Urban housing in glasgow - full project booklet by Marco Zaccaria

functional pattern within the building BLUE: shops DARK GRAY: car park GREEN: communal garden LIGHT GRAY: stair cores YELLOW: apartments

area of interest

the part of the building that was developed for the project is highlighted in RED

apartments by size

GREEN: one bedroom YELLOW: two bedrooms RED: three bedrooms

right:

apartments by cost GREEN: lower YELLOW: intermediate RED: higher

flat stacking diagram

SECTION 1 circulation the internal garden is visible from the entrances and corridors

APARTMENT 1

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

3 bathrooms 1 studio

APARTMENT 2

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

3 bathrooms 1 studio

SECTION 2 single and double story elements intersect in the flats

SECTION 3 the building steps down towards South

SECTION 4 double and single storey elements on the external side

SECTION 5 the internal side: all single storey rooms

GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCE stair core A

1 - bins and storage 2 - vertical bike racks

ENTRANCE stair core B

3 - storage 4 - bins

GARAGES Fondazione Prada - Rem Koolhaas , Milano grids, transparency, neon tubes

SHOP 1 490m2 retail 92m2 storage 5 - display window 6 - till 7 - products display 8 - changing rooms 9 - storage 10 - goods access

SHOP 2 465m2 retail 88m2 storage 11 - storage 12 - products display

4 ENTRANCE

stair core B

8 1

6 5

SHOP 1

7 5

FLOOR 1

APARTMENT 1

MMMMM

3 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms 1 studio

APARTMENT 1

FLOOR 2

APARTMENT 2

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

1 bathroom 1 studio

High Rise London E2A Architects London, 2015

APARTMENT 3

MMMMM

1 bedroom

££££

2 bathrooms

APARTMENT 4

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms 1 studio

APARTMENT 3 APARTMENT 2

APARTMENT 4

APARTMENT 1 (upper level)

FLOOR 3

APARTMENT 5

250 Bowery - AA Studio

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

3 bathrooms 1 studio

APARTMENT 6

MMMMM

1 bedroom

££££

1 bathroom 1 studio

APARTMENT 6

APARTMENT 2 (upper level)

APARTMENT 3 (upper level)

APARTMENT 4 (upper level)

APARTMENT 5

FLOOR 4

APARTMENT 7

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms

APARTMENT 6 (upper level)

APARTMENT 7

APARTMENT 5b

APARTMENT 5 (upper level)

FLOOR 5 APARTMENT 8

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms 1 terrace

APARTMENT 7b

APARTMENT 7 (upper level)

APARTMENT 5b (upper level)

APARTMENT 8

FLOOR 6

APARTMENT 9

MMMMM

3 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms 2 terraces

APARTMENT 7b (upper level)

APARTMENT 9

APARTMENT 8b

APARTMENT 8 (upper level)

FLOOR 7

APARTMENT 9b

APARTMENT 9 (upper level)

APARTMENT 8b (upper level)

FLOOR 8

APARTMENT 9b (upper level)

PERSPECTIVE SECTION cutting through the living spaces in the two facing blocks

WEST ELEVATION garages and service access on ground floor

scale 1:100

EAST ELEVATION shops on ground floor

scale 1:100

PERSPECTIVE VIEW looking South towards Brunswick street

APPENDIX: PHYSICAL MODELS

each flat plan individually modelled can be assembled together to form the whole building

MARCO DESIGN URBAN

ZACCARIA

STUDIES

HOUSING

technology

booklet

PROJECT INTRODUCTION The building comprises a semi court surrounded by mid to large apartments on the East and West wing, and more affordable flats on the North side. Only the first segment of the East and West wings are developed for the scope of this project, and will be part of the structural investigation that will follow. The ground floor is entirely occupied by two large shops and covered parking spaces. Above it, a communal garden open towards South provides green space to those who live here, a place where children can play safely, and where parents can relax. All the flats have double storey living areas, and interlock one into each other, almost like in a tetris-like composition. For every stair core, each flat is different, fitting the needs of different users.

