The breath [ 0.7 ]

2013/14 Project Title

INTELLIGENT CONSTRUCTIONS

[DMIC] DIGITAL MATTER

MASTER IN ADVANCED ARCHITECTURE [Students]: Maria Laura Cerda Luis Leon Chung Kai, Hsieh

BARCELONA

Barcelona

MASTER IN ADVANCED ARCHITECTURE Breathing Material

Research Studio: [DMIC] Digital Matter- Intelligent Constructions

by: Maria Laura Cerda Luis Leon Chung Kai, Hsieh

Director: Areti Markopoulou Senior Assistant: Alexandre Dubor Assistant: Moritz Begle Theory Support Seminar: Dennis Dollens

In Collaboration with

4

INDEX 01 Thesis Project and Introduction 02 State of the Art 03 Thesis Project

03 | 1 Thesis Project Objectives 03 | 2 Material Research 03 | 3 Applications

03 .......

03 | 1 .......

03 | 2 ........

03 | 3 .......

.........

04 Conclusion 05 Tools 06 References/Resources

INTRODUCTION

The Breath 0.7 is a pilot project which is characterized by the development of a new system using an existing material, (the polyurethane foam), which by alterations in its dosage and its volume, according to their physical and chemical characteristics, change the density of the material, using it as a factor to deform in different Axis.

Such deformation is carried out cation of the foam core, through tion system that is connected to

by a modifian air extraceach element..

JANE MASTERS Scratchbook #2 2002.

OBJECTIVES General:

Deforming the material with a design based on the strength of an external input system that can return to its original shape once this force ends.

Specific: Check the different density of the polyurethane foam to provide several types of flexibilities.

Control the deformation of the polyurethane foam by suction air system, according to different patterns inside the material.

• Create a new smart material system which responds to urban and environmental needs.

• Propose a pilot project, with the technological adaptation that this system requires within the field of architecture.

Research.

• Produce a theoretical and conceptual demonstration.

• Achieve a target of aspects and concepts studied to carry out this scientific research in the field of smart materials on building analysis.

• Perform physical and chemical research of the material and sys-

Photos Credit: The Breath 0.7.

SCOPE:

The aim is: Give an approach for the development of a smart material system capable of responding to environmental, urban and architectural needs. Achieving Advanced documentation and experimental architecture. Performing a theoretical and conceptual analysis. Present a prototype able to react to different inputs in line with the established parameters.

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Photos Credit: The Breath 0.7.

11

Thesis Polyurethane Foam Is a porous material formed by an aggregation of bubbles.

Is basically formed by the chemical reaction of two com- pounds , a polyol and an isocyanate , although the formu- lation needs and supports multiple variants and additives . This reaction releases carbon dioxide gas to form bubbles. Although volatile liquids are also used for rigid foams and flexible foams of low density, flexible foam gas is normally carbon dioxide produced during the re- action of polyol, isocyanate , and other additives .

Basically , according to the manufacturing system can be divided types of polyurethane foams in two types : Warm foams: are foams that release heat during reacti- on , made of large pieces , designed to be cut later.

They are manufactured in a continuous process using a device called a skimmer, which basically is the union of several machines , of which the first is a blender, and blend that brings the different components of the mixture; the se- cond is a system of endless belts, dragging the foam du- ring its growth, limiting growth to give the desired sha- pe to the block ; and the final part of the cappuccino is a cutting device for cutting the block to the desired length. They are usually the cheapest, most are used and known by the public.

Cold foams : those who just release heat in the reaction, are used to create pieces from molds ; as fillers for other items ; as insulators , etc.

Manufactured by simple foaming , which consists of a mixing device .

Normally usually higher quality and duration foams hot , but its cost is significantly higher.

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Density Density is an important indicator of foam performance with regard to comfort, support and durability. It is also an indicator of the relative economics of the foam.

Foamdensityisnotweight.It‘sactuallyameasurementofmassperunitvolume.

Density is a function of the chemis- try used to produce the foam, of additives used to increase density, and of any additives used to improve the combus- tion resistance properties of the foam.

Flexible polyurethane foam is available in a broad range of densities, ranging from as low as 0.8 pcf to as high as 6 pcf. Most foam applications utilize foam in the 0.9 to 2.5 pcf density range.

