Waterproof; a holistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city by Mariam Hamidou

WATERPROOF : A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

LAGOS, NIGERIA.

MA_ARCH STUDIO : Urban Design in Times of Environmental Policies.

Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann 2nd Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina

Mariam Yvonne Hamidou (Matrikelnummer - 4063570) DIA - HOCHSCHULE ANHALT, GERMANY

June 2017.

2

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

ABSTRACT The world currently faces the greatest movement of people from rural to urban areas in history with more than half of the world’s population living in cities, a trend expected to continue to grow. This rush to cities, is caused in part by the attraction of opportunities for wealth generation and economic development, and partly on the factors associated with struggles of rural life. Demographers call this phenomenon the “rural push and urban pull”; they interact to make urbanization a strong cause of growth in major cities.

The rapid growth in the population of the city has led to poor urban planning and emergence of several squatter settlements.

These communities are often built over areas that would otherwise serve as drainage for water during the peak rainy season like mangrove swamps. With rising sea-levels and higher precipitation during rainy season, the city has in the past few years experienced longer periods of inner-city floods that has led to destruction of infrastructure and soil erosion. The areas of the city close to the Lagos lagoon and Atlantic Ocean are usually Perhaps most striking is the fact that most the most affected. of the population growth in the coming decades will occur in low- and middle- Adaption to the impacts of flooding as well as income countries. Africa is reportedly a late the efficient and sustainable use of energy has starter in the urbanization race. However, it become a key task. is urbanizing at such an alarming rate that predictions suggest Africa will enter the urban age around 2030 when half of Africans will live in urban areas.

Nigeria is notably the most populous African nation and predicted to drive this population growth. At current growth rate, its most populated city, Lagos will be the third largest city in the world with a population of over 24m people by the year 2020.

The consequences of urbanisation like ‘climate change’ will broadly impact urban ways of life. Cities in coastal regions will be most severely affected by flooding.

Lagos is built on a series of low-lying islands, sandbars, lagoons and former mangrove swamps on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean.

The 2012 CDP Cities report on Lagos says with rising sea levels, more intense rainfall and increasing storms pose an extremely serious risk to the city, causing loss of life and property and devastating infrastructure.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

3

PREFACE This Thesis is original, unpublished, independent work by the Author except where due acknowledgement has been made. The work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award.

4

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my utmost gratitude to God, for granting me wisdom and strength during the period of my thesis year.

I especially thank you Dr. Gunnar Hartmann for allowing me engage this project that has helped me better understand the environment that shaped me and allows me share this with other people. Your teachings and support provided the motivation for this project. You kept asking radical questions that allowed me have different perspectives. Starting from your first semester where we went through a series of theories about the city. With lots of support, you pushed me to discover green ideas and where they actually came from, encouraged me to think outside the box and not allow the limitations of my environment limit my ideas. Thank you!

Special thanks to you, Prof. Ivan Kucina for your very insightful and strategic guidelines.

Your excitement about my project gave me the strength I needed to not give up.

Your suggestions, dedicated time and keen interests to discuss the project was immensely helpful .

I would also like to thank my family and friends for the moral and financial support; most especially to you, Rachida for taking time out to visit sites and get images.

Lastly, but not the least; I would like to thank Mrs Sabine Ayeni and all the members of Stube Ost Deutschland for the BPSA grants that allowed me go home to carry out my research; I am truly very grateful.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

5

CONTENTS

01

02

03

6

Introduction

9

Urbanisation

10

Climate change

16

Energiewende

20

Lagos context

23

Problem

30

Aim

32

Research question

34

Case studies

36

Nairobi

36

Soeul

40

Copenhagen

42

Amsterdam

46

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

04

Site Context

49

Lekki

58

Awoyaya

60

Itamarun

62

Mangrove

64

Project Analysis

70

Scales of Intervention

72

Design Initiatives

74

06

Conclusion

100

07

Bibliography

102

08

Appendix

106

05

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

7

8

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

01

INTRODUCTION: URBANISATION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Cities are the human organizations with the greatest longevity but also the fastest rate of change. Just now the world is going massively and unstoppably urban (governments everywhere are trying to stop it, with zero success). In a globalized world, city states are re-emerging as a dominant economic player.

Environmental consequences and opportunities abound.

- Stewart Brand

Perhaps one of man’s greatest inventions is the phenomenon of cities. Our global environment is changing as we now see more than half of the world’s population living in cities, a trend expected to continue; we have moved into the Century of the city, where urbanization will continue to be a defining social, economic, and environmental characteristic. This rush to cities, is caused in part by the attraction of opportunities for wealth generation and economic development, and partly on the factors associated with struggles of rural life. Demographers call this phenomenon the “rural push and urban pull”; they interact to make urbanization a strong cause of growth in major cities.

reflect that the focus of global urbanisation has shifted to developing countries and emerging economies. With approximately 2.3 billion people as at 2015, twice as many people in those countries live in urban areas as live in cities in industrialised countries. By the year 2030, this number will almost double and an estimated 60% of the population will be below the age of 18. As such, the future of developing countries is increasingly determined by urbanisation.

Yet, the rate of urbanization for a continent like Africa is both promising and troubling.

As rural residents move to cities for work or in some cases to escape conflict, Africa has seen its urban population more than double in 20 years to 360 million last year. According to UN figures, that’s the fastest rate of any continent or region.

So far, few countries are prepared to provide the housing, social services, and jobs needed for this ongoing population boom. In Africa, 38% of the urban population is living in slums, more than at any other point in the last two decades, according to the UN.

Cities are dynamic growth centers, places where the opportunities and challenges of Global sustainable development all come together. In his book, Whole Earth Discipline Stewart Brand explains that this rapid growth of cities comes with opportunities and consequences, the questions we need to ask now are how can we urbanize in such a way that the negative consequences are minimized while opportunities are enhanced to create cities that are characterized by principles of equity and justice and promote both human and environmental health? Furthermore, how can cities and urbanization not only be sustainable, but can also be catalysts for global sustainability?

High rates of urbanisation in Africa and Asia MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

9

RUSSIA CHINA

JAPAN

INDIA BRAZIL

INDONESIA

1950

UNITED STATES

CHINA

NIGERIA

INDIA

BRAZIL

INDONESIA

2000

RUSSIA GERMANY UNITED STATES

CHINA

MEXICO NIGERIA

INDIA

BRAZIL

2050 The diagram shows the expansion of cities since 1950

10

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

INDONESIA

MEGACITIES The growth of megacities is not to be viewed as an inherently negative phenomenon which causes instability and fragility. Cities can offer financial, social and cultural opportunities to its inhabitants. There are currently 37 megacities in the world; urban areas with a population of 10 million or more and the UN predicts there will be over 40 by the year 2030. Over half of this growth will be in Asia where the world’s economic geography is now shifting. Understanding the role of migration to megacities is essential for understanding how climate risks can become political and security risks. Peaceful urban governance is difficult if large scale urban migration is not anticipated, planned for and managed.

Of particular importance is understanding current and future patterns of migration from rural to urban areas and the reasons behind these trends in human mobility

maritime transportation infrastructure, and conflicting uses of increasingly fragile coastal areas. Coastal megacities such as Lagos and Karachi are vulnerable to sea-level rise even under the best-case mitigation scenarios.

Problems common to megacities, particularly in developing countries, include inadequate land for development, unclear land tenure rights and legislation, underdeveloped infrastructure, water shortages, poor sanitation, air pollution and traffic congestion.

Coastal megacities experience these as well as other special problems related to their coastal location, e.g. coastal erosion and flooding, the potential impact of sea water intrusion to freshwater supply, the loss of habitat for birds, fish and other wild life, the depletion of fishery resources as a food supply and public health problems related to sea food contamination, land subsidence due to construction and water extraction, the deterioration of marine environment as an area for amenity due to marine pollution and its threat to fisheries and tourism, natural disasters including extreme weather, and sea – level rise and its impact on critical

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

11

POPULAR

AFRICAN CITIES

LAGOS

NIGERIA

21 Mio

CONGO KINSHASA 11.3 Mio BRAZZAVILE

MOGADISHU KHARTOUMOMDURMAN ABIDJAN ADDIS-ABABA NAIROBI CAPE-TOWN LUANDA ACCRA

12

SOMALIA

6.3 Mio SUDAN

5.1 Mio IVORY COAST

4.7 Mio ETHIOPIA

4.5 Mio KENYA

3.8 Mio SOUTH AFRICA

3.7 Mio ANGOLA

2.7 Mio GHANA

1.6 Mio

DAR ES SALAAM

1.3 Mio

DAKAR

1.0 Mio

TANZANIA

SENEGAL

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

13

Street in Lagos Island with market, Source: www.brookings.edu

14

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

15

01

INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE CHANGE Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Urban areas at risk from flooding have been urban floods are more costly and difficult to hit particularly hard by the observed manage. increase of flooding impact across the world.

The current and projected levels of flood impacts give urgency to the need to make flood risk management in urban settlements a high priority on the political and policy agenda. Understanding the causes and effects of flood impacts and designing, investing in and implementing measures which minimize them must become part of mainstream development thinking and be embedded into wider development goals. Floods affect urban settlements of all types, from small villages and mid-sized market towns and service centers.

Climate change is a global trend perceived to have a significant impact on flood risk. The alterations in meteorological patterns which are associated with a warmer climate are potentially drivers of increased flooding, with its associated direct and indirect impacts.

