m a i r Ma
s o p m a C z e r r ĂŠ G ut i
FORM: have / has + past participle USES: 1. LIFE EXPERIENCES I’ve been to China She’s ridden a horse. 2. ALREADY, JUST & YET They’ve just left She’s already called her friend They haven’t finished yet
• SUPERLATIVES & “THE FIRST, SECOND, LAST TIME”, ETC • It’s the best meal I’ve ever had • It’s the first time he’s given a speech 3. CONNECTION PAST & PRESENT • I’ve sprained my ankle, as you can see • He’s lost his keys • 4. HOW LONG / FOR/ SINCE (NON-ACTION VERBS: be, have, know, like, etc.) • I’ve known Maria for 10 years • They’ve had that car since 2007 5. HOW MUCH / HOW MANY • How many books have you written? • I’ve spent too much money
• FORM: HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VERB + ING • USES: 1. “HOW LONG / FOR / SINCE” WITH ACTION VERBS (action started in past & continues now) • How long have you been feeling like this? • She’s been travelling by bus for 5 years
• 2. REPEATED ACTIONS, ESPECIALLY WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS LIKE ALL DAY, RECENTLY, ETC I have been arguing with my husband lately. The phone has been ringing all day.
• 3. CONTINUOUS ACTIONS THAT HAVE JUST FINISHED (WITH RESULT IN THE PRESENT) He’s been running all day. He’s dead! A: Look at your hands! They’re so filthy! B: I know. I’ve been painting the living room
Present Perfect or Continuos • With “How long?, For & Since” we can use both. However, we prefer the continuous for shorter, temporary actions. • We’ve lived in London since 1980 • We’ve been living in London since 1980 • We’ve been staying in a hotel for the last month
PRESENT PERFECT: • Emphasis on the RESULT of the action • I’ve painted my living room
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: • Emphasis on the DURATION of the action • I’ve been painting my living room
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• When it is used?
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. How to Form the Passive? correct form of be + past participle Use by + agent if agent is known and important.
• Examples in different tenses:
• Simple present He opens the door. The door is opened by him. Millions of people buy it It is bought by millions of people.
• Present Progressive She is drinking a cup of coffee. A cup of coffee is being drunk by her. • Simple Past She sang a song. A song was sung by her.
• Past Progressive We were talking about Peter. Peter was being talked about by us.
• Present Perfect Kate has watered the flowers. The flowers have been watered by Kate.
• Past Perfect He had read the newspaper. The newspaper had been read by him.
• Will-Future They will buy a new car. A new car will be bought by them.
QUESTIONS BE OR HAVE
SUBJECT
VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
IS /WAS
SHE/HE/IT/YOU/WE/ THEY/I
SOLD
HAVE
SHE/HE/IT/YOU/WE/ THEY/I
BEEN SOLD
wh-word
BE/HAVE
SUBJECT
IN JAPAN?
IS/WAS WHERE
COMPLEMENT
(BEEN+) PAST PARTICIPLE SOLD?
IT HAS
BEEN SOLD?
ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE YES,
IT
IS/WAS HAS (BEEN)
NEGATIVE NO,
IS NOT/WAS IT NOT HAS NOT (BEEN)
When to use the passive voice? • The person or thing being described is more important than the agent: Smartphones are bought all around the world. • The agent of the action is unknown or not important The bank was robbed yesterday at 3 a.m. • If you don’t want to mention the agent, especially to avoid blaming someone The whiteboard was damaged after class.
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• USE THE FUTURE PERFECT TO TALK ABOUT A FUTURE ACTION THAT WILL ALREADY BE COMPLETED BY A CERTAIN TIME IN THE FUTURE. Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike simple future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable. NOW
PAST
X PAY DEBT
X JUNE
FUTURE
Future perfect with “will” • When you use future perfect with will, the structure that you have to use is (subject + will + verb in past participle).
Examples
• You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. • Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? • You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Future perfect with “going to” • When you use future perfect with going to, the structure that you have to use is (subject + verb be + going to + verb in past participle).
Examples
• You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. • Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? • You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
• Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future. The action may start sometime in the future or it may have already started.
Now Past
Next week X
X May
Living
Future
Future perfect with “will” • When you use future perfect Continuos with will, the structure that you have to use is (subject + will have been + verb in present participle).