Foam density is a function of the density of the virgin, or unfilled foam.

This is also called polymer density. If the foam contains no additives or fillers, the polymer density is the same as the overall foam density.

When additives or fil- lers are used in producing the foam, the foam density will be higher than the polymer density. Generally speaking, the higher the polymer density of the foam, the greater the cost of the foam.

However, this foam will generally also have better physical properties including support and dura- bility.

13

If there is a concern for foam performance, it is always important to determine whether the foam contains any type of additives so that the clearest understanding can be established as to whether the foam density and the polymer density are one and the same.

Obviously, al to

used

the to

provide

denser

produce support

it,

the the

for

foam,

more

weight.

or

material

High

the there

density

more is

foams

in

the

can

matericushion be

pro-

duced to be very soft. Low density foams can be made to be very firm.

Higher density foam helps prevent the feeling of having the foam collapse a

beneath

body

measurement

to

weight

in

determine

an the

end

use

foam‘s

application. ability

to

There provide

is

even

support.

This measurement, support factor, is determined by measuring the firmness (IFD) of the foam by compressing it 25 percent of its original height (e.g., a 4“ block of foam to 3“) and then measuring the firmness (IFD) when compressing the same foam sample 65 percent. The ratio of the 65 percent IFD divided by the 25 percent IFD is the foam‘s support factor. The better the support factor, the greater the ability of the foam to support weight. Foams with support factors of 2.0 or above are better suited for load bearing applications, like furniture seat cushions. Density also translates into foam durability.

Again,

the

more

polymer

material

used

to produce the foam, the better foam tends to retain its original properties.

14

Foams with support factors of 2.0 or above are better suited for load bearing applications, like furniture seat cushions. Density also translates into foam durability.

Again, foam,

the the

more better

polymer foam

tends

material to

used retain

to its

produce

original

the

properties.

15

The main purpose of our experimentation is trying to de- form the structure from the inside by adding or removing an item to control the deformation, if having an original struc- ture , after returning it to deform to its original position.

Based on this concept we

starts

analyzing different mate- rials, in which the

majority were in the family of polymers. Within which due to their characteristics

of

deformation we focus on polyurethane foams, acrylics and silicones.

To this place we lacked some element or some system that would cause this deformation in such materials; there- fore we choose our elements deform through magnetism, to do this we combine silicone and foam with iron parti- cles to load the elements magnetically, after several tri- als we make polymers magnetically positive, in solid state the combination of both materials ( iron powder and foam ) acted in the same way that a magnet.

The problem was that there were deformed and reacted according to our goal , in the case of polyurethane foam we deform and re- turn to its original state only when the material was still in a semi-liquid state, solid once the property was removed.

Basing on the different tests we did we note that polyurethane foam had some resistance to compression and when you com- bined with the iron powder the characteristics improved .

Based on that it began testing the reaction and behavior that had the polyurethane foam with different particles, in this case being our parent polyurethane foam , mixed with particles of iron , copper, cement and the combination of both metals, surprising results in which the improved foam characteristics relative to its resistance to compres- sion that depending

on

the

amount

of

particles

that

were

added

to

the

mix-

ing time, the more particles containing metal or foam cement becomes stronger, but there comes a point at which the saturation destroyed the internal mo- lecular structure of the foam causing this a bad behavior .

16

Based on that it began testing the reaction and behavior that had the polyurethane foam with different particles, in this case being our parent polyurethane foam , mixed with particles of iron , copper, cement and the combination of both metals, surprising results in which the improved foam characteristics relative to its resistance to compres- sion that depending on the amount of particles that were added to the mixing time, the more particles containing metal or foam cement becomes stronger, but there comes a point at which the saturation destroyed the internal mo- lecular structure of the foam causing this a bad behavior .

According to the different blends obtained we compared compressive stresses with deformation of the material, the results can be seen below. In the end the best results were given with the combination of iron and cement getting compres- sion stress according to strain or deformation.