Perspective section looking North

area of interest

the part of the building that was developed for the project is highlighted in RED

the structural frame as seen from South-West. isometric view scale 1:200

STRUCTURAL FRAME The block is structured in an extremely irregular layout (see diagram below), that nevertheless fit into a very regular structural grid, as shown in the structural plans in the following pages. The most appropriate material choice was concrete, in order to incorporate a high amount of thermal mass and therefore distributing the effect of solar heat gains over time. This is particularly important since the two external faรงades are almost entirely glazed. The floors are concrete 2-way flat slabs. This is motivated by the interest in providing a clear, exposed structure, minimising at the same time the floor thickness.

apartments conceptual massing diagram exploded view

3d structure Copy 1

the structural frame seen from South-East. isometric view scale 1:200

STRUCTURAL PLANS

5400 5400 5400

5400 5400

2700

5400

3850

5400

3850

scale: 1:200

4400 600

Level 0 1 : 200

1600

3400 5000

5112

4400 5000

3850 5400

5400

5400 5400 5400

5400

3850 2700 2700

4400 600

Level 1 1 : 200

1600

3400 5000

5112

4400 5000

3850 5400

5400

5400 5400 5400

5400

3850 2700 2700

4400 600

Level 2 1 : 200

1600

3400 5000

5112

4400 5000

3850 5400

5400

5400 5400 5400

5400

3850 2700 2700

4400 600

Level 3 1 : 200

1600

3400 5000

5112

4400 5000

3850 5400

5400

3850 5400 5400

5400

2700 2700

4400 600

Level 4 1 : 200

1600

3400 5000

5112

4400 5000

4400

600

1 Level 5

1 : 200 5112

5000 5112 5112 4400

5000 5400

5400

2700

5400

2700

5400

3850

5400

4400

600

1 Level 6

1 : 200 5112

5000 5112 5112 4400

5000 5400

5400

2700

5400

2700

5400

3850

5400

3850 5400

5400

3850 5400 5400 5400

4400 600

Level 7 1 : 200

5112 5000

5112

4400 5000

3850 5400

5400

5400 5400 5400

5400

3850

4400 600

Level 8 1 : 200

5112 5000

5112

4400 5000

3 1

THE THECHALLENGE PROJECT

CANTILEVER BALCONIES AND COLD BRIDGING

5 6

The major challenge was the support of the cantilever balconies, key feature of the design, without creating Loggia any cold bridge. Horizontal section • Vertical section

scale 1:20

The solution suggested is the adoption of Schöcksheeting Isokorb®, a heat-in1 Aluminium with 5° gradient, folded five times sulating load-bearing element for the support of cantilever balconies.

Fixing element for steel sheeting Timber piece on laminated plywood panel 19 mm The German-manufactured product have even been certified as a 2 Vegetation 80 mm “low thermal bridge construction” by the Separation Passivelayer House Institute. Thermal insulation140 mm Bituminous sheeting, double layer Reinforced concretematerials; slab with gradient It is available in a many versions for various building the 3 Joint sealant tape Renderthe 10 mm technical details in the following pages 4show appropriate version, Rigid foam thermal insulation 40 mm Schöck Isokorb® type KXT, pre-cast concrete to cast-in-place Reinforced concrete 150 – 200 conmm 5 Steel angle 100 ≈ 100available. ≈ 8 mm crete, with a thickness of 120mm, the best performing 6 Timber studs 60 mm 7 Vertical awning 8 Cement-bonded sheeting 12.5 mm, exposed surface filled 9 Insulated glazing in timber casement 10 Fibre-cement panel 8 mm Cavity 25 mm Thermal insulation 80 mm Reinforced concrete wall 200 mm 11 Precast reinforced concrete element 300 mm Thermally separated steel reinforcement connection 12 Balcony partitation Fibre-cement panel 8 mm, on steel RHS framing 60 ≈ 60 mm 13 Flat steel 40 ≈ 8 mm Balustrade post 40 x 8 mm Flat steel 35 ≈ 8 mm Steel top piece 10mm 14 Prefabricated parquet flooring 10 mm Concrete screed 60 mm Separation layer to the left: Sound insulation 30 mm Thermal insulation 20 mm (upper floors), structural precedent 70 mm (ground floor) 15 Artificial (cast) stone 350 ≈ 350 ≈ 40 mm, in Munich Housing Block in gravel bed Architects: Meck Architekten, Munich 16 <<<<<Galvanized steel gutter