Observed and projected patterns of climate change can have an amplifying effect on existing flood risk, by increasing the rate of sea level rise which is one of the factors causing increased flood damage in coastal areas, changing local rainfall patterns that could lead to more frequent and higher level of floods from rivers and more intense flash flooding, changing the frequency and duration of drought events that lead to groundwater extraction and land subsidence which compounds the impact of sea level rise the observed increase in extreme weather is consistent with a warming climate.

Urban flooding poses a serious challenge to development and the lives of people, particularly the residents of the rapidly expanding towns and cities in developing countries. Poorly planned and managed urbanization will contribute to the growing flood hazard due to unsuitable land use change. As cities and towns swell and grow Although individual extreme weather events outwards to accommodate population cannot be attributed to climate change, increase, large-scale urban expansion climate change can increase the chance of often occurs in the form of unplanned some of those events happening. Sea level development in floodplains, in coastal and rise is also an acknowledged and observed inland areas alike, as well as in other flood- phenomenon of climate change. prone areas.

Countries define “urban� settlements in very different ways, which makes urban flooding hard to define in a consistent manner. Damage statistics are not usually classified by urban or rural location, making it difficult to apportion losses between urban and rural populations.

However, there are real functional differences between urban and rural flooding. While rural flooding may affect much larger areas of land and hit poorer sections of the population,

16

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

May 11, 2017 Awolowo way Ikeja, Lagos Source: http://www.thesourceng.com MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

17

Trends in water-related disasters. Source: based on EM-DAT/CRED

18

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Number of reported flood events. Source: based on EM-DAT/CRED

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

19

01

INTRODUCTION: ENERGIEWENDE Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

In November 2016, the first global legally binding climate agreement was passed, it has a total of number of 195 participating countries that have committed to finding the best ways to respond to and deal with the impacts of climate change. The “Paris Agreement” as it is called aims to strengthen the global response to the threats of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Additionally, the agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.

The causes and effects of climate change and the actors responsible for effective climate policies to proffer innovative solutions converge in cities. The rise in greenhouse gas emissions is seen as the key cause of global warming. Most emissions are seen in those areas in which production and resource consumption are concentrated. Cities are accelerating climate change on account of the high density of greenhouse gases emitted in the industrial, transportation, housing and waste sectors. The consequences of climate change will impact broadly on urban life.

Industrial nations share a huge responsibility for the global protection of the environment, as they have attained their welfare levels by the use of fossil energy. They have depleted resources all over the world and made intensive use of the land. This however has prompted those countries to take bold steps towards achieving a Greenhouse gas neutral economies. Germany has been a leading force in the efforts of sustainability and efficient use of energy; following the Paris agreement Germany has set very ambitious goals to become a Greenhouse gas neutral country by the year 2050. It has enacted policies which focus on emission reductions from

20

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

electricity, heating and transportation in all sectors some of which have already dropped tremendously. The use of renewable energy sources (Wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy and Geothermal energy) has been welcome in all sectors with variations in the levels of use and adaptation. The efforts of the “Energiewende” which means energy turnaround takes a different shape in different cities across Germany with goals to reduce GHG emission effects seen in problems of air pollution, waste water management, flooding and heat waves.

We see that some cities like Hamburg, Stuttgart, Munich, Wuppertal, districts along the major rivers in Germany are prone to river flooding and flash floods. The German Environment Agency (UBA) proposes schemes to develop climate resilient cities; climate adaptation needs to be integrated into city planning. It adequately addresses the different challenges caused by floods in cities by integrating different actors, administrative levels and disciplines (spatial, regional, city, landscape and infrastructure planning, architecture, flood and coastal protection etc.).

It has come up with an integrated approach to combine what is called “blue and green” infrastructures by using, rainwater retention and seepage effects to better manage problems of floods. This could be achieved by providing properly defined corridors for rain water collection which could be used for cooling as an energy source within the city.

Although the issues of flooding in Nigeria are on a much larger scale than the example cities listed above, lessons can be learnt from Germany’s efforts. Research will be done on the possibility of implementing similar solutions to the context of Lagos.

Diagram of the aerial view of Wuppertal, Germany. Source: German Environment Agency, UBA (2016)

The above image is a section of an aerial view plan of the city of Wuppertal, Germany showing how the green-blue belts are implemented into the urban context. The water collection corridors are highlighted in blue.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

21

CMS Lagos, Nigeria overlooking the Lagoon. Source: Mariam Hamidou

22

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

02

LAGOS: CONTEXT Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Geographically, Lagos is located in the southwestern part of the country. Lagos State borders the Republic of Benin in the West and the Atlantic Ocean in the South. The state is made up of the city and its conurbation. First inhabited before the 15th century, Lagos grew from a small fishing and farming settlement on an island to a coastal town. The Portuguese who arrived in 1472 gave the island its present name of Lagos. The town was later noted for its role in the slave trade in the 17th century.

In 1861, Lagos became a colony of the British. When the Protectorate of Nigeria was subsequently formed in 1914, Lagos was declared its capital. It remained Nigeria’s administrative capital after the nation became independent in 1960, until the seat of government moved to Abuja in December 1991. Lagos, however, was denied any special status as former political and administrative headquarter of the kind that Germany gave Bonn when the government moved to Berlin.

Nonetheless, Lagos continued flourishing as a trade centre. Migrants came to settle there. As the population of Lagos continues to increase spatial expansion has become inevitable.

The rapid population growth in Lagos Metropolis results in shortages of housing and growth of slums, lack of housing finance and failure of the urban community as a whole to adapt to changing conditions. Institutions and social services are not coping with the influx of migrants. The population increase has a direct impact on land use; it results in the demand for more land. Industry has occupied a significant proportion of the metropolis, and this has given rise to even more problems such as heavy traffic and industrial pollution.

In order to decongest the metropolitan centre and ensure the development of the state as a whole, the state government is trying to create new towns on the periphery of the agglomeration. It also wants to ensure the orderly development according to zones for housing, industry, commerce and other purposes. But in the past decades, the agglomeration grew faster than planers could manage.

Lagos State accounts for 40 % of Nigeria’s electricity consumption. Power generation at the national level only satisfies about one third of this demand. Out of necessity, Lagos State has been in the forefront of generating power for its residents. It is running some power plants of its own. A daily feature on Lagos roads is the traffic gridlock. An important reason is the sad condition of roads. Most were constructed in the 1970s and were supposed to serve a population that was still much smaller. Nobody expected this level of expansion in the 21st century

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

23

02

LAGOS: CONTEXT Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Ikeja Lagos Mainland

Lagos Island

Ajegunle

Oshodi

Victoria Island

1950

1970

0.3mio

1.9mio

2030

30mio 24

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Ikorodu

Alimosho Berger

Ojokoro Ikeja

Egbeda Ikotun Ijegun Ofin Lekki Ojo

Amuwo

1990

2016

7.7mio

21mio

D E V E L O P M E N T P L A N N I N G

VS

I N D E X The rate at which the city self develops

DEV ELOPMENT

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

PLANNING The last official urban plan of Lagos city MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

25

02 Year Population

LAGOS: CONTEXT Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

1980

1985

1990

1995

4,200,000

6,800,000

7,700,000

8,859,000

1

Scale

Land Area

999.6SQ KM

Estimated population

21,000,000

Place

LAGOS

26

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

2000 10,781,000

X

2005

2010

13,123,000

16,168,000

2015 20,000,000

7000

7.692M SQ KM

23,000,000 AUSTRALIA

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

27

02

LAGOS: CONTEXT Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Nigeria

52 years

Birth Rate

5.4 children (fertility rate)

Life Expectancy

48%

Urban Population 1900

1925

1950

Urban population growth, Life expectancy and birthrate Source: World bank

28

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

1975

2000

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

29

02

LAGOS: PROBLEM Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Lagos

Extreme flood areas Major rivers Study area

Map of Nigeria showing extreme flood regions. Source: Nkwunonwo Ugonna C. 2016 (Redrawn by Mariam Hamidou)

The map shows the spatial distribution of areas affected by extreme floods in Nigeria between 2000 and 2012. It is clear that the more affected parts of the country are the regions along the banks of the major rivers or in the case of Lagos the lagoon.

30

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

250

ANNUAL RAINFALL

200

150

100

50

0 1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

31

Graph showing average annual rainfall for Lagos marine area of Lagos for 50years Source: NIMET

02

LAGOS: PROBLEM Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Poorly planned and managed urbanization also contributes to the growing fl ood hazard due to unsuitable land use change. As cities and towns swell and grow outwards to accommodate population increase, large scale urban expansion often occurs in the form of unplanned development in floodplains, in coastal and inland areas alike, as well as in other flood-prone areas. In the developing world, a very high proportion of urban population growth and spatial expansion takes place in the dense, lowerquality informal settlements that are often termed “slums.” These are located in both city-center and peripheral, suburban or periurban locations and are frequently at highest risk.

The concentration of the poor within these areas, which typically lack adequate housing, infrastructure and service provision, increases the risk of fl ooding and ensures that flood impacts are worst for the disadvantaged.

The increased impacts of urban flooding which policy makers must address are further affected by development outside the protection of existing flood defenses; an increase in paving and other impermeable surfaces; overcrowding, increased densities and congestion; limited, ageing or poorly maintained drainage, sanitation and solid waste infrastructures; over-extraction of groundwater leading to subsidence; and a lack of flood risk management activities.

