The Latent Spectrum

A COLLABORATION BET WEEN MARINA PICKREL & ADA MITCHEV

A small-scale confrontation of runaway growth.

A COLLABORATION BET WEEN MARINA PICKREL & ADA MITCHEV

PROJECT DESCRIPTION THE LATENT SPECTRUM AIMS TO CREATE A NEW ONTOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE THAT OFFERS A WIDE SPECTRUM OF POSSIBILITIES BASED ON SPECIFIC ADDRESS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN LIVING AND WORKING SYSTEMS. FOCUSING ON TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN EXPANDING SHARING CULTURE, IT CALLS FOR A SHIFT IN GLOBAL CITIES BY PINPOINTING SPECIFIC PROBLEMATIC PATTERNS OF GROWTH. WE AIM TO INTERVENE THROUGH SMALL SCALE, ADDITIVE CHANGES THAT HELP REDEVELOP AND RE-CONTEXTUALIZE A CITY TO RESPOND TO NEW TIME FRAMES BROUGHT ABOUT BY A SHARING ECONOMY.

F O L L OW I N G PAG E : R I G I D I T Y T O S P E C T R U M BA S E D L I V I N G , S A N F R A N C I S C O

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Forward p 11

Runaway Growth

Research p 25

History

Climate/Geography

Demographics

Manifesto: The Speed of a City p 15

A City in Motion

A City in Stillness

Visions for Future San Francisco

Interviews with Locals

Proposed Intervention Proposal p 40

R U N AWAY G R OW T H

FORWARD Current urban development is often unsustainable and spreading globally at an alarming rate.

The ability to expand and grow is often beneficial in the short term, but at a certain rate cannot be sustained on ecological, financial, and infrastructural levels.

San Francisco’s runaway growth, in terms of population, building development, technological advancements and infrastructural demands is both constant and uncontrolled, choking residents as increasingly larger structures are developed exclusively for the wealthy.

This growth is spreading not unlike a cancer would, operating in a similar manner as it spreads to infiltrate new areas of the city - a transition often described as gentrification.

Cancer treatments, as many technologies have, have shifted from the mechanical to the biological, from total-body to the concentrated.1

As such, the confrontation of the runaway growth must follow a similar shift in strategy as targeted treatments in lieu of massive city-wide redevelopment to alleviate these conditions and allow for increased flexibility as the city transforms itself.

Urban planning must evolve in the way that aids for biological cancer have.

In the past, urban planning addresses issues in a similar manner chemotherapy would treat the body - a form that would be all encompassing, a complete re-setting of the system in hopes it will wipe out the damaging cells, even if it risks the health of the rest of the body.

Examples of these past methodologies of urban planning include Haussmann’s cutting away and placing of objects without context in Paris,2 or Superstudio’s visions of the future that would call for a takeover of a city through implementation of new systems, effectively erasing it from it its historical and cultural context.3

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By means of creating a new type of precision based address for redevelopment, the historical, cultural, and communal aspects of the city that make San Francisco so distinctive can continue to thrive, while addressing more specific platforms such as the new ways we live and work in an expanding sharing economy.

Based on conclusions drawn from the following research, this runaway growth has been accelerated by our sharing culture and unprecedented rapid technological innovations, and new architectural interventions must acknowledge and design for such changes.

Urbanism is one to learn to adapt to rather than fear, as a coexistence does not exist without compromise.

Starting with this perspective, the new localized, individualized treatment strategies has provided us with an overarching methodology for how to confront the many issues facing San Francisco today.

Through developing a similar approach behind the innovative strategies for the treatment of cancer as a guide for our own design intervention, this research-based project intends to identify past and current failures, successes, and advancements taking place in San Francisco, California to inform its crucial adaptive future.

By using a similar shift in strategy of treating uncontrolled growth as well as through studying the rich dynamics of our chosen site city, the following research and stories aim understand the complexities of the technology-based future we head toward in an effort to best design for it.

OVERVIEW

M A N I F E S T O THE SPE E D OF A CIT Y Based on research of the history and background of San Francisco, the purpose of this manifesto serves to call for the parameters by which all cities should function in order to best argue for the specific changes needed to be implemented in our intervention.

By focusing on the movement and speed of a city, this essay introduces the multifaceted scope of the project by arguing for a reconsideration of the importance of the streets and circulation systems of a city.

Streets by default are meant to funnel crowds from one location to another limiting any diversions. Spaces are highly stagnant in their programming despite the appearance of bodies circulating through.

The concept of the “speed” of a city can refer to the literal speed by which an individual can navigate without physical obstructions, but is also intended to call to mind the ease with which progress, change, and modification can take place in an urban environment without unnecessarily disrupting other systems.

The progression of cities points to a future in which change and interaction - physical, infrastructural, sociological, or otherwise can better take place.

Questions considered Is growth inherently good or bad for a city?

How can a city best adapt to change?

How is progress measured?

Every element has its dedicated space within a tightly compact network shaping the communities such bodies occupy and thus remove any “randomness” or personal expression to appear.

T h e d e n s i t y a n d ove r l a p p i n g o f ve c t o r s s h ow t h e p o t e n t i a l o f m ov i n g t h r o u g h s p a c e u n o b s t r u c t e d .

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T h e fo l l ow i n g d r aw i n g s s h ow t h e l o o s e n e s s o f t h e sys t e m .

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S p e e d s m ay b e c o n t i n u o u s o r m ay h ave e n d p o i n t s .

MANIFESTO: THE SPEED OF THE CITY

A city constant in motion won’t allow for stagnation, and thus keep a city active despite some faltering points. A city in motion means it will redefine its border on macro and micro scale, stemming off of landmarks.

Reconstructing robots will build and demolish continuously what path of infrastructure is deemed inapplicable.

Due to their constant rebuilding (picture a city as a living system) the border of a city if blurred in a non traditional sense.

Landmarks are a reference and linkage to a culture’s history and are important to maintaining social knowledge. Ignorance will only make extreme technology useless if not overpowering.

It is no longer a permanent edge merely suggesting the ability to expand through Superstudio claims of the grid. Streets no longer apply to rigidity of urban grids.

Landmarks become the space for the architect to educate a population in the midst of the daily autonomized interactions.

They are a tie to the topography that once was there but has adapted through a periods of reconstruction/layering.

When main circulatory corridors (highways) become irrelevant the commute no longer depends on large distances. The corporate space is in closer relation to the residential and leisure spaces.

Paths of cars, people, and drones will find their way around each other or weaving through each other. Their path is somewhat random yet responsive to surrounding.

The smart network formed between the circulatory and the built will inform what locations are no longer needed to be accessed and what areas need to be and will destroy/rebuild accordingly.

This communication and rebuilding will micro manage the cancerous culture/ systems that evolve. The city will never cease to adapt with the maintenance of an exchange in construction/demolition and the layers of circulation (projecting different layers/speeds of motion).

Moments of stillness inhibit positive growth in a city with higher concentrations in different areas.

Moments of stillness in cities inhibit positive change - the ease of circulation in a city is crucial to the development of a new era in urban cities around the world, one that emulates the changes that are already in motion.

These moments of stillness in cities are often the first to take on natural qualities, as seen when plants grow to cover abandoned buildings, indicating that change and movement are not only natural, but necessary for progression.

Apps like Airbnb and Uber have shown us that the future of cities are one with an increased flow - one that may seem too fast or disconnected from the rest of the city. The creation and implementation of the self driving car will usher in a new era of flow within a city, taking on qualities of the sharing culture to which are attempting to adjust.

Cities need to identify these moments of stillness and breathe new life into them in order to create new flow patterns.

Companies such as Tesla talk about futures in which there is little or no private ownership of cars6.

Seemingly paradoxical, moments of stillness are easier to find in a city than they are in the natural world. An unoccupied room can remain vacant and unchanged for months, or an abandoned car can sit in a lot indefinitely.

These moments of stillness simply do not occur in nature - there is a subtle but constant shift as the elements can expose new qualities of a plant or object, or be modified to become a creature’s new home.

This is an exaggeration of the existing model of Uber in which cars are passed off to user after user as needed, never needing to be parked as they will always be in demand, a huge difference from the average American automobile that spends 95% of its time parked7.

Were cars to always be in motion, inventions such as self driving cars point to a future in which parking spots become obsolete.

In San Francisco specifically, there are nearly 400,000 available parking spots8.

This change alone holds staggering implications of newly available, usable space without changing anything in the urban fabric, doubling the size of most roads and alleviate areas of traffic congestion.

The issues that have currently arisen from apps such as Airbnb could arguably all stem from the idea that cities need to adapt to allow for more flow.

The routine is arguably most problematic source of staticity within a city. The consistency that comes between a set commute to a specific office space daily not only creates rush hour conditions, but also creates a polarization between neighborhoods only active during the day or at night, exaggerating the issues that come with zoning regulations.