9 a

year of construction: 2004

number 11 is a cantilever pre-cast concrete balcony in the circle, the thermally broken structural support. Thickness and thermal performance have significantly improved since, achieving now a remarkable average U-value of 0.6 W/m2K across the structural element.

106

Authenticated | panap93@hotmail.com

TECHNICAL SECTION external facade, west elevation section cut as shown scale: 1:20

west elevation scale: 1:100

TECHNICAL THE PROJECT DETAILS location section 1:100

detail 5

detail 4

detail 3

detail 2

detail 1

DETAIL 1 ground floor detail through garage scale: 1:10

Piled foundations (to the engineersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; specifications)

foundation pad (not through the section plane)

ground beam

hardcore layer 200mm

DPM

concrete slab, cast-in-place 150mm

DPM

8 screed 80mm 9

concrete finish 20mm

10 garage roller shutter

9 8 7 6 5 4 3

DETAIL 2 first floor detail garage to flat junction scale: 1:10

garage roller shutter

roller shutter case insulated

rigid insulation panel

glass fibre reinforced concrete tiles

SchĂśck IsokorbÂŽ heat-insulating load-bearing element for cantilever balconies (see_____)

pre-cast concrete balcony see detail 3 for related detailing

concrete column 300mm, with 50mm insulation. Not through the section plane

high performance rigid insulation 100mm

concrete flat slab, cast-in-place 250mm

10 acoustic and thermal insulation 30mm 11 screed with underfloor heating 80mm 12 finish (variable, 20mm concrete finish shown) 13 concrete column 300mm, exposed. Not through the section plane

6 12 11 10 5

4 3 2

9 8

7 1

DETAIL 3

sliding shutters electrically automated when in top part of double height space

sliding shutters rails

3 spring (see 4, 13 and 16) standard intermediate floor cantilever balcony detailing scale: 1:10

metal wire support for climbing plants, fixing (see 13 and 16)

5 drainage shaped by the pre-cast balcony itself. Covered by metal grill 6

wood floor cover 140x20mm.

7 membrane placed in the junction point in between the two pre-cast elements is interrupted at intervals for water drainage 8

fixing

gravel

10 drip profile to reduce concrete staining 11 lightweight gravel filling 12 vase for climbing plant 13 metal wire support for climbing plants, fixing 14 railing, intermediate rail steel wire in tension. 100mm spacing 15 railing, top rail hollow steel circular section 70mm, placed at height = 1100mm 16 metal wire support for climbing plants 17 concrete column 300mm 18 triple glazing wood framed window. Fixed. Possible alternative bottom hung, inward opening for spaces with additional

ventilation requirements; electrically operated when out of reach.

19 floor slab see detail 2 for description 20 patio door, sliding

16 15 14

13 12 11

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

3 2 18 1

DETAIL 4 roof terrace detail scale: 1:10

solar shading, fixed timber, 250x35mm, hidden supports

balcony flooring support (raised 35mm to accommodate the difference in the floor thickness compared to other floors)

pre-cast concrete balcony see detail 2 for description

additional rail due to raised floor level

top rail height = 1150mm

concrete column 300mm

concrete flat slab 250mm

8 screed 1:80 gradient 9

waterproofing layer

10 high performance weatherproof insulation 100mm 11 cement tiles 15mm

5 4

11 10 9 8 7

DETAIL 5 non-accessible roof detail scale: 1:10

triple glazed window, timber frame

SchĂśck IsokorbÂŽ heat-insulating load-bearing element

blocking

blocking, timber

5 drain 6

roof edge cover copper sheet

notched copper gravel stop

concrete flat slab 250mm

9 screed 1:80 gradient 10 vapour barrier 11 high performance VOC free rigid insulation 200mm 12 waterproof membrane 13 gravel

