Fluctuating Archipelago by Marco De Vincentiis

F A A E

L T R L

U I C A

C N H G

T U G I P O

2050: A DESIGN ODYSSEY FOR A FLUCTUATING ARCHIPELAGO LEEDS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 2015/16

PROFESSORS Clara Oloriz Jose Alfredo Ramirez TUTOR Liam Mouritz SUBMITTED BY Marco De Vincentiis Student ID: 77166486 Davide Fusca

JANUARY_2016

CONTENTS 00

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

p. 6

SITE RESEARCH

p. 10

CARTOGRAPHIES

p. 20

TECHNIQUES CATALOGUE

p. 35

DESIGN TOOLS

p. 43

ON SITE STRATEGY

p. 49

PHYSICAL MODEL

p. 59

SIMULATION

p. 65

SMALL SCALE

p. 75

CRITICAL APPROACH

p. 77

EXTREME SCENARIO SEA LEVEL RISE 65 METERS Figure 01 Image altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

The maps here show the world as it is now, with only one difference: All the ice on land has melted and drained into the sea, raising it 65 meters and creating new shorelines for our continents and inland seas. There are more than five million cubic miles of ice on Earth, and some scientists say it would take more than 5,000 years to melt it all. If we continue adding carbon to the atmosphere, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll very likely create an ice-free planet.

PROJECT

INTRO DUCTION 00

During last years Britain has gained a greater awareness about the problem of a significant erosion of the coast due to a strong increase of the weather that caused intense storms and sea currents in most of the British coast. For this reason, the National Trust, a charity which aims to protect and preserve the British territory, identified several critical sites where these erosion is expected to change dramatically the geomorphology of these coasts. The design studio “Fluctuating Archipelago” proposed four main sites identified by the National Trust, which develop a project proposal that aims to stem this erosion. For our project proposal we have chosen the city of Formby. Located along the Sefton coast, west of England, which includes the coast between Liverpool and Southport where they encountered serious problems related to coastal erosion. Currently to curb the problem have been provided temporary solutions and unsustainable as the construction of some seawall in the north and in the south, leaving the central part of the coast “exposed.” The only solution adopted, until now, for Formby, has been to planting numerous pines and christmas trees to try to keep sand taken away by atmospheric agents. In fact, the beach is characterized by a multitude of large dunes. Not only erosion, the River Alt passing along the south of the town of Formby, is in a constant risk of flooding representing a risk to the surrounding agricultural fields and homes. Therefore, we focused in developing a system that will prevent the flooding of the river in main critical points by integrating it with economic development, commercial and residential district.

NATIONAL TRUST HOTSPOTS Figure 02 Image altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

The assesment indicates that over the next century: 169 sites along some 380 (60%) of National Trust-owned coastline could lose land by erosion 10% of this loss could be between 100 to 200 metres inland 5% more could be losses of over 200 metres inland 126 sites with land covering 4040hectares are currently at risk from tidal flooding 33 further low-lying sites are at risk of combined tidal and river flooding within the next 100 years

Coastal Adaptation Strategy Necessary (’complex site’) Other Priority Coastal Site (’simple site’) Coastal Adaptation Strategy in Place

SITE

RESEARCH

In this chapter we were made a search of the main dynamics involving our study site. They have been used several satellite images that allow them to study in the years before 2015, as it has evolved the coast near the city of Formby. Through some predictions made during the last years, it was possible to understand what will happen in the decades to follow. In addition, other crucial issues have been identified in the ongoing and future residential expansion since it tends towards the current green belt surrounding the city itself. Within the green belt, we find the River Alt, potential danger of flooding in the surrounding areas.

SEFTON COAST, FORMBY M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

NORTH WEST ENGLAND, MERSEYSIDE M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

IO OF THE COAST (PAST) EROSIO OF THE COAST (PAST)

tered by D. Fusca, M. De image Vincentiis altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

EROSIO OF THE COAST (PAST) IO OF THE COAST (PAST)

tered by D. Fusca, M. De image Vincentiis altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

EROSIO OF THE COAST (PAST)

(Fig. 03)

(Fig. 04)

(Fig. 1845 03)

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1845

(Fig. 1845 03)

1892 1845

1892 (Fig. 1845 04) 1892 1845

image altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

1892

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1892

EROSION OF THE COAST (PAST) Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

(Fig. 05)

(Fig. 06)

(Fig. 1845 05)

(Fig.1845 06)

1892 1845 1906 1892

1892 (Fig. 1845 05) 1906 1892 1845 1906 1892

1892 1845 1906 1892

1906

1945 1906 1945

1906

(Fig. 07)

(Fig. 1845 07)

1892 1845 1906 1892

1892 (Fig. 1845 07) 1906 1892 1845 1945 1906 1892 1978 1945 1906 1978 1945

1945 1906 1978 1945 1978

1978

At Formby there was extensive coastal erosion during the eighteenth century up to about 1830. This trend reversed (Fig. 06) in the mid-nineteenth century, when Formby moved out about 300 metres around its whole. Although the shore is now accreting (moving out (Fig.1845 06) towards the sea), the coastal erosion around Formby has 1892 1845 experienced continuous erosion throughout the twen(Fig. 06) 1906 tieth century. 1892 1845 1945 1906 The balance of evidence suggests that the present 1892 phase 1945of erosion was primarily triggered at the end of 1906 the nineteenth century by a significant increase in the frequency 1945 of storm force westerly winds and destructive waves. The erosion was compounded by the effects of dredging, spoil dumping and training wall construction which significantly altered the bathymetry (shape of the seabed) in Liverpool Bay, leading to increased wave energy focusing on Formby Point. Today the erosion rate is greatest at Formby, with an average loss of approximately 4.5 metres per year over the past 20 years. Individual erosion events often result in a short-term loss of several metres.