The city’s hard infrastructure, such as power, water, streets, and public space must adapt to simulate the morphology of the social city.

The movement - in this particular example, the turnover of the tenants - is a huge detriment to a city that has for so long relied on a certain level of stillness of longtime building occupants with assigned parking spots to drive to their nearby offices.

The new increased movement is difficult to accommodate for in societal and urban structure that remains mostly unchanged, and has effectively displaced a huge number of people from their homes or neighborhoods.

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OVERVIEW

INITIAL RESEARCH From our initial research on our selected site, San Francisco, there were several key takeaways: GEOGRAPHY: San Francisco’s diverse geography is prone to microclimate conditions that influence design and building considerations and needs.10 AUTOMOBILES: The introduction of the self driving car will alter the existing, primarily car dependent commuter culture that has moved from the city to Silicon Valley and the surrounding Bay Area SOCIAL ISSUES: Issues such as homelessness and gentrification have been amplified by services like AirBnb San Francisco now has the fasted growing income inequality of any city in the nation, despite its reputation as a country’s center for progressive thinking. As shown by the following short research-based essays on the past and present conditions of the city, it is a crucial time for intervention through a reconsideration of several infrastructural systems as well as innovative architecture.

Questions considered Will new technology help or hinder growth?

What has influenced the development of the city?

Is the progressive culture evident in its urban fabric?

What impact will self driving cars have?

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A BRIEF HISTORY The San Francisco Bay Area was home to many different Native American cultures, most predominantly the Miwok and Ohlone tribes, with over 15 languages spoken in the area.11 Upon the arrival of the Spaniards in the early 19th century, Missions were created along what is now known as El Camino Real, a trail stretching down the coast in an effort to forcibly convert native populations.12 With the influx in population following the Gold Rush in 1849, the completion of the Transcontinental railroad was built in part to respond to these demands.13 Built mostly

by Chinese immigrants under extreme and dangerous conditions, Angel Island, located in the center of the bay, became a bleak checkpoint for Chinese immigrants entering the country.14 This Chinese population influenced the creation of the country’s first Chinatown, created on a false imagination of what Chinese architecture looked like from books and illustrations.15

By the turn of the 20th century, San Francisco had developed into a major urban city, only to face a major rebuild following the 1906 earthquake and resulting fire, including the modification of Fort Alcatraz into a maximum security prison, its geographic isolation an ideal location to place to many high escape risk inmates.16 After the 1933 creation of the Golden Gate Bridge to connect it to Marin County, building began to occur more rapidly in these areas and across the bay in Oakland and Berkeley, cities previously known for their shipping ports and the public university, respectively.17 Still home to a largest proportion of AsianAmericans in the US, the World War II Japanese Internment camps wrongfully evicted from their homes under national law to live in camps in the Central Valley in a misguided attempt to control spying post Pearl Harbor.18

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SAN FRANCISCO

Collage of significant moments in San Francisco’s history

In the 1950s, San Francisco established itself as a place of free thinking and liberal expression with the arrival of the beatnik poets and writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, starting an era of jazz and political spoken word.

By the turn of the 21st century, San Francisco was known as the center of technology as Silicon Valley became the tech center of the US, altering the dynamics of the Bay Area as housing prices spiked and a new influx of residents arrived.

The Summer of Love in 1967 defined San Francisco as the heart of the hippie culture and movement, attracting thousands of young people from across the country to the Haight Ashbury neighborhood in a rebellion against the restrictive popular culture and start of the Vietnam War.17

Due to this rich history of diaspora and cultural diversity, San Francisco is an engaging site for which to design in the coming decades. As a center of technological, political and social change, architectural interventions must both adapt and respond to such dynamism.

Across the bay, Oakland was home to the Black Panther movement, further solidifying it as a center of political activism and advocacy.18 Following the election of Harvey Milk as an openly gay mayor in the 1980s, San Francisco became known as the center of gay rights and AIDS activism in the country, with the Castro district at the heart of these movements.19

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INITIAL RESEARCH

G E O G R A P H Y A N D C L I M AT E

Site shown with topography and microclimate conditions from cool to warm colors

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE San Francisco is unique in its complex and diverse geography, with the Pacific Ocean and bay, salty marshes, mountains, redwood forests, and dry wine country all within its small span.20 Its coastal location makes it prone to “microclimate” conditions, in which it is common to find 10 degree Fahrenheit differences within a square mile distance.

This is also in part caused by its 40+ hills, some reaching over 1000’ in elevation.21 Considered to be a Mediterranean climate, with the year round temperature rarely reaching above 75 or below 45, kept cool by the year round morning and evening fog.22 Located on the San Andreas fault, it is extremely prone to earthquakes, facing severe damage in both the 1906 and 1989 earthquakes, making it a relatively new city due to its need to rebuild after a seismic event.23

Much of the city is built atop a soil like condition, creating a potential “slide zone” on hilly residential neighborhoods not properly secured. Although many of its skyscrapers are built into the bedrock almost 200 feet below the surface, some rely on concrete foundations atop landfill areas. Coupled with its earthquake risk, these types of soil conditions provide specific needs for building considerations.24 Largely ignored in the past, these microclimate conditions must now be better addressed in order to provide sustainable, integrative design. For example, the needs for a building in the Presidio are very different from those in the Financial district. Until now, these differences have been mostly made distinctive on a aesthetic and programmatic level, directed largely by historical preservation efforts.

But the demands for successful design in San Francisco goes beyond those considerations - the amount of wind, sun exposure, salt exposure, fault lines below, among others, all could be integrated to provide a specificity to a building’s design considerations.

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INITIAL RESEARCH

In San Francisco, homelessness and gentrification are issues that are intrinsically connected. Homelessness levels have reached an all time high since the 1970s.25 Several myths have perpetrated this issue, most notably that homeless people move there to take advantages of resources.

In reality, three-quarters of the current homeless population lost their homes while living in San Francisco.26 Laws are becoming more and more restrictive to their rights, such as those making it illegal to sit on a sidewalk, while encampments under freeway overpasses are an extremely common sight 27.

To further aggravate the issue, tenant rights are some of the worst in all of the United States.28 Airbnb has infamously amplified these issues, with landlords evicting entire buildings of longtime year round residents in favor of leasing rooms out nightly at a higher income. In a city that welcomed 18 million tourists in 2014, there is only enough housing for 800,000 permanent residents, with a population of nearly 850,000.29

The center of these disputes, the historic neighborhood known as the Mission, is one the most evident of these rapid changes.

Despite San Francisco’s reputation as the country’s center for progressive thinking, it now has the fastest growing income inequality of any city in the US.30 With 29% of potential rental units in the Mission listed on Airbnb,31 the short supply and high demand has made it unattainable even for those seemingly at the root of the issue – employees of tech companies.

A recent New York Times article describes the extent to which San Francisco living has been unattainable and highly contested.32 One newly hired Google employee told the New York times that with her $100,000-a-year salary, “[couldn’t] afford to live in the Mission.” She asked that her name not be printed for fear of retribution.

“People get very angry — they blame the tech companies,” she said.33

H O M E L E S S N E S S A N D G E N T R I F I CAT I O N

Map showing evictions by number per building in a five year span (2010-2015) Data from Anti Eviction Mapping Project

However, in a time where the focus is on the disparity between the techies and the homeless, the real issue is the dispute on development between the longtime resident wealthy population and the newly arrived wealthy population.

With longtime residents fighting to stop any sort of new development in their neighborhoods to preserve the historic aesthetic of the city, the new building occurs in the lower income areas where citizens do not have the resources to fight back against developers.

When new luxury condominium opens in a historically poorer neighborhood, it sends a signal to the market that area is now desirable, causing rental prices to spike and displaces residents unable to afford the new rent prices and forcing convenience stores to close. The main issue isn’t the lack of housing options in lower income neighborhoods, but the lack of new housing options in wealthier neighborhoods in the name of historic preservation.

Despite San Francisco’s reputation as the country’s center for progressive thinking, it now has the fastest growing income inequality of any city in the US.

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INITIAL RESEARCH

COMMUTER AND CAR CULTURE For nearly half a decade following the 1960s, San Francisco developed into a commuter city, with nearly 230,000 (an equivalent increase of 25% of the population) commuting from neighboring towns and cities across the Bay to work.34 In what common trend of Bay Area residents choosing to commute from suburban areas to the city, with San Francisco residents commuting to work locally, the dynamic has shifted in recent years due to the expansion of Silicon Valley.35 For first time, many San Francisco residents are not only living and working within the confines of the city. Today, one of the main traffic pattern is the commute from San Francisco to Silicon Valley, a normally 40 minute drive that can easily take two hours during rush hour.36 The Bay Area is also the highest proportion of “super commuters�, or those who travel more than 50 miles one way to get to work.37

There are few transportation alternatives - a strong car culture coupled with a fairly incomplete subway system (BART - Bay Area Rapid Transit) that excludes entire counties, including those encompassing Silicon Valley leaves few options for commuters.

