lobby

overbridge above

accessibility:

various new and interesting narrow alleys are created also between new buildings, to complement and add to the old.

Fig. 6.52: Ground floor plan, new office building, 1:250

function:

the division of space allows functions to not only meet in The Lane and to extend south to the grass lawn, but to also extend north towards the central square, fostering interconnections of functions and livliness of public space.

shop

THE LANE

bar

shop

AXIS

restaurant

cafe

shop

outdoor seating

Fig. 6.53: Ground floor plan, The Lane, 1:250

accessibility:

1:250

detailed facades and their building forms are maintained along Yangshupu Rd., providing permeability while defining vivid edges.

accessibility:

entrances are opened up, increasing visibility to the site.

STREETFRONT SHOPS

Fig. 6.54: North elevation along Yangshupu Rd, 1:250, 1 of 2. 88

AXIS

function:

accessibility:

the former solid wall is activated towards the street by the insertion of storefronts.

the placement of shops and gastronomy along the street edge which also open up to the central square behind, create a transition space between the street and the site and increases interaction between realms.

STREETFRONT SHOPS

1:250

accessibility:

internal building forms and functions are visible from the street, supporting the desire and curiosity to enter.

AXIS

Fig. 6.54: North elevation along Yangshupu Rd, 1:250, 2 of 2. 90

public space:

many smaller pockets of public space are formed between buildings, providing variety of scale, function and atmosphere.

PLAZA

accessibility:

the distinctive chimney is visible from many viewpoints and stands as a recognisable icon.

function:

office spaces are located conveniently close to adjacent new office development and the metro. Views are provided of Yangshupu Rd, the Central Square and Huangpu River.

accessibility:

an old overbridge it utilised to connect the office building and cafe to further functions in the central square, increasing the connectivity network, while providing interesting forms iconic of the former industrial use in the public space.

function:

cafe space is located on the edge of the site, stretching out to the public space and inviting visitors into the site. The cafe serves its neighbouring office building as well as other functions within and around the site. office

office

cafe

meeting room cafe

outdoor seating

meeting room cafe

Fig. 6.55: Section A-A, through the new office building, 1:250 91

function:

the terrace in the central square provides a central vantage point, framed by a collection of buildings including the distinctive chimney, creating a highly desirable place to spend time.

Fig. 6.56: View from the raised walkway of the office block, overlooking central square.

accessibility:

the terrace in the central square is an example of strongly interconnected spaces by means of a fine network: accessible from both the overbridge from the office block and stairs from the central squre.

public space:

the open terrace works to complement and activate the public space directly below.

function:

building forms and functions along The Lane are varied and of human scale, creating an intimate and lively slice of public space.

AXIS

Fig. 6.57: South elevation through The Lane, 1:250 94

function:

the rooftop office addition creates a modern contrast to the existing buildings, while respecting their form and function.

accessibility:

the two primary axes are prevalent throughout the site, strongly creating access and flow from Yangshupu Rd, through the site to the waterfront.

THE LANE

AXIS

public space:

active and permeable shopfronts towards The Lane make for a lively, safe and comfortable slice of public space.

accessibility:

permeability is further extended to the grass lawn at the rear of the site, by opening functions up on both facades of the building.

office

outdoor seating

cafe

shop

THE LANE

Fig. 6.58: Section B-B, through The Lane, 1:250

accessibility:

the overbridge creates a third dimension of intriguing accessibility, as well as visibility connections to the ground floor public space.

Fig. 6.59: View passing under the overbridge, between the new office building and the central square. accessibility:

the strength of the primary axis is evident here, highlighted with distinctive painted white lines to direct people through the site and to shape the public space.

Fig. 6.60: View over the central square and adjoining buildings, from the rooftop of the residential block.

public space:

the central square is a well-framed spaced surrounded by many various and interesting forms of buildings, activated by the placement of functions along the edges, as well as places to sit and numerous viewpoints.

function:

Tianzhang Paper Factory has the potential to work in connection with the adaptive reuse of surrounding deindustrialised buildings and sites.

accessibility:

strong connections exist to other areas of the city by means of Yangshupu Rd. and Dalian Rd. and the metro line 4.