Part of the Crosby and Southport shoreline has been partially fixed by coastal defence work. However, the natural forces remain at work and sand drift at Crosby is tending to bury parts of the sea wall, whilst sand dunes are developing in front of the sea wall north of Weld At Formby there was Atextensive Formby there coastal was erosion extensive during coastal the eighteenth erosion during century the eighteenth up to aboutcentury 1830. This up to trend about 1830. This trend Road, Birkdale, near Southport. reversed in the mid-nineteenth reversed in the century, mid-nineteenth when Formby century, moved when out Formby about 300 moved metres outaround about 300 its whole. metres around itsofwhole. At Southport the movement sand is from the south to At Formbythe there was At Formby there coastal was erosion during coastal the eighteenth erosion during century the eighteenth up to about century 1830. This up to trend about 1830.Formby This trend Although shore Although isextensive now accreting the shore (moving isextensive nowout accreting towards (moving the sea), out the towards coastal the erosion sea), the around coastal Formby erosion has around hasencourages the the north. Beach levels are rising which, reversed in the mid-nineteenth reversed in the century, mid-nineteenth when Formby century, moved when out Formby about 300 moved metres outaround about 300 its whole. metres around its whole. experienced continuous experienced erosion continuous throughout erosion the twentieth throughout century. the twentieth century. development of vegetation. Formby there was coastal erosion during the eighteenth century up to has about 1830.Formby This trend Although the shoreAt Although is now accreting the shore (moving isextensive nowout accreting towards (moving the sea), out the towards coastal the erosion sea), the around coastal Formby erosion around has reversed in the mid-nineteenth century, when Formby moved out about 300 itsthe whole. experienced continuous experienced erosion continuous throughout erosion the twentieth throughout century. the twentieth The balance of evidence The balance suggests of that evidence the present suggests phase thatof the erosion present was phase primarily ofcentury. erosion triggered was primarily at themetres endtriggered ofaroundat end of Although the shore is now (moving outin towards the sea), coastal around has the nineteenth century the nineteenth by a significant century increase by aaccreting significant in the frequency increase of storm the frequency force westerly of the storm winds force anderosion westerly windsFormby and experienced continuous erosion throughout the twentieth The balancewaves. of evidence The balance suggests of that evidence the erosion present suggests phase that of the erosion present was phase primarily ofcentury. erosion triggered was primarily at the endtriggered of at the end of destructive The destructive erosion was waves. compounded The by was the compounded effects of dredging, by the effects spoil dumping of dredging, and spoil training dumping and training the century the by a significant century increase by a significant in the frequency increase of in storm force westerly storm and winds and wallnineteenth construction which wallnineteenth construction significantly altered which significantly the bathymetry altered (shape the bathymetry ofthe thefrequency seabed) (shape inofLiverpool ofwinds the force seabed) Bay,westerly leading in Liverpool Bay, leading The balance of evidence suggests that the present phase of erosion was primarily triggered at the end of destructive The destructive erosion was waves. compounded The erosion by was the compounded effects of Point. dredging, by the effects spoil dumping of dredging, and spoil training dumping and training to increasedwaves. wave energy to increased focusing wave on energy Formby focusing Point. on Formby the a significant increase the frequency of storm westerly windsper and wall construction wall construction significantly altered which significantly the bathymetry altered (shape bathymetry of the seabed) (shape in Liverpool of the force seabed) Bay, leading in Liverpool Bay, leading Today the erosionwhich rate Today isnineteenth greatest the erosion atcentury Formby, rate isby greatest with an average at Formby, lossthe with ofin approximately an average loss 4.5 of metres approximately per year 4.5 over metres year over destructive waves. The erosion was on compounded byloss thein effects of metres. dredging, dumping to waveIndividual energy to focusing wave on energy Formby focusing Point. Formby Point. theincreased past 20 years. theincreased past 20 erosion years. events Individual often erosion result in events a short-term often result of aseveral short-term loss ofspoil several metres.and training wall which altered of the seabed) Liverpool Bay, leading Today the erosion rate Today isconstruction greatest the erosion at Formby, rate is significantly greatest with an average at Formby, lossthe with of bathymetry approximately an average (shape loss 4.5ofmetres approximately per year in 4.5 over metres per year over to increased wave energy focusing on Formby Point. the 20Crosby years. Individual the past 20 erosion years. events Individual often erosion result in events a short-term often loss in ofadefence several short-term loss of defence several Partpast of the and Part Southport of the Crosby shoreline and Southport has been shoreline partially fixed has been byresult coastal partially fixedmetres. work. by coastal However, themetres. work. However, the Today the erosion greatest with an average ofbury approximately metres per year over natural forces remain natural at work forces and remain sandrate drift atiswork at Crosby andat sand isFormby, tending drift at toCrosby bury parts is tending of loss theto sea wall,parts whilst of sand the4.5 sea wall, whilst sand the past 20developing years. Individual erosion events often in adefence short-term loss of defence several Part of are thedeveloping Crosby and Part Southport offront the Crosby shoreline and Southport has been shoreline partially fixed has been byresult coastal fixed work. by coastal However, themetres. work. However, the dunes dunes in are of the sea wall in front north ofofthe Weld seaRoad, wall north Birkdale, ofpartially Weld near Road, Southport. Birkdale, near Southport. natural forcesthe remain natural work forces and remain sand drift at work at and sand is drift at toCrosby bury is tending of north. therising to sea bury wall, parts whilst of are sand therising sea wall, whilst sand At Southport movement At at Southport of sand the movement is from theCrosby south of sand totending isthe from north. the south Beachparts to levels the are Beach which, levels which, Part thedeveloping Crosby and Southport shoreline been fixed by coastal defence work. However, the dunes are developing dunes inoffront are of thedevelopment sea wall in front northof ofofvegetation. the Weld seaRoad, wallhas north Birkdale, ofpartially Weld nearRoad, Southport. Birkdale, near Southport. encourages the development encourages of the vegetation. natural forces remain at work and sand drift at tending to bury parts of are therising sea wall, whilst sand At Southport the movement At Southport of sand the movement is from the south of sand toisthe from north. theCrosby south Beachis to levels the north. are rising Beach which, levels which, dunes are developing in front of vegetation. the sea wall north of Weld Road, Birkdale, near Southport. encourages the development encourages ofthe vegetation. development At Southport the movement of sand is from the south to the north. Beach levels are rising which, encourages the development of vegetation.

EROSIO(FUTURE) OF THE COAST (FUTURE) ROSIO OF THE COAST

age altered by D. Fusca,image M. De Vincentiis altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

EROSIO(FUTURE) OF THE COAST (FUTURE) ROSIO OF THE COAST

by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis age altered by D. Fusca,image M. De altered Vincentiis

(Fig. 08)

(Fig. 09)

2015 (Fig.2025 08)

2035 2015 2045 2025

2055 2035 2065 2045

2075 2055 2085 2065

2095 2075

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2095

2105 current rate 2105 current rate of change of change (Fig. 09) (Fig. 09) 2105 current 2105 current rate changerate rate changerate 2105of current 2105of current with additionalwith additional of change of change change due to change due to 2105level current 2105level current sea rise sea riseEROSION OF THE COAST (FUTURE) rate of change rate of change Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca withm additional withm additional 200 sand 200 sand change due to change due to dune dune buffer buffer sea level rise sea level rise 1909 coastline 1909 coastline 200 m sand 200 m sand 1955 1955 dune coastline buffer dune coastline buffer area of change area change coastline 1909 coastline 1909 of at current rate at current rate by 2105 2105 1955 coastline 1955 coastline by area of change area of change area of change at at current current rate rate at current rate plus additional plus additional by 2105 by 2105 change due to change due to arealevel of change arealevel of change sea rise sea rise at current at current by 2105 rate by 2105 rate plus additional plus additional change due to change due to sea level rise sea level rise by 2105 by 2105