In response to frustrated employees being unable to reasonably get to their own jobs, even when strategizing with carpools, companies such as Google started introducing their own bus systems from popular neighborhoods in San Francisco to aid in the commute to work.38 Even with the shift in commute patterns, San Francisco residents for the first time do not have to own a car, a previously uncommon trait due to the large gaps in public transportation. The unfixed gap in public transportation is surprising, given that of those that both live and work in San Francisco, over 30% rely on public transportation.39

COMMUTER AND CAR CULTURE

Other options, such as walking and biking are extremely popular, with 10% and 3% respectively. 40 This is due in part to the efforts San Francisco has made to create bike lanes and bike routes throughout the city, making the number of bike commuters much higher than the national average of just .6%.41 A direct correlation can be seen in efforts the city has made to improve bike systems since 2000, with commuters increasing by almost 2% and recreational or transportational cycling reaching all times highs. 42 Bay Area native companies such as Uber are also changing the way San Francisco and most major urban city’s transportation operates on a fundamental level - in a contemporary sharing culture, it is no longer needed to own a car in a city where it verged on necessity.

With Silicon Valley based Tesla trying out new technologies such as the Tesloop and new types of electricity powered, self-driven cars, 43 it is clear that the San

Francisco Bay Area is at the forefront for innovation in transportation both as a result of its inventive, technology-based ideology coupled with its extreme necessity.

The consideration of the influence on public transportation and car culture has on the development of the urban fabric of San Francisco is crucial to understanding the city itself. Particularly in the case of public spaces, the accessibility of that area to public transportation methods are very can play an important role in the circulation of the city overall.

In the case of special events such as music festivals in Golden Gate Park, an area otherwise partially disjointed from the public transportation system, the entire Muni bus system is reconfigured to meet the extremely high spike in demand, exemplifying that a demand for flexibility and quick alteration of public spaces are already in place and must be considered in future design interventions.

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INITIAL RESEARCH

Daytime population density of San Francisco

Data sourced from citydata.com

Day Time Population Density

177,156 - 368, 372

87,499 - 177,155

49,816 - 87,498

23,053 - 49,815

0 - 23,052

Most Chosen Routes

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INITIAL RESEARCH

Night time population density

Data sourced from citydata.com

N ex t Pa g e : M a p o f b u s l i n e s , c o m m u t e b l o c k a g e h i g l i t e d i n p i n k ( d a t a s o u r c e d f r o m s p u r. o r g )

General Population Density

2,201-38,000

1,701 - 2,200

1,401 - 1,700

1,201 - 1, 400

801- 1,200

0 - 800

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Bus Routes

Highway 1

Fog

Congested Radius

Caltrain

Highway 280

12,000 150,000

58,245

Private Bus Destinations:

Caltrain

Bart/Ferry

440,000

Private Buses

Bus

7,500

600,000 People

Car

Cupertino_Apple Menlo Park_Facebook Mountain View_Google Palo Alto_Startups

Highway 101

INTERVIEWS WITH LOCALS AA: NEO - NOMAD, FORMERLY HOMELESS A Bay Area native, AA moved to San Francisco at age 17 from Oakland. He worked as a struggling artist, but lost his part time job and his apartment and lived on the street for several years in an encampment in the SOMA district with his two dogs. Now, utilizing the flexibility of the spectrum based living in San Francisco to safely move as desired, he makes a small income and gets his meals from his co-op’s organic urban farm.

BB: FREELANCE “UNEMPLOYED” BB moved to San Francisco at age 27 after receiving a master’s degree in engineering from Stanford. After losing her job in the 2008 recession, she now works freelance for tech companies for greater diversity and flexibility of her schedule, accommodating her passion for traveling. As a result, she rents home on Air Bnb for almost 4 months of the year.

CC: EMPLOYED TECHIE CC is a recent New York transplant who works as a software engineer for a prominent Silicon Valley tech company and lives in the Mission district. His company assigns a new office daily or weekly in offices near his neighborhood on a project-based collaboration schedule, making a commute to the headquarters only once per month.

DD: R E T I RED, LON G T I ME C I T I Z EN DD has lived in her home in the Presidio for almost 40 years. Now retired, she spend most of her life working in finance in San Francisco. Now, she spends her time Involved in community organizations and outreach, with her main focus on supporting the growing neo-nomad community to cultivate safety and opportunity for all types of city members.

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL The following is intended to outline the analytical research completed in order to obtain the best understanding of the past and current states of San Francisco specifically, as well as tying in examples from other urban cities as points of comparative reference.

This research has spanned many different topics, finding its origin in the study of inventions currently in development or projected to be devised. This type of research has allowed for making informed projections of what future life in San Francisco will be like after the integration of such new technologies, as well as the consequential future of the more divisive qualities of the city such as housing and employment.

IDENTITY INFRASTRUCTURE WORK AND CULTURE

This collection of short research-based essays on the past and present are inter dispersed with fictional accounts and interviews, aiming to bring to life the world in which the final design intervention will take place.

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INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL

IDENTITY San Francisco is famous for its collective rejection of extremity, a celebration of a shift in viewpoint from a polarizing black and white in favor of the metaphorical grey.

For all of humankind, the subscription to labels have been an important source of our identities.

At best, they are used for self-identifying, self understanding as well as for forming similarly interested groups. At worst, labels are used to form a systematic method of ostracization - the root of sexism, racism, homophobia, and countless other social issues that face our time.

San Francisco has long been a place of citizens proudly proclaiming that they want to shift the rigidity and precise definitions behind labels and instead move toward a spectrum.

Originating first in fluid or non binary sexual identities as well as bi- and multiracial communities, it is natural that this rejection of labeling will continue to thrive and be a part of San Francisco’s future culture.

It has already manifested itself into the tech culture of Silicon Valley, stemming from the 2008 economic recession, in which many highly educated and specialty trained employees were laid off from larger companies and turned to freelancing as a source of income.44 The line between employed and unemployed began to blur as selfemployment grew, and terms such as consultant, freelancer, solopreneur and even “super temp” began to increase in popularity, as well as success rates.45 As the line between employed and unemployed grows thinner, it is possible to imagine a world in which homeowner and homelessness does too.

IDENTITY INFRASTRUCTURE WORK AND CULTURE

IDENTITY

Airbnb has created a new typology of homeownership (or lack thereof) in which the constant rotation of occupants creates a new social dynamism in keeping with a push toward new forms of self expression that go beyond the proven limitations of divisive labeling.

In the future, labels will be used as tools of precise clarification and specificity, rather than a major role in the initial forming of the personal or external identity.

The more a term becomes a part of a gradient or a spectrum, the more it loses its power to polarize.

In hoping to confront two of the largest issues facing San Francisco, this project aims to relieve weight from terms such as “unemployed” and “homeless” by means of reclaiming and including them in a future spectrum-based ontology for San Francisco.

As the line between employed and unemployed grows thinner, it is possible to imagine a world in which homeowner and homelessness does too.

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INTERVIEW RESPONSES: IDENTITY

A.A.

C.C.

“When I was living on the streets as a teenager, people were afraid of me. San Francisco was very polarized then - I felt really alienated from the rest of the city. That part of my identity was all people saw. I’d say it’s different now that I can be much more flexible in defining where I live. Everyone seems to be moving around a lot so I don’t seem so left behind.”

“I’ve never been a huge fan of labels. I’m more about doing my own thing and being myself. I think a lot of people here feel the same way. I’m not super affected by other people’s choices for how they want to live so to me it doesn’t matter as much. . It’s more about being myself, and I think it’s cool that my job allows me to do that by giving me choices and flexibility.”

B.B.

D.D.

“Losing my job during the recession in 2008 completely affected how I saw myself. I felt like a failure, even though I knew it wasn’t my fault. Graduating from one of the top programs in the country, I had worked so hard that I never thought I’d be unemployed.

Today, being successfully self employed, I realize that I can be proud of my own accomplishments without the need for a top-name employer. My identity is not defined by my job title.”

“For me, moving to San Francisco forty years ago was all about identity. Finally I had a home I could feel comfortable being myself in as an openly gay woman. I wasn’t the only one - for my generation it was a type of diaspora. All of m y friends had moved here for the same reason - we could finally be ourselves. I think it’s changed a lot here, but that still remains true. I hope that never changes.”

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Existing infrastructure can be seen as the regular typology that, through time and layering, becomes further abstracted.

LAYERED INFRASTRUCTURE As Mattern states, hard media infrastructure is influential to future infrastructures.46 We argue that new technologies form a complex constellation of soft media infrastructure that layers on top of the existing systems.

As we look into advancing smart technology into cities we can use the flow of past media (hard) infrastructure to guide the implementation process.

In considering the key component rate and speed plays into the equation of integration of smart technology, we can turn to existing examples that have framed this argument for the four types of infrastructure the project will confront - Power, water, transportation, and data collection.