32

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

The National Policy on the Environment was launched in November 1989 by the then Federal Environmental Protection Agency (now the Federal Ministry of the Environment - FME). The goal of the policy was to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and in particular to: • Secure for all Nigerians a quality environment adequate for their health and well-being.

• Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

• Restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems.

• Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts.

• Co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of transboundary environmental pollution.

Ifako

Mushin

Lagos Surulere Mainland

LAGOS LAGOON

Lagos Island

Eti-Osa

Apapa

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

MAP OF LAGOS SHOWING FLOODED ZONES

LAGOS LAGOON

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

MAP OF LAGOS SHOWING SLUMS

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

33

02

LAGOS: RESEARCH QUESTION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

MAGROVE SWAMP

SQUATTER SETTLEMENT

DRAINAGE PROBLEMS

34

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Lekki area of Lagos, Source: http://www.travelstart.com.ng

Apapa-Oshodi express Lagos, Source: http://www.tvcontinental.tv

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

35

03

CASE STUDY: NAIROBI Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

BUILDING URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE

Location:

Nairobi, Kenya

Climate:

Tropical wet and Dry

Project period:

2006

Population:

3,360,000

Project Area:

City wide

Life Expectancy:

63.4 years

Project initiator:

Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI)

The Problem In Kenya, 10 million people were affected by flood-related disasters between 1990 and mid-2004. In slums, where 1.5 million of Nairobi's residents live, there is a surge of population growth coupled with increased flooding, driven partly by climate change. Flooding in Kibera, the largest informal settlement in Nairobi, causes death and destruction annually. Kibera is located on the Ngong River, one of the three major river systems in the Nairobi River Basin, with an estimated total of 30,000 people living within 30 meters of the .main watercourses where the cheapest rents are found The Strategy Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI) works in partnership with residents of impoverished areas to develop design solutions that improve physical, economic, and social quality of life by creating low-cost, high impact environments called Productive Public Spaces. In Kibera, these spaces were used to reinforce the riverbanks at several parts of the community. KDI incorporates participatory planning and design, it works collaboratively with communities from conception through to implementation. During implementation, KDI assisted with technical design while the community members did the construction work. Raw materials, mainly clay bricks were locally produced as well as steel and timber works. On completion, KDI conducted a support program for the community by building capacity in the members enabling them to manage and maintain the facility. This ensures a sustainable operation as community members can do business in the built facilities and earn income . The Result reinforcing the river edges helped to control flooding and reduced urban run-off sustainable urban drainage and waste disposal systems were developed construction of six Productive Public Spaces were completed in four different sites community members were empowered to create and sustain facilities whilst generating income

36

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

.Above: Kibera Public Space Project 01 site in 2006, before the Kounkuey Design Initiative began Source: Chelina Odbert, architectureau.com .Below: The network of Kibera Public Space Projects Source: Chelina Odbert, architectureau.com

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

37

INPUT

CASE STUDY, PROJECT

INPUT

KDI

CASE STUDY, PROJECT

KDI

OUTPUT

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE MANAGEMENT

DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN PROCESS

PSP

PSP

FUNDS

FUNDS

FLOOD PROTECTION

COMMUNITY

FLOOD PROTECTION

COMMUNITY

TEAM OF EXPERTS

FLOOD PROTECTION

Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI) architects engage members of Kibera community to startDesign public space project.

Kounkuey Initiative (KDI) architects engage members of Kibera

To protect against floods, the river bank is reinforced with construction of a gabion alongTo the banks at the selected site.is reinforced with construction of protect against floods,construction the river bank

KIBERA COMMUNITY

PUBLIC SPACE PROJECT (PSP)

KIBERA COMMUNITY Community members are engaged in participatory planning and design process.

PUBLICconstruct SPACE PROJECT (PSP)with local materials with the Community members public space collaboration of KDI members.

SITE CLEARING

FUNDING

The site is sellected close to the Ngong river and waste is cleared for conSITE struction to CLEARING begin.

Funds are generated from use of the public space for its maintenance FUNDING and construction of new public spaces.

TEAM OF EXPERTS

community to start public space project.

FLOOD PROTECTION

a gabion along the banks at the selected construction site.

Community members construct public space with local materials with the collaboration of KDI members.

Community members are engaged in participatory planning and design process.

The site is sellected close to the Ngong river and waste is cleared for construction to begin.

Funds are generated from use of the public space for its maintenance and construction of new public spaces.

Input/Output diagram

38

OUTPUT

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

.Above: A playground constructed from bamboo for local children Source: Chelina Odbert, architectureau.com .Below: Small bridges designed and built to stabilize the rivers banks Source: Alexander Mutem, architectureau.com

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

39

03

CASE STUDY: SEOUL Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

THE CHEONGGYECHEON RIVER RESTORATION Location:

Seoul, South Korea

Climate:

Humid continental

Project period:

Population:

24,514,000

Project Area:

5.84Km long

79.6 years

Project initiator:

SeoAhn total Landscape

Life Expectancy:

2003-2005

The Problem Cheonggyecheon was originally covered by a 6km long and 50-80m wide road structure. More than 168 thousand cars a day were running along Cheonggye street and Cheonggye elevated highway. According to a study conducted by the Korean Society of Civil Engineering in 2000, serious repair works were required within three years with a total budget of 100 billion to address deficiencies of the road and elevated highway .structures. It was for out of this grant the Cheonggyecheon restoration project was formulated The Strategy Seoul city had at the time undergone a shift in its policy paradigm from development to a focus on environment. The focus was to move from vehicles to people and efficiency to equity. The project is more than a simple restoration work, rather, it is a model for Seoul and other cities to breathe new life into the .urban fabric Key Success To provide flood protection Increase overall biodiversity by 639% with the number of plant species, fish species, aquatic invertebrate, insects, mammals and amphibians A reduction of small-particle air pollution by 35% from 74 to 48 micrograms per cubic meter A rise of 15.1% increase in bus trips and 3.3% in subway trips in Seoul The project attracts an average of 64,000 visitors daily. Of those, 1,408 are foreign tourists who contribute .$1.9 million USD to the economy .An increase in land prices by 30-50% for properties within 50 meters of the restoration project An increase in the number of businesses by 3.5%, and the total number of working people in the .Cheonggyecheon area by 0.8%

40

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

41

03

CASE STUDY: COPENHAGEN Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

BLUE-GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NØRREBRO Location:

Copenhagen Denmark

Climate:

Marine west coast

Project period:

2016-2022

Population:

583,000

Project Area:

85,000sqm

Life Expectancy:

79.4years

Project initiator:

SLA-Stig L. Andersson

The Problem The City of Copenhagen faces various challenges related to climate changes and urban population growth from heavy cloudbursts (rainwater management), urban heat islands and an increased carbon footprint, .waste management, water pollution to an increasing social and cultural segregation in the inner city The Strategy The City of Copenhagen attempts to implement a blue-green strategy that addresses the specifications of the location and community. The proposal for the design of Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade is based on five main tools that help increase the synergy between water, biology and the people of Nørrebro.

Together the tools strengthen the unique quality of the area by creating an open framework that conveys the juxtaposition of that which has been constructed and that which has been cultivated, allowing space for both a community spirit and climate adaption. Because the development of the district will be based on a networking process between the municipality, District Renewal, institutions, schools and residents, local affiliation and ownership will be ensured of climate adaptation solutions as well as urban space .solutions The Result the area will be experienced as architecturally cohesive, but with a myriad of different spaces, green niches, urban life activities and pop-up initiatives – providing room for different user groups and activities the area will be climate-secured with long-lasting solutions the degree of what is green and what is blue will be maximized in the urban spaces

42

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

THE SOUL OF NØRREBRO

THE SOUL OF NØRREBRO

EVERYDAY RAIN

26

26

It often rains in Copenhagen. Sometimes it is grey and wet for several consecutive days. At other times there are short, but heavy showers. Sometimes it drizzles. Everyday rain is a completely natural part of the daily life in Copenhagen and, therefore, should be included in the hydrological cycle by being a resource that promotes urban nature and urban life. Rainwater management and cloudburst harvesting is not in itself a plan - the plan is to improve the daily lives of residents and users. Both measurably and noticeably.

EVERYDAY RAIN IN THE AREA THAT IS UPSTREAM FROM HANS TAVSENS PARK Cleansing biotopes will be established in the western part of the park, at Nørrebro Park School. The cleansing biotopes are integrated into the park naturally. These cleansing biotopes must be able to receive the rain from the downstream portion of the cloudburst branches coming from Nørrebro Park, and possibly from parts of the northern cloudburst branches if it runs through Assistens Cemetery. In particular, it is proposed that the intersection on Jagtvej is designed with a closed drain for everyday rain and a lowFSFE TVSGBDF GPS DMPVECVSTUT 5IJT DBO BMTP JNQSPWF UIF USBƌD DPOEJUJPOT BU the intersection.

EVERYDAY RAIN AS A RESOURCE Rainwater, collected from roofs in collection tanks, must as far as possible be used as a resource in the area. This water can be used by residents, schools and institutions, as well as by the municipality’s operating organisation. Rainwater from the roof areas directly facing Hans Tavsens Park will CF MFE UP UIF OFX SBJOCFET JO UIF QBSL XIFSF NPTU PG UIF XBUFS XJMM ŻMUFS down and evaporate. The rainwater from the roof areas along Korsgade that are not close to a collection tank, will as far as possible be led directly to the longitudinal rainwater element in Korsgade.