EDIMENT TRANSPORT SEDIMENT PATHWAYS TRANSPORT PATHWAYS

age altered by D. Fusca,image M. De Vincentiis altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS EDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS

by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis age altered by D. Fusca,image M. De altered Vincentiis

(Fig. 10)

(Fig. 11)

(Fig. 09)

(Fig. 11)

generalised generalised movement movement (Fig. (Fig.of11) bed drifters of11) bed drifters SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS direction of direction of generalised generalised Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca long-shore long-shore movement movement sediment drift sediment drift of bed drifters of bed drifters Tides play an important morphodynamic role by shidirection of direction of fting the operational zone of waves up and down the long-shore long-shore beach profile, and thus determining the position and drift sediment drift sediment duration of different wave processes.

marine pathway marine pathway (Fig.wave 10) erosion (Fig.wave 10) erosion pathway pathway marine pathway marine pathway training wall training wall wave erosion wave erosion pathway pathway training wall training wall

Tides play an important Tides play morphodynamic an important morphodynamic role by shifting role by shifting the operational zone the operational of waves upzone and of down waves theup beach and down the beach profile, and thus profile, determining and thus the determining position andthe duration position and duration of different wave of processes. different wave processes. Tides play an important morphodynamic Tides play an important morphodynamic role by shifting role by shifting the operational waves and down the beach the operational zone of waves upzone and of down theup beach In essence, In essence, and fall the the rise tides andduring falland of the tidal tides during tidal profile, andof thus determining position andthe duration profile, andthe thusrise determining position duration cycle causeswave temporal cycle causes changes temporal in the cross-shore changes intransthe cross-shore transofprocesses. different wave processes. of different port direction at port any location directionon atthe anyintertidal location on profile, the intertidal profile, which becomes more which becomes more as tidal pronounced as tidal range In essence, the rise and fallrange of theincreastides during theincreastidal In essence, the rise andpronounced fall of the tides during tidal es. es. cycle causes temporal changes intransthe cross-shore transcycle causes temporal changes in the cross-shore Furthermore, induce spring aany large tides spatial induce variation a large spatialprofile, variation port direction atthe location on the intertidal port directionspring at Furthermore, anytides location on intertidal profile, in water levels and in water reduce levels residence and reduce times for residence distinct for distinct which becomes more pronounced astimes tidal range increaswhich becomes more pronounced as tidal range increasprocesses, whilstprocesses, neap tideswhilst narrow neap the tides intertidal narrow area the intertidal area es. es. and increase the and timetides increase for processes the totides operate forspatial processes atvariation one to operate one Furthermore, spring induce a large spatialatvariation Furthermore, spring induce atime large location location in water and reduce residence in water levels and reducelevels residence times for distincttimes for distinct neap narrow the intertidal area processes, whilstprocesses, neap tideswhilst narrow thetides intertidal area the time for processes and increase theand timeincrease for processes to operate at oneto operate at one location location

In essence, the rise and fall of the tides during the tidal cycle causes temporal changes in the cross-shore transport direction at any location on the intertidal profile, which becomes more pronounced as tidal range increases. Furthermore, spring tides induce a large spatial variation in water levels and reduce residence times for distinct processes, whilst neap tides narrow the intertidal area and increase the time for processes to operate at one location

OLD MAP OF FORMBY Figure 12 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

TH OF THE CITY GROWTH OF THE CITY

red by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis image altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

TH OF THE CITY GROWTH OF THE CITY

image altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis red by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

GROWTH OF THE CITY

image altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

(Fig. 13)

(Fig. 14)

(Fig. 13) 2025

(Fig. 13) 2025 (Fig. 13) 2025

(Fig. 14) 2025 2035 2025

(Fig. 14) 2025 (Fig. 14) 2035 2025

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2035

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2035

(Fig. 15)

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(Fig. 15) 2025

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2035 2025 2045 2035 2045

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2055 2045

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2055

GROWTH OF THE CITY

Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

(Fig. 13): Actual situation

2045 2035 2025 (Fig. 14): Areas2045 at imminent risk of development and developer 2055 2035 may have an option to buy 2055 2045 (Fig. 15): 2055 Areas which have been classified as having good potential and have the same 4a assesment grade as land already under imminent threath of development. (Fig. 16): How Formby and surrounding areas might lookin 20 years time if most at risk land was given planing permission. (Fig. 17): How Formby and surrounding areas might lookin 60 years time if all current Assestment areas as not excluded from development were given planning permission.

(Fig. 17)

(Fig. 17) 2025

(Fig. 17) 2025 (Fig. 17) 2035 2025

2035 2025 2045 2035 2055 2045 2065 2055 2065

2045 2035 2025 2055 2045 2035 2065 2055 2045 2065 2055 2065

(Fig. 01): (Fig. 01): Actual situation. Actual situation. (Fig. 01): (Fig. 01): Actual situation. Actual situation. (Fig. 02): (Fig. (Fig. 02): 01): Areas at imminent risk Areas of development at imminent and risk developer of development may have and developer an may have an Actual situation. (Fig. 02): (Fig. 02): option to buy. option to buy. Areas at imminent and risk developer of development and developer may have an Areas at imminent risk of development may have an (Fig. 02): option to buy. option to buy. (Fig. 03): (Fig. 03): Areas at imminent risk of development and developer may have an Areas which have been Areas classified which have having beengood classified potential as having and have good potential and have option to buy.as (Fig. 03): (Fig. 03): the same 4a assesment the same grade4aasassesment land already grade under as land imminent already under imminent Areas which as have beengood classified as having good potential and have Areas which have been classified having potential and have (Fig. 03): threath of development. threath of development. the same grade as land already under imminent the same 4a assesment grade4aasassesment land already under imminent Areas which have been classified as having good potential and have threath of development. threath of development. the (Fig. 04): (Fig.same 04): 4a assesment grade as land already under imminent threath of development. How Formby and surrounding How Formby areas andmight surrounding lookin 20 areas years might timelookin if 20 years time if (Fig. 04): (Fig. 04): moﬆ at risk land wasmoﬆ givenatplaning risk land permission. was given planing permission. How Formby andmight surrounding areas might 20 years time if How Formby and surrounding areas lookin 20 years timelookin if (Fig. 04): risk land was given planing permission. moﬆ at risk land wasmoﬆ givenatplaning permission. How 05): Formby and surrounding areas might lookin 20 years time if (Fig. 05): (Fig. moﬆ at risk land was given permission. How Formby and surrounding How Formby areas and might surrounding lookinplaning 60areas years might time iflookin all 60 years time if all (Fig. 05): (Fig. 05): current Asseﬆment areas current asAsseﬆment not excluded areas fromasdevelopment not excludedwere from development were How Formby and surrounding How Formby and surrounding areas might lookin 60areas yearsmight time iflookin all 60 years time if all (Fig. given planning permission. given05): planning permission. current areas not excludedwere from development were current Asseﬆment areas asAsseﬆment not excluded fromasdevelopment How Formby and surrounding areas might lookin 60 years time if all given planning permission. given planning permission. current Asseﬆment areas as not excluded from development were given planning permission.