Fig. 6.61: Axonometric overview of the proposed design within its surroundings. 100

accessibility:

connections to the soon to be developed waterfront are strengthened

function:

the waterfront, developed as a continuous public space, features complementing functions that enhance the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attractiveness and integration in the neighbourhood, such as cycling and running paths, green space, further reused deindustrialised site and a campervan and tent site.

public space:

various forms of public space are created within and around the site, to strengthen the accessibility network, create a desirable environment and to help bring people to and through the site and surroundings

function:

Tianzhang Paper Factory stands adjacent to new office high-rises, as well as new and old residential areas, providing a large pool of visitors in its immediate surroundings.

101

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS AND CRITICAL REFLECTION In this final chapter, firstly the design proposal for Tianzhang Paper Factory will be evaluated. Thereafter the findings throughout the thesis process will be summarised, leading to the ultimate findings of this research, supported by diagrams. These findings answer the question: how can deindustrialised sites be adaptively reused as social hubs? The third part of the conclusion addresses possible areas of application of the findings and further research that would be valuable in relation to this work. A. Design Evaluation Strong accessibility is created to the site, with multiple entrances including the plaza by the metro station which opens up the site, making it clearly visible and permeable. Accessibility is also strong passing through the site, with the primary axes acting as a successful thoroughfare from the city to the soon to be developed destination of the waterfront. These axes re-establish a finer street network in the area, increasing the amount of pedestrian and cyclist movement, creating life on the street and consequently increasing the desire to stay in the area. Accessibility within the site is additionally a strong aspect; small alleyways, many corners and stairs to elevated open spaces offer a sense of intrigue and discovery, utilising the inherent forms and connections of the old industries, while connecting the functions within the site in multiple ways. The creation of various forms and functions of public space and their connection to each other and to indoor functions make them desirable and interesting spaces to stay in and to pass through. While the insertion of a wide range of functions in the varied spaces could prove to be successful in creating a diverse and lively area, the specific details of what those functions are, and how they relate to one another and to adjoining spaces requires further development. To convincingly set forth function proposals, the architecture must be looked at in greater detail. Further architectural detail would also utilise and express the unique architectural qualities of the deindustrialised buildings. In saying this, the general placement of functions at an urban design level has great potential to be successful: a variety of space size and form already lays the ground for a broad range of possible functions, the reactivation of the street edge along Yangshupu Road by the means of shops connecting right through to the central square has a big impact on the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s permeability and visibility, while its location in Shanghai is highly valuable. B. Summary of Research & Findings Reflecting on the thesis in its entirety, the research logically progresses from part to part and from chapter to chapter. In Part A, looking to the general history of urbanisation globally and utilising international literature was a necessary first step, as the processes of deindustrialisation and urban regeneration are currently occurring in China thirty to forty years after that of Western Europe and the United States. This first part provided internationally tried and tested design concepts and principles upon which to formulate the methodology. In Part B, the context analysis drew attention to the fact, that in Shanghai the growth to become a â&#x20AC;&#x153;cosmopolitan, metropolitan cityâ&#x20AC;? and the lack of heritage protection is leading to the poor redevelopment or destruction of deindustrialised sites, rich in historical, cultural, architectural, technological and scientific value. Furthermore, the patterns of new development tend to create a larger scale and homogenous architecture and urban fabric that do not provide for social places. The application of the methodology to case studies of adaptive reuse in Shanghai brought forth further detail of what social spaces can look like and how they can work in the Shanghai context, and supported the hypothesis that deindustrial sites possess qualities suitable to act as social hubs. Finally, in Part C the findings of the research were expressed in the design for Tianzhang Paper Factory, successfully showing the potential and value of deindustrialised sites to be protected, maintained, and adaptively reused to inject new life and activity in the urban fabric.