Examples such as the nuclear power system in Fukushima, Japan teach us how technology and innovations could have been extremely effective had they been implemented at a slower rate - a supplement rather than a replacement.47 Japan’s reliance on nuclear technology as a more renewable energy source that cuts back on carbon emissions and therefore the effects of global warming has provided a weighted precedent for both the value and extreme risks of technology.

In small amounts, nuclear energy has the potential to power cities all over the world at safe levels, a potential solution to global climate change. Japan and Scandinavian countries, among others, had planned to commit to using nuclear power almost exclusively as a way to break their relationships with fossil fuels.48

IDENTITY INFRASTRUCTURE WORK AND CULTURE

After the Fukushima disaster of Southern Japan in 2011, Japan was forced to reevaluate the risk versus reward of turning to such a powerful technology without a natural disaster proof way of ensuring the public safety from radiation and contamination.49 As learned by Fukushima, the integration of technology, particularly that of the modification of the power grid, is extremely reliant on our ability to harness both the speed and scope with which it is implemented.

MICRO CLIMATE INFRASTRUCTURE San Francisco’s multi faceted urban qualities allow for micro-climates to be used as a leeway to gather tailored information for a specific radius to determine the best power source and routes needed for that area.

Data such as real time traffic patterns, existing bike paths, population densities can begin to inform the spatial implications of the commuter occupation of the city.

Using small-scale changes, bike paths can begin to respond to such data and determine the safest routes for bikers depending on a varying set of conditions including foggy or rainy areas.

Recognizing and utilizing San Francisco’s distinctive climate conditions as a part of the design process points to an efficiency that has previously been left untapped.

Incorporating real time data about specific microclimate weather patterns has the potential to create an interactive system that furthers our understanding and interaction with not only the demands we place on our buildings, but of our surrounding environment as well.

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Ra

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INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL

ss

An g

cit

y

as

Rigid Subdivision

INFRASTRUCTURE

Angle

Randomness

gl

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vision

Randomness

Subdivision Randomness Angle Randomness Rigid Subdivision Rigid

Randomness Angle

A

Progression of a city border - fitting into a designated frame and progressively morphing outward

Ra

THE CITY AS A BORDER

nd

om

ne

ss

As humanity domesticated and formed civilizations the definition of a territory was imposed through structural markings.

Fortresses, walled delineation, building facades, and street typologies defined a city. The border is obsolete.

require driver control during difficult conditions (like encountering highway maintenance) and ‘full self-driving”’ cars, which can drive alone in all situations...

Full autonomy is possible within five years, at least in contained areas like corporate headquarters and university campuses.”

Henry Grabar, Slate.50

Borders are influenced by the motion of the adjacent. They are fed by gravitating towards a depicted location or area and leaving others to deteriorate.

Reconstructive robots take structural material away from depleted areas to rebuild in those that are populated.

Autonomous intersections will diminish the need to traditional signaling infrastructure and lead way to more surface area for self-expression. Historically streets have developed to funnel people from one location to another limiting concerns of public expression.

The border can be blurred by the speed at which it changes, striking a moment where change increments are so rapid the border appears stagnant. The speed of a city is a constant motion.

As enough roads become de-congested and rerouted (AI based coordination system placed at intersections will feed from landmark data hubs) that leaves space for other programmatic functions to implemented into what we term as a “temporary landmark”, one that responds to the changes of transport to modify the city’s circulatory articulation. The landmark can be the point of self-expression by the use of lost art spaces or vacant lots formed by adjacencies of temporarily freed space.

AUTONOMOUS INTERSECTIONS “Goldman Sachs predicts North American auto sales could be almost 60 percent autonomous by 2030, divided between “limited self-driving” cars, which may

49

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL

Standard urban vehicular navigation

Suburban vehicular navigation - less organization of flow traditional navigation

traditional navigation

As the beginning stages of these data networks begin to strengthen, adaptable bike lanes and traffic routes can emerge.

Their tectonic properties will have to accommodate for larger mobility and flexibility to respond to incoming data flow. The networks, formed by modifiable design for increased circulation, open up certain areas, giving access to those who don’t usually come into contact with that neighborhood.

CIRCULATION WITHOUT NAVIGATION Map applications such as Waze have allowed for user input in creating routes to avoid certain obstacles such as traffic accidents or construction to maximize the efficiency of a trip.

The future of these apps, as well as other organizational tools such as calendars and clocks, points to an population era of user traditionally input based around specifications or for how to interact with the city. Instead of being solely used population traditionally as a tool of avoidance, these apps could be used as a tool for seeking and discovering.

In a celebration of the process of the journey itself, user input can be customized to create a route to interact with certain parameters, such as the most scenic or social spaces.

In a world where self-navigation is taken out of the equation, a deeper understanding of the city could be found in the use of these applications to maximize positive or creative interactions with a city environment.

As stated by theorist Aaron Betsky, these user based input points to a future in which we have the potential to “Make use of and energize public services and gatherings, then lift them into a realm where they make us aware of where and who we are in relation to one another and our surroundings.”51 Questions consideredHow do circulation systems influence urban planning?

How can we better utilize public space?

T h e b o r d e r i s a n i n f i n i t e l o o p t h a t s h i f t s a n d r e s p o n d s t o i t s n e i g h b o r s , l e av i n g a t e m p o r a r y t r a c e b e h i n d

51

SWARM CULTURE In a recent New York Times article on the behavioral and group dynamics of animals and insects, the scientists ran experiments and observational studies to try to understand the distinction between animals being able to move collectively and the inability humans have to do the same.52 As the article cites, Americans collectively spend 3.7 billion hours a year in congested traffic, while ants travel in much higher equivalent density packs unhindered.53 In observing the patterns of locusts, an insect that often travels in large packs, the scientists observed that this ability was something that could be switched off and on - they had the ability to think and move individually until they reached a certain density, in which their behaviors would switch.54

The New York Times writes, “The scientists found that when the density of locusts rose beyond a threshold, the insects suddenly began to move together. Each locust always tried to align its own movements with any neighbor. When the locusts were widely spaced, however, this rule did not have much effect on them. Only when they had enough neighbors did they spontaneously form huge bands.�55 As cities increase density, they will become able to think with a collective brain instead of individually, a certain type of biomimicry first seen in the insect world.

At first, these changes will not be biological, but rather fueled by rapid real time data collection that interconnects and links us to navigate the city in times of high density, such as in traffic, or even in crowded public events such as music festivals.

OVERVIEW

Groupings (organic and non-organic) form clusters to inform future moments of occupation and movement.

Social media as tool for unification has the potential to cause occupants of a city to think and navigate collectively in moments of high density. Evolving to shift thoughts and movements from the individual to the collective is a crucial skill to develop for the future of cities as they become increasingly high density, even if such evolution is aided by technology and devices.

This type of swarm can also be seen in building methods and construction. As architectural tectonic shifts from the macro to the micro scale, the smaller components will work collaboratively together to create a more powerful and customizable whole.

Swarm type construction can be seen in both its form as well as its means and its methods. Micro drones operating collaboratively have already been created to their testing phase - developing a small scale construction clouds in lieu of larger machines., anticipating and maneuvering to meet the needs of their counterparts.56

Swarm style architecture can allow for small scale changes and adaptation, a crucial key in developing a modifiable space. The need for these types of spaces have become increasingly apparent in time based architecture, in which programmatic shifts occur based on new schedules.

This type of potential for modification in a space must occur in future building programs as well as its construction methodologies. Created to best suit the needs of a dynamic city based in the flexibility of a schedule that technology has allowed to take place, it allows for a new ontological opportunities and points to a future in micro scale architectural systems.

53

INTERVIEW RESPONSES: INFRASTRUCTURE

A.A.

C.C.

“When I was living on the street, I was pushed to the border of the city constantly to areas no one else wanted to go. The ability for the city to fluctuate and neighborhoods to be able to be less polarized from each other has been the biggest change for me. I can navigate the city freely and experience it fully for the first time now that I’m included in the way the city plans and develops itself.“

“The type of new flexibility in our workspaces has been so beneficial to our company. These changes to our office space make it so much easier to host business meetings or have special events - the space can expand and modify to meet our needs. We can go from being a 20 person workspace to a 100 person event and back again within the span of a workday.”

B.B. “Shifting shared office spaces often has given me a stronger sense of appreciation and familiarity with my city. Just today I found myself enjoying the light coming through one particular window of a new office. When I leave and walk on my customized route home, every step I take is further deeper into tranquility. It is a form of forced meditation, an outer body experience as I leave my eyes to wander around my urban surroundings .”

D.D. “I’m not resistant to technology as some of my friends are. It’s an incredible tool. As an activist it’s important way to be able to unify and gather to occupy public space and have our voices be heard. The new type of energy in these revitalized public spaces is contagious - I’ve never felt more connected to my community.”