Example
• You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. • Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? • You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
Future perfect with “be going to” • When you use future perfect Continuos with will, the structure that you have to use is (subject + verb be + going to have been + verb in present participle).
Examples
• You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. • Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? • You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
Future perfect or future perfect progressive • Use future perfect or the future perfect progressive with the simple present to show the relationship between two future events. The event that will happen first uses the present. The event that will happen second uses the simple present.
Now Turns eight
Past
Future Living
CONDITIONAL TENSES CONDITIONAL
IF-CLAUSE CONDITION
MAIN CLAUSE RESULT
Zero conditional- used for present real factual situations.
If I drink coffee at nigth,
I don´t sleep well.
First conditional- used for future real factual situations.
If I drink coffee at nigth,
I won´t sleep well.
Second conditional- used for present or future unreal factual situations.
If I drank coca-cola at nigth,
I would not sleep well.
Third conditional- used for past unreal imaginary factual situations.
If I had drunk coca-cola at nigth,
I would not have sleep well.
Structure STATEMENTS. If clause
Result clause
If I shop online,
I save time
If the mall is closed,
I can shop online
YES/NO QUESTIONS Result clause
If clause
Do you save time
if you shop online?
Can you shop online
if the mall is closed?
SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative I do. I do not. Yes, I can. No, I can not
WH QUESTIONS Result clause
If clause
What happens
if I do not like it?
You can use real Present condition in: • Use present real conditional sentences for general truths. If you use a credit card, it´s faster. • You can also use real conditional sentences for habits and things that happen again and again. If bill shops online, he uses a credit card. • You can use modals (can, should, might, must….) in the result clause. If you have children, you should not let them shop online. • Use the imperative in the result clauses to give instructions and invitations that depend on a certain condition. If a site is not secure, then do not enter your credit card information.
Structure STATEMENTS If clause
Result clause
If she studies,
she won´t fail the test. she isn´t going to pass the test
If she doesn´t study,
STATEMENTS Result clause
If clause
she won´t fail the test If she studies. she isn´t going to pass the test If she doesn´t study.
YES/NO QUESTIONS Result clause
If clause
Will she pass the test Is she going to pass the test
if she studies?
SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative She will She won´t Yes, She is No, She isn´t WH QUESTIONS Result clause: Future If clause: Present What will she do What is she going to do
if she passes the test?
You can use real future condition in: • Use future real conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions. Use simple present in the if clause and future with will or be going to in the result clause. If you feel lucky, you will expect good things. • You can use modals (can, should, might, must…) in the result clause. If she studies hard, she might get an a on her test. • You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. She will feel lucky if she uses that pen. • You can use if and unless in conditional sentences, but their meanings are really different. Unless you are superstitious, you won´t be afraid of black cats. Or If you aren´t superstitious, you won´t be afraid of black cats.
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R T S
E R U T C U STATEMENTS
If-clause: Simple past If Mia had money, If she were rich, If Mia did not have money, If she were not rich,
Result clause: Would(not) + base form she would live in a palace. She would not live in a she would not live in a palace. She would live in a cottage.
CONTRACTIONS. I would =
I´d
You would =
You´d
He would =
He´d
She would =
She´d
We would =
We´d
They would =
They´d
Would not = wouldn´t
YES/NO QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE if she had money? Would she live here If she were rich? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, she would No, she wouldn´t
WH QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE if she had money? What would she do If she were rich?
You can use present and condition in:
unreal future
• Use present and future unreal conditional sentences to talk about unreal conditions and their results. If I had more time, I would read fairy tales to my children. • Use the simple past in the if clause. If they had a nice house, they would not want to move. • Use would in the result clause if the result is certain. Do not use will in unreal conditional sentences. They love to travel. If they had time, they would take a trip next summer. • You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result clause. I would move if I had more money. • Use if I were you…. To give advice. If I were you, I would not ask the fish for anything else. He could get angry.
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e r u t c stru STATEMENTS If-clause: Past perfect If George had had money,
If he had not stayed home,
Result clause: Would(not) have + past participle he would have moved away. He wouldn´t have stayed home. his father`s bussiness would have failed. He would not have married May.
CONTRACTIONS WOULD HAVE
WOULD´VE
WOULD NOT HAVE WOULDN´T HAVE
YES/NO QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE if he had had Would he have left money?
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, he would have No, he would not have
WH QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE What would he have if he had had done money?