103

The findings of the research are summarised visually on the opposite page in figure 7.1. First of all in the accessibility category, we can see that new urban development typically produces large scale blocks that are inaccessible and produce a coarse network. Deindustrialised sites also form large scale blocks as they are gated in clusters, however within these blocks, horizontal and vertical connections already exist between the small scale buildings. This provides great potential for adaptive reuse: the deindustrialised sites can be opened up, creating a finer urban grid and increasing permeability and visibility. Connections can also be strengthened within the site vertically, utilising stairs, walkways and other structures typical of deindustrialised sites. In terms of public space, new urban development typically produces public space of a large scale, unsuitable for the human scale. Abandoned deindustrialised sites do not have any public space, as they are disconnected from the urban network, however when the site is opened up a great potential exists to create many various forms of public space between the collection of buildings. These public spaces are connected to each other, the surrounding urban fabric, as well as to their adjacent indoor functions. The varied facades and scales of the deindustrialised buildings create the volume and scale of each public space, and in their variety create different spaces that allow for varying activities to occur. Finally to function: urban development typically creates large scale blocks and buildings of homogenous function. The deindustrialised sites were also previously of homogenous function. To create a successful social hub, it is critical that various functions are injected within the site to be able to serve a wide range of people and consequently create a lively and active environment. Furthermore, these various functions will be the most successful when they are mutually dependent and work in unison. Importantly, functions that serve the public should primarily be placed on the ground floor, to increase visibility and permeability at street level and to activate the public realm. C. Outlook of Reseach The formulation of strategies for the adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites to social hubs can be viewed as a starting point for the creation of an urban design guide. Design guidelines and principles do not exist for the adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites in Shanghai and it is critically needed - the deindustrialised building stock is still large and urbanisation still rapid. The protection of these sites by means of injecting meaningful and accessible spaces and functions is a highly valid strategy to simultaneously create necessary social space and to protect and increase awareness of industrial heritage. The design proposal for Tianzhang Paper Factory could be seen as a model and the design strategies further developed and explored through additional research and design proposals, to ultimately be applied in practice. In order to develop the design guidelines, several further research points could be explored in relation to this thesis. What are the details of urban policy that would restrict and support the development of a social hub? Who are the stakeholders in such a development and what could the management structure look like that would develop and operate a social hub? What is the economic feasibility of such a development? Matters of structural integrity and the environmental quality of the former industrial areas are further matters of concern and contribute largely to the economic feasibility of adaptive reuse. To go into greater detail, various design methods of adaptive reuse could be explored. The research of this thesis, and the suggested additional research, is highly valuable. It is critical to protect the values inherent in the industrial heritage of the city, unfortunately the policies and practices are not sufficiently developed to guarantee this is Shanghai. However, with increased visibility and integration of deindustrialised sites to everyday people and activities, the appreciation for such sites will increase and consequently the protection and adaptive design quality. Therefore, the transformation to a social hub is a highly fruitful program. However, this is only one side of the story. The transformation of deindustrialised sites to social hubs, also has the result of returning spaces to the city that are increasingly being lost in the typical forms of new fast-paced large-scale urban development. Deindustrialised sites have spatial qualities highly suitable to fulfill this need. 104

typical form of Shanghai deindustrialised sites

suggested intervention strategies for adaptive reuse

inaccessible large-scale blocks & buildings

clusters of buildings within large-scale blocks, disconnected from urban network

increased accessibility through block and within block, horizontally & vertically

large-scale public space

no public space due to disconnection

various forms and scale of public space, connected to one another and to the surroundings

large-scale building of homogenous function

previously one function: industrial

various mutually dependent functions, with public services on ground floor

3. FUNCTION

2. PUBLIC SPACE

1. ACCESSIBILITY

typical form of new Shanghai development

Fig. 7.1: Strategies for the adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites as social hubs. 105

Fig. 7.2: The current condition of Tianzhang Paper Factory and its immediate surroundings, from north.

