Undergraduate Architecture | Parametric Studio Air Portfolio

DESIGN STUDIO

AIR Su Yuan / 376892 / 2014 / S1 / Group 11 / Finn / Victor

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CONTENTS

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PART A

CONCEPTUALISATION

Introdction

6

A.1.1

Design Futuring

10

A.1.2

Precedence The Water Cube

12

Taiwan Solar Powered Stadium

14

A.2.1

Design Computation

16

A.2.2

Precedence Shellsart Pavilion Smithsonia Institution Roof System

18 20

A.3.1

Composition / Generation

22

A.3.2

Precedence The Benq Restaurant

24

The PIXEL

26

A.4

Conclusion

28

A.5

Learning outcomes

30

A.6

Algorithmic Sketches

32

Part A Reference List

40

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PART B

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CRITERIA DESIGN

B.1

Research Field

44

B.2

Case Study 1.0

49

B.3

Case Study 2.0

58

B.4

Technique Development

68

B.5

Technique Prototype

79

B.6

Technique Proposal

90

B.7

Learning Obejective and Outcomes

111

B.8

Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

113

Part B Reference List

117

PART C

DETAILED DESIGN

C.1

Design Concept

122

C.2

Tectonic Element

152

C.3

Final Model

160

C.4

Additional LAGI Brief Infomation

176

C.5

Learning Object and Outcomes

183

Part C Reference

189

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INTRODUCTION

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Hey everyone, my name is Su Yuan, or call me Mario.

I am a third year international student. I come from Wuhan, a big city in middle of China. After graduated from high school in China I came here for further education and major in Architecture.

The first time I went into the world of architecture is playing with Legos blocks in my childrenhood. By knowing how a building could be designed and constructed by simple small element, I started to love architecture, a descipline which not only offer people with a comfortable and functional living space but also interact with environmrnt in both aesthitic and scientific ways. In this subject we will be taught a different way of thinking comtempory architecture by learning algorithmic design tools and its wide application in modern sustainable project.

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I learned some basic knowledges about rhino when I was taking the Virtual Environment in the first year. In order to fulfill the final model performance I gained some skills from tutors and by watching online tutes. Later in year 2, I use CAD for plans and sections drawing and modified those drawings by using Photoshops and Illustrator. Moreover, in my free time I used to try some simple 3D models to get famillar with them.

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Images showing the Rhino-designed Lantern, first year in Virtual Environment.

A variety of drawing and modelling softwares have to be learned on the way to be professional architects. For me, I am just touching the very small tip of the “iceburg”. In this subject I hope to improve my algorithmic modelling skills. This kind of tools is totally different from CAD, Sketchup. It explores the new design outcomes for me rather than simply digitise exsisting procedures in my mind as normal 3-D modelling tools. Contemporary architectural designing process rely heavily on computational tools. Also parametric design becomes more and more popular. By using grosshopper, different design generations could emerge by understanding and controling parameters . It will make the design more creative, interisting so I will improve my ability in this area.

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A 1.1 DESIGN FUTURING

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"Nature along cannot sustain us: we are too many, we have too much ecological damage, and we have become too dependent upon the artificial world that we have designed, fabricated and occupied." (1) —— Tony Fry

Tony Fry’s statement is what we need to think about in the contemporary fast-developing and population- increasing world. As we are intelligent we could design things for our own need and those designs with their final fabrication slowly change the world in both positive and negative way. “... what we have done, as a result of perspectival limitation of our human centredness, is to treat the planet simply as an infinite resource at our disposal” (2) We are creating the condition of unsustainability because of ignoring the limitation of non-renewable resource on this planet and rapidly consuming them in many ways, such as cars consuming fuels and power station also rely on coal production. Whenever we bring something into being we also destroy something. Design in the future must focus on sustainability and new practice which could fulfill sustainablity. The good thing is we start to make most of renewable energy and put them at significant stage when developing new designs. According to Tony Fry’s words, the balance between creation and destruction is not a problem when using renewable resource but it’s a disaster when it is not... and the planet’s renewable resources are being used up at a rate 25 per cent faster than they can be renewed. (3) In terms of architecture, his words means buildings have to maximize its utilization of renewable energy

such as solar, wind, tidal energy in order to relieve the demand on traditional resource. It is exactly what the LAGI hope designers to do. The LAGI seeks for the design and construction that have the added benefit of large-scale green energy generation... “renewable energy can indeed be beautiful and that public artwork can have an ecologically positive impact over its life cycle. (4) Architecture is changing all the time, it is integrated with many other disciplines nowadays to produce more environmentally-friendly works. “Answering the design futuring question actually requires having a clear sense of what design needs to be mobilized for or against... how and what we design. (5) Complex and cross-disciplinary design is what we are facing in the future. Architects’ role is shifting to studying new design methods such as computational tools and also cooperate with other specialists studying in material, structure and ecology.