7 6 5 4 3 2

13 12 11 10 9 8

MARCO DESIGN URBAN

ZACCARIA

STUDIES

HOUSING

environmental

booklet

HEATING STRATEGY After considering all the possible strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the solution that seems more suited to the project is an individual air source heat pump for each flat. All forms of biomass fuels were excluded due to concerns with both management (fuel provision and storage) as well as impact on the air quality of the surroundings in a city-centre location due to NOx emissions. The alternative of a ground source heat pump would need a much higher investment, and its feasibility involves an high degree of uncertainty related to suitability of the ground. Night storage heaters seem better suited to smaller properties than the mid-to-large apartments part of this proposals. And more importantly, even in their “smarter” modern versions can only partially predict, but not react to the heating needs; considered the vast amount of glazing in the proposed flats, they heavily rely on solar gains, that are hard (if not impossible) to accurately predict. Even the adoption of the smartest storage heaters would often incur in overheating or in the use of the expansive (and not grid-friendly) peak tariff.

HEAT DELIVERY

possible integration of a heat pump unit in the internal court façade. exploded view

The low temperature water provided by the heat pump suits well an underfloor heating system. This system is also the most efficient in rooms with high ceilings, and therefore well suited to the apartments proposed, which include double storey voids in part of the living areas. DOMESTIC WATER Air source heat pumps can help heating the water used for domestic purposes, efficiently rising the temperature up to 55-60°C. For sanitary reasons this temperature is not suitable for domestic use, and needs to be raised to at least 65°C by an electric heater to be safe to use. Even so, there are significant savings in both money and CO2 when compared to the use of a conventional electric boiler.

VENTILATION STRATEGY The layout of the proposed apartments makes them particularly suited for natural ventilation: they all have dual aspect, at least in part of the plan (see next page), allowing for cross ventilation. Moreover, in all of them part of the living room is structured as a double height space, potentially creating a stack effect. Relying entirely on natural ventilation reduces the need for maintenance, noise, and allow the use of thinner, duct-free floors.

cross ventilation . scale: 1:100

stack ventilation. scale: 1:100

cross ventilation in plan: best and worst scenario. All the apartments benefit from an optimal East-West orientation.

SUN SHADING a combination of fixed and movable shutters prevents overheating in summer and maximises solar gains in winter.

NIGHT-TIME HEAT FLOWS a combination of fixed and movable shutters prevents overheating in summer and maximises solar gains in winter.

heat losses due to thermal conduction through the building fabric

the warm concrete releases heat over night (radiant heat) convective heat transfer

ENVIRONMENTAL CALCULATIONS best performing flat

double height volume

in between heated floors

Largely glazed West facing living area

FLOOR 5

FLOOR 4

APARTMENT 7

MMMMM

2 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms

WINDOW - triple glazed U-Value (W/m2K) =

0.69

U-Value (W/m2K) =

0.75

CURTAIN WALL - triple glazed

WALL - internally exposed brickwork Layer

Thickness (m)

Conductivity (W/m∙k)

Resistance (m2∙k/W)

standard

0.060

render

0.025

1.0

0.025

brickwork

0.065

1.7

0.038

standard

0.440

air gap

0.040

standard

0.018

pavatherm wood fiber insulation

0.240

0.038

6.316

brickwork

0.065

1.7

0.038

standard

0.120

External surface

Waterproof membrane

Internal surface TOTAL

0.435

7.055 U-Value (W/m2K) =

0.142

accessible ROOF terrace Layer

Thickness (m)

Conductivity (W/m∙k)