Knowing that the polyurethane foam is a material with shape memory we proceeded to make our following tests deforming by manual methods over a period of time in or- der to lose the original form, then apply an external force or energy that returned to his original form, to achieve this we had to submit these items to a deformation peri- od near 10 hours , again the best results was the combina- tion of iron and cement foam because these elements our primary material not returned at the time to its original position , but by subjecting the elements to heat, about 70 째 degrees for a period of 20-25 min the items back to their original form, obtaining favorable results when placing for a time at certain temperatures foam after deforming .

Without reaching our goal , we rely on the idea of trying to distort our primary material with extraction air , as we saw earlier because the structure of the polyurethane foam has a very open internal structure creating spaces voids within which are filled with air from the outside, there- fore

the combination of air and the same porosi-

ty give the foam structure, there fore we decided to suck air into the foam and control the extraction to deform element in different ways and turn it back to the original form.

17

18

State of the Art

19

Pop Up Furniture.

The pop up furniture is one of the design innovation of our time that has the ability to return from a temporary shape to their original form through heat. This means that a designer can create an object from this foam, a chair for example, that can be easily milled from a solid block. Through heat, it is compressed into a cube 20 times smaller than the original form. Then, once at its destination, it can be expanded through heat again into its previous ‘programmed’ state.

“Shape shifting, or changing the configuration of an artefact, is the most challenging design, on all levels. The shape literally forms parameters and boundaries where designers and engineers work and define the visual language,” comments de Smet.

As our main concept is the deformation we analized teh carachterisctics in means of inputs and material reaction in order to produce our own deformation.

20

21

Kohei Nawa Foam Installation.

Japanese artist Kohei Nawa filled a dark room with billowing clouds of foam for this art exhibition in Aichi.

Kohei Nawa used a mixture of detergent, glycerin and water to create the bubbly forms of his installation, entitled Foam Described

by

the

artist

as

being

“like

the

landscape of a primordial planet”, the large cloudlike forms were pumped up from the floor in eight different locations, creating a scene that was constantly The

in

motion artist

inside

an

otherwise

black

room.

experimented with different quantities

of the three ingredients to create a foam stiff enough to hold a shape without being affected by gravity.

“Small cells bubble up ceaselessly with the slight oscillations of a liquid,” said Nawa, explaining the process. “The cells gather together, totally covering the liquid as they spontaneously form a foam, an organically structured conglomeration of cells.”

“The risen volumes of foam link together and reach saturation, but continue to swell, occasionally losing vitality and spreading out over the ground,” he added.

22

23

24

25

MATERIAL COMBINATION :

26

Acrylic Polymer + Iron Powder

The aim was to use a plastic material that could change shape, so we use the acrylic polymer that has high elastic properties. So we wanted to magnetize the material to see if we could merge these eleasticas iron powder particles, to try to use magnetic forces to deform.

Poliuretane

In this test, only deal with the polyurethane to check its characteristics, including a thermal insulator, is a memory foam and flexible.

Poliuretane + Iron Powder

In this case we try the polyurethane foam that has a porous molecular structure unlike acrylic polymer in which its structure is more composed, due to the flexibility that has polyurethane foam.

Poliuretane + silicone

The mixture of silicone and polyurethane provided us greater compression strength than normal foam and in turn got more elastic characteristics to the original.

Poliuretane + cement + Iron Powder

In this case we did the combination with polyurethane, cement and iron powder, in order to understand the behavior of these chemical alterations would have in the mix for a different behavior in the use of cement and see if this might be able to deformarze or achieve some kind of moviento through an input.

Poliuretane + plaster

The combination of polyurethane and gypsum, never reached the solid state.

27

Material Composition :

A

B stirrer mixed bowl

28

FlexFoam-it III 3-Pound Flexible Foam Mix 1 part A + 2 Part B by volume throughly and pour into mold or other form.

Mixture will expand 15times original volume with uniform 3-4 lb./cu. ft. cell structure. Pot life is 35 seconds. Foam expands to full volume in 5 min, develops handing strength in 30 mins and fully cures in 2 hours.

Additive material

29

Temperature

Input testing:

Compression

Another input that was used to submit the material temperature to see if it reacts and does something a movement or deformation

Patterns

Deform the item for some time in order to lose the original structure and adding temperature to return the item to your main form.