55

The ability for spaces to expand and contract opens up opportunities for new networks to emerge

COMMUTE

FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACES

With the development of self driving cars implies a significant shift in the way we circulate the city, particularly that of the commute. With apps such as Waze and Uber creating customized routes and ride sharing opportunities, the self driving car will extend this type of circulation to the nth degree, creating an ever moving cycle of movement and making the parking lot obsolete as cars are passed on from rider to rider.

The routine is arguably most problematic source of staticity within a city. The consistency that comes between a set commute to a specific office space daily not only creates rush hour conditions, but also creates a polarization between neighborhoods only active during the day or at night, exaggerating the issues that come with zoning regulations.

Ownership of private cars will decrease as the economic initiative is decreased: “Self-driving cars will make automated taxi service in cities as cheap, per mile, as personal vehicle ownership... Autonomous vehicles’ superior use of road space— optimal acceleration and spacing, for example—will unleash a wave of urban transformation. Even if the number of cars on the road doubled...Traffic would still move faster.” Henry Graber, Slate.57 The self driving car therefore has the potential to be the single biggest change in urban life in the coming decades, altering how we navigate and experience the city.

With an increasing number of people working from home, whether freelance or employed by a company, the popularity of live-work spaces has spiked. This points to a future in which the office space is no longer set. Since most offices coordinate their computers on a cloud-based sharing system, files and data are easily accessible from any remote location, no longer requiring an employee to be present a headquarter location daily. Synched calendars with deadlines and projects can send employees to work spaces at the same time as their co workers, making collaborative projects or meetings possible, while breaking the existing mold of the static and repetitive workday.

IDENTITY INFRASTRUCTURE

WORK AND CULTURE

HOME OWNER VS. HOMELESS Currently, the homeless population of San Francisco are forcibly moved or huddled in shelters within the city. Their window of shelter is restricted my daily curfews, mobility, and weather as they seek a place to remain undisturbed and call their own.

The desire for permanence stems from the staticity of their surroundings.

Conversely, the neo-nomad, will not be restricted by such permanence. Residing in between the existing infrastructural texture, the neo nomad is an exaggeration of the model already seen from Air Bnb - an ever moving temporary occupant. While non homeowning citizens were once alienated from their city, the neo-nomad now inhabits the city fully. They are a crucial part to the life cycle of urban consumption, vital to the biodegrading and revitalization of things lost. The neo nomad is not necessarily associated with any particular level of income or wealth, but is simply a way of living made available by a newly dynamic city.

Calling a space a “home� no longer refers to a secure space within a distinct location.

Controlled displacement it therefore very much a part of the neo-nomad as it is of the homeowner, as the world becomes increasingly global and the ability to travel becomes easier, pointing to a future of dual citizenship between cities.

By recontextualizing the Air Bnb model in a city that rejects the stagnant, it has the potential to benefit those on either end of the spectrum - the line between homeowner and homeless will continue to blur as the city becomes more global and dynamic as assisted by new methods of transportation and technology.

EATING: If the city is a flexible commodity overall, meal times will no longer be constricted by the parameters of work h ours, fluctuating as the daily schedule shifts and modulates.

In keeping with current trends of urban farming, food can be sourced locally at farms that move with the shifting border.

57

INTERVIEW RESPONSES

A.A.

C.C.

“I see impermanence as the key to happiness. All I seek is the day to day, moment to moment experiences in order to provide my best to give back to my city. I am magnanimous by nature and I am seen as such by my communities. I make sure that open spaces remain clean and enjoy doing so as they are also my home. I do not experience life differently than others as everyone is able to move around.

Maybe one day when I’m older I’ll seek a more stable living and working condition but for now this suits me.”

“For me, the morning commute has become an extension of my morning routine - a time for drinking coffee, listening to music and reading the news. Now that I don’t have to focus on the road, my commute has become a valuable source of free time for me to relax before stress of the workday begins and a time to decompress after it ends. I’ve started to think of it as my transition between my personal and work life.”

B.B. “Working freelance, I find myself on the go constantly. San Francisco will always be my home, but recently I find myself traveling almost half the time.

It’s great to be able to open my home up to others and have others do the same for me when I travel. Through this sharing I can support myself and my business.”

D.D. “It is great to see the automobile’s evolution to such superior navigational intelligence, yet primitive in its observed actions. But I am skeptical with this new found freedom, I find myself losing instinctual capabilities.

Am I completely dependant on technology?”

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INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION The Latent Spectrum aims to create a new ontology of architecture that offers a wide spectrum of possibilities based on specific address of political and social change in living and working systems. Focusing on technological development in an expanding sharing culture, it calls for a shift in global cities by pinpointing specific problematic patterns of growth.

We aim to intervene through small scale, additive changes that help redevelop and re-contextualize a city to respond to the new time frames brought about by a sharing economy.

The proposed intervention is made up of collaborative, small scale solid elements that all cater to specific events or programs, forming structural members that build up or destroy delineated areas. Its form, a plasma made up of layers, may choose to reveal a solid complexity in certain areas, while other moments introduce additive materials to respond to its environment.

Dependent on site parameters, such as light, exposure to the elements, and other microclimate conditions of San Francisco, it responds and reacts flexibly based on its program, prioritizing circulation spaces as its most modifiable forms.

These interventions are dependent on variant time frames. From changes occurring daily, seasonally or for one time events, these spaces embody an adaptability to surrounding demands.

Public events such as the Olympics can cause an influx of people, especially in surrounding sites. In a city that faces housing shortages without additional visitors, malleable architecture can be used to house the extra. And when no longer needed, dissolve.

On a daily adaptation, an office event may require, as an example, a 10’ addition to its regular working space. This addition may choose to pass through several floors or hang off the building facade.

CONCLUSION

In another scenario, during a cargo delivery, the office may contract by 12’ for the trucks to stall without blocking other traffic, making it such that circulatory routes may occupy the interior vacancies of the lobby.

Conventional programmatic locations no longer hold true - lobbies may no longer be solely situated at the ground level, potentially appearing at different levels such that the public street level may be brought into and up structures; this project aims to intervene on both the horizontal and the vertical plane.

The question of interior space becomes larger. It is no longer a decoration or light scrape of the architectural discipline.

If most of the existing is to remain as a ghost like shell vulnerable to any impact or cultural influence then why can’t the exterior be the interior as well. Thus architecture which mainly deals with large scale concepts must deal with the micro scale adaptations to existing buildings and infrastructure. Of course, micro-scale does not necessarily mean repetitive, so the scale may shift at times so it is in proportion with and responds to the demands of a site.

Therefore we are dealing with spaces as a bridge between the time-based polar opposites of the dichotomies of daily urban living - live/work, interior/exterior, public/private - using civil infrastructure as an aid of evolving technology. This project aims to turn the conceptualization and perception of an occupiable space inside-out based on newly emerging time frames.

However, the city itself shall not change drastically - rather, it is a reconceptualization of the human interaction with its tectonic parts. The city’s boundary will not shift simply by means of vehicular or pedestrian infrastructure for that would be a broad brush stroke of innovation. As stated by Jane Jacobs, the city is a living organism that sheds and rejuvenates its core and extremities.58 Street level patterns will not be governed by a top down, overarching, dictative pioneer. We shall walk through a parallel intervention. To consider a full intervention of a grand scale with such a utopian lens will only cast a falsity upon social expectations.

61

Shedding of the old and entering the spectrum

How do these factors of identity, infrastructure, and culture play into the act of confronting social norms through architectural intervention?

Much as in Reyner Banham’s Los Angeles - The Architecture of Four Ecologies - a book arguing for the influences of physical surroundings on the development of a city, our project aims to maintain similar assertions for the influences on modern urban development.59 While Banham argues that the planning of Los Angeles is intrinsically linked to its various physical settings, such as its freeways or ocean setting, our project aims to introduce a new ecology of architecture based around the newly emergent time frames from an increasing sharing culture and diverse, spectrum based lifestyles already emerging in San Francisco and other global cities.

This figurative Fifth Ecology will be one with a spectrum confronting the issues San Francisco faces of severe homogeneity as a result of a small success margin. By being a proponent for these existing spectrums, the question of race, gender, and economical status are not blindly ignored by the fascination of a smart city. By all means this is an asset that needs to be embraced delicately, as choosing to turn a blind eye and strive for evenly dispersed equality will not serve the proper distribution of a the city as an evolving organism - differences we can call positive or controlled mutations.

Our polarized identities have trapped us into experiencing isolated views of spaces.

In a city as polarized as San Francisco, acknowledging and designing for diversity in all forms is crucial in the development of future ontologies.

Basing our assertions and developments on future technologies currently in development, such as self driving cars, drone technology, construction robots, and a new wave of bio, smart and nano technology, we can argue that a future lies in an unprecedented sharing culture that has already begun to take form. Coupled with our research on swarm patterning as derived from biological means, or “emergence�, we can design for a new ontology that aids the transition from static to a more mobile city., as both a physical structure and as a network and revolution in communication.