RIVER ALT FLOODING

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(Fig. 19)

(Fig. 18)

+1 m

+3 m

RIVER ALT FLOODING

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(Fig. 20) (Fig. 19) +1 m (Fig.+1 18)m +3 m +3 m +5 m m +1

The Alt Crossens catchment has a history of flooding by past flood events. The main sources of risk are fluvial surface water, sewer flooding and from canals. The Alt catchment, being adjacent to the National Trust: 12,500 more coastal properties at risk Sefton coastline, is also at risk of coastal from flooding and erosion flooding. As a result of climate change, we estimate Twelve and a half thousand new homes and businesses that by 2100 approximately 405 properties face being swept into the sea because builders are ignowill be at risk of fluvial flooding alone. ring planning guidance not to locate them in vulnerable coastal areas in favour of sea views, The National We estimate 300 properties in the catchTrust has warned. ment have a chance of flooding in any one year from rivers. The conservation charity said it cou ld no longer ‘hold There are 28,000 hectares of agricultural the line’ and prevent rising sea levels destroying properland in the Alt catchment, much of which is ties and parts of England’s coast. high grade, 2,100 hectares are at risk of Over the past 10 years the numbers of houses and shops flooding. at risk from coastal erosion and sea flooding in England has risen 10 per cent from 117,000 to 129,500. NOV 12, 2015

The Alt Crossens catchment has a history of flooding by past flood events. The main sources of risk are fluvial surface water, sewer flooding and from canals. The Alt catchment, being adjacent to the Sefton coastline, is also at risk of coastal flooding. As a result of climate change, we estimate that by 2100 approximately 405 properties will be at risk of fluvial flooding alone. We estimate 300 properties in the catchment have a chance of flooding in any one year from rivers. There are 28,000 hectares of agricultural land in the Alt catchment, much of which is high grade, 2,100 hectares are at risk of flooding.

(Fig. 20) +1 m +3 m +5 m

The Alt Crossens catchment has a history of flooding by past flood events. The main sources of risk are fluvial surface water, sewer flooding and from canals. The Alt catchment, being adjacent to the Sefton coastline, is also at risk of coastal flooding. As a result of climate change, we estimate that by 2100 approximately 405 properties will be at risk of fluvial flooding alone. We estimate 300 properties in the catchment have a chance of flooding in any one year from rivers. There are 28,000 hectares of agricultural land in the Alt catchment, much of which is high grade, 2,100 hectares are at risk of flooding.

(Fig. 19)

RIVER ALT FLOODING Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

+1 m

The Alt Crossens catchment has +3 m a history of flooding by past flood events. The main sources of risk are fluvial surface water, sewer flooding and from canals. The Alt catchment, being adjacent to the Sefton coastline, is also at risk of coastal flooding. As a result of climate change, we estimate that by 2100 approximately 405 properties will be at risk of fluvial flooding alone. We estimate 300 properties in the catchment have a chance of flooding in any one year from rivers. There are 28,000 hectares of agricultural land in the Alt catchment, much of which is high grade, 2,100 hectares are at risk of flooding.

CARTO

GRAPHIES 02

Through the use of the above analysis, we tried to represent graphically crucial dynamics involving the city of formby, that will be the main critical issues that led to our project proposal

GEOMORPHOLOGY M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

COASTAL TRANSPORT

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(Fig. 20)

COASTAL TRANSPORT

image altered by D. Fusca, M. De Vincentiis

pebble prevaling flows (Fig. 20)

THREE

-eroded from cliffs -transported by longshore drift along the coastline -brought inland from offshore by constructive waves -carried to the coastline by rivers

M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

There are various sources of the material in the sea. The material has been:

Waves can approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of the prevailing flows. The swash of the waves carries material up the beach at an

movement ofangle.material The backwash then flows back to the sea in a straight line at 90째. This

from cliffs movement of material is called-eroded transportation. Continual swash and backwash transports material sideways along the -transported by and longshore drift along the coastline pebble coast. This movement of material is called longshore drift occurs in a zigzag. -brought inland from offshore by constructive waves prevaling flows -carried to the coastline by rivers

TWO

THREE

Waves can approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of the prevailing flows. The swash of the waves carries material up the beach at an angle. The backwash then flows back to the sea in a straight line at 90째. This movement of material is called transportation. Continual swash and backwash transports material sideways along the coast. This movement of material is called longshore drift and occurs in a zigzag.

ONE

TWO

COASTAL TRANSPORT

There are various sources of the material in the sea. The material has been:

movement of material

TWO THREE

There are various sources of the material in the sea. The material has been: -eroded from cliffs -transported by longshore drift along the coastline -brought inland from offshore by constructive waves -carried to the coastline by rivers Waves can approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of the prevailing flows. The swash of the waves carries material up the beach at an angle. The backwash then flows back to the sea in a straight line at 90째. This movement of material is called transportation. Continual swash and backwash transports material sideways along the coast. This movement of material is called longshore drift and occurs in a zigzag.