106

Fig. 7.3: The proposed design intervention for the adaptive reuse of Tianzhang Paper Factory to a social hub, from north.

107

Fig. 7.4: The current condition of Tianzhang Paper Factory and its immediate surroundings, from south.

108

Fig. 7.5: The proposed design intervention for the adaptive reuse of Tianzhang Paper Factory to a social hub, from south.

109

REFERENCES Arte Charpentier, “Shanghai Fashion Centre”, Arte Charpentier Architects. Web. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. <www.arte-charpentier.com/en/projet/shanghai-fashion-centre/> Alexander, C. et al. (1977) A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press Baum, M. & Christiaanse, K. (eds.) (2012) City as Loft: Adaptive Reuse as a Resource for Sustainable Urban Development. Zurich: gta Verlag Bell, D. (1976) The Coming of Post-industrial Society: a venture in social forecasting, New York: Basic Books Inc. Campanella, T.J. (2011) “Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of American Planning.” In Page & Mennel (eds.) (2011) Reconsidering Jane Jacobs. Chicago: Planners Press of the American Planning Association. Cathcart-Keays, A. (2016). “Story of cities #36: how Copenhagen rejected 1960s modernist utopia.” The Guardian. 5 May 2016. Web. Accessed 16 May 2017. <www.theguardian.com/ cities/2016/may/05/story-cities-copenhagen-denmark-modernist-utopia> Cui, N. (2008) Restructuring of the City under important Urban Events: Shanghai Expo as example. Nanjing: Southeast University Press De Jonge, D. (1967), “Applied hodology”. In: Landscape, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 10-11 Gehl, J. (1987) Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Gehl, J. & Gemzoe, L. (2004) Public Spaces, Public Life. Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press Gehl, J. qtd. by Project for Public Spaces (2009) “Jan Gehl: Biography”. Project for Public Spaces. Web. Accessed 10 Feb. 2017. <www.pps.org/reference/jgehl/> Harvey, D. (2008) “The Right to the City.” New Left Review 53, Sep-Oct 2008. Herzog & de Meuron in Craven, J. (2016) “Designing the Tate Modern - What to Do With an Old Power Plant.” ThoughtCo. Web. Accessed 17 May 2017. <www.thoughtco.com/designingthe-tate-modern-178146> Huang, M (2016) “Heritage preserved with riverside area opening”. Shanghai Daily, 6 Sep. 2016. Web. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. <www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node27118/node27818/ u22ai84001.html.pdf> Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House Krejcisz, C.A. (2012) “The Craft of Conversion: Enhancing New Zealand’s Industrial Heritage through Adaptive Reuse.” Thesis. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. Litman, T. (2017) “Generated Traffic and Induced Travel: Implications for Transport Planning.” Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 20 April 2017. Web. Accessed 18 May 2017. <www.vtpi.org/ gentraf.pdf> Lynch, K. (1971) Site Planning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press Moore, R. (2000). Building Tate Modern: Herzog & de Meuron. London: Tate 111