Resistance (m2∙k/W)

standard

0.050

0.015

0.51

0.029

standard

0.440

vacuum insualtion panel

0.100

0.018

5.556

levelling screed (average thickness)

0.030

0.41

0.073

Concrete Slab

0.250

1.3

0.192

Insulated Plasterboard

0.015

0.023

0.652

standard

0.150

External surface concrete tiles Waterproof mem

Internal surface TOTAL

0.395

7.143 U value (W/m ∙k) 2

0.140

ROOF (non accessible) Layer

Thickness (m)

Conductivity (W/mk)

Resistance (m2k/W)

standard

0.050

Drainage (gravel)

0.035

0.7

0.050

Waterproof mem

standard

0.440

phenolic insulation panel

0.200

0.021

9.524

levelling screed (average thickness)

0.030

0.41

0.073

Concrete Slab (exposed)

0.250

1.3

0.192

standard

0.150

0.515

Tot resistance (m2k/W)

10.479

External surface

Internal surface TOTAL

U value (W/m2k)

0.095

first FLOOR Layer

Thickness (m)

Conductivity (W/mk)

Resistance (m2k/W)

Hardcore gravel

0.150

1.30

0.115

Sand blinding

0.050

0.16

0.313

DPM

0.001

0.25

0.004

Concrete slab

0.100

0.16

0.625

Pavatherm woodfibre

0.200

0.038

5.263

standard

0.44

Screed

0.050

1.40

0.036

Florotallic flooring

0.030

1.20

0.025

standard

0.150

0.581

Tot resistance (m2k/W)

6.971

U value (W/m2k)

0.143

Vapour proof membrane

Internal surface Floor thickness

FABRIC HEAT LOSS

Area x U value Area (m2)

U value (W/m2k)

first floor (above unheated garage)

0.143

Wall

20.3

0.142

Curtain Wall

37.4

0.750

Windows

4.4

0.690

roof terrace

0.140

non accessible roof

0.095

tot

62.1 average U value (W/m2∙k)

0.55

total fabric heat loss (W/K

33.96

VENTILATION HEAT LOSS

N x V x Sp ht Sp ht =

0.33

occupants

Ventilation heat loss

heat recovery efficiency (%) Final ventilation heat loss

floor area A (m )

55.0

ceiling height A (m)

2.34

floor area B (m )

33.0

ceiling height B (m)

5.1

V (m3)

296

0.29

28.51

N = (3600 x occupants x 8 l/s )/(1000xV)

INFILTRATION HEAT LOSS infiltration rate

3m3/h m2

external area

62.1m2

total rate

0.052m3/s

air specific heat capacity

1300J/m3K 67.28W/K

infiltration air load/K

SPECIFIC HEAT LOSS

Fabric + Ventilation +infiltration

(W/k)

129

max HEAT LOAD

specific heat loss x T

(W) 2725

Outside T= -1°C Inside T= +20°C delta T = 21

ANNUAL HEAT CONSUMPTION

Specific heat loss x degree days x hours of use

(kW)

degree days =

2343

hours of use =

specific heat loss =

129.75

:1000

heat consumption

4864

28.51

Specific heat loss x degree days monthly x hours of use

MONTLY HEAT DEMAND

Monthly degree days

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

June

180

July

104

August

107

September

176

October

162

337

November

251

522

December

348

721

January

342

709

February

298

618

March

294

609

April

219

454

May

157

327

ANNUAL COST HOT WATER DEMAND occupants

(cost (£/kWh) x n. people x 365 3

water per person (l)

100

heat required for 100l (kWh)

3.5

cost of electricity (£/kWh)

0.11

COP air source heat pump (year average)

3.1

% of heat provided by the heat pump

total cost (£)

207

SOLAR GAINS

G value x N days x Area of glazing x Solar Irradiance

Months

Solar irradiance kWh/m2/day

N days

East

West

South

June

5.12

2.34

2.92

July

4.72

2.25

2.81

August

4.01

2.28

September

2.72

October

G value Area of Glazing m2 East 0.45

4.4

West 37.4

Solar Heat Gains (kWh) 0

solar and casual gains (kWh)