ONE

ONE (Fig. 21)

TWO

sea flow river flow

THREE

flooding (brackish water)

(Fig. 21) sea flow river flow

BRACKISH WATER

flooding (brackish water)

M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

CRITICAL DYNAMICS M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

Erosion Erosion

City City growth growth

sedimet sedimet movement movement 2025 2025 2045 2045 2065 2065 flow flow

Erosion sedimet movement 2025 2045 2065 flow

City growth 2015 2025 2045 2065

Flooding river low risk (+5.00 m) high risk (+2.00 m)

2015 2015 2025 2025 2045 2045 2065 2065

Flooding Flooding

river river low risk(+5.00 (+5.00 low risk m high risk (+2.00 high risk (+2.00 m

Sea depth (-1 m) (-2 m) (-3 m) (-4 m) more than (-4 m)

TECHNI QUES CATALOGUE

Focusing on the relationship between the future development of the city and the risk of flooding of the River Alt, a plan was devised whereby, with the succession of four extensions of the river basin, helped by their systems of terracing, trying to avoid this risk. The space created will be used to host systems of extensive fish farming which, in addition to creating local micro-economies, allows to clean the river water contaminants still present. This system follows four basic rules, pollution, urbanization, agriculture and flooding, development in different contexts. The entire breeding provides a lightweight floating materials consisting of inexpensive, easily available on the market.

class class class 222

2015 2015 2015

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class class class 444

2035 2035 2035

2015 2015 2015

class class class 33 3

2025 2025 2025 class class class 444

class class class 222

class class class 444

class class class 222

class class class 33 3

class class class 33 3 LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA

class class class 222 class class class 222

class class class 33 3

2035 2035 2035

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class class class 444

class class class 222

class class class 33 3

class class class 222

class class class 222 class class class 222

class class class 33 3

class class class 222 class class class 222

river river river flooded flooded flooded area area area city city city

class class class 444

river river river class class class

class class class 33 3

class class class 222

class class class 33 3 small small small cage cage cage medium medium medium cage cage cage

LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA

class class class 222

large large large cage cage cage secondary secondary secondary sector sector sector growth growth growth ofofthe ofthe the city city city

class class class 222

Class Class 4 4- 4-Rivers -Rivers Rivers are are are badly badly badly polluted. polluted. polluted. river river riverClass Some Some Some small small small animals animals animals like like like flooded flooded flooded area area areabloodworm bloodworm bloodworm can can can live live live ininthem, inthem, them, but but but nonono fish. fish. fish. city city city river river river class class class Class Class Class 3 3- 3Rivers - Rivers - Rivers are are are ofofpoor ofpoor poor quality. quality. quality. small small small cage cage cage They They They are are are too too too polluted polluted polluted totohave tohave have any any large large large fish fish fish populations populations populations medium medium medium cage cage cageany but but but plenty plenty plenty ofofsmall ofsmall small animals animals animals large large large cage cage cage can can can live live live ininthem. inthem. them. secondary secondary secondary sector sector sector Class Class 2the 2-city 2-Rivers -Rivers Rivers are are are ofoffair offair fair quality. quality. quality. growth growth growth ofClass ofthe ofthe city city The The The water water water can can can bebeused beused used for for for drinking drinking but but but needs needs needs Class Class Class 4 4- 4-Rivers -Rivers Rivers are are are badly badly badly polluted. polluted. polluted.drinking treatment. treatment. treatment. Some Some Some small small small animals animals animals like like like bloodworm bloodworm bloodworm can can live live live ininthem, inthem, them, class class class 222can but but but nonono fish. fish. fish.

2045 2045 2045

Class Class Class 3 3- 3Rivers - Rivers - Rivers are are are ofofpoor ofpoor poor quality. quality. quality. They They They are are are too too too polluted polluted polluted totohave tohave have any any any large large large fish fish fish populations populations populations but but but plenty plenty plenty ofofsmall ofsmall small animals animals animals can can can live live live ininthem. inthem. them.

class class class 222

2055 2055 2055

Class Class Class 2 2- 2-Rivers -Rivers Rivers are are are ofoffair offair fair quality. quality. quality. The The The water water water can can can bebeused beused used for for for drinking drinking drinking but but but needs needs needs class class class 22treatment. 2treatment. treatment.

class class class 222

2065 2065 2065

class class class 222

class class class 222 class class class 222

class class class 222

secondary secondary sector sector secondary sector growth growth ofofof the the city city growth the city

LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA

class class class222

Class 44-4-Rivers are are badly badly polluted. polluted. Class -Rivers Rivers are badly polluted. river river river Class Some Some small small animals animals like like Some small animals like flooded flooded area area flooded area bloodworm bloodworm can can live live inin them, them, bloodworm can live in them, but but no no fish. fish. but no fish. city city city river river class class river class Class Class 33-3-Rivers are are ofofof poor poor quality. quality. Class -Rivers Rivers are poor quality. small small cage cage small cage They They are are too too polluted polluted tototo have have They are too polluted have any large large fish fish populations populations any large fish populations medium medium cage cage medium cage any but but plenty plenty ofofof small small animals animals but plenty small animals large large cage cage large cage can can live live inin them. them. can live in them. secondary secondary sector sector secondary sector Class 2city 2-2city -city Rivers are are ofofof fair fair quality. quality. growth growth ofClass of the the Class -Rivers Rivers are fair quality. growth of the The The water water can can be be used used for for The water can be used for drinking drinkingbut butneeds needs Class Class 44-4-Rivers are are badly badly polluted. polluted. Class -Rivers Rivers are badly polluted. drinking but needs treatment. treatment. treatment. Some Some small small animals animals like like Some small animals like bloodworm bloodworm can live live inin them, them, bloodworm can live in them, class class class222 can but but no no fish. fish. but no fish.

2045 2045 2045

Class Class 33-3-Rivers are are ofofof poor poor quality. quality. Class -Rivers Rivers are poor quality. They They are are too too polluted polluted tototo have have They are too polluted have any any large large fish fish populations populations any large fish populations but but plenty plenty ofofof small small animals animals but plenty small animals can can live live inin them. them. can live in them.

class class class222

2055 2055 2055

2065 2065 2065

Class Class 22-2- -Rivers Rivers are are ofofof fair fair quality. quality. Class Rivers are fair quality. The The water water can can be be used used for for The water can be used for drinking drinking but but needs needs drinking but needs class class treatment. class222treatment. treatment.

class class class222

2045 2045 2045

class class class222 class class class222

class class class222

2055 2055 2055 class class class333

class class class222 class class class222

class class class222

2065 2065 2065

2025

class class class333

class class class333 class class class222

class class class222

class class class222 class class class222 class class class222

class class class222

class 3

class class 222 class class class class class222

class class class222

class 4

class class class333 class 3

class class class222

cla

class class class222

class 3

class 3 class 2

class 4

class class class222

LEGENDA class 3

class 2

class class class222

class 2

class class 22 class2river flooded area

class 4

class 4 class 3

city river class

class 3 small cage EVOLUTION DIAGRAM medium cage M.De Vincentiis, D. Fuscalarge cage

LEGENDA

class 2

river flooded area city river class small cage medium cage large cage secondary sector growth of the city Class 4 - Rivers are badly polluted. Some small animals like bloodworm canclass live in2them, but no fish.

class class class222

2025

class class class333 class class class222

class class 2class class222

class 2

class 4

2015

class class class333

class class class222

class 2

2015

class class class222

2045

Class 3 - Rivers are of poor quality. They are too polluted to have any large fish populations but plenty of small animals can live in them.

secondary sector

CLASS OF THE RIVER growth of the city class 2 Class 4 - Rivers are badly polluted. Some small animals like bloodworm can live in them, but no fish. Class 3 - Rivers are of poor quality. They are too polluted to have any large fish populations but plenty of small animals can live in them. Class 2 - Rivers are of fair quality. The water can be used for drinking but needs treatment.