Moses, R. (1942) “What Happened to Haussmann?” Architectural Forum, 77, pp. 1-10. Municipal Government of Shanghai (1986) “Shanghai Comprehensive Plan 1986.” Shanghai. Municipal Government of Shanghai (1997) “Shanghai Comprehensive Land Use Planning.” Shanghai. Municipal Government of Shanghai (1999) “Shanghai Comprehensive Planning 1999-2020.” Shanghai. Oldenburg, R. (1989) The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day. New York: Paragon House Oldenburg, R. (1996) “Our Vanishing Third Places.” Planning Commisioners Journal, number 25, winter 96-97, pp. 6-10. Oldenburg, R. (2000) Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories About The Great Good Places at the Heart of Our Communities. New York: Marlowe & Company Parham, S. (2012) “Reconsidering Jane Jacobs.” Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 5:1, pp. 93-94 Shanghai Urban Planning Design and Research Institute (2004) “Official Urban Planning of W5 W8 & W7E10.” Shanghai. Sitte, C. (1889, 1945) The Art of Building Cities (transl. by Stewart, C.), Connecticut: Hyperion Press. Tyrnauer, M. (dir.) (2017). Citizen Jane: Battle for the City. Film TICCIH (2003) “The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage.” Moscow, 17 July 2003. Yangpu District, Shanghai (2015). “Yangpu Shanghai Machine Paper Bureau: China’s first machanised paper factory”. Yangpu Archives. 6 Dec. 2015. Web. Accessed 16 Feb. 2017. <www.niugebbs.com/gh_7870cfc810c4/612864.html> Wang, J. (2012) “Preserving Social Capital in Urban Regeneration.” In Baum, M. & Christiaanse, K. (eds.) (2012) City as Loft: Adaptive Reuse as a Resource for Sustainable Urban Development. Zurich: gta Verlag, pp. 73-78 Xu, Y. (2012). “Reflections on Industrial Heritage Protection in China”. e-phaistos. Vol. 1, no.1. pp. 111-119. Xukai (2010) “The Role of Urban Planning in Redistribution of Industrial Space in the Context of Contemporary City’s Spatial Development: Shanghai and selected European Cities”. Dissertation. Vienna: Technical University of Vienna. Yu, Y. (2012) “Industrial Heritage in Shanghai: Past, Current and Future Direction.” Zukin, S. (2011) “Reputations: Jane Jacobs” The Architectural Review, Nov 2011; 230, 1377; ProQuest Central pp. 128-129.

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SOURCES OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: Progressive structure of research. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 2.1: The entrance of the Tate Modern art gallerly in London, formerly the turbine room of the power plant. Source: Alamy, The Daily Mail UK. Fig. 2.2: Olafur Eliasson’s ‘The Weather Project’ in the Turbine Hall, October 2003 - March 2004. Source: Tate Modern online Fig. 2.3: The Food Truck Food Festival at the Design Zentrum of Zeche Zollverein, May 2016. Source: Jochen Tack, Alamy Stock. Fig. 2.4: The ice-skating rink at the Zeche Zollverein in Essen, adaptively reused from a coal mine to a mixed-use cultural and creative area. Source: Matthias Duschner, Stiftung Zollverein. Fig. 3.1: Summary of literature review under three categories of spatial qualities, and their corresponding social needs. Source: Author’s image developed based on literature review of Jacobs (1969), Gehl (1987) and Oldenburg (1989,2000). Fig. 4.1: The location of Tianzhang Paper Factory in Yangshupu, along with other formerly intensive industrial areas along the waterways: Suzhou Creek and the World Expo Site. Source: Author’s image drawn based upon Xukai (2010). Fig. 4.2: Past urban functions, current and planned development and infrastructure in Yangshupu. Source: Author’s image drawn based upon Xukai (2010) and current and planned development. Fig. 4.3: The south-western edge of Yangshupu in 1979, at the peak of industrial activity. Tianzhang Paper Factory marked. Source: www.shanghai-maps.net Fig. 4.4: The south-western edge of Yangshupu in 2016, undergoing significant urban redevelopment. Tianzhang Paper Factory marked. Source: www.shanghai-maps.net Fig. 4.5: The section of the riverside redevelopment already open to the public, located adjacent to Fisherman’s Wharf in the northern end of Yangshupu. Source: Author’s image Fig. 4.6: The busy ferry-crossing located at Fisherman’s Wharf, connecting pedestrians, cyclists and scooters from Yangshupu to Pudong. Source: Author’s image Fig. 4.7: Riverside campervan accommodation with views to Pudong and the Bund, located 200m south of Tianzhang Paper Factory. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 4.8: Adjacent to the campervan site, stands one of many abandoned deindustrialised buildings, this one belonging to the former Shanghai Shipyard Company. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 5.1.1: The street front and main entrance, featuring the green glazed base of the elevated bridge. Source: Bernhard Laukoter. Figs. 5.1.2-5.1.4: Internal public space and networks of walkways and lanes. Source: Bernhard Laukoter. Fig. 5.1.5: Indoor public space in an atrium like form, connecting offices. Source: Bernhard Laukoter. 113