We made patterns in order to shape the structure of different ways to try and then return it to its original state with temperature or electricity.

Compression Testing: Compression machine created by Sofoklis Giannakopoulus used to test the different models according to different mixtures of components arranged with a constant pressure exerted by the piston.

Therelationsbetweencompressionstressandstrainwereobtained.

Compression and Deformation:

According to the test were measured several forces based on the mixture of materials with polyurethane foam, which knowing how the components react better, helps to increase its compression characteristics due to the decrease of porosity there in.

Measurement in feet from the deformation of the element.

Compression Testing: Several components with the polyurethane foam including the iron powder, copper powder, cement and the combination of copper and iron were blended. According to the proportions listed below.

Poliuretane Iron

+

1Component: Iron Powder: 16 %

2-

3-

Component :

Component :

Iron Powder: 32 %

Iron Powder: 48%

2-

3-

Component :

Component :

Cooper Powder: 16 %

Cooper Powder: 24 %

Iron Powder: 16 %

Iron Powder: 24%

2-

3-

Component :

Component :

Iron Powder: 32 %

Iron Powder: 48%

Poliuretane + Cooper 1Component : Cooper Powder: 8 % Iron Powder: 8 % Foam :84 %

Poliuretane + Cooper 1Component : Iron Powder: 16 % Foam :84 %

Charts of Strain vs Compression:

Charts of Strain vs Compression:

Charts of Strain vs Compression:

Table Result of Strain vs Compression:

Foam Test Iron 4

Pressure (Psi)

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

Strain(Cm) 0

0

0.7

2.5

1.24

1.41

2.9

20

2.49

99.94

30

2.11

3.1

3.73

149.56

2.81

3.3

4.97

199.18

3.52

3.4

60

4.22

3.4

7.46

299.12

70

4.92

3.4

8.69

348.74

Pressure (Psi)

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

Strain(Cm)

0

0

10

0.7

1.9

1.24

1.41

2.4

2.49

99.9

2.11

2.9

3.73

149.6

2.81

3.2

4.97

199.2

6.22

249.5

3.52

3.3

4.22

3.4

7.46

299.1

70

4.92

3.4

8.69

348.7

Pressure (Psi)

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2) 0

0

0.7

2.1

1.24

20

1.41

2.5

2.49

99.9

30

2.11

3

3.73

149.6

2.81

3.3

4.97

199.2

50

3.52

3.4

6.22

249.5

4.22

3.5

7.46

299.1

3.6

8.69

348.7

4.92 Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

Strain(Cm)

0

0

10

0.7

1.9

1.24

1.41

2.5

2.49

99.9

30

2.11

2.6

3.73

149.6

2.81

2.8

3.52

2.9

4.22

2.9

7.46

299.1

70

4.92

2.9

8.69

348.7

Pressure (Psi)

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

Strain(Cm)

199.2 249.5

Strenght ( Foam Strenght( Contact Area) Area) 0 0.0

0

0

0

0.7

2.3

1.24

1.41

2.9

2.49

20

Foam Test Iron 4

4.97 6.22

10 30

Foam Test Normal Foam3

49.6

60

50

3.1 3.3

4.97

199.2

3.52

3.3

6.22

249.5

Pressure (Psi)

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92 Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

0 10 20 30 40

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92

0 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

Iron 6

0 10 20 30

0 0.7 1.41 2.11

0 0.8 1.1 1.6

0 1.24 2.49 3.73

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92

0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

Strenght ( Foam Area) 0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

Cu/Fe 5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92

0 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

Cu/Fe 6

0 10 20 30 40 50

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52

0 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5

Foam Test Cu/Fe 4

Pressure (Psi)

3.73

0 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

Strenght ( Foam Area) 0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

Cement 5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92

0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5

1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

Cement 6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22

0 3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1

149.6

Area)

0 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

Strenght( Contact Area)

Strain(Cm)

Area)

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97 6.22 7.46 8.69

0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2 249.5 299.1 348.7

0 1.24 2.49 3.73 4.97

Strenght ( Foam Area) 0.0 49.6 99.9 149.6 199.2

Strenght( Contact Area)

Strain(Cm)

Pressure (Psi)

Strenght( Contact Area)