In this part, two Large-scale projects are introduced to show some future possibilities in architecture related to sustainability. We could also get some design inspirations from the precedence as they really made achievements which might change our ways of thinking about future architecture.

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A 1.2 PRECEDENCE ONE

FIG1 Out View of Water Cube Swimming Centre

FIG2 ETFE material and frame structure

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FIG3 Frame Structure

The Water Cube PTW Architects - 2008 The water cube is built for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, It is a blue but also “green” since cantaining many sustainable design intents. Taking the structure of soap bubbles as inspiration PTW Architects gave cube an elegant, light-weight design: a rectangular box covered in iridescent bubble wrap.

It does more than look cool. The project expanded the future possibilities about new materials that could be used in architecture.

The 100,000 square meters of the Teflonlike translucent plastic ETFE that make up the building’s bubble cladding allow in more solar heat than traditional materials like glass. This material making it easier to heat the building, and resulting in a 30 percent reduction in energy costs. ( 6) That’s an innovative disign for a swimming pool because it need an enormous amount of heating. Another exploration caused by cube is the self-repair function of ETFE. When there is a broken hole on the ETFE layer, the surface could be quickly repaired by simply adding another peice to the hole then it restores. This innovation gives architect a new thinking of design futuring, that is, can we apply more material like ETFE to bring bionergy for the building.

Less heating/cooling systems but the building could automatically control the internal environment, less maintaince but it could repair itself to survice in environment.

The building also take water saving as an important part to achieve sustainability. A rainwater collection system was installed to gathers 10,000 cubic meters of the wet stuff each year, while a recycling system reuses 80% of the building's water. (7) Unlike the ETFE to increas the direct utilization of renewable energy, the water saving system reduces the energy used to produce clean water. It achieves cycle use of water and reduce the impact of waste water that bring back to the ecosystem. So it is another way to achieve sustainability.

Parametric design is also applied in this project to explore the pattern of bubbles and the structure of steel frames. There are thousand peices of bubbles covering the building and each one has its own shape and size. This aesthetic value achieved in the building is based on computational design which could go beyond human's brain. Not only this building, other buildings in the future rely on computational methods.

Systems, materials, ornaments and structures are much more complex in the future and design process becomes crossdisciplinary. This building is a prototype for future, using computational tools to deal with complex design problem in each part of project and achieve sustainability finally.

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FIG4 Night View of Solar Powered Stadium

A 1.2 PRECEDENCE TWO

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Taiwan Solar Powered Stadium Toyo Ito - 2010 This project could give us more ideas about the LIGA’s design requirements because it is an good example applying solar energy system in architecture projects.

“Since solar panels were required for this project, I thought to use them to cover almost the entire stadium seating roof” (8) Ito made this statium not only a space for event but also a power station which make most of renewable engergy. The entirety of the 22,000 sq. meter roof is covered in waves of 8,844 photovoltaic panels, embedded in frames of laminated glass.

(9) In addition to functioning as an energy source, the solar panels are also shading device to block direct sunlight. The gap between each panel also increase natural ventilation for spectators.

It change our ways of thinking about statdiums. The C shape break the traditional enclosed design of stadium. It create a dynamic space which opens outward since the site is a public park for citizens to use freely.

Ito built a sense of unity within the park. Moreover, The stadium is continueing appreciated since its dual-function. When hosting an event the stadium offers people a good space to experience both inside and ouside of the stadium. It also produce energy when it is not hosting an event, the stadium becomes a power generator that comtributes electricity to power grid.

FIG5 Bird-View of Taiwan Solar Powered Stadium

FIG6 Solar Photovoltaic System

This stadium has obtained the utmost utilization of renewable energy. The influence it brings to the world is setting an example of how architecture could be more useful, functional by connecting with sustainalble design intent. This project gives some good tips for us when thinking about the LIGA design project.