1535

1741

1464

1669

2.85

1436

1641

2.1

2.63

1263

1468

1.46

1.58

1.97

914

1120

November

0.72

1.04

1.3

587

792

December

0.38

0.86

1.08

472

678

January

0.57

0.89

1.11

499

705

February

1.27

1.54

1.93

881

1087

March

2.27

1.9

2.38

1131

1336

April

3.65

2.29

2.86

1419

1624

May

4.99

2.5

3.13

1611

1816

13211

15679

Tot

10) CASUAL HEAT GAINS occupants

month gain (kWh)

people

output pp (W)

occupancy period (h)

TOTAL

105.3

lighting (LED) output / m^2

lights on for (hours)

area m^2

54.63

% of lights that are on

TOTAL appliances

14.7 heat output

on time (hours/day)

month gain (kWh)

fridge

100

6.0

cooker

2500

0.5

37.5

washing machine

1000

0.5

15.0

tumble-drier

1800

0.3

16.2

computer

100

6.0

110

1.5

5.0

TOTAL

TOT CASUAL HEAT GAINS

85.7

205 kWh

11) HEAT CONSUMPTION Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

solar and casual gains (kWh)

monthly heat consumption (kWh)

June

180

1741

July

104

1669

August

107

1641

September

176

1468

October

337

1120

November

522

792

December

721

678

January

709

705

February

618

1087

March

609

1336

April

454

1624

May

327

1816

TOTAL (kWh)

12) TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS total heat consumption (kWh)

cost of electricity - day-night average (£/kWh)

0.11

COP air source heat pump

3.1

total heating annual cost (£) specific heating annual cost (£/m2)

2 0.02

domestic water annual cost (£)

207

total heating + DHW annual cost (£)

209

13) HEATING CARBON FOOTPRINT total heat consumption (kWh)

Electicity carbon dioxide factor (kgCO2/kWh)

0.49

COP heat pump

3.1

total carbon dioxide emissions (kg)

7.56

specific total carbon dioxide emissions (kg/m2)

0.09

Solar Gains (kWh)

Heat Demand and Solar Gains (kWh)

Heat Demand and Solar + Casual Gains (kWh)

1800

2000

1600

1800

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

1600 1400 1200 1000

Solar Heat Gains (kWh)

800 600 400

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

Solar Heat Gains (kWh)

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

solar and casual gains (kW)

ENVIRONMENTAL CALCULATIONS worst performing flat

double height volume

upper floor

Largely glazed West facing living area (negative/positive) floor sitting above an unheated parking space (negative)

FLOOR 1

FLOOR 2

south facing windows (positive)

APARTMENT 1

MMMMM

3 bedrooms

££££

2 bathrooms 1 studio

for U-Values calculation, refer to the best performing flat 1)

FABRIC HEAT LOSS

Area x U value

(W/k) Area (m2)

first floor (above unheated garage)

123.000

0.143

Wall

31.7

0.142

Curtain Wall

51.1

0.750

Windows

12.9

0.690

roof terrace

0.140

non accessible roof

0.095

tot

U value (W/m2k)

218.7 average U value (W/m2k)

0.32

total fabric heat loss (W/K

69.35

VENTILATION HEAT LOSS

N x V x Sp ht Sp ht =

(W/k)

0.33

occupants

Ventilation heat loss

heat recovery efficiency (%) Final ventilation heat loss

floor area A (m2)

119.0

ceiling height A (m)

2.34

floor area B (m2)

37.0

ceiling height B (m)

5.07

V (m3)

466

38.02

0.25 N = (3600 x occupants x 8 l/s )/(1000xV)

INFILTRATION HEAT LOSS infiltration rate

3m3/h m2

external area

218.7m2

total rate

0.182m3/s

air specific heat capacity

1300J/m3K 236.90W/K

infiltration air load/K

SPECIFIC HEAT LOSS

Fabric + Ventilation +infiltration

(W/k)