Strain(Cm)

0 0.7 1.41 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92

3.4 Strenght( Contact 7.46 Strenght ( Foam 299.1 0 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.8

Pressure (Kg/ cm^2)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Foam Test Cement 4

99.9

2.11 2.81

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

49.6

40

Pressure 60 Pressure (Kg/4.22 (Psi) cm^2) Strain(Cm)

Iron 5

Strenght ( Foam Strenght( Contact Area) Area) 0 0 0.0

20 40

249.5 299.1 348.7

49.6

60

Pressure (Psi)

6.22 7.46 8.69

Strenght ( Foam Strenght( Contact Area) Area) 0 0.0

0 10

70

Foam Test Normal X

Strain(Cm)

3.7 3.7 3.7

49.6

60

40

Foam Test Cu/Fe

Strenght ( Foam Strenght( Contact Area) Area) 0 0.0

30 50

3.52 4.22 4.92

249.51

40

20

Foam Test Cement

0

6.22

50 60 70

0

49.62

40 50

Foam Test Iron 5

Strenght ( Foam Strenght( Contact Area) Area) 0

0 10

Conclusion of Testing 1:

This item due to its plastic characteristics and composition of their molecules a solid time is not an element which we may deform as a strong external component to do so would be needed.

The composition acquires iron with polyurethane foam, this foam causes is more manageable and malleable iron with powder could control the degree of expansion of the material to deform and turn for a while, does not return to its original shape until it acts on an external agent, in this case tem-

The combination of cement with polyurethane foam gave us one element more resistant to compression than normal foam as appreciation in the data shown.

In this case the iron powder was combined with copper, to obtain a high resistance to compression strength and in turn less deformable composite long deforming this element the molecular struc-

Normal polyurethane sponge is an element that reacts by releasing carbon dioxide, we get a foam that grows to about 15 times its original volume. in this case this foam reacts to the enviromental temperature when we deform the shape, so is to hard to manipulate because return quickly to its

When mixing acrylic polymers with polyurethane foam obtained a more elastic and more deformable material than acrylic alone, to form the internal structure of a porous form we offer this item to a different resistance.

Magnetism System: The result of the testing 1 specially for magnetism is failed.

42

WHAT IS FOAM ?

A foam is a substance that is formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid. A bath sponge and the head on a glass of beer are examples of foams. In most foams, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas.

An important division of solid foams is into closed-cell foams and open-cell foams. In a closed-cell foam, the gas forms discrete pockets, each completely surrounded by the solid material.

In an open-cell foam, the gas pockets connect with each other.

A bath sponge is an example of an open-cell foam: water can easily flow through the entire structure, displacing the air. A camping mat is an example of a closed-cell foam: the gas pockets are sealed from each other, and so the mat cannot soak up water.

43

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS Membrane structure: During the period of generating process, the ironfoam will have the similarly plasticly film membrance

Mesohyl structure: This layer consists of wiched around thin the pores are much er one, are able to

jelly-like mesohyl sandlayers of cells, which bigger than the smallhave more flexibilities

Multicellular structure: This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them.

44

45

Material Limitation: It i s important to understand that materials suffer different physical changes depending on the environment and climate conditions.

The poliurethane foam can be exposed to water, heating and ther cannot be any material damage significantly damage .

46

THE BENEFIT OF FOAM Light weight: Is a material with very light wight due to its porosity in his interior mo- lecular structure allowing the element to fill with air and be as light as possibly in constructions maters.

Shape Memory: Shape memory polymers (SMPs) respond to stimuli such as temperature, electricity, pH, ionic strength and light [1–4], and have many advantages like low density, good shape recovery and easy processing.

Economy : a material that is being used in a large amount large esmuy. If you get to control is easy.

Environmental resistance: During environmental exposure, polyurethane foams undergo sub- stantial changes in indentation resistance, resulting in a significant loss of initial supponive proper- ties. Although these changes may be minimized through selection of foams of higher density and reduced hard- ness, it is not presently clear what the relative influences of envi- ronmental variables (temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet exposure) are upon the aging of foam products.