By introducing an acupuncture-like architectural intervention for San Francisco, we aim to confront the current polarization of the city through a flexible, dynamic form and methodology of occupiable space. Through the study and conceptual integration of new technologies as well as an emerging sharing culture, our project proposes a new ecology of architecture that is derived from the specificity of time frames, environmental context, and cultural integration.

As stated by Steve Johnson, organized complexity routing from disorganized complexity makes intelligent decisions on a microscale to a larger network.60 If the question of interior and exterior are brought forth to the existing conditions, our intervention will serve as a plasmic barrier able to both accommodate and confront current technological progressions of a smart city.

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INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PROPOSAL

D R AW I N G S A N D S K E TC H E S

N ex t Pa g e s - S a n F r a n c i s c o z o n i n g r e c o n s i d e r e d t h r o u g h a m o t i o n l e n s a n d m e r g e n t t i m e f r a m e s - M i s s i o n D i s t r i c t a n d c i t y w i d e

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Intervention and Design: Spring 2017

CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

WORKS CITED

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Schwartz, Alexandra. “Paris Reborn and Destroyed.” Editorial. The New Yorker, March 19, 2014. Accessed October 2, 2016.

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Park, Alice. “No More Chemo: Doctors Say It’s Not So Far-Fetched.” Time. June 26, 2013. Accessed October 9, 2016.

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Park, Alice. “No More Chemo: Doctors Say It’s Not So Far-Fetched.” Time. June 26, 2013. Accessed October 9, 2016.

Thompson, Cadie. “Elon Musk Just Shared New Details about Tesla’s Car-sharing Service of the Future.” Business Insider. July 30, 2016. Accessed October 9, 2016.

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Graber, Henry. “How Will Self-Driving Cars Change Cities?” Slate. October 25, 2016. Accessed November 12, 2016.

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29 “Urban Displacement San Francisco.” Urban Displacement. 2015. University of California, Berkeley, and University of Los Angeles, California.

Pogash, Carol. “Gentrification Spreads an Upheaval in San Francisco’s Mission District.” Editorial. The New York Times, May 22, 2015. Accessed October 19, 2016.

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Pogash, Carol. “Gentrification Spreads an Upheaval in San Francisco’s Mission District.” Editorial. The New York Times, May 22,

ENDNOTES

2015.

32 Pogash, Carol. “Gentrification Spreads an Upheaval in San Francisco’s Mission District.” Editorial. The New York Times, May 22, 2015.

Pogash, Carol. “Gentrification Spreads an Upheaval in San Francisco’s Mission District.” Editorial. The New York Times, May 22, 2015.

33

34 Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006. Accessed October 20, 2016.

Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

35

36 Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

37 Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald. “‘Google Bus’ Program Approved, Now Permanent Part of San Francisco Streets.” San Francisco Examiner. November 17, 2015. Accessed October 28, 2016.

38

39 Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

40

41 Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

42

43 Thompson, Cadie. “Elon Musk Just Shared New Details about Tesla’s Car-sharing Service of the Future.” Business Insider. July 30, 2016.

44

Miller, Jody Greenstone. “The Rise of the Supertemp.” Harvard Business Review. May 2012. Accessed November 13, 2016.

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Miller, Jody Greenstone. “The Rise of the Supertemp.” Harvard Business Review. May 2012.

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Mattern, Shannon. “Deep Time of Media Infrastructure.” February 27, 2015. Accessed October 15, 2016.

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“Fukushima Nuclear Disaster.” Greenpeace International. 2016. Accessed September 16, 2016.

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Graber, Henry. “How Will Self-Driving Cars Change Cities?” Slate. October 25, 2016. Accessed November 12, 2016.

Betsky, Aaron. “Why the Future of Civic Architecture Lies in Small-Scale Structures.” ArchDaily. August 19, 2016. Accessed October 2, 2016.

51

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Zimmer, Carl. “From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm.” The New York Times. November 13, 2007. Accessed November 6, 2016.

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Zimmer, Carl. “From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm.” The New York Times. November 13, 2007.

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Zimmer, Carl. “From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm.” The New York Times. November 13, 2007.

55

Zimmer, Carl. “From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm.” The New York Times. November 13, 2007.

56

The Future of Flying Robots. By Vijay Kumar. TED. N.p., April 2015. Accessed August 30, 2016.

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Graber, Henry. “How Will Self-Driving Cars Change Cities?” Slate. October 25, 2016. Accessed November 12, 2016.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, 1961. Accessed November 1, 2016.

58

59

Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1971.

WORKS CITED

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Airships Through the Ages.” The New Yorker, February 23, 2016.

Web. Accessed September 6. 2016.

This text provided a concise summary of the history of aviation and aircraft. It was useful for finding specific projects to research further, such as the German Navy Airships and Henri Gifford’s innovative aircraft.

“Airspace Restrictions.” Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation, July 15, 2016. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This government website provided information on how airspace is currently controlled as well as new parameters in place for the future with the increasingly popular drone models.

Alwayn, Vivek. “Fiber-Optic Technologies,” ciscopress.com, April 23, 2004. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Arkenberg, Chris. “Cities of the Future, Built by Drones, Bacteria, And 3-D Printers.” Co.Exist. Fast Company, April 22, 2013. Web. Accessed September 19. 2016.

This manifesto argued for a future of cities reated with drones, bacterialike building materials and digital fabrication. It provided an outline of current models or prototypes for each of these creations, and argued for their importance in the future for building industry in terms

of sustainability, cost and time effectiveness, and new building types.

Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1971.

Barbour, Elisa. “Time to Work Commuting Times and Modes of Transportation of California Workers.” Public Policy Institute of California. February 2006.

Accessed October 20, 2016.

Barnaby, Ted. “You can live for free in this beautiful gypsy cave-village in Spain,” The Plaid Zebra (blog), January 22, 2015.

Hippie/gypsy style living very scattered and perched on top of the town.

Betsky, Aaron. “Why the Future of Civic Architecture Lies in SmallScale Structures.” ArchDaily.

August 19, 2016. Accessed October 2, 2016.

BBC. “How to Build A Nuclear Submarine”. Youtube video, 59:12.

Posted March 16, 2016.

Beatley, Timothy. “Blue Urbanism: The city and the ocean,” placesjournal.org, April 2011. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Blum, Andrew. “Key to Eliminating US Flight Delays? Redesign the Sky Over New York City.” Autopia.

Wired, 23 Feb. 2009. Web.

Accessed September 6, 2016.

Blum examines thousands of flight patterns in and out of the United States and makes an argument for why it is crucial for the airspace above New York to be meticulously and efficiently planned and controlled in order for the entire country’s flights to run smoothly, regardless of end destination.

Breselor, Sara. “Why 40-Year-Old Tech Is Still Running America’s Air Traffic Control.” Wired. Conde Nast, 24 Feb. 2015. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Breselor provides an in-depth look into the air traffic control systems that commercial airlines use to navigate and track flights around the country. Detailing how outdated these systems are, she provides a look into the reasons why they remain unchanged and the government’s plans for finally slowly transitioning away from them.

Brown, David. “10 Facts About the Internet’s Undersea Cables,” mentalfloss.com, November 12, 2015. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Cadava, Eduardo and Aaron Levy. “The Guard of History”, Cities without Citizens. (Siought Foundation, Philadelphia, 2003), p.

137-165.

Carpo, Mario. “Breaking the Curve: Mario Carpo on Big Data and Design,” Artforum, February 2014,

A N N O TAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y

169-173.

Criticizes current parametric design as a failing aesthetic and process.

Generative design has bases its visual preference to a constricted set of parameters largely dependent on the simplification of calculations.

This generalization is detrimental to design, as it limits the possibility of variety and innovation.

Chan, Marni. “How the Energy Grid Works and Why It Takes So Long to Get Power Back,” mic.com, November 1, 2012. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

AC vs DC system that is used in NYC (has one of the oldest grid systems built in 1920’s). State created a privately owned monopoly, ConEd. Currently system of selling energy causes some of the fault, energy is auctioned until price goes up for supply to equal demand. Vulnerable to water damage, and it takes time for equipment to be cleaned of salt water/be dried.

“Communications-based train control,” en.wikipedia.org. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Craig, Thomas. “Air Traffic Congestion: Problems and Prospects.” Cities and Their Vital Systems: Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future.1988. 222-31.

The National Academies Press.

National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This article provided a look into the causation of air traffic congestion

and its consequences. In addition to giving a history of air traffic control, it provides an outline for potential solutions to common issues.

Coxworth, Ben. “Hybrid fiber optic cable carries data and power,” newatlas.com, February 3, 2012.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Debezak, Michele. “This New Drone is Designed to Transport Humans.” mentalfloss.com, January 8, 2016.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Felix.

“What is a Concept?” What is Philosophy? (Columbia University Press, NY 1994), p.15-34.