FIG7 Roof Solar Panel System

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A 2.1 DESIGN COMPUTATION

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"When architects have sufficient understanding of algorithmic concepts, when we no longer need to discuss the digital as something different, then computation can become a true method of design for architecture." [10] —— Brady Peters

The algorithmic concepts are new ideas in architecture design. It is refining the practice of architecture. Most architects use computers simply digitise existing procedures with process that are preconceived in the mind.(11) This process is called computerisation, like a virtual drafting tool for edit, copy and increase the precision of drawing. But Parametric design is much more than that. Some people might mix up these two concepts. Parametric is a new form of the logic of digital design thinking.

(12) It is totally different from the traditional design methods like paper works or CAD works. Computation generates and explores architectural spaces and concepts through the writing and modifying of algorithms. (13) In another words, parametric design thinking focus on a logic of associative and dependency relationships between objects and their parts-and-whole relationships. By changing the values of parametric relationships, a multiplicity of variable instance can be created. For example we change a parameter in grasshopper, it could then generates many different outcomes for designers and inspire further ideas. That is parametric tools including writing of rules, or algorithmic procedures to make creation of variations.

The computation has large impact on the range of conceivable and achievable geometries. In the traditional design

process, computerisation softwares are merely used as a media to display the final design results and never used to generate any new geometries. The diversity of geometries is limited by designer’s mind. The normal geometries are repeated again and again in architecture works. However computation, for example NURBS like Rhino and the later parametric modelers such as grasshopper can generate complex and innovative geometries that human brain can hardly imagine. Just as the water cube’s surface, no two geometries are the same among thousands of pieces. Computation does bring new ways of producing unique geometry for architecture works, by logically combined of parameters by designers.

Computation improves the performance-oriented design process. Computation not only has the ability to construct complex models of buildings but can also give performance feedback on these models. Such as BIM, a computational tools which create a platform for designer to investigate building performance from design, construction, operation to maintainance. Through simulation, designers get enough analysis on the performance of each systems of the building. They could improve and modify their model through this performance-oriented designing tools before real construction.

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A 2.2 PRECEDENCE ONE

FIG8 Perspective View of

FIG9 Interior of Shellstar Pavilion

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FIG10 Pavilion with illumination at night

This is a shellstar, commissioned for Detourart design festival in Hong Kong was designed to be an iconic gathering place for the festival attendees.

It is located on an empty lot within the Wan Chai district of Hong Kong. In a parametric designing form, the temporary pavilion maximizes its spatial performance while minimizing structure and material.

Working fully within a parametric modeling environment, the design was quickly developed and iterated with the few weeks of design, fabrication, and assembly. It is a good example to show the advantages of parametric design that could bring amazing outcomes quickly. Also, in later frbrication and construction the parametric tool were used to simplify the work and reduce assembling works load.

The design process can be divided into 3 processes that were enabled by advanced algorithmic modeling techniques: The form emerged out of a digital form-finding process based on the classical parametric design tools. Using Grasshopper and the physics engine Kangaroo, the form self-organizes into the

Shellstar Pavilion MATSYS - 2012

catenary-like thrust surfaces that are aligned with the structural vectors and allow for minimal structural depths. It is something we talked in previous discussion: the computation creates more complex form than human brain and architects just make choice among those outcomes.

The structure is composed of nearly 1500 individual cells that are all slightly non-planar. (14) In reality, the cells must bend slightly to take on the global curvature of the form. However, the cells cannot be too non-planar as this would make it difficult to cut them from flat sheet materials. That is how the parametric design affect on real construction. When doing parametric design we also need to think how the real model could be made by materials. For this project, each component Using a custom Python script, each cell is optimized so as to eliminate any interior seams and make them as planar as possible, greatly simplifying fabrication.

Using more custom python scripts, each cell was unfolded flat and prepared for fabrication. The cell flanges and labels were automatically added and the cell orientation was analyzed and then rotated to align the flutes of the Coroplast material with the principal bending direction of the surface.

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FIG10.1 form-generating process of pavilion

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FIG11 The geometry roof of Smithsonian Institution Building

A 2.2 PRECEDENCE TWO - 20 -

Smithsonia Institution Roof System Established in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington DC, is now the world’s largest museum complex. In 2007, Foster & Partners completed a roof structure over the courtyard.