47

Material Behavior :

48

INPUT: SUCTION : For this, as we are going to show later, we proceeded to cover the polyurethane foam with silicone as the foam itself breathes outside air after deform, giving the result of the shape memory , so he proceeded to cover it encapsulate the air inside once covered entirely by a vacuum pump was started to remove air from the interior, thus we deform our raw material.

Once the goal is achieved we begin to control the deformation, based on different points: at the different densities of foam obtained in the different directions from which the foam was mined and because of the different patterns or shapes we obtained with the foam.

49

Material Control: Density :

A:B=1:3

A:B=1

A Component

B Component

Density: weight/ length x width x height

seat cushions seat backs furniture backs automotive seat cushions mattress cores mattres topper pads carpet underlay

0.8

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Suppot facter: Firmness (65% IFD)/ Firmness (25% IFD) 50 1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2

1:2

2.2

A:B=1:1

Typical density ranges for different foam applications (pcf)

4.0

4.5

2.3

5.0

2.4

5.5

2.5

6.0

2.6

6.5

2.7

7.0

2.8

8.0

51 2.9

Material Control:

A:B=1:3

A Component

B Component

Iron powder

52

+

Iron powder: 0.5

Isolation composition: Mixing the components (polyol) with component B (Isocyanate) create the polyurethane foam, by adding 5% by weight total we obtained a foam which can isolate the element, because the porosity in the material is reduced, causing the structure is isolated in a high percentage 53

Material Behavior : Material Cotting.

Exterior layer:

The exterior layer which is exposed to open environment will have the similarly plastic membrance being the isolation and waterproof abilities

Mid- layer: This layer is between the isolation and pattern layes, which provides the deformable features

Inner layer: The inner one are the pattern geometries placeing inside the foam, also consists of defferent densities of foam, which have specific firmness and deformation ranges

54

55

SECTION ANALYSIS:

According to the following sections you can see the change of porosity in the structure based on the different densities containing the element. As can be seen the more dense the element’s internal structure closed esmas difference if the item is more flexible, the structure contains more open pores.

56

57

DEFORMATION CONTROL.

58

59

Silicone Codding

Tunnels of Air.

Density 1 :2 / Density 1:3 Silicone Codding.

Section of the actual prototype.

60

61

Main Concept:

Input geometry

Recursion

Intelligent material

Deformation

The main purpose of our experimentation is trying to deform the structure from the inside by adding or removing an item to control the deformation, if having an original structure , after returning it to deform to its original position.

Based on this concept we starts analyzing different materials, in which the majority were in the family of polymers. Within which due to their characteristics of deformation we focus on polyurethane foams, acrylics and silicones.

Notion Evolution

Human forcement exterior factor

Machine forcement exterior factor

Machine forcement interior factor

INPUT GEOMETRY :

WATER

Input geometry

AIR

input geometry Based on the idea of a multicellular organism, in this case sea epsonja, thanks to its internal structure and enables a change d sporosa evolmen or a change to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels in the of thelayerbody of according tohave thebodies amount of water that can be allowing air todeformation circulate through them.This are multicellular organisms that full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them. absorbed by taking our model.This idea works in the same way but in these case the fluid is air.

This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate

through them. This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air

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CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE :

Deforming elements in different axis.

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Density 1:2 Density 1:3 Tunnel of Air.

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PATTERNS:

Using combinations of 1:1, 1:2, Mix 1: 3 and increasing the volume and material reducendo patterns we needed to put into the element.

At the same time wind channels which generate an extra to receive the pulse of air suction is performed.

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Patterns inside the foam :

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demostration device

This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circu

through them. This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allow

FINAL PROYECT: to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and cha

allowing air to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of po and channels allowing air to circulate through them.

sucsion mechine

these foams connect with pipes together into sucsion mechine

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ulate

wing air

annels

ores

Density

these foams consist of defferent ďŹ emnesses so that they are able to perform into several states

Pattern

By placing the thinkness of foam into different orientations, it can bend to the direction we want

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device analysis For futher development , we would like to implemement a sensor system , wich depending on the movement, tempetaure, and touch the material system would be responsive to what the further application woul drequiered from it.

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interective sensor

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Sensor System :

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FABRICATION

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Foam

Suction machine

KUKA

INGREDIENT & TOOLS This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them. This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them.