EVERYDAY RAIN IN THE AREA SURROUNDING HANS TAVSENS PARK " UPUBM PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ SBJOXBUFS UBOLT BSF UP CF FTUBCMJTIFE FBDI NFBTVSJOH N JO TJ[F *U JT FOTVSFE UIBU UIF UBQQJOH BSFBT BSF TFcured properly so that it cannot be used for drinking water. If the rainwater is wanted for recreational use locally, it must be ensured that the water is USFBUFE PS SFQMBDFE DG SFHVMBUJPOT CZ UIF NFEJDBM PƌDFS PG IFBMUI FUD 5IF SBJOXBUFS UBOLT XJMM PWFSżPX UP SBJOCFET JO )BOT 5BWTFOT 1BSL BOE POMZ XIFO UIFTF BSF ŻMMFE XJMM TVQFSŻDJBM żPX PDDVS UP EFTJHOBUFE BSFBT JO UIF park.

'SPN UIF IFBWZ USBƌDLFE BSFBT PO )BOT 5BWTFOT (BEF BOE ,PSTHBEF UIF rainwater will be diverted via downstream wells using down scaling drains UP )0'03śT FYJTUJOH ESBJOBHF TZTUFN 5IJT FOTVSFT UIBU NPTU PG UIF DPOUBNJOBUFE SBJOXBUFS BOE UIF ŻSTU żVTI BSF EJWFSUFE UP -ZOFUUFO UIF %BOJTI waste water treatment plant.

EVERYDAY RAIN AT HELLIGKORS CHURCH AND BLÅGÅRDS SCHOOL *O UIJT BSFB UIF SBJOXBUFS XJMM BMTP ŻSTU CF DPMMFDUFE JO SBJOXBUFS UBOLT CVU UP TPNF FYUFOU JU XJMM BMTP CF MFE EJSFDUMZ UP UIF SBJOXBUFS FMFNFOU JO Korsgade. Individual roof sheets will be led to the proposed discharge pipe from delay elements at Hans Tavsens Park.

EVERYDAY RAIN IN KORSGADE A rainwater element will be established through Korsgade which will divert everyday rain from the northern roof areas and sidewalks. The drains are covered when passing roads, and to reduce the ongoing cleaning and operation, coarse grates are incorporated in the covered portions so that paper, QJ[[B CPYFT FUD DBO FBTJMZ CF EJTQPTFE PG CZ PQFOJOH UIF IJOHFE żBQT PG the cover. The drain also passes cleansing biotopes along the way and a ŻOBM SJOTF CFGPSF JU JT QVNQFE JOUP UIF MBLFT *O BMM UIFSF JT B N EFMBZ volume which allows for the maintaining of a low discharge rate of 1 L/s per hectare to the lake. The roof water from the southern roof areas are led to UIF DPMMFDUJPO UBOLT XJUI UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ PG PWFSżPXJOH JOUP UIF MPOHJUVEJOBM rainwater element. Individual roof sheets will be led to the proposed discharge pipe from delay elements at Hans Tavsens Park.

TRAFFICKED AREAS - FIRST AND SECOND FLUSH 5IF USBƌDLFE BSFBT PG )BOT 5BWTFOT (BEF BOE ,PSTHBEF BSF ESBJOFE UP UIF FYJTUJOH ESBJOBHF TZTUFN CVU TDBMFE CBDL TP UIBU POMZ UIF ŻSTU żVTI DPOtaining the most contaminated water, is diverted here. The proposed scaling down is performed with regulated discharge from the rainwater canals and wells, which can regulate from 1-10 L/s per hectare.

8IFO UIF SBJOGBMM FYDFFET UIF MJNJU PG UIF ŻSTU żVTI JU PWFSżPXT UP UIF discharge pipe for rainwater from delay elements in Hans Tavsens Park.

Principle longitudinal section through the project area (not to scale)

Roof Rain Water

9,0m

8,0m

7,5m

7,0m

8,0m

7,0m

7,0m

Reused Rain Water

8,0m

8,0m

Rain Basin Rain Basin

22

Surface Chan

Roof Rain Water

Rain Basin

Rain Basin

Reused Rain Water

Cloudburst and Low Point Drainage Pipe

Visualisation and section of Nørrebro Source: The Soul of Nørrebro, Nordic Built Cities Challenge, Hans Tavsens Park, Blågård School and Korsgade

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

43

DELAY & STORAGE

THE BIR

100% UTILITY & AMENITY VALUE THE SOUL OF NØRREBRO

GROWTH

CLEANSING

RECYCLING

FLOWERIN

SEEPAGE

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

DELAY & STORAGE 100% UTILITY & AMENITY VALUE CLEANSING

Copenhagen city nature needs the usefulness and enhanced value of rain water. That is why we are working with holistic rain water solutions that are part of a larger cycle.MIXING From small to large scale, rainTHE water is seen asOFaDIVERSITY resource where the water BIRTHPLACE is collected, purified and reused.

The hydrological cycle optimizes Copenhagen resource GROWTH MATURING consumption, climate-secures the area surrounding Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade, purifies the water in the lakes and makes Copenhagen even greener.

RAIN

MIXING

DELAY & STORAGE

THE BIRTHPLACE OF DIVERSITY

100% UTILITY & AMENITY VALUE RECYCLING CLEANSING

DELAY & STORAGE

SEEPAGE

GROWTH

agen resource ess and enhanced rounding rking withHans holistic ter in the lakes cycle.

From small

ce where the water MIXING

nhagen resource surrounding Hans water in the lakes

daptable and the center of

ACTIVITY LOCAL COMMITMENT

THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE

THE SOCIAL CYCLE

Copenhagen city nature needs the usefulness and enhanced value of rain water. That is why we are working with holistic rain water solutions that are part of a larger RECYCLING cycle. From small 8 to large scale, rainSEEPAGE water is seen as a resource where the water is collected, purified and reused.

Nature’s biological cycles are revitalizing, dynamic and constantly evolving. From the most fragile saplings to old hoary trees, new suckers, birdsong, fallen leaves,WEATHERING death and weathering, nature FLOWERING gives us a feeling of being part of something greater. Hans Tavsens Park will become the birthplace of aTHE biological diversity and variety that will spread to the rest BIOLOGICAL CYCLE of Nørrebro and Copenhagen.

Nørrebro is the most dive density, community feeling the district. But in busy eve have a hard time. TheACTIVI soci happiness in Nørrebro by munities acrossCYCLE social reso THE SOCIAL

Nature’s biological cycles are revitalizing, dynamic and PLAYFUL CHILDREN Theconstantly biologicalevolving. cycle willFrom ensure diverse, adaptable the amost fragile saplings and to old unique city nature and natural experiences the center hoary trees, new suckers, birdsong, falleninleaves, deathofand theweathering, capital. nature gives us a feeling of being part of some-

TheNørrebro purpose is of the the social most cd to, density, as well community as the co-creat fee well-being.

TheBut social cycle the district. in busy e tutions, including Copenha have a hard time. The s

thing greater. Hans Tavsens will become the birthplace FOCUS ONPark CO-CREATION of a biological diversity and variety that will spread to the rest of Nørrebro and Copenhagen.

PLAYFUL CHILDREN

happiness in Nørrebro b munities across social re

to large scale, rain water is seen as a resource where the water MIXING is collected, purified and reused.

THE BIRTHPLACE OF DIVERSITY The hydrological cycle optimizes Copenhagen resource MATURING consumption, climate-secures the area surrounding Hans GROWTH Tavsens Park and Korsgade, purifies the water in the lakes and makes Copenhagen even greener.

MIXING

THE BIRTHPLACE OF DIVERSITY

WEATHERING FLOWERING

PIONEERING SPIRIT

LOCAL COMMITMENT

The biological cycle will ensure a diverse, adaptable and unique city nature and natural experiences in the center of PIONEERING SPIRIT the capital.

FOCUS ON CO-CREATION

LOCAL COMMITMENT ACTIVITY

THE SOCIAL CYCLE

Nature’s biological cycles are revitalizing, dynamic and WEATHERING constantly evolving. From the most fragile saplings to old FLOWERING hoary trees, new suckers, birdsong, fallen leaves, death and weathering, nature gives us a feeling of being part of something greater.

Hans Tavsens THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE Park will become the birthplace of a biological diversity and variety that will spread to the rest of Nørrebro Copenhagen.

PLAYFUL Nature’s and biological cycles areCHILDREN revitalizing, dynamic and

Nørrebro is the most diverse district in Copenhagen. The COMMUNICATORS density, community feeling and tolerance is quite unique for ACTIVITY the district. But in busy everyday life, new communities often have a hard time. The social cycle should increase everyday happiness in Nørrebro THE SOCIAL CYCLE by promoting large and small communities across social resources, generations, sex and race.

constantly evolving. From the most fragile saplings to old Thehoary biological will ensure a diverse, adaptable andand trees, cycle new suckers, birdsong, fallen leaves, death unique city nature andgives natural in thepart center of weathering, nature us aexperiences feeling of being of somePIONEERING SPIRIT thething capital.

FOCUS ONPark CO-CREATION greater. Hans Tavsens will become the birthplace of a biological diversity and variety that will spread to the rest of Nørrebro and Copenhagen.

LOCAL COMMITMENT

The biological cycle will ensure a diverse, adaptable and unique city nature and natural experiences in the center of the capital.

Nørrebro is the most diverse district in Copenhagen. The Thedensity, purposecommunity of the social cycle and is totolerance strengthen feeling is commitment quite unique for to, the as well as the of thelife, city’s the world’s) district.