2055

ABSTRACT MASTERPLAN M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

ACTUAL BACKGROUND

RAISE EMBANKMENT

LAND TRANSFORMATION M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

EXTEND BASIN

FISH FARMING

P POLLUTION P+U+A

U URBANISM

A AGRICULTURE P+A+F

F FLOODING U+A+F

P+U

P+A

U+A

U+F

A+F

CATALOGUE M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

P+F

Floating barrell Steel grid PVC Beam Fish farming net

CAGE SECTION M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

DESIGN

TOOLS 04

With land obtained from the excavation for the expansion of the river basin, will create the new barriers terraced host systems for retaining water, useful to irrigate crops, depending on the level of the tide. They have been tried different geometries for the development of fish farming, each with different peculiar characteristics, and therefore adaptable to multiple contexts. It is expected that this system will grow in the years from a base of smaller cages, that will host molluscs, able to clean up the water to be able to accommodate large fish in the future, with increasingly large cages.

LAND TRANSFORMATION by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

TIDAL CYCLE 1 M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

1 meter minimum level of water full of fishes excrete with ammonia

TIDAL CYCLE 2 M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

Microbacter in water transform ammonia in nitrates. With the rise of the tide the terracing system been flooded

TIDAL CYCLE 3 Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

The tide goes and a catchment system hold the water full of nitrates, a good feriilizer to pond plants

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m low tide

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high (low risk) 3 5m 2 4m normal level 31 m (high risk) 0 2m normal level 1 m (low risk) 0 5m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

high tide low tide

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m (low risk) 05 m (low risk) 4 5m (high risk) 4 3m (high risk) 2 3m normal level 21 m normal level 01 m (low risk) 0 5m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

low tide

low tide high tide

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m (low risk) 2 5m normal level 41 m (high risk) 0 3m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

20 m

50 m

20 m

50 m

20 m

50 m

20 m

50 m

low tide low tide high tide

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m (low risk) normal level 51 m m 4m 0 m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m

low tide high tide

(low risk) 5 m 4m (high risk) 3 m 2m normal level 1 m 0m low tide

CHIESA SAN CARLINO 4 FONTANE ,ROME F.Borromini

LEGENDA

boardwalk pond plants field building river boardwalk

LEGENDA

boardwalk pond plants LEGENDA field building boardwalk river boardwalk pond plants field small cage building nursery river boardwalk medium cage small cage

LEGE

small cage

LEGENDA

nursery

board pond field build river

medium cage big cage

smal

LEGENDA

nursery big cage2025 boardwalk medium cage pond plants field LEGENDA building big cage pollution river boardwalk boardwalk small cage pond plants field nursery pollution building medium cage river boardwalk small cage big cage nursery

clean

medium cage clean pollution big cage

SHAPE OF THE CAGES

2045

M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

pollution clean

clean

2065

LEGE

pollution

medi

big ca

LEGE

clean

SOCCER BALL LEGENDA

LEGENDA LEGENDA

GOLDEN RECTANGLE LEGENDA LEGENDA

LEGENDA

CIRCLE LEGENDA LEGENDA

LEGENDA

boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA pond plants pond plants pond plants pond plants boardwalk boardwalk LEGENDA boardwalkLEGENDA boardwalk LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA ardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk pond plants pondsoccer plants pond plants pond plants field field field field ball nd plants pond plants pond plants pond plants boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk field field field field building building building building soccer ball walk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk pond plants pond plants pond plants pond plants boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk d field field field ball building building building building river boardwalk river soccer boardwalk river boardwalk ants pond plants pond plants pond plants small pond plants pondsoccer plants pond plants field field field fieldcage lding building building building ball riverLEGENDA boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk field soccer ball LEGENDA field LEGENDA LEGENDAfield LEGENDA field LEGENDAfield small cage small cage small cage small cage field building building building building soccer ball river boardwalk river boardwalk small cage medium cage ger boardwalk building building building LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA small cage small cage small cage building building building river boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk small cage all cage cage cage medium cage nursery medium cage medium cage boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk oardwalk riversmall boardwalk riversmall boardwalk smallmedium cage cage river boardwalk river boardwalk cage cage nursery pondsmall medium medium plants pond plantscage pondsmall plants plants pond plants boardwalksmall cage pond plants boardwalksmall cage boardwalksmall cage pondsmall boardwalk age cage cage medium cage rsery medium cage medium cage medium cage field small cage field big cage big cage big cage pond plants pond soccer plants pond plants field small cage field field fieldmedium cage pond plants soccer ball ball medium cage nursery medium cage medium cage big cage big cage big cage field field field field buildingmedium cage building building building building building soccer ball ydium cage medium cage medium cage big cage big cage medium cage medium cage big cage LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA building building building building big cage walk river boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk small cage small cage medium cage big cage big cage big cage m cage river boardwalk big cage big cage big cage small big cage river boardwalk river boardwalk small cage cage cage cage smallbig cage cage small cage big cage boardwalk smallbig boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk cage LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA medium cage medium cage small cage small cage small cage pond plants LEGENDA pond plants pond plants LEGENDA pond plants big cage LEGENDA medium cage 2025 medium cage medium cage medium cage 2025 medium cage 2025 e field field field field soccer ball walk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk nursery medium cage medium cage pollution building pollution building pollution building pollution building boardwalk big cage boardwalk big cage boardwalk big cage ants pond plants pond plants pond plants ge big cage big cage big cage pollution pollution pollution pollution river boardwalk pond plants river boardwalk river boardwalk pond plants pond plants medium cage big cage big cage field field field small soccer ball big cage pollution pollution pollution pollution LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA cage field field field soccer ball g building building building pollution pollution pollution pollution small cage small cage small cage pollution pollution pollution pollution medium cage building pollution building pollution building pollution small cage oardwalkbig cage boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk nursery medium cage medium cage river boardwalk river boardwalk pond plants pond plants pond plants pond plants small cage age small cage small cage LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA medium cage field field field field small cage small cage soccer ball medium cage big cage big cage big cage medium cage y cage medium cage building building building building LEGENDA LEGENDA LEGENDA clean pollution medium clean clean clean llution pollution pollution pollution pollution pollution walk boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk medium cage medium cage river boardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk clean clean clean clean small cage pond plants pond plants pond plants pollution pollution pollution pollution mants cage big cage big cage big cage big cage clean clean clean clean boardwalk boardwalk boardwalk small cage small cage small cage field field field soccer ball big cage big cage big cage clean cleanplants clean clean pond pond plants pond plants medium cage clean clean clean clean g building building building clean soccer ball clean clean e field field field nursery medium cage medium cage oardwalk river boardwalk river boardwalk small cage building building building age medium cage big cage pollution river boardwalk small cage big cage pollution pollution river boardwalk small cage pollution big cage small cage medium cage clean clean clean clean clean small cage small cage y medium cage clean medium cage clean big cage clean pollution pollution pollution pollution clean clean medium cage clean medium cage medium cage pollution big cage pollution pollution m cage big cage big cage big cage