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printing layer: Layer 9

pro. : 1 : 3

1:08 mins

Layer 8

pro. : 1 : 1

1:12 mins

Layer 7

pro. : 1 : 1

1:14 mins

Layer 6

pro. : 1 : 1

1:18 mins

pro. : 1 : 2

1:13 mins

Layer 4 Layer 3

pro. : 1 : 2

1:14 mins

pro. : 1 : 2

1:12 mins

Layer 2

pro. : 1 : 3

1:13 mins

Layer 1

pro. : 1 : 3

1:30 mins

Layer 5

fabrication Based on a test 3D printing densities of each layer is controlled and

can be set to the average high rigidesz a much larger area compared Based on a test 3D printing densities of each layer is controlled and can be set to the average hi to the bottom, in order to etsudiar behavior layer by layer. Given the etsudiar behavior layer bybetween layer. Given the necessary waiting time between each layer. necessary waiting time each layer.

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Fabrication order 2

Fabrication order 1

igh rigidesz a much larger area compared to the bottom, in order to

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Firmness 1.72

Firmness 1.75

Firmness 1.7

mixing time:

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

solid time:

Firmness 1.72

Firmness 1.75

Firmness 1.78

mixing time:

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

solid time:

Firmness 2,35

Firmness 2.72

mixing time:

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid 2.72 time: Firmness

solid time: Firmness 2.81

mixing time:

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

solid time:

solid time: 2,35 Firmness

Firmness 2.8

fabrication-KUKA

This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circu fabrication-KUKA

through them. This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allow This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate

to through circulate through them.This layer areorganisms multicellular organisms thatof have full of allowing pores and them.

This layer are multicellular that have bodies full poresbodies and channels air cha

allowing air to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms haveand bodies full of po to circulate through them.This layer are multicellular organisms that have bodies fullthat of pores channels and channels to circulate through allowing air toallowing circulate air through them.This layer arethem. multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing air to circulate through them.

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Firmness 2.32

Firmness 2.26

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

Firmness 2.32

Firmness 2.26

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

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Firmness 2.86

Firmness 1.81

mixing time:

mixing time:

Firmness 2.86 solid time:

Firmness 1.81

mixing time:

mixing time:

solid time:

solid time:

solid time:

ulate

wing air

annels

ores

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Proportion 1 : 1 Mixing Timing

01:15 mins

Proportion 1 : 1 Mixing Timing semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mi

expansion height: 0.15 cm

expansion height: 0.30 cm

01:15 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins expansion height: 0.15 cm

01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mi

expansion height: 0.10 cm

expansion height: 0.32 cm

01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins expansion height: 0.10 cm

01:45 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mi

expansion height: 0.15 cm

expansion height: 0.55 cm

01:45 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins expansion height: 0.15 cm

best period

best period 02:00 mins 94

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mi

expansion height: 0.21 cm

expansion height: 0.41 cm

02:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins expansion height: 0.21 cm

ins

ins

ins

ins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 02:30 mins

expansion height: 0.42 cm

expansion height: 0.75 cm

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing:

expansion height: 0.30 cm

expansion height: 0.42 cm

expansion height:

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 02:24 mins

expansion height: 0.52 cm

expansion height: 0.80 cm

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing:

expansion height: 0.32 cm

expansion height: 0.52 cm

expansion height:

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

expansion height: 0.8 cm

expansion height: 0.80 cm

semi-solid timing: 01:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing:

expansion height: 0.55 cm

expansion height: 0.8 cm

expansion height:

semi-solid timing: 01:16mins

semi-solid timing: 01:16 mins

expansion height: 0.65 cm

expansion height: 0.65 cm

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semi-solid timing: 01:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:16mins

semi-solid timing:

expansion height: 0.41 cm

expansion height: 0.65 cm

expansion height:

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Proportion 1 : 2 Mixing Timing