Butco-creation in busy everyday new(and communities often well-being.

The social cycle is anchored in the district’s instihave a hard time. The social cycle should increase everyday tutions, including Copenhagen’s first Fablab for CIty Nature. happiness in Nørrebro by promoting large and small communities across social resources, generations, sex and race.

The purpose of the social cycle is to strengthen commitment to, as well as the co-creation of the city’s (and the world’s) well-being. The social cycle is anchored in the district’s institutions, including Copenhagen’s first Fablab for CIty Nature.

COMMUNICATORS ACTIVITY

44

THE SOCIAL CYCLE

44

COMMUNICATORS

THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE

WEATHERING

dynamic and aplings to old es, death and part of somethe birthplace ead to the rest

FLOWERING

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

GROWTH

s and enhanced CYCLING ng with holistic 8 cle. From small where the water

The biological cycle will unique city nature and na the capital.

F

8

CLING

P

Nature’s biological cycle constantly evolving. From hoary trees, new suckers, weathering, nature gives FOCu thing greater. Hans Tavse of a biological diversity an of Nørrebro and Copenhag LOCAL COMMITMENT

WEATHERING

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE The hydrological cycle optimizes Copenhagen resource consumption, surrounding Hans Copenhagenclimate-secures city nature needsthe thearea usefulness and enhanced MATURING Tavsens Park Korsgade, in with the lakes value of rainand water.

That ispurifies why we the are water working holistic andrain makes even waterCopenhagen solutions that aregreener. part of a larger cycle. From small DELAY & STORAGE

THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE

MATURING

RAIN

Nørrebro is the most diverse district in Copenhagen. The density, community feeling and tolerance is quite unique for the district. But in busy everyday life, new communities often have a hard time.

The social cycle should increase everyday WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city. happiness in Nørrebro by promoting large and small communities across social resources, generations, sex and race.

The purpose of the social cycle is to strengthen commitment to, as well as the co-creation of the city’s (and the world’s) well-being. The social cycle is anchored in the district’s insti-

The purpose of the socia to, as well as the co-cr well-being. The social cy tutions, including Copen

take part in recreational activities, urban social l of the area by creating an open framework that conveys experiences.

The main tools will have the following positive effec Our proposal for the design of Hans Tavsens Park and the juxtaposition of that which has been constructed and Korsgade based oncultivated, five main tools that helpeveryday increaselife is that whichishas been so that good • • The will bePark, climate-secured Hansarea Tavsens Korsgade andwith the long-lastin area aroun the synergy between water, biology and the people guaranteed for all. Here the soul of Nørrebro will be of allowed and Hellig Kors Church will become a completely • The area will be experienced as architecturally co Nørrebro.

Togetherspace the tools strengthen the unique attractive, sensuous and naturally rich area that to grow, allowing for both a community spirit quality and myriad of different spaces, green niches, urban l take part in recreational activities, urban social of the area by creating an open framework that conveys peace of mind. the following positive effects: • The degree of what is green and what is blue will be maximized in the up initiatives - providing room for different user experiences. the juxtaposition of that which hasurban beenspaces constructed and and an aesthetic appreciation of nature so that sensuous Korsgade and thethat areawhich around has the Blågård School is markedly area.will be climate-secured with long-lasti been cultivated, so that goodincreased everydaythroughout life is the• project The area ch will become aguaranteed completely new forcohesive, all. Here the soul of Nørrebro will be allowed and naturally rich area that invites you to stay, • The varied architectural characteristics the project area are • ofThe area will be experienced as architecturally co to grow, allowing space for both a community spirit and onal activities, urban social life and new nature complemented by the cultivated environment, so that a complete myriad of different spaces, green niches, urban peace of mind. urban architecture is created. the following positive effects: • The degree of what is green and what is blue will be maximized in the up initiatives - providing room for different user

urban spaces so that sensuous and an aesthetic appreciation of nature • is Nørrebro’s as innovative, full ofproject initiative and a leader of the ate-secured long-lasting solutions.

Korsgade andwith the area around the Blågård School markedly‘edge’ increased throughout the area. pack will be strengthened. ch will become a completely new cohesive, erienced as architecturally cohesive, but with a and naturally rich area that invites you to stay, • The varied architectural characteristics of the project area are spaces, green niches, urban life activities and pop• complemented Because the development of the environment, district will beso based a networking onal activities, urban social life and new nature by the cultivated that on a complete ding room for different user groups and activities. process between the municipality, District Renewal, institutions, urban architecture is created.

CLIMATE ADAPTATION WITH CITY NATURE schools and residents, local affiliation and ownership will be ensured CLIMATE ADAPTATION WITH CITY NATURE ofusing climate as well as urban space solutions. ate-secured with long-lasting solutions.

• Nørrebro’s ‘edge’ full of initiative a of leader of the in The entire project area will be climate-adapted cityadaptation natureas asinnovative, itssolutions base. Nørrebro has greatand need city nature pack will be strengthened. order to climate-adapt the district, but it is equally important that city nature makes it nicer for all people to live and erienced as architecturally cohesive, but with a move around in the neighbourhood. City nature will handle and retain rain water but will also increase the quality of • and Because the development of noise the district will and be based on aemissions, networking paces, green niches, urban life activities and popwater while creating a better micro-climate contribute to food growing, reduction lower CO2 ding room for different user groups and activities. process between the municipality, District Renewal, institutions, improving air quality - and the quality of life for the residents! schools and residents, local affiliation and ownership will be ensured CLIMATE ADAPTATION WITH CITY NATURE of using climate solutions as well has as urban The entire project area will be climate-adapted cityadaptation nature as its base. Nørrebro great space need ofsolutions. city nature in order to climate-adapt the district, but it is equally important that city nature makes it nicer for all people to live and move around in the neighbourhood. City nature will handle and retain rain water but will also increase the quality of water while creating a better micro-climate and contribute to food growing, noise reduction and lower CO2 emissions, improving air quality - and the quality of life for the residents!

DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES FORFOR ALL ALL nature in The residents of Nørrebro, its associations and visitors have very different expectations and dreams about good urban o live and life. That is precisely why we are proposing to work with “open form” - i.e. unprogrammed spaces that can be appropriquality of ated either for spontaneous and temporary events, or more planned, permanent functions. It may e.g. be for Nørrebro’s many associations, institutions or schools, who need a place to flourish. In this way, Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade missions, will take shape according to the wishes of the users and their commitment, and will grow and develop organically together with the citizens.

OnCOPENHAGEN’S the sides with precipitation areas, FOR possible scenarios are exemplified.

DIFFERENCES FOR ALLAND SCHOOLS AS DRIVERS FIRST FABLAB URBAN NATURE nature in The residents of Nørrebro, its associations and visitors have very different expectations dreams good urban There is a huge potential for using the area’s institutions and schools as drivers for the and entire urbanabout development of o live and life.district.

That is From precisely why age, we are proposing to workmust with learn “opentoform” - i.e. co-creators unprogrammed spaces thatcycle can be approprithe an early kids from Nørrebro be active of the Nørrebro and its city quality of ated either spontaneous and temporary events,HTØ or more planned, permanent functions.

It may e.g.and be for nature.

The for Blågård School, Nørrebro Park School, and HTV, Et Frie Gymnasium, Korsgadehallen theNørrebro’s manned many associations, institutions or schools, who need a place to flourish.

In this way, Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade missions, playgrounds can all play an active role in the development. To make this a reality, we will introduce a new institutional willSCHOOLS take shapeAS according to the wishes of the users and theirFABLAB commitment, and will grow and develop organically focal point: Copenhagen’s first FABLAB for City Nature. FABLAB is an urban exploratorium, which will be placed beDRIVERS AND COPENHAGEN’S FIRST FOR URBAN NATURE together with citizens.

On the sides with scenarios are exemplified. tween HTØ andthe the Blågård School.

Here, cityprecipitation nature of FABLAB theareas, futurepossible will URBAN be co-created!

SCHOOLS AS DRIVERS AND COPENHAGEN’S FIRST FOR NATURE 10 There is a huge potential for using the area’s institutions and schools as drivers for the entire urban development of the district. From an early age, kids from Nørrebro must learn to be active co-creators of the Nørrebro cycle and its city nature. The Blågård School, Nørrebro Park School, HTØ and HTV, Et Frie Gymnasium, Korsgadehallen and the manned playgrounds can all play an active role in the development. To make this a reality, we will introduce a new institutional focal point: Copenhagen’s first FABLAB for City Nature. FABLAB is an urban exploratorium, which will be placed beLINKS tween HTØ and the Blågård School. Here, city nature of the future will be co-created! opment of 10Both the physical and visual links between Hans Tavsens Park, Korsgade and their context will be improved so that the nd its city area is made more accessible, both physically and mentally. It is important that the project is integrated as closely as possible with the environment so that the site will continue to be perceived as open and including, all the way from Jagtvej e manned to Peblinge Lake. But cross-links are also important. The side streets will be connected to the area with the creation of stitutional placed benewLINKS spaces, and the special energy contained in the urban life of Rantzausgade will be connected to the project area.