A concept should confront an issue, a fear. We look at AI, Mega Data, and Smart technology as a risk, comparable to cancer, as a system that can take over our ability to function and test our sense of decision-making.

Ehley, Brianna. “How Drones Could Help America’s Infrastructure.” The Fiscal Times. N.p., July 3, 2014.

Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This article gives an outline of several types of drone technologies that have been created in the past decade as well as prototypes for future models and their ramifications to industries outside of hobby and personal use, as well as positive potential infrastructural changes.

Estes, Adam Clark. “A Brief History of Airspace Design.” Gizmodo.

N.p., November 26, 2013. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Estes provides a look into how airspace has been designed over the past century and its potential for changes due to the introduction of more widespread drone technology.

Drone technology advancements is outpacing the design and control of airspace, which is a crucial step in providing safety and security to the public.

Estes, Adam Clark. “Highlights from the World’s Largest Drone Fair.”

Gizmodo. N.p., August 6, 2013.

Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This article provided brief descriptions of many types of new models of drones from recent exposition of drone technology.

It was helpful in identifying new models to further investigate in other sources.

“Extracting Data from Drone Video, How Computers can Augment Humans,” motiondsp.com, May 6, 2016. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Ferris, Kathleen. “Desalination: Is It A Practical Solution For Arizona’s Future Water Supplies?” AMWUA. December 1, 2014. Accessed October 17, 2016.

“First Steps Toward Drone Traffic Management.” NASA. Ed. Sharon Lozano. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, July 6 2016.

Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

WORKS CITED

“Fukushima Nuclear Disaster.”

Greenpeace International. 2016.

Accessed September 16, 2016.

The Future of Flying Robots. By Vijay Kumar. TED. N.p., April 2015.

Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This TED talk gave an informative view into the more unusual potentials for technology, including using drones for farming and agriculture.

He focused on the wide diversity within drone technology and design and detailed their exciting potentials as well as their shortcomings and risks.

Gillespie, Tarleton. “The Relevance of Algorithms,” forthcoming, in Media Technologies, ed. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo Boczkowski, and Kirsten Foot. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Golden Gate Weather Services.

“Climate of San Francisco.” 2009.

Accessed September 20, 2016.

“Google, NASA work together to design drone air-traffic-control system,” rt.com, July 24, 2015.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Graber, Henry. “How Will SelfDriving Cars Change Cities?”

Slate. October 25, 2016. Accessed November 12, 2016.

Graw, Caroll. “Alexandre Goupil.”

Flying Machines. N.p., 2003. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Goupil was an influential designer in the creation of the aircraft. His flying machines provided framework for other inventors to further research and investigate, while using biomimicry as a way of creating form and aerodynamic design.

Grenoble, Ryan. “This Is What One Day In European Air Traffic Looks Like.” Huffington Post. N.p., April 3, 2015. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

The graphics and representation of every flight coming in and out of Europe provides an intricate and fascinating look into how busy and dense the skyspace already is without the addition of projected drone technologies. From examining the diagram and drawings, it begs the question of how these new drones will be integrated into the skyspace safely and in tandem with such a complex system.

Grossman, Daniel. “U.S.S. Akron (ZRS-4) and U.S.S. Macon (ZRS5).”Airships. N.p., 2009. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

The development of the zeppelin, in particular the U.S.S. Akron and Macon models helped push warfare technology in a new technology that allowed for unparalleled fighting techniques during World War II nearly a decade later, even though aircraft technology played such a crucial role in World War I as well.

Though made infamous through their tragic accidents, these models in particular provided a precedent

for which aircraft carrying airships could be developed in coming decades.

Hiltzik, Michael. “Desalination Plants Aren’t a Good Solution for California Drought.” Los Angeles Times. April 24, 2015. Accessed October 17, 2016.

Explains an argument for why desalination would be an ineffective solution for the drought in Los Angeles. Citing mostly monetary concerns rather than environmental, the projects currently in place in California have a large price tag that make it impossible to consider it a viable widespread solution.

Hinote, Clint. “How No-Fly Zones Work.” Council on Foreign Relations. N.p., May 5, 2015. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

No fly-zones have been created and lifted several times throughout the past century to provide safety for non-military, commercial flights in order to keep civilians safe. By re rerouting around unstable areas, the public is kept safe. This article provides maps and information on the history of the development of such rules as well as where they are implemented today.

“How a U-Boat Works,” uboataces. com. Web. Accessed August 29, 2016.

Ingels, Bjarke. “3 warp-speed architecture tales,” Youtube video.

Accessed September 26, 2016.

A N N O TAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Ingels, Bjarke. “Architecture should be more like Minecraft,” Youtube video. Accessed September 26, 2016.

Ingels, Bjarke. “Advice to the Young,” Youtube video. Accessed September 6, 2016 “Inventing an Air Machine.”

The Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

This article provides a brief history of the Wright Brothers and their invention of the first truly successful airplane, which is arguably one of the most important inventions in modern history. The article, although brief, gives the important key details of their process and success, as well as honoring the legacy they left behind.

Ito, Jo, Scott Dadich and Barack Obama. “Barack Obama, Neural Nets, Self-Driving Cars, and the Future of the World,” wired.com.

Web. October 2016.

Addresses technophobia as something not to be worried about.

AI technology is developing, and will increase its speed and efficiency of development. But the changes are happening at a paces which we can still control and stop before any signs of overpowering may happen (since such events are to occur way too far into the future). Obama also argues that though there will be a certain job loss (and the preconception of low skilled jobs is false...ex: doctors vs a

nurse, a nurse would likely stay hired bc s/he is cheaper, and will look after, maintenance of, automated doctor. Even if many redundant jobs are eliminated with AI, more jobs in the art/etc will open up as people will have more time to explore those fileds.

Underground Power Grid Is No Easy Task,” npr.com. November 1, 2012.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, 1961. Accessed November 1, 2016.

Koolhaas, Rem. “Preservation Is Overtaking Us.” Columbia GSAPP. September 17, 2004. Accessed October 10, 2016.

“Jean-Marie Le Bris (1817 - 1872).”

The Pioneers of Aviation and Aeromodeling. Monash University, 2002. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Koolhaas calls for a reconsideration in the priority we place in preservation of old buildings. He says the way in which we choose to preserve them doesn’t enhance a city but in fact inhibits it from progressing as well as uncovering information about the city’s past.

Le Bris, a french inventor, was fascinating with air travel and developed several prototypes of his own ideas for creating an aircraft for human travel. Although his ideas were not ultimately successful, he was able to progress his ideas and serve as a source of inspiration for several other French inventors of his time to lead to the ultimate invention of the aircraft by the Wright Brothers in the early 20th century.

Johnson, Bernadette. “Can information travel faster than light?” electronics.howstuffworks.com.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Johnson, Steven. Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software. Scribner, 2001.

Joyce, Christopher. “Fixing NYC’s

King, Hope. “Human-carrying drone will start tests in Nevada,” money.cnn.com. June 8, 2016. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

LaFay, Mark. “Understanding How Your Drone is Controlled” dummies. com. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Larson, Serena. “Amsterdam Converting to Smart City,” The Kernel Magazine, January 4, 2015.

Traditionally public transport is highly on bikes or the public trams/ buses. The city proposes the title certain communities as “Living Labs” onto which they will implement mart technology and experiment with new ways of improving the city Lavars, Nick. “How Drones Are Poised to Help Build the Cities of Tomorrow.” News Atlas. N.p., March 2015. Accessed August 30, 2016

WORKS CITED

Mattern, Shannon. “Deep Time of Media Infrastructure.” February 27, 2015. Accessed October 15, 2016.

Milkosfksy, Brenda. “David Bunshell and his Revolutionary Submarine,” conecticuthistory.org. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Miller, Jody Greenstone. “The Rise of the Supertemp.” Harvard Business Review. May 2012.

Accessed November 13, 2016.

Mockaitis, Tom. “Drones and the Ethics of War.” Huffington Post.

N.p., January 12, 2016. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

This article is an op-ed on the ethics of using unmanned weaponry and aircrafts as a part of warfare. WIthout much risk to the purpetrator, entire towns can be wiped out instantly with the assistance of drone technology weaponry. The ethical question of taking the humanity out of warfare completely turns modern warfare on its head. Few rules or regulations have been put in place for the use or limitation on these types of tools, and the author argues that it should be heavily considered. The ramifications of implementing the laws he describes are fascinating, and leads to speculation if the use of drone technology could actually be considered a war crime due to its anonymity coupled with widespread, indiscriminate attacks.

“1904 New York City subway opens,” history.com. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Nakamura, Lisa “Cybertyping and the Work of Race in the Age of Digital Reproduction.” New Media, Old Media: A History and Theory Reader (2006): 317-33.

“Nuclear Submarine,” en.wikipedia. org. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Okata, Junichiro and Akito Murayama, “ Tokyo’s Urban Growth, Urban Form, Sustainability,” Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability, ed.