Fig. 5.1.6: Surrounding function. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.7: Walkable routes and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.8: Accessibility. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.9: Axonometric of Bridge 8. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.10: Figure-ground plan. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.11: Industry composition. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.1.12: Industries and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.1: Colourful graffiti along the wall of an internal street. Source: Zhao Yuetong. Figs. 5.2.1-5.2.3: Internal work and cafe spaces. Source: Zhao Yuetong. Fig. 5.2.4: Outdoor cafe seating in the central public space. Source: Zhao Yuetong. Fig. 5.2.5: Surrounding function. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.6: Walkable routes and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.7: Accessibility. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.8: Axonometric of M50. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.9: Figure-ground plan. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.10: Industry composition. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.2.11: Industries and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.1: The central and distinctive concrete ramps. Source: Zhao Yuetong. Figs. 5.3.2-5.3.3: Entrances at street level and within the building. Source: Zhao Yuetong. Fig. 5.3.4: Rooftop space adjacent to a cafe. Source: Zhao Yuetong.

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Fig. 5.3.5: Surrounding function. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.6: Walkable routes and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.7: Accessibility. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.8: Axonometric of 1933. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.9: Figure-ground plan. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.10: Industry composition. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Fig. 5.3.11: Industries and public space. Source: Team work of author and fellow master students Bernhard Laukoter, Zhao Yuetong & Zhao Chang. Figs. 6.1 & 6.2: The planned Ba Dai Tou development by John Portman Architects, 2014. Source: John Portman Architects www.portmanusa.com/assets/lib/2015/10/10/Ba%20Dai%20Tou_E_ Web.pdf Fig. 6.3: The view down Yangshupu road today, with the first stages of Ba Dai Tou construction in the background and the corner of Tianzhang Paper Factory to the right. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.4. Figure-ground plan of pre-development condition, 1979. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.5. Figure-ground plan of planned future development. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.6. Walkable routes and public space of pre-development condition, 1979. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.7. Walkable routes and public space of planned future development. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.8: Function of the pre-development condition, 1979. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.9: Function of the planned future development. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.10: Figure-ground plan of the current condition, 2017. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.11: Walkable routes and public spaces of the current condition, 2017. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.12: Function of the current condition, 2017. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.13: Overview of urban change surrounding Tianzhang Paper Factory. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.14: Site analysis of Tianzhang Paper Factoru surrounding area. Source: Author’s image.

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Fig. 6.15: Significant functions surrounding the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.16: Remaining functions within the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.17: One of two main entrances to Tianzhang Paper Factory along Yangshupu Road. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.18-6.25: Site photos of Tianzhang Paper Factory. Source: Author’s images. Fig. 6.26: Buildings highlighted indicate those of value to keep, view from north. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.27: Removed buildings show new spatial arrangement, view from south. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.28-6.35: Site photos of Tianzhang Paper Factory. Source: Author’s images. Fig. 6.36: Buildings highlighted indicate those of value to keep, view from south. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.37: Removed buildings show new spatial arrangement, view from south. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.38: Resulting key axis through the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.39: Resulting key public spaces within the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.40: Masterplan, 1:1000. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.41: View from Yangshupu Rd. of plaza and main entrance to the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.42: Accessibility from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, 1:1500. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.43: Accessibility within the site, horizontally and vertically. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.44: Accessibility within the site, horizontally & vertically. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.45: Open space from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, in black, 1:1500. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.46: Key public spaces within the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.47: Function of buildings from Yangshupu Rd. to the Huangpu River, 1:1500. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.48: Function within the site. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.49: Axonometric from north, highlighting new construction. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.50: Axonometric from south, highlighting new construction. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.51: Ground floor plan, 1:500. Source: Author’s image.