LINKS Both the physical and visual links between Hans Tavsens Park, Korsgade and their context will be improved so that the opment of nd its city area is made more accessible, both physically and mentally. It is important that the project is integrated as closely as e manned possible with the environment so that the site will continue to be perceived as open and including, all the way from Jagtvej stitutional to Peblinge Lake. But cross-links are also important. The side streets will be connected to the area with the creation of placed benew spaces, and the special energy contained in the urban life of Rantzausgade will be connected to the project area.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

DIFFERENC The residen life. That is ated either f many assoc will take sha together wit DIFFERENC The residen life. That is ated either many assoc will take sh together wi

LINKS Both the phy area is made possible with to Peblinge L new spaces, LINKS Both the phy area is made possible with to Peblinge L new spaces,

45

03

CASE STUDY: AMSTERDAM Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

FLOATING HOUSES IN IJBURG Location:

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Climate:

Oceanic climate

Project period:

Population:

1,344,000

Project Area:

10652.0 sqm

Life Expectancy:

81.1years

Project initiator:

Architectenbureau Marlies Rohme

since 2011

The Problem Experiments with living on water need to take place, especially in a country like Netherlands where two-thirds of the population lives below sea level. The country has spent billions keeping water at bay by building some of the world’s most fantastic dykes and barriers. Floating neighbourhoods is also a solution to the problem of rising sea level and housing shortage in dense metropolitan areas.

The Strategy The floating homes are supported by buoyant concrete tubs submerged in the water to a depth of half a story.

A lightweight supporting steel construction is built on top, which is fitted with wooden panelling to make rooms and floors. Bedrooms and the bathroom are contained in the lowest story, which is partly submerged. The raised ground floor houses kitchen and dining spaces. Connected to an open terrace deck, the main living area occupies the cantilevered upper floor. Sunrooms, verandas, floating terraces, awnings, etc. can be easily attached to this skeleton frame.

Key Success 18,000 homes will be built for 45,000 residents Houses are able to compete with rising sea levels.

46

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Ijburg floating houses Source: amusingplanet.com

Diagram showing Ijburg houses with section Source: http://www.cntraveler.com

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

47

48

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

04

SITE CONTEXT: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

The Lekki Peninsula is a large naturally formed peninsula situated on the Atlantic Ocean side of Lagos lagoon. The peninsula is approximately 70 to 80 km long, stretching from Victoria Island in the west to Refuge Island in the east, with an average width of 10 km. The project area is estimated to be about 60,000 hectares with the areas allocated for the Lekki Free Trade Zone and a proposed International airport excluded. Lekki is separated from the mainland by Lagos lagoon.

In places the distance between the mainland

development programmes for Lekki and greater Lagos and as a result is it suffering from a lack or coordinated services and development objectives and server environmental degradation.

Lekki as an entity was previously held fortune by its topography, its propensity to flood and a poor quality of access. The traditional activities of rural Lagos State ensured that the peninsula was always populated and that it had a relationship to Lagos as a whole but did not play a significant role in facilitating its metropolitan growth. Designating Lekki as an element within the metropolitan growth plans for Lagos focused attention on it as a positive regional asset and one with real prospects of

and Lekki can be 10-15km, but towards the north Lekki is only several kilometers from Ijede with only several hundred meters separating Lekki from Epe in the north east. To the far east by RefugeIsland, Lekki is connected to the mainland via a narrow satisfying a multiplicity of metropolitan needs. stretch of coast.

Yet even when the existence of Lekki had become a factor in the future growth of Lagos, problems remained limiting its proper use and its integration into a wider strategic vision for Lagos itself. The original Master Plan was prepared in 1980, the revised land use plan in 2000/2001 and the existing land use plan in 2002, while opening the door to development Lekki’s position represents a significant was largely ignored as guiding documents portion of undeveloped but accessible with the result that today there is development land in close proximity to Lagos for future which is a problem in itself. In briefing growth and development with the Lekki Area stakeholders to the requirements of growth in currently undergoing significant expansion the Lekki Sub-Region. and development due to the expansion and growth of Metropolitan Lagos. As a result, Lekki Peninsula is seen as one of the most dynamic growth areas in Lagos State and provides an enormous opportunity to satisfy the increasing growth demands of Lagos.

The Lekki Peninsula is connected to Lagos by two bridges at Victoria Island and a third crossing exists west of Epe connecting the main land to Lekki Peninsula north of Oko Orisa. Small ferry operations also connect Lekki to mainland Lagos.

Up to this point, development in Lekki has occurred without proper coordination resulting in Lekki having become isolated from the strategies contained in the original

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

49

04

SITE CONTEXT: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

L A G O S

A

1997

2007

L A G O O N

T

L

N

T

I

2017

Lekki has featured in a number of efforts of planning either to retain its existing character or to integrate it into plans for metropolitan Lagos. The authorities have been aware of the potential opportunities inherent there as well as the constraints which encumber its development. The original master plan prepared in 1980 was intended to settle a land use and road pattern on the peninsula in order to protect it from inappropriate development and established metropolitan linkages with Lagos which could be strengthened when they were needed and resources were available.

As a result two particular events occurred; existing village settlements grew without proper control along major highways, thus ‘excised villages’ were created by the

50

A

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

authorities as a measure of control.

Developer interest and land assignment was carried out without control resulting in the congestion, now apparent, in the established western parts and the confusion and irregularities of the remaining assignments.

The adhoc distributions of planned residential layouts have resulted in a highly negative and obtrusive land occupation.

Various attempts were also made in 2000/2001 and 2002 to provide land use plans for the entire Lekki Peninsula as part of greater Lagos State Regional Plan. Unlike, the 1980 land use plan, the Revised 2000/2001 and 2002 plans,

C

O

C

E

A

N

provided little guidance for future development population distributions and densities, other than determining future land use community facilities and other land uses to patterns. The plans do highlight however, that allow these services to be properly supplied. there are large areas of land designated for residential development in an unplanned and manner. If allowed to go ahead without careful planning of transportation systems and other infrastructure services, this development will result in significant problems for the area, more so than those experienced now. These plans do however, include the new road schemes planned for the area (i.e. Fourth Mainland Bridge, Regional Road) and the location of the proposed airport. However, for the road networks and infrastructure services to be effectively planned, details need to be provided on

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

51

04

SITE CONTEXT: RIVERS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

L A G O S

A

Ocean

Lagoon

L A G O O N

T

L

A

N

T

I

Creek

The substantial areas subject to permanent or seasonal flooding contain a wide range of indigenous plant species such a mangrove and palm. The extensive natural flood regime which supports a rich flora continues to make large areas of the peninsula unsuitable for development or prohibitively expensive to remediate and ideal for conservation.

Retention of the water based context of the peninsula will be an important element of this project.Without this cost and environmental impacts will damage the viability and functionality of the project as a whole. The area has a strong natural context which can influence development both in an engineering and environmentally sustainable fashion.

Retention of natural drainage, maintenance of the coastal edge with its unique vegetation and conservation of the natural drainage depressions with their flora and fauna will ensure the natural context of Lekki contributes positively to the urban development’s committed, planned and underway.

Changing land use patterns and economic pressures are influencing the natural ecology and context of the site. Uncontrolled urbanization is placing it under further pressure and the general seasonal flooding occurring at the western developed end of the site is a direct result of adhoc infrastructure as well as ignoring and contravening the As well as the preservation of coastal natural drainage patterns. vegetation, other methods must also be given

52

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

C

O

C

E

A

N

consideration to control and prevent coastal erosion, which may also become a key aspect that could restrict growth within this part of the peninsula.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

53

04

SITE CONTEXT: LAND USE Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

CH. "B" 3+500

L A G O S

L A G O O N

A

T

L

Industrial (Free Trade zone) proposed airport special uses commercial and community

54

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

A

N

T

I

C

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

55

L A G O S

L A G O O N 2

1

A

56

1

Lekki phase 1

2

Awoyaya

3

Itamarun

T

L

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

A

N

T

I

C

3

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

57

04

SITE CONTEXT: LEKKI PHASE 1 Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Densely populated high brow community located on the edge of the Lagos lagoon.

Part of the modern day Lekki phase 1 used to be a slum known as Maroko. Today it is home to the upper middle class citizens of Lagos. It is categorized as a low-risk flood zone because it gets very little river flooding due to its slight elevation above other parts of the peninsula. It is mostly residential with the presence of some secondary and primary schools, hospitals and small businesses.

Lekki phase 1 flood Source: http://www.nigerianmonitor.com

58

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Aerial view of the Lekki-Ikoyi bridge showing the edges of Lekki phase 1, Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

59

04

SITE CONTEXT: AWOYAYA Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Growing middle class community on the psninsula located very close to the creek.

Residents are mostly traders and small business owners. This area is categorized as a high risk flood zone as it is prone to river flooding from the creek during peak rainy season. It also has poor drainage systems that are not properly maintained. This area is known for its markets and shop houses.

Awoyaya flood Source: Rachida Hamidou

60

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Awoyaya flood Source: Rachida Hamidou

Awoyaya flood Source: Rachida Hamidou

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

61

04

SITE CONTEXT: ITAMARUN Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Rural community close to the industrial part of the peninsula. Popularly called „resettlement towns‘ there is an existence of rural dwellers seen on the Lekki. A lot of such places are located on the coast of the Atlantic and have been moved to such areas due to loss of their homes and shelters during the development of middle class housing estates. These areas like in this example, have very little for infrastructure, with no access to electricity from the grid and clean water. There is a presence of one public building which is a community health centre and it is entirely powered by solar energy. This is categorized as a semi-flood risk zone due to its adaptation to floods by the use of nature. There is a natural defense line between the Atlantic and the community which also provides food, income and a social gathering space.