01:15 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.21 cm

expansion height: 0.33 cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.21 cm

expansion height: 0.41 cm

01:45 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

best period

expansion height: 0.24 cm

expansion height: 0.32 cm

02:00 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.17 cm

expansion height: 0.31 cm

01:30 mins

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mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 02:51 mins

m

expansion height: 0.53 cm

expansion height: 0.8-0.5 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 02:18 mins

m

expansion height: 0.51 cm

expansion height: 0.75-0.60 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:37 mins

m

expansion height: 0.56 cm

expansion height: 0.80-0.60 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30mins

semi-solid timing: 01:47 mins

m

expansion height: 0.42 cm

expansion height: 0.60-0.40 cm

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Proportion 1 : 3 Mixing Timing

01:15 mins

01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.35 cm

expansion height: 0.41cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.31 cm

expansion height: 0.45 cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.18 cm

expansion height: 0.29 cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.17 cm

expansion height: 0.31 cm

best period

01:45 mins

02:00 mins 102

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:54 mins

m

expansion height: 0.58 cm

expansion height: 0.80-0.40 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 02:20 mins

m

expansion height: 0.64 cm

expansion height: 0.90-0.60 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:41 mins

m

expansion height: 0.51 cm

expansion height: 0.75-0.7 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30mins

semi-solid timing: 01:38 mins

m

expansion height: 0.52 cm

expansion height: 0.80-0.75 cm

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Proportion 1 : 1 + iron powder Mixing Timing

01:15 mins

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.21 cm

expansion height: 0.52cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.40 cm

expansion height: 0.58 cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.35 cm

expansion height: 0.56 cm

semi-solid timing: 00:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:00 m

expansion height: 0.47 cm

expansion height: 0.65 cm

best period 01:30 mins

01:45 mins

02:00 mins 106

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:30 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:38 mins

expansion height: 0.61 cm

expansion height: 0.80 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:24 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:24 mins

m

expansion height: 0.74 cm

expansion height: 0.90 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:17 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:17 mins

m

expansion height: 0.79 cm

expansion height: 1.00 cm

mins

semi-solid timing: 01:11 mins

semi-solid timing: 01:11 mins

m

expansion height: 0.89 cm

expansion height: 1.10 cm

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KUKA : In order to print the polyeurethane foam in the robot, we had to create an extruder , wich is design to have the two differents components separately , where the fluid of both are controlled by valves , due to the differents viscocities of the components, a second section of the extruder wich creates an Y is where the two components get together to start mixing in a helicoidal, untill these one is allready ready to print.

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Printing with the KUKA :

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#05

Conclusion

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Conclusion

After experimenting with different materials throughout the whole process we were able to conclude the following: The magnetism can deformate materials but it needs a really big magnetic force and also turn to be very close to the element, for the moment this energy is to hard to use.

By combining the polyurethane foam with iron or cement particles, the compressive resistance is improved without overloading the mix because saturating of these particles within the structure of the foam, this causes an internal rupture thus loses its properties.

Polyurethane foam has memory properties so even deforming over a long period of time the structure after some time is going to return to its original form, also this material reacts with the temperature returning it once deformed to their original shape in a more rapid manner.

The combination of iron and cement particles cause the polyurethane foam slightly lose its shape memory unless you apply an external mechanism in this case temperature to return it to its original shape.

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Polyurethane foam is a material that has the properties of light weight , it is inexpensive , it is one of the best heat insulation and soundproofing, the property of shape memory helps to deform the material and return it to its original state, is resistant outer and is not toxic.

Based on the suckering of air we controlled the deformation of the material depending on the location of the suction input, also the density of the polyurethane foam and the shape that takes originally makes this behavior.

The fact that the polyurethane foam is denser not mean it is stronger in this case the higher denser the material becomes softer .

Polyurethane foam is a very difficult material to control when this reacts because it is affected by several elements such as : temperature , humidity , how to mix the components and the amount of carbon dioxide that is released.

The silicone and acrylic coating used in this case are easy to use but the process of setting these varies depending on the environment, not totally cure at temperatures below 15 째 , if there is high humidity in the environment and if combined or used latex gloves also slows the process.

Our next step is to combine the different results we obtained in the different prototypes bleeding, in order to obtain a final prototype which react differently depending on where you remove the air, in this case a structure that can flex to provide shade, but in turn can open and close its structure to avoid or pass light through it and in the same way an element can become small and easy to carry.

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