2045

pollution clean

pollution

clean pollution

2045

big cage

clean

pollution

pollution clean

clean

pollution

clean

2065

clean pollution

clean

pollution

clean

pollution

clean pollution

pollution

clean

2045

big cage

clean

clean clean

2065

2015

2025

pollution pollution

pollution

pollution pollution

pollution

water waterspeed speed

2045

2035

pollution

water speed

clean clean

GROWING DIAGRAM M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

pollutionpollution clean

pollutionpollution

water speed

2055

2065

water speed water speed

5 m - (40 m2)

10 m - (80 m2)

SMALL CAGE

MEDIUM CAGE

LARGE CAGE

5 m - (40 m2)

20 m - (320 m2)

10 m - (160 m2)

AGRICULTURE PLANTS (fresh water)

seaweed

shrimp

salmon

tomato

eelgrass

mussel

prawn

carp

carrot

barley

oyster

sole

courgette

beetroot

clam

catfish

lattuce

DIMENSIONS M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

20 m - (320 m2)

10 m - (160 m2)

E CAGE

AGRICULTURE PLANTS (fresh water)

5 m - (40 m2) POND PLANTS (brackish water)

salmon

tomato

eelgrass

carp

carrot

barley

sole

courgette

beetroot

catfish

POND PLANTS (brackish wa

lattuce

ON-SITE

STRAT EGIES 05

To increase the water flow of the river have been chosen four strategic sites that relate to the surrounding different environments . The system of fish farming hosted by each of the four sites grows starting from the side converging toward the center but with a different development along the river. Furthermore it has been estimated the amount of excavated earth and that required for the new barriers

C’

D’

B’

A’

MASTERPLAN FOUR SITES M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

fish farming imported clay compacted top soil and seeded pond plants field backfill

SECTION A-A’

LEGENDA SECTION fish farming imported clay compacted top soil and seeded pond plants field backfill

SECTION A-A’

LEGENDA SECTION fish farming imported clay compacted top soil and seeded pond plants field backfill 6m (low risk) 5 m 4m 3m (high risk) 2 m normal level 1 m SECTION A-A’ 0m

LEGENDA SECTION

25 m

fish farming imported clay compacted 10 m 20 m top soil and seeded pond plants

1m 5m

20 m

50 m

1m 5m

20 m

50 m

1m 5m

20 m

50 m

field backfill PLAN

6m (low risk) 5 m 4m 3 m SECTION A-A’ (high risk) 2 m normal level 1 m LEGENDA PLAN 0m small cages medium cages big cages boardwalk pond plants field

25 m

building

10 m

20 m

2025

6m (low risk) 5 m 4 m PLAN 3m (high risk) 2 m normal level 1 m 0m LEGENDA PLAN small cages medium cages big cages

25 m

boardwalk pond plants

10 m

20 m

field building

A’

6m 2025 (low risk) 5 m PLAN 4m 3m (high risk) 2 m 2045 normal level 1 m 0m

LEGENDA PLAN

1m 5m

small cages

20 m

50 m

medium cages big cages boardwalk pond plants

25 m

field

10 m

20 m

building

A’

A 2025

PLAN

2045

LEGENDA PLAN

section B-B’ growth

excavation

growth

backfill

2.308 m3

section D-D’

growth

11.115 m3

section D-D’

excavation

7.528 m3 excavation 8.466 m3 backfill

backfill growth

7.528 m3 8.466 m3

section A-A’ excavation 19.600 m3

growth

backfill

0 m3

section A-A’

excavation 19.600 m3 growth

backfill

growth

0 m3

section A-A’ excavation 19.600 m3

section C-C’ backfill excavation

original basin (20 m)

backfill

0m section C-C’ 3

9.982 m3 excavation 9.982 m3 17.063 m3 backfill 17.063 m3

original basin (20 m)

original basin (20 m) growth growth

section B-B’ excavation

growth

backfill

section D-D’

growth

excavation backfill

section B-B’

11.115 m3 excavation 11.115 m3 2.308 m3 backfill 2.308 m3 7.528 m3 8.466 m3

section D-D’ excavation backfill

7.528 8.466

growth growth

growth

section A-A’ growth

section A-A’

excavation 19.600 m3 excavation 19.600 m3 backfill 0 m3 section C-C’ backfill 0 m3 excavation 9.982 m3 backfill

17.063 m3

section C-C’

excavation backfill

9.982

17.063 m

original basin (20 m) growth

original basin (20 m)

growth

section B-B’ excavation backfill

11.115 m3 2.308 m3

section B-B’ excavation

growth

backfill

section D-D’ excavation backfill growth

growth

48 section A-A’

7.528 m3 8.466 m3

11.115

2.308 m

SITE 1

SITE 2

SITE 3

SITE 4

SITE 1

SITE 2

SITE 3

SITE 4

SITE 2

AGGREGATION DIAGRAM Images altered by M.De Vincentiis, D. Fusca

SITE 3

SITE 4

SITE 3

SITE 4

PHYSICAL

MODEL 06

With this model we want to show the development of the sections of the river and the relative growth of the farmingcommercial and residential district.

NATURAL SITE M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 1 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 2 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 3 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

NATURAL SITE M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 1 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 2 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

STEP 3 M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

SIMULATION

Through the use of simulation software â&#x20AC;&#x153;caesarâ&#x20AC;? it was possible to pinpoint the location of four excavation sites, located at strategic points to prevent the risk of flooding of the river at high tide. The diagrams show the difference between the current state and the next to the four interventions.