By André Sorensen and Junichiro Okata. Springer, 2011, p.15-40.

The city was very railway oriented, so towns formed around train station and form a patchwork of an urban environment, even though central Tokyo is a main destination, other locations also attract businesses/ commercial use and commuters to work. There are some suburban stations that have been neglected in terms of access but have greater potential in advancement, especially since Japanese culture has been involved with technological innovations for a very long time.

“Operations Research,” en.wikipedia.org. Web. Accessed August 29, 2016.

Palmer, Brian. “A Glass of Water.

Hold the Salt.” Slate. January 11, 2011. Accessed October 17, 2016.

This article focuses on the process of desalination of water to determine how eco friendly the process really

is. While desalination may seem like a good solution for cities in desert or drought conditions such as Dubai or Tel Aviv, the process can harm the sea water and cause more damage to the ecological conditions surrounding the city.

“Paris Metro, Île-de-France, France,” railway-technology.com.

Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Park, Alice. “No More Chemo: Doctors Say It’s Not So FarFetched.” Time. June 26, 2013.

Accessed October 9, 2016.

Partick, John, “This is How Drones Work.” time.com, April 3, 2015.

Web. Accessed September 5, 2016.

Pogash, Carol. “Gentrification Spreads an Upheaval in San Francisco’s Mission District.”

Editorial. The New York Times, May 22, 2015. Accessed October 19, 2016.

“R 100 - G - FAAV.” The Airship Heritage Trust, 2015. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Ratti, Carlo, and Matthew Claudel.

The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers and the Future of Urban Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.

“Report to the President: Technology and the Future of Cities.” Whitehouse.gov. Ed. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Executive Office of the President of the

A N N O TAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y

United States, February 2016. Web. Accessed September 19, 2016.

This document, designed as a briefing to Obama on the future of cities and their associated technologies and innovations, gives an outlook on the importance of understanding the value in pushing for new types of strategies on a social, political and ecological set of levels. It details the value of investing in new building technologies and the positive impacts it would have on a fundamental level to cities, whether currently struggling or thriving.

Describing new data collection, drone and building material strategies, it gives an excellent insight into current developments and projections for the future.

Richter, Dagmar, “Camouflage as Aesthetic Sustainability,” Architextiles, November 2006, 62-68.

Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald. “‘Google Bus’ Program Approved, Now Permanent Part of San Francisco Streets.” San Francisco Examiner.

November 17, 2015. Accessed October 28, 2016.

Roth, Matthew. “San Francisco First City in the Nation to Count Its Parking Spaces.” StreetsBlogSF. March 26, 2016. Accessed November 15, 2016.

Salomon, David. “Experimental Cultures: On the ‘End’ of the Design Thesis and the Rise of the Research Studio” Journal of Architectural

Education, ACSA.

October 2, 2016.

Debate on what “Research Studio” has become. Historically architectural Design Thesis (late 19th Cent) it was conceived as a combination of fine arts, building sciences, and art history. Design was considered of importance but did not fit into the fine arts category. Because it is a form of unconventional thinking it was unclear how it may develop into a scholarly thesis and how it was a form of research (not able to be placed into 1 category). Shifting from “thesis” to “research project” releases the burden of conforming to a thesis/concrete conclusion.

Research studio became a process of analysis (precedent, site, etc.) to a final project that responds to those conditions. During the modernist movement, 60’s, it was easier to choose a side to argue against/for; now there is much more ambiguity.

The research project is to provoke a conversation on architecture, not on its aesthetic qualities within itself. Research and various forms of experimentation should drive the design process, thus the results are not what is always expected.

Research should test out risky propositions.

Sharp, Tim. “The First Powered Airship.” Space. Purch, July 17, 2012. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Scannell, Josh. “What Can an Algorithm Do?” dismagasine.com.

Web. Accessed September 20, 2016.

Schwartz, Alexandra. “Paris Reborn and Destroyed.” Editorial. The New Yorker, March 19, 2014. Accessed

Giffard was a French inventor who took cues from other failed attempts toward a powered aircraft and developed a creation that would become the first powered airship.

This article gave a concise history on the research and development that lead to his ultimate success.

“Signaling Block System,” en.wikipedia.org. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Silvas, Deborah A., and Margaret R. Caldwell. “A New Vision For California Ocean Governance: Comprehensive Ecosystem Based Marine Zoning.” January 10, 2008.

Accessed October 17, 2016.

Solnit, Rebecca. “Division Street”, Harper’s Magazine. no. 1997 (October 2016): p. 42-53 “Staging.” National Cancer Institute. March 9, 2015. Accessed September 17, 2016.

Information to base cancereous city metaphor from, including definition of each of the 5 stages as well as related terms such as “in situ”.

Starr, Kevin. California: A History.

Modern Library, 2007. Accessed November 2, 2016.

WORKS CITED

Thompson, Cadie. “Elon Musk Just Shared New Details about Tesla’s Car-sharing Service of the Future.”

Business Insider. July 30, 2016.

Accessed October 9, 2016.

“Timeline of Commercial Aviation.”

Burns & McDonnell, 2011. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Commercial aviation is the most common method of global transportation. This article provides a history of the development and history of such aircrafts, with a focus on Pan American Airlines which reached the height of its popularity in the 1950s and 60s.

Titlow, Jean Paul. “Inside A Secret Basement Powering The New Rok Subway’s Pioneering Wireless Network,” fastcompany.com, May 16, 2015. Web. Accessed September 9, 2016.

“Tokyo Smart City Development in Perspective of 2020 Olympics: Opportunities for EU-Japan Cooperation and Business Development.” eu-japan.eu, April 2015, 9-11.

How Tokyo pictures a “smart city”, one that balances sustainability with technological innovation. They are also looking to reuse a lot of existing systems rather than implanting new ones for the next Olympic Games.

“Urban Displacement San Francisco.” Urban Displacement.

2015. University of California,

Berkeley, and University of Los Angeles, California. Accessed November 2, 2016.

Vinterberg, Thomas and Lars von Trier, “DOGMA 95.” pov.imv.au.dk, March 1995.

Whiting, Sarah. “Welcome to the Banquet.” Architecture from the Outside In. Selected essays by Robert Guttman. Edited by Dana Cuff and John Wriedt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.

Keeping the truth in what you produce, considers other after effects to be harmful to the final image of the film. I disagree with this, the director is not the sole composer of a film, and should not be an egoistic representation of one person. Film is a collaboration, and so is architecture.

Pick a “table”, whether it’s program, form, and surface, then research those historical figures to have a background with then you may expand your focus beyond the “table” and set your own rules. It could pose a question/theory/idea/ concept that can be explored past graduation (as an architect).

Wallis, Stephen. “A ’60s Architecture Collective That Made History (but No Buildings).” The New York Times. April 13, 2016.

Accessed July 9, 2016.

Williams, Clint. “Off-the-grid communities: 5 Places carving a sustainable path,” mnn.com, July 28, 2012.

Whiting, Sarah. “I am interested in a project of engaged autonomy,” Log 28. July 2013, 109-118.

Interview with Peter Eisenman.

There is a lack of understanding of how ideas developed in the past and the intelligence of using references.

There is a conflict on what should be taught in school, since this is a profession, which in current times requires lots of software knowledge. But learning a program does not help you understand how to think critically/imaginatively but it does get you hired. This ultimately dummies down the future generation of architects. Often design is not respected in academia…looked down upon from those with PhD’s.

Communities that live off-the-grid.

Wilson, Reid. “Everywhere Your Drone Is Banned from Flying, in One Map.” The Washington Post.

N.p., July 28 2014. Web. Accessed August 30, 2016.

Wohlleben, Peter. The Hidden Life of Trees. Tr. Jane Billinghurst.

Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2016.

Wood, Ian, “Why We Need a Global Human/Technology Manifesto,” Wired Magazine, April 20, 2015 Quite a vague description, but points out the human aspect is lacking quite a socially influential system.

A N N O TAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Wright, Nancy Allison. “A Brief History of the Air Mail Service of the US Post Office Department.” Air Mail Pioneers. N.p., 1999. Web. Accessed September 6, 2016.

Airplanes found their first common use outside of warfare in mail and goods delivery, creating a delivery system that was unparalleled in speed and efficiency. The article provides images and information on its history and the influence efficient delivery systems had on the United States at the time and how it set up a framework for global delivery systems, decades before commercial flights became popular.

Zafar, Salman. “CSP Powered Desalination.” EcoMENA. June 29, 2015. Accessed October 17, 2016.

A comparison in solar powered desalination technologies with conventional ones.

CSP, or concentrated solar power can be used to power the facilities required to undergo the desalination process to make ocean water drinkable.

Offers potential solutions for future designs in desalination facilities to make the process more eco friendly.

Zimmer, Carl. “From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm.” The New York Times. November 13, 2007.

Accessed November 6, 2016.