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Fig. 6.52: Ground floor plan, new office building, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.53: Ground floor plan, The Lane, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.54: North elevation along Yangshupu Rd, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.55: Section A-A, through the new office building, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.56: View from the raised walkway of the office block, overlooking central square. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.57: South elevation through The Lane, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.58: Section B-B, through The Lane, 1:250. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.59: View passing under the overbridge, between the new office building and the central square. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.60: View over the central square and adjoining buildings, from the rooftop of the residential block. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 6.61: Axonometric overview of the proposed design within its surroundings. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 7.1: Strategies for the adaptive reuse of deindustrialised sites as social hubs. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 7.2: The current condition of Tianzhang Paper Factory and its immediate surroundings, from north. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 7.3: The proposed design intervention for the adaptive reuse of Tianzhang Paper Factory to a social hub, from north. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 7.4: The current condition of Tianzhang Paper Factory and its immediate surroundings, from south. Source: Author’s image. Fig. 7.5: The proposed design intervention for the adaptive reuse of Tianzhang Paper Factory to a social hub, from south. Source: Author’s image.

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APPENDIX The following photographs on pages 127-129 are of the physical model built to represent the design proposal for Tianzhang Paper Factory. At a scale of 1 to 500, building volumes within and surrounding the site are depicted, and the new interventions shown in purple.

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February 2017: The construction site of the neighbouring office complex was a noisy and impenetrable scene, and had not yet become an integrated part of the area.

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EPILOGUE On returning to the site in early July following the conclusion of this research, some notable change was observed. This does not come as a surprise; in choosing the site for this design research in January 2017, I was curious of the change that I may witness within the short period of this research. So while this research and design was based upon an urban state frozen in time in February 2017, the reality now, a few months later, is different. This brief documentation of the change observed serves to show the progress, and it is as expected: demolition continues and some development plans, such as the public waterfront walkway, have commenced. However, the fate of many deindustrialised sites, including Tianzhang Paper Factory, remains unknown.

July 2017: The newly built office complex adjacent to the site and the metro is nearing completion. It stands as a significant node at the very busy intersection of Yangshupu Road and Dalian Road. This is without a doubt the epicentre of the area, largely due to the location of the metro station, and will only continue to be strengthened as a location of importance and activity.

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February 2017: Construction on the neighbouring new office complex was intensive, and a boundary wall was a strong barrier to its surroundings.

February 2017: Although not all shop spaces were used, there were several small active businesses along the border of the site to Yangshupu Road. 124

July 2017: Inbetween the new office complex and the site, a pedestrian walkway has opened up. This walkway is in consistent use - leading between Yangshupu Road and its metro station to the wharf area with various offices as well the ferry terminal.

July 2017: The site itself appears to remain largely untouched. The businesses at street level continue to be busy and show no signs of closing down in the near future. 125

February 2017: Buildings directly opposite the Tianzhang site were already vacated, although life and activity could still be observed around and behind the building.

February 2017: Extensive demolition was well underway, with the buildings still standing almost entirely vacated; this in preparation for the continued construction of Portmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ba Dai Tou. 126

July 2017: In contrast to the shops on the ground floor of Tianzhang, on the other side of Yangshupu Road, it is a very different story. The shops as well as living space above, although still standing, appear more empty than previously, ready for imminent demolition.

July 2017: Further east down Yangshupu Road, more buildings and residents are affected by the Portman development plans. Apartment buildings adjacent to the new Portman construction have been vacated, and they too will soon face demolition. 127

February 2017: Although eerily quiet, a caravan accommodation for tourists along the waterfront was a fascinating and unique function.

February 2017: One of many deindustrialised buildings along and near the waterfront. Their fate was unknown. 128

July 2017: The caravan accommodation on the waterfront has been removed. In its place are visible signs of the development of the public waterfront walkway, promoted previously by both Yangpu Municipality and Shanghai Municipality.

July 2017: Scaffolding has been erected along the facade of a deindustrialised building on the waterfront. This is a promising sign that this valuable structure will be reused in some way, and not demolished. 129