SIMULATION, ACTUAL BACKGROUND images alteres by M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

SIMULATION, FUTURE BACKGROUND images alteres by M.De Vincentiis, D.Fusca

SMALL SCALE 08

The study site is the closest to the city of Formby so it was decided to design, along with fish farming, many functions in the service of citizens. In the first stage, to try to connect the city with the river, cross the obstacle of terraces, a cut is made, an excavation, a tunnel that allows, through the fish market and the various deposits of fish farming, to connect the workers with people who are visiting the site. In the second phase, the excavation of some of the terraces, has been used for the realization of an open kitchen, bathrooms and storage space for the kitchen. In addition, the part of the terrace behind the kitchen can be used as apromenade across the river, as well as resting. Next to this new space is built a ramp connecting the lower level of the terrace with the highest level, which, with another ramp , you can reach the large park planned beside the main road, a filter space between the new terracing and the city. In the third and final phase, the guest can have available a building that literally stand over the fish farming. The shape, deliberately to â&#x20AC;&#x153;telescopeâ&#x20AC;?, allows a wide glass area towards the river. With entrances from the park side, and on the highest level of the terraces, you enter the large structure where there is a bar, a space for entertainment and a large restaurant overlooking the river. In addition, the opportunity to reach the roof of the building with a large side ramp, you can enjoy a breathtaking view from the highest point of the project.

RENZO PIANO BUILDING WORKSHOP, GENOVA Figure 21,22

QUILOTOA CRATER OVERLOOK , ECUADOR Figures 23,24

OPERA HOUSE , OSLO Figures 25,26

THE BIG U , MANHATTAN Figures 27,28

PLAN 1 : 1000 M.De Vincentiis

A‘

PLAN 1 : 300, PHASE 1 M.De Vincentiis

Storage

Fish Market

Car Park

SECTION A - Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; M.De Vincentiis

AXONOMETRIC VIEW M.De Vincentiis

B’

PLAN 1 : 300, PHASE 2 M.De Vincentiis

Ramp Promenade

Kitchen

Park

Kitchen Storage

SECTION B - Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; M.De Vincentiis

AXONOMETRIC VIEW M.De Vincentiis

C‘

C PLAN 1 : 300, PHASE 3 M.De Vincentiis

Ramp for Roof Restaurant

Bar

Ramp WC

Main Entrance

SECTION C - Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122; M.De Vincentiis

AXONOMETRIC VIEW M.De Vincentiis

CRITICAL

APPR OACH 09 78

Many topics were covered during our research for this design study. Since coastal erosion problem in England, we studied more depth the city of Formby. In particular, our interest is focused on the contrast between the current flooding of the river Alt and future residential expansion because, although there are different plans and ideas for the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth, little or nothing has yet been designed to avoid possible future issues related to the river. So, with our project we tried to give an answer to the community of Formby, controlling and preserving the space for the natural flow of the river, even in times of high tide, and at the same time meeting the needs of residential and commercial. To prevent the flooding of the river at critical points, we decided to extend the river basin in four sites so, why not have this space created as an opportunity for new fish farms? It could be an answer to strengthen the commercial sector. Moreover, we believe in the sustainability of the project thanks to the solutions adopted to clean up the water pollution, that is, instead of adopting invasive techniques (pumping stations, treatment plants) was expected to clean up the water with the wildlife. Therefore, with a timely intervention, we think we are able to solve a complicated issue, and taking different geometries, could export this model in different situations and contexts.

FIGURE LIST

LINKOGRAPHY

Figure 1 - Jason Treat, Matthew Twomboly, Web Barr, MAggie Smith. NGM Staff. “If ice melted map”. September 2013 http://ngm.nationalgeographic. com/2013/09/rising-seas/if-ice-melted-map

https://research.ncl.ac.uk/floodmemory/workpackages/ wp2coas

Figure 2 - Phil Dyke “Shifting shores” 2014 Ordnance Survey Data Figure 3 to 7 - Liverpool Hope University “Dune Growth and Erosion” http://www.sandsoftime.hope. ac.uk/change/growth.html Figure 8 - Taken from Lymbery et al, 2007 Aerial Photography 2006 Formby Point. © Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Sefton Council Licence number 100018192 2010 Figure 9 - Graham Lymbery, ‘‘Crosby to Formby Point Strategy Study Consultation 2007’’, Sefton Council Figures 10,11 - A. T. Worsley, G. Lymbery, V. J. C. Holden and M. Newton, “Sefton’s Dynamic Coast”. 2008 Figure 12 - http://www.fragoff.co.uk/FormbyHistory. html Figure 13 to 17 - http://www.fragoff.co.uk Figures 18,19,20 - http://flood.firetree.net/ Figures 21,22 - Renzo Piano Building Workshop https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/421368108858524676/

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/aquaculture/publications/species-freshwater/site-selection-and-design

http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/politics-policy-people/geography/coastal-mapping-liverpooltalsystems/

http://faada.org/causas-en-11-piscifactorias

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/ coasts/coastal_processes_rev4.shtml

http://www.catchmentbasedapproach.org/

http://www.coastaladaptation.eu/index.php/en/9-experiences-3/sefton/74-sefton-climate-change-drivers-and-coastal-management http://www.yr.no/kart/#lat=52.67204&lon=-6.234&zoom=5&laga=straum&proj=3575 http://www.kidsafeseafood.org/fishing-method/ http://www.farms.com/farming/fish-farms.aspx http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/aquaculture/aquaculture_methods/index_en.htm http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view. php?id=266 http://www4.ncsu.edu/~ceknowle/Envisions/chapter12copy/part2.html http://www.fao.org/docrep/t8598e/t8598e05.htm

Figures 23,24 - “Quilotoa Crafter Overlook” https:// www.toposmagazine.com/quilotoa-crater-overlook/

http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-8a/

Figures 25,26 - Snohetta “Oslo Opera House” http:// www.archdaily.com/440/oslo-opera-house-snohetta

http://www.teatronaturale.it/strettamente-tecnico/ bio-e-natura/787-uso-irriguo-delle-acque-salmastre. htm

Figures 27,28 - Battery park, Manhattan, Studio Big. Rebuild by design competition

http://www.slideshare.net/Pilarczyk/02-coastal-stabilization-and-alternative-solutions

https://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/files/c/e/4/D.52cf5f3491f0ee7f79b4/Estensiva_ed_Intensiva.pdf http://www.cibo360.it/alimentazione/cibi/pesce/pesce_ allevamento.htm

http://www.healthywaterwaystrust.org.uk

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency https://www.flickr.com/photos/46200806@N05/ sets/72157627515387306/ http://www.aquaticurbanism.com/smart-floating-farms/ http://m.ammoth.us/blog/2011/09/de-damming-thedutch-delta/ http://exitmodernity.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/ecological-modernity-4-6.html https://www.flickr.com/photos/46200806@N05/ sets/72157627515387306/ http://www.tomleader.com/studio/projects/project_details.php? id_cat=7&id_region=1&id_proj=34 http://watermaps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/ wiyby.aspx? layerGroups=default&lang=_e&topic=floodmap&scale=9&ep=map&y=405263 &x=329560#x=329560&y=405263&scale=9 http://www.archdaily.com/289545/2012-aim-competition-awards-announced