You can use unreal PAST condition in: • Use past unreal conditional sentences to talk about past unreal conditions and their results. If he had died young, he wouldn´t have had children. • Use the past perfect in the if clause. Use would, have or might have + past participle in the result clause. If I had owned a dvd player, I would have watched the movie. • Use would have in the result clause if the result is certain. If George had gone to college, he would have studied hard. • You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result. He would have traveled around the world if he had won a million dollars. • Past unreal conditional are often used to express regret about what really happened in the past. If I had known Mary lived alone, I would have invited her to my holiday dinner.
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structure YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH BE. BE + NOT + SUBJECT AREN´T YOU FROM RIO DE JANEIRO?
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
YES, I AM
NO, I AM NOT
STATEMENTS Statements with BE as the main verb Affirmative statement
Negative tag
Subject + BE
BE + not + subject
You´re from Río,
aren´t you?
Statements with BE as the main verb Negative statement
Affirmative tag
Subject + BE + not
BE + subject
You´re not from Río,
are you?
YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH ALL AUXILIARY AUXILIARY + NOT + SUBJECT + VERB AREN´T YOU MOVING? HASN´T HE BEEN HERE BEFORE? CAN´T THEY MOVE TOMORROW?
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE I AM. YES, HE HAS. THEY CAN
NEGATIVE I´M NOT NO, HE HASN´T THEY CAN´T
Affirmative statement
Negative tag
Subject + auxiliary
Auxiliary + not + subject
You´re moving,
aren´t you?
He´s been here before,
hasn´t he?
They can move tomorrow, can´t they?
Negative statement
Affirmative tag
Subject + not + auxiliary
Auxiliary + subject
You´re not moving, He´s not been here before, They can not move tomorrow,
are you? has he? can they?
STATEMENTS
YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH DO DO + NOT + SUBJECT + VERB DOESN´T HE LIVE HERE? DIDN´T THEY MOVE LAST YEAR?
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE YES,
HE DOES THEY DID
NEGATIVE NO,
HE DOESN´T THEY DIDN´T
STATEMENTS Affirmative statement
Negative tag
Subject + verb
Do + not + subject
He lives he,
doesn´t he?
They moved last year,
didn´t they?
Negative statement Subject + do + not + auxiliary
Affirmative tag
He does not live here,
does he?
They did not move,
did they?
Do + subject
• Use negative tag yes/no questions and tag questions to: check information and comment on a situation. Anton live in Seoul, doesn´t he? It´s a nice day, isn´t it? • Like affirmative yes/no questions, negative yes/no questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should. Haven´t I seen you on TV? Don´t you like the weather here? • Use tag questions in conversations when you expect the other person to agree with you. In this type of tag questions, the voice falls on the tag. Only pronouns. Check information: it doesn´t snow here, does it? Comment on a situation: beautiful day, isn´t it?
• My name is Mariam Gutiérrez Campos. I am 19 years old. I live in Hatillo but I lived in Buenos Aires, Puntarenas. I don´t work only study. I study English teaching and translation. I like dance. I like go shopping. My favorite hobby is play the guitar, I love play the guitar. My favorite color is black. I have one dog, his name is Yuky, the meaning of the name is Nieve in Japanese. I love my dog because is my partner but he doesn´t live with me. • I study English because is important for my future, also the English is the second language most important in the world. I like study this career, I always wanted study medicine or teaching English, maybe both. I am a person that I like work in that I want and meet my goals. I study in this university with a one scholarship by my grades in the high school.
In this quarter I met a lot of friends, also I think that I learn more thinks; I practiced more vocabulary and also I practiced my pronunciation. I need learn more because I want to be a good professional and I a good teacher why not? I had a excellent professor this quarter and a really good classmates. I enjoy my English class because it was really dynamic and also all my classmates participed in class. We would like to learn more because English is really important for our future, this language is very important in the world because the people around the world speak English and I want to learn and speak this language. I need memorize and learn more vocabulary because I speak but I don´t have wide vocabulary. I think that it is really important if I want to learn well this language and speak well. I have a good professors in my career, I think that we have good professor is very important and necessary to learn because if the professor teaching bad, the student learn bad like to listen music in English because I think that this form is good for fine tune my heard and I think that speaking and listening are two really necessary skills that we need if we want to be good professionals.
EXTRA
K S A T G N I T I WR Witing task.docx
H P A R G A R PA
..\English II\writing