The roof has been modeled by parametric design tools, which enabled the undulations to respond fluidly to the historical architecture. There are three domes, a large central one informed by the existing grand portico, and two smaller ones either side. This is a final decision based on many tests in parametric modeling. In this project, through parametric design designers could adjust the height, density, and curve of the roof model by inputting and adjusting parameters to test which outcomes is the best one. It is totally different from traditional design which must follow designer’s mind. When change the parameters the designers can’t imagine thedevelopment of geometry until the computer shows outcomes.

Unlike handdrawing or CAD and other computer-aimed design tools, the computational algorithmic tools was used to explore design options and was constantly modified throughout the design process. It was also used to produce final geometry of roof.

In terms of performance-oriented designing, computation offers the opportunity to analyse the structural and acoustic performance and to visualise the space. So the architects could directly understand the performance of the model and improve the design by modifying the algorithmic code. The computation is also used to create fabrication data for physical models. For example, to explorate a better way that those roof elements could be assembled.

Foster + Partners - 2007

FIG12 Roof structure

FIG13 Sample roof frame in construction

FIG14 The streamline roof surface

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A 3.1 COMPOSITION / GENERATION

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In architecture, composition and generation are two different ways of design. In my opinion the meaning of composition is to resolve some complex form into basic element that we understand. The new form of design could be made up by those existing components. Any new things is only an illusion consist of known component and we can hardly produce new things without some existing knowledge. (16) The design process of composition is based on ‘top to bottom’, divide complexity into simplicity.

My parametric design concept map

However, as the algorithmic design develop in modern architecture, it totally change the traditional design process which produce forms by putting together parts or elements.

Computational design is also regard as generative design. It is a ‘bottom to up’ process. According to Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges, generative design is a processing of information and interactions between elements which constitute a specific environment, it provides framework for negotiating and influencing the interrelation of datasets of information, with the capacity to generate complex order, form and structure. (17) parametric design thinking focus on a logic of associative and dependency relationships between objects and their parts-and-whole relationships. By changing the values of parametric relationships, a multiplicity of variable instance can be created. That is how generative process involve in the new practice of architecture. Compuitation has the potential to provide inspiration and go beyond architects’ intellect through the generation of unknown results.(18)

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A 3.2 PRECEDENCE ONE

FIG15 Interior of BanQ Restaurant

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The Banq Restaurant Office dA - 2009 This restaurant is located in the old Penny Savings Bank, at the base of the old banking hall. Divided into two segments, the front area on Washington Street is programmed as a bar, while the larger hall behind serves as the dining area. (19) One thing make I interested in this precedence is that sectioning was well used to cover the infrastructure and structure of the building. It make the ceiling to be more dynamic and eye-catching while the structure component is hidden in a good way. Architects use algorethimic design to explore the possible outcome of the sectioning form.

By looking at fig12, It is only 4 peice of all the generative outcomes and each outcomes is produced by algorithmic design process. As the previous pages discussed, generative design shows its unpredicable potential to generate a lot of complex outcomes efficiently, which could hardly fulfilled by traditional design method.

This work show architects’ understand of algorithmic thinking. They test the results of the generating code, knowing how to modify the parameters to explore new options. Finally thay choose the best one that suitabl for the proposal space.

FIG16 Sectioning Ceiling of BanQ Restaurant

FIG17： Ceiling patterns variations from grasshopper

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FIG18 Street View of Pixel Building

FIG19 Facade Panel of Pixel Building

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A 3.2 PRECEDENCE TWO

The Pixel STUDIO 505 - 2010 FIG20 Facade Pattern Development

The Pixel building is located on Queensberry St, in the CBD area of Melbourne.

Everytime I walk there the colorful panel wall just catch my eyes in every second.

The Pixel is a building not only achieve high level sustainability but also a good example that utilize algorithmic design. This building fullfil the most two important targets in the LAGI design intent, continuing utilization of renewable energy and public art form designed by parametric design.

We could learn alot from this building and explore some ideas in futher design.

In terms of sustainability, pixel has the advantages of carbon neutrality, a vacuum toilet system, the anaerobic digestion system and reduced car parking. (20)

The colorful facades are made up by irregular geometry. It provides shade for users, but more important it shows the amazing power of algorithmic tools in designing geometric surface. By using generative parametric tools architects explore many types of geometry for the facade. They can adjust the density, shape, size of the patterns by modifying parameters or changing the algorithmic rule. According to Brady Peters, we are shifting from an era where architects use software to one where they create software. (21) This is what happen in this building. Rather than design a facade, archtects generate an unique algorithmic rule (may not suitable for others) to produce the final model after a series of test and modification.