Itamarun, Lagos NigeriaSource: Mariam Hamidou

62

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Itamarun Lagos, Nigeria Source: Mariam Hamidou

Itamarun Lagos, Nigeria Source: Mariam Hamidou

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

63

04

PROJECT ANALYSIS: MANGROVES Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Lagos, Nigeria

Map of the world showing mangroves Source: commons.wikimedia.org

Mangrove forests are estuarine wetlands, the area where the river meets the sea. Mangroves are forests in intertidal areas, with medium height trees and shrubs. They are located mostly along tropical coastlines and some subtropical coastlines. Situated between land and sea, the mangrove forest contains many different species which, depending on their location, are more or less salt tolerant. .Mangroves are capable of protecting the coastline against erosion caused by wind, waves, and currents, and they can reduce the impact of storms and hurricanes.

Mangrove forests occupy about 15.2 million hectares of tropical coast worldwide (Spalding et al. 2010). Africa represents about 19% of this mangrove cover, totaling some 3.2 million ha.

The African country with the largest mangrove area is Nigeria with 1mln ha. Many mangrove forests were lost during the last decades of the 20th century. There are different reasons for the reduction of mangroves.

64

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

These are human-induced degradation and natural disturbance related. Humaninduced degradation is the active conversion of mangroves by humans, while natural disturbance is degradation of mangroves as a result of a change in their environment/ ecology which can have a human cause as well.

The use of natural dynamics as a means of flood protection leads to solutions which are more adaptable in anticipating to (uncertain) changing, natural or socio-economic conditions. On the other hand, natural dynamics are inherently less predictable due to variability of weather conditions but also the complexity of ecological and morphological processes. Therefore working with nature solutions require adaptive pathways for decision-making and an adaptive governance approach to facilitate implementation and maintenance of the working-with-nature solutions.

Mangroves in southern Nigeria Source: www.modernghana.com

Omu creek Lagos Source: www.modernghana.com

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

65

Accretion Soil surface

Living roots

Surface elevation /change

Mangrove peat Shallow subsurface change

Basement Consolidated Layer Deep subsidence/ uplift

According to a report from The Nature Conservancy, Wetlands International and the Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, mangroves could be able to keep pace with sea level rise in some places. a broad range of existing evidence and found that mangroves can build up soil at rates of 1 to 10 mm per year. In many places that rate is well within the range of the current 3 mm per year rise in sea levels, potentially allowing mangroves to remain in place even as rising seas threaten to engulf them. Mangroves have complex roots that help to trap and bind the sediments on the soil surface, while the unseen growth of roots beneath the soil surface helps build up the soil from below .The processes that influence soil build-up such as sediment deposition, erosion, root growth, decomposition, the burrowing of crabs and other animals,

66

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

and how they interact are complicated.

Moreover, a multitude of variables can influence the rate at which these processes occur in any given location.

Shoreline protection from tidal actions

Shelter for aquatic life

Traps sediments to build new land

Source of food for mangrove ecosystem

The National Policy on the Environment was launched in November 1989 by the then Federal Environmental Protection Agency (now the Federal Ministry of the Environment - FME). The goal ofthe policy was to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and in particular to:

and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems.

• Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development • Secure for all Nigerians a quality and to encourage individual and community environment adequate for their health and participation in environmental improvement well-being. efforts.

• Conserve and use the environment • Co-operate in good faith with and natural resources for the benefit of other countries, international organizations present and future generations. and agencies to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective • Restore, maintain and enhance prevention or abatement of transboundary ecosystems and ecological processes environmental pollution. essential for the functioning of the biosphere

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

67

04

PROJECT ANALYSIS: MANGROVE Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

L A G O S

L A G O O N

A

T

L

Undeveloped area of site covered by mangrove

68

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

A

N

T

I

C

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

69

05

PROJECT ANALYSIS: FLOOD RISK ZONE MAPS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

+ 0OC SITUATION OF LEKKI PENINSULA

+ 1.5OC CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION OF LEKKI PENINSULA

70

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

+ 2OC CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION OF LEKKI PENINSULA

+ 4OC CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION OF LEKKI PENINSULA

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

71

05

PROJECT ANALYSIS: SCALES OF INTERVENTION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Medium-risk zone Mangrove plantation for flood adaption

L A G O S Low-risk zone. minimal flooding. drainange channels for run-off water.

L A G O O N

2

High-risk zone

Embankment construction for flood protection

3

1

A

low-risk zone

medium-risk zone

densely built up environment flooded by lagoon during rain.

T

high-risk zone

1

VGC Embankment construction proposal for flood protection

2

AJAH Green spaces proposal for flood adaption

3

Creek restoration proposal for flood adaption

4

Re-Naturalization proposal

72

L

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

creek expansion proposal for flood adaption

A

N

T

I

C

4

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

73

05

DESIGN INITIATIVE: EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION

Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, NIGERIA

Study site: VICTORIA GARDEN CITY (VGC) Area: 2.3km2 Problem: Densely built up suburban neighbourhood with very little for green spaces on the banks of the Lagos lagoon prone to severe seasonal flooding in wet rainy season Proposal: Embankment construction on the lagoon that will protect the city from the rising sea levels during the rainy season.Drainages will be used to expel the urban run-off.

Reclaimed area is used as a mobility corridor and regenerative green spaces.

Goal: to protect area from seasonal flooding and provide regenerative public spaces such as a parks and spaces for gardening.

74

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

017­6­13

Google Maps

2017­6­13

Google Maps

Satellite image of VGC Source: Google Earth

Imagery ©2017 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2017 Google

200

tps://www.google.de/maps/@6.4658291,3.5420126,1321m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en

Satellite image of VGC showing green spaces Source: Google Earth Imagery ©2017 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2017 Google

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

75

50 m

VGC Flood, Source: http://streetrepp.blogspot.com

VGC Flood, Source:http://www.nigerianmonitor.com

76

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

VGC Flood, Source: http://news2.onlinenigeria.com

VGC Flood, Source:http://www.naijaonpoint.com

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

77

L A G O S

L A G O O N proposed embankment

Proposed prominade

Drawing showing embankment with prominade and green spaces

78

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

walkways connecting city to prominade

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

79

05

DESIGN INITIATIVE: EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

3m SPLASH ALLOWANCE + 4oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 2oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 1.5oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

Section A-A through embankment

80

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

road with drainage channels for urban run off TOP SOIL COMPACT CLAY GABIONS WALKWAY

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

81

Hard infrastructure Embankment construction using gabions to protect from river flooding.

Pumps (existing)

for rainwater discharge

L A G O S

82

L A G O O N

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Drainage tanks temporary storage for rainwater collection.

Densely populated suburban community on the Lekki peninsula.

e

Houses closest to the lagoon are most affected.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

83

05

DESIGN INITATIVE: WETLANDS PLANTATION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Study site: AJAH Area: 1.9km2 Problem: Semi-formal neighbourhood close to the lagoon with a layer of wetlands on the perimeter with seasonal flooding during wet and rainy season.

Proposal: Land reclamation in the lagoon by reinforcing the lagoon edges to control flooding and reduce urban run-off. reclaimed area is used as open public space.

Goal: to protect area from seasonal flooding and provide regenerative public spaces such as a parks and space for gardening, community members will be required to pay a toll for future maintenance of the infrastructure.

84

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

017­6­11

7­6­11

Google Maps

Satellite image of Ajah showing jetty, Source: Google earth

Google Maps

Imagery ©2017 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2017 Googl

tps://www.google.de/maps/@6.5147144,3.6051161,196m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en

Satellite image of Ajah Source: Google earth

Imagery ©2017 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2017 Google

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

85

200 m

Ajah Flood Source: https://www.pinterest.de

Ajah Flood Source: Rachida Hamidou

86

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Ajah Flood Source: Rachida Hamidou

Ajah Flood Source: http://jayletgist.blogspot.de

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

87

L A G O S

L A G O O N

Mangrove plantation proposal

Existing city boundary Limit of flood water

Drawing showing embankment with prominade and green spaces

+ 4oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 2oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

88

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

+ 1.5oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

Lake Ecology

Filteration Pond

Mangrove Ecology

a continuous regulated lake edge will provide protection while allowing aquatic organisms move along like systems

topographic relief design that creates ponds to collect some water during heavy rains.

Plantation of mangrove trees that will promote stable slopes and provide erosion control.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

89

Mangrove edge

Emergent Wetlands

Aquatic edge

05

DESIGN INITIATIVE: CREEK RESTORATION PROJECT. Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

CH. "B" 3+500

L A G O S

L A G O O N

A

T

L

A

N

T

I

Creek Expansion proposal.

Feed in points for flood run-off

Study site: OMU CREEK Area: 63km2 Problem: Development of the Lekki peninsula has led to loss of mangrove basins for flood runn-off water and alteration of the natural filteration system of the mangrove between ocean and river water.

Goal: expansion of the omu creek to allow flood basin for high rainy season and protect biodiversity of the mangrove. The new creek is able to allow filteration of salty ocean water and create a passage for excess flood water from the lagoon. It also provides the possibility Proposal: expansion of the omu creek and of future water transport on the peninsula. direction of flood water using highlighted corridors as feed in points.

