Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Qatar (VCUarts Qatar)

• General partnership – joint partners administer the affairs of the company, and trustee partners contribute to the company's capital. • Simple limited partnership – a local entity formed by two or more Qataris. • Limited partnership with shares – formed by joint partners, liable for the debts, or trustee partners, whose liability is limited to the share value. • Unincorporated joint venture – formed by two or more people pursuant to specific contractual arrangements. The unincorporated joint venture does not have a separate legal personality distinct from its partners. • Joint stock company (public or private) – the capital is divided into shares with a minimum of five shareholders. Permissible foreign share ownership depends on the type of company and is subject to Qatar Financial Markets Authority approval. • Holding company – incorporated as a joint stock or limited liability company. The holding company must hold at least 51% of the shares in each of the companies under its control.

Commercial Registration (CR)

Virtually all companies use a government liaison officer or facilitator to assist with establishment formalities. Under Qatar Commercial Registration Law No 25 of 2005, companies must be approved or registered by one or more of the following entities: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI); Qatar Chamber; Ministry of Municipality; Ministry of Interior; Importers' Register/ Contractors' Register; and QFC Authority (where appropriate). Visit moci.gov.qa for details. Amendments were made under Law No 20 of 2014 in order to expedite registration procedures, followed by Decisions 30 and 31 of 2019: • The MOCI must respond to the applicant's request for registration on the same day. • Reasons must be given for rejected applications.

The Minister must accept or reject an appeal of the Ministry's decision within 15 days. • Incorporated branches must be in the exact name of the principal company, and are not considered separate legal entities. • Amendments have also been made to penalties for those operating commercial premises without a CR, misusing the CR, and providing false/ wrong documents. • Renewal is now possible online, with the relevant fees, at gov.qa Export and Import

Exports According to the Planning and Statistics Authority (PSA), Qatar’s total exports (including exports of domestic goods and re-exports) in Q3 2021 amounted to QAR82.6 bn, for such things as mineral fuels, lubricants and chemicals, mainly to Asia. There are no duties on exports. Imports According to PSA, imports in Q3 2021 totalled QAR24.8 bn, for crude materials, manufactured goods, chemicals and related products and mineral fuels, from Asia and the EU. Import tariffs Importers of goods into Qatar must sign up to the Importers' Register and be approved by Qatar Chamber (QC). Customs duty and legalisation fees are levied on all commercial shipments, irrespective of its value. All goods imported into Qatar are subject to customs duties, based on a percentage value of goods (usually 5%), or on a 'per unit' basis. Effective from May 2021, incoming parcels and personal shipments with a cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value exceeding QAR1,000 is liable to 5% customs duties (previously QAR3,000). Customs duty tariffs fall under these categories: • Personal effects and household items, imports of charitable organisations and returned goods, diplomatic and military exemptions, merchandise for ‘free zones’ and duty-free shops – exempt.

Goods in transit may be accepted at designated stations without duty. • General cargo, eg clothing, perfumes, cars, electronic appliances and devices – 5%. • Steel – 20%. • Urea and ammonia – 30%. • Cigarettes, tobacco and its derivatives – 100% or QR1,000 per 10,000 cigarettes, whichever is higher. Law No 25 of 2018 on Excise Tax came into effect 1 January 2019. All businesses that import, produce or store/stockpile excise goods must comply with the requirements stipulated under the law. The following goods are subject to Excise Tax: • Tobacco products – 100% • Carbonated drinks (non-flavoured aerated water excluded) – 50% • Energy drinks – 100% • Special goods – 100% In accordance with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Customs Union, more than 800 goods are exempted from customs duties, alongside exemptions granted to certain bodies and persons under Customs Law No 40 of 2004. There are fees for the attestation of the Certificate of Origin (from QC) and a tariff for the attestation of the Commercial Invoice, based on shipment value.