344.270

max HEAT LOAD

specific heat loss x delta T

(W) 7230

Outside T= -1°C Inside T= +20°C delta T = 21

ANNUAL HEAT CONSUMPTION

Specific heat loss x degree days x hours of use

(kW)

degree days =

2343

hours of use =

specific heat loss =

344.27

:1000

heat consumption

12906

38.02

MONTHLY HEAT DEMAND

Specific heat loss x degree days monthly x hours of use Monthly degree days

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

June

477

July

275

August

283

September

466

October

162

894

November

251

1384

December

348

1914

January

342

1882

February

298

1641

March

294

1617

April

219

1206

May

157

867

ANNUAL COST HOT WATER DEMAND occupants

(cost (£/kWh) x n. people x 365 4

water per person (l)

100

heat requiredfor 100l (kWh)

3.5

cost of electricity (£/kWh)

0.11

COP air source heat pump (year average)

3.1

% of heat provided by the heat pump

75 total cost (£)

277

SOLAR GAINS

G value x N days x Area of glazing x Solar Irradiance

Months

Solar irradiance kWh/m2/day

N days

East

West

June

5.12

2.34

2.92

July

4.72

2.25

2.81

August

4.01

2.28

September

2.72

October

G value Area of Glazing m2

South

East 0.45

West

3.65

48.2

Solar Heat Gains (kWh) 7.2

2127

2368

2035

2276

2.85

2023

2264

2.1

2.63

1815

2055

1.46

1.58

1.97

1335

1575

November

0.72

1.04

1.3

867

1107

December

0.38

0.86

1.08

706

947

January

0.57

0.89

1.11

739

980

February

1.27

1.54

1.93

1294

1535

March

2.27

1.9

2.38

1632

1873

April

3.65

2.29

2.86

2013

2254

May

4.99

2.5

3.13

2249

2490

Tot

solar and casual gains (kWh)

18836

21725

CASUAL HEAT GAINS occupants

month gain (kWh)

people

output pp (W)

occupancy period (h)

TOTAL

140.4

lighting (LED) output / m^2

lights on for (hours)

area m^2

54.63

% of lights that are on

TOTAL appliances

14.750 heat output

on time (hours/day)

month gain (kWh)

fridge

100

6.0

cooker

2500

0.5

37.5

washing machine

1000

0.5

15.0

tumble-drier

1800

0.3

16.2

computer

100

6.0

110

1.5

5.0

TOTAL TOT CASUAL HEAT GAINS

85.7 240

10) HEAT CONSUMPTION Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

solar and casual gains (kWh)

monthly heat consumption (kWh)

June

477

2368

July

275

2276

August

283

2264

September

466

2055

October

894

1575

November

1384

1107

276

December

1914

947

967

January

1882

980

902

February

1641

1535

106

March

1617

1873

April

1206

2254

May

867

2490

TOTAL (kWh)

2252

12) TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS total heat consumption (kWh)

2252

cost of electricity - day-night average (£/kWh)

0.11

COP air source heat pump

3.1

total heating annual cost (£)

specific heating annual cost (£/m2)

0.51

domestic water annual cost (£)

277

total heating + DHW annual cost (£)

356

13) HEATING CARBON FOOTPRINT total heat consumption (kWh)

2252

Electicity carbon dioxide factor (kgCO2/kWh)

0.49

COP heat pump

3.1

total carbon dioxide emissions (kg) specific total carbon dioxide emissions (kg/m2)

355.92 2.28

Solar Gains (kWh)

Heat Demand and Solar + Casual Gains (kWh)

Heat Demand and Solar Gains (kWh)

2500

2000

1500

3000

2500

2000

1500 1000

1000 1000

500

Solar Heat Gains (kWh)

500

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

Solar Heat Gains (kWh)

Monthly Heat Demand (kWh)

solar and casual gains (kW)