90

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

C

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

91

05

DESIGN INITIATIVE: CREEK RESTORATION PROJECT. Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Figure ground map showing creek in normal season (December- April)

SECTION C-C through creek and Mangrove

non-developable area/ flood area

92

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Figure ground map showing creek in rainy season (May-July, October)

semi-developable area

developable area

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

93

05

DESIGN INITIATIVE: CREEK RESTORATION PROJECT. Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

L A G O S

L A G O O N

A

T

L

A

N

T

I

Drawing showing proposal for wetlands plantation „Green-blue system“

In order to structure the city and nature; An ecological network is strategically designed conserving the natural heritage and regenerating the destroyed natural area, connecting and distributing the green of the city equitably from the type and vegetation stratum, which fulfill specific functions in each proposed infrastructure.

94

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

C

O

C

E

A

N

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

95

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Buffer strip

flood water intake channel

Green filteration channels

Function

Function

Function

Conducting

Conducting

Retaining

Retaining

Filterating

Filterating Purifying

+ 4oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 2oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 1.5oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

In order to manage the floods caused by the river and the urban runoff of the city, a topographic and relief design is developed, also contributing with a new dynamic landscape that includes: plains and depressions of the ground.

96

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Structural soil

Wetlands

Purification Channel

Function

Function

Function

Conducting

Conducting

Conducting

Retaining

Retaining

Retaining Filterating Purifying

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

97

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Precipitation

Evaporation

+ 4oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 2oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 1.5oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

Filteration

A network of blue infrastructures is designed through differentiated systems responsible for conducting, retaining, purifying and infiltrating runoff and floodwaters; Technically defined by hydrological patterns that characterize each of the following types of infrastructure for a control floods in an ecological way.

MOBILITY Areas of active mobility Areas of passive mobility Areas of minimal mobility/ stay

+ 4oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 2oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN + 1.5oC CLIMATE CENTRAL FLOOD PLAN

The public space for the pedestrian is maximized and minimized for the motor vehicle in an attempt to promote walking and cycling over short distances. Establishing river and terrestrial accessibility to the physical environment, and creating a river circuit as mobility system in the near future.

98

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Precipitation

Evaporation

Filteration

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

99

06

CONCLUSION Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Understanding the phenomenon of urbanisation and climate change is no small task. In most cases wherever these 2 forces collide there is bound to be disaster.

It is important to first understand the environment in order to identify potential sources of the problem especially with a phenomenon such as flooding.

As an architect trying to understand the city I had to step outside of the box and expand my job description. In managing flood risk today, and in planning for the future, a balance must be struck between direct approaches that minimize impacts through better urban management and the maintenance of existing flood mitigation infrastructure, and farsighted approaches which anticipate and defend against future flood hazard by building new flood mitigation infrastructure or by radically reshaping the urban environment.

The research was able to identify and analyse different approaches to flood risk management around the world while coming up with an integrated approch for flood mitigation. It recognises that flood management measures are typically described as either structural or non-structural. Structural measures aim to reduce fl ood risk by controlling the flow of water both outside and within urban settlements. They are complementary to non-structural measures that intend to keep people safe from flooding through better planning and management of urban development. A comprehensive integrated strategy should be linked to existing urban planning and management policy and practices.

100

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

101

07

BIBLIOGRAPHY: CITED WORKS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

ANTHROPOLOGY

THEORIES - Orthodox Urbanism

Micheal Pacione, “Urban Geography” (Oxfordshire: Taylor& Francis Group, 2005).

Brand Stewart, “Order of Civilization” in Clock of the Long Now. (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

Bruce Mau, “Massive Change” (New York: Phaldon Press, 2004)

Jane Jacobs, “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”

Abhas K. Jha and Robin Bloch and Jessica Lamond. “Cities and Flooding” A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century

(New York: Random House, 1961).

(Washington: The World Bank, 2012).

(Manhattan,010 Publishers, 1994)

SOCIOLOGY

THEORIES - Futurists

Henri Lefebvre “Right to the city” in Writings on the City Translated by Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas

Brand Stewart, “City Planet and Urban Promise” in Whole Earth Discipline

(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers ltd, 1996).

Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for

(Penguin Group Inc, 2010), accessed October 18, 2016. http://us.penguingroup.com

THEORIES - African Urbanism

Alvin Toffler, “Rise of the Prosumer” in The Third Wave.

Kunle Akinsemoyin, “Building Lagos”

(USA: Batman Books, 1980)

(F&A Services, 1977) THEORIES - Business and Economics Rem Koolhaas Mutations: Harvard Project on a City (Lagos), Actar, 2001 Rem Koolhaas Lagos Wide and Close: An Interactive Journey to an Exploding City, (DVD) Submarine, 2005

102

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Edward Glaeser, “Triumph of the City” (USA: The Penguin Press, 2011), accessed November 2, 2016. http://us.penguingroup. com

PUBLICATTIONS Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew E. Khan” Sprawl and Urban Growth” Harvard Institute of Economic Research 2004 (2003) p. 2, accessed January 4, 2017.

Nkwunonwo, Ugonna C. “A Review of Flooding and Flood Risk Reduction in Nigeria” University of Nigeria, Nigeria (2016), accessed January 2, 2017.

http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/glaeser/files/ sprawl_and_urban_growth.pdf

https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/ GJHSS/article/viewFile/1717/1658

Lagos shows how a city can recover from a deep, deep pit‘: Rem Koolhaas talks to Kunlé Adeyemi The Guardian February 26, 2016, accessed January 2, 2017.

Olasunkanmi Akoni “Residents flee IbejuLekki over flood” Vanguard October 1, 2016, accessed January 2, 2017.

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/ feb/26/lagos-rem-koolhaas-kunle-adeyemi Federal Environment Agency “Germany 2050 a greenhouse gas-neutral Country” (2013) p.

4, accessed December 23, 2016. www.umweltbundesamt.de Federal Environment Agency, “SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING– a needs based approach for the future” (2010) p. 44, accessed December 23, 2016. www.umweltbundesamt.de Adebamowo A. A. and Alatise M. O. “Prediction of Stream Flow Discharges from Rainfall Events, a Case Study of Lagos State” Federal University of Technology, Nigeria (2016), accessed January 20, 2017. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0516/ ijsrp-p5333.pdf

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/ residents-flee-ibeju-lekki-flood/ Federal Ministry For Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) “Managing Urbanisation- Towards Sustainable Cities” (BMZ Brochure,Bonn, 2014) p. 7, accessed January 4, 2017. http://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_ publication/information_flyer/information_ brochures/Materialie237_Information_ Brochure_3_2014.pdf Libby Leyden-Sussler. “10 Countries take on Climate Change”, World Policy Blog (2014), accessed January 2, 2017. http://www.worldpolicy.org/ blog/2014/03/07/10-countries-take-climatechange WEBSITES

“Africa’s green city opportunity.” This is Urbanization and Global Environmental Africa, Last modified, September 15, 2016.

Change Urban Transitions & http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/News/ Transformations: Science, Synthesis Africa-s-green-city-opportunity?ct=true.html and Policy (synthesis report on the 2nd International Conference on Urbanization and Global Environmental Change, Taipei, Taiwan November 6 - 8, 2014)

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

103

07

BIBLIOGRAPHY: CITED WORKS Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

WEBSITES “A World made of cities.” The Long Now Foundation, accessed January 4, 2017. http://longnow.org/seminars/02005/apr/08/ cities-and-time/ “Lagos Wide and Close”; An Interactive Journey into an Exploding City” accessed November 5, 2016. http://lagos. submarinechannel.com/ “Nigeria: Floods - Jul 2012” Relief Web, accessed January 2, 2017.

“Solar Battery Charging Stations” Energizing Development Mali, accessed January 4, 2017. http://endev.info/content/Mali

DATA

http://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2012-000138nga.

Climate central

“Wuppertal – Germany” European Climate Adaptation Platform, accessed January 4, 2017.

Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET)

http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/euadaptation-policy/mayors-adapt/city-profile/ wuppertal “Building Urban Flood Resilience: Integrating Community Perspectives” Kounkuey Design Initiative, accessed November 2, 2016. http://www.kounkuey.org/index.html “An oasis of green technologies” Sahara Forest Project, accessed November 25, 2016. http://saharaforestproject.com “Nigeria may see a repeat of the 2012 floods” Al jazeera Weather, accessed January 2, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2016/08/nigeria-repeat-2012floods-160827105812874.html

104

“Floating Communities: A Solution To Rising Sea Levels?” Floodlist, accessed January 2, 2017. http://floodlist.com/protection/floatingcommunities-solution-rising-sea-levels

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

http://ss2.climatecentral.org

Lagos state ministry of Urban dvelopment and planning.

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

105

08

APPENDIX: WORK FLOW Mariam Yvonne Hamidou, 4063570, NIGERIA.

Understand The flood hazard, past, present and possible future situation.

Site situation; how land and rivers react Identify What and who is affected, what needs to be addressed, environmen tal losses and effects, existing policy

Plan Analyse to reduce risk

106

WATERPROOF: A wholistic approach to flood adaption and protection in a growing city.

Precipitation Data, Site situation of lekki,

Lagoon settlements, Ocean settlements.

Case studies, Site needs, Do we need water channels or blockades, Could the water be reused, Need to redesign.

Implement Propose long term and short term approaches (protection/adap tion) for flood risk management.

Evaluate From site study, what will be effective for adaption and protection.

Solution needed at urban scale or building scale, Design approaches for adaption and protection Environmental and ecological sustainability,

Evaluate to measure risk reduction and sustainability of the approach(es)

MA Arch Studio| Thesis Advisor: Dr. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina | DIA, Germany

107

I

Dessau International Architecture School Anhalt University Department 3 Š 2017