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A 4.

CONCLUSION

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In Part This journal discuss three aspects of architectural design at present.

The first part is design futuring. What is the significant thing architects should keep in mind? That is the achievement of sustainability when design a new building. As we focus on sustainable design, another shift of architecture is the cross-disciplinary cooperation with other specialists such as nergy experts, civil engineer, Code scripter... Two precedences were introduced to explore the possibilities they might bring to other future projects.

The second part demonstrate the essence of design computation. Based on some useful article about algorithmic thought, I think the design process was largely affect by computation as it changes our way of generating a new design. The algorithmic software could produce unexpected outcomes and we choose the prefer one.

However in traditional design, human can hardly come up with so many innovative geometries and patterns in a short time.

make designer forget the feasibility in real world but only bring over aspiration for complexification and pompous appearance. So when use parametric tools I should relates the design to the LIGA’ project in every step. Now metter what the design tools change, it is us human that create the final thing so computation is just an assistance but never become the centre of design.

At this stage, our intend design approach is using parametric tools to generate a space that could interact with users who entre that space. As sustainability should be fulfilled in the project, we come with an idea that people themselves can produce enery for collection. It is an innovative idea since normal project choose to utilize natural renewable energy. The benefit is more people get into that space, more energy could be produced. But in what way the human energy is collected has not been decided yet. Engery might come through gravity, sound, movement produced by human.

Futher discuss will be taken in part B.

The third part introduces two kind of design concept, composion and generation. Generative design has many advantages and it goes beyond human’s intellect. However it still has shortcomings. For example, in some complex model it is such a challenge to fulfill the real fabrication. Sometimes it costs too much time and money to choose the suitable material and connecting methed. Parametric design may

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A 5.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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In this part, I learn some useful knowledges about theory and practice of architectural computing. Architectural computing has already played a significant role in comtenporary practice. For example we use CAD and Revit to produce accurate and communicable drawings. While computation, such as algorithmic design has just entred the architecture discipline but quickly change our thinking about architectural design.

My past design is merely done through rhino to create simple geometry and curves.

After gain sufficient capability of using parametric tools I think the design could have more interesting outcomes in an efficient way. Changing the parametric and modifying algorithmic rules makthe design process more creative than thaditional tools.

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A 6.

ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES

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By doing some simple but useful slgorithmic explorations I gain quite a few skills to make some models in grasshopper. No matter what the model finally looks like it comes from points and then make into curves then surfaces. In grasshopper it means very basic definition connecting with other definition element to generate some unpredicable results. During the sketches exercise I also record some good examples for further exploration. That is another efficient way to create new models in Grasshopper. Save a definition and apply on future projects. Modifying it and combining with other definitions will lead to new amazing outcomes. It is very different from computer-assisted modeling tools which help us drawing accurately. In grasshopper I am not directly drawing the point and curves, Instead, the computation generates varies of results and let me to choose. I have used Voronoi and Morph Box in exercise. They both potentially bring unexpected outcomes , which possibly, be used for further design intents related to the LIGA project.

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GRASSHOPPER EXERCISE

Firstly I tried some simple functions about points and lines. Grasshopper has the founction of vector operation.

Here is used to add two vectors and the result is shown automatically.

Four lays of curves in different scales could be connected. Firstly many points are set onto the curves then those points will be linked with points on other curves. Triangular patterns are produced and this make the curves to be a continued surface.

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By watching the useful videos, I try to follow the steps and play with some patterns by changing the number on slider. Voronoi is quite interesting because it will randomly produce polygons based those point. Metaball is a definition to create metaball isosurface by threshold. It might be hard to understand the words but It could produce some bubble-like pattern with dynamic shape when changing the slider.

Curves are divided with many points. ‘Arc’ is to connect those points long the path. Then I devide the arch for the next step so I could produce crossing curves on those arch. It has the concept of quickly building up a smooth surface with curves on the plan.

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‘Sbox’ is to create some twisted boxes on a given surface.

Each box is a basic unit to contain the sample geometry.

I use a folded triangle as sample geometry and connect it with ‘Morph’. Finally the sample geometry will appear in each twisted box and the whole surface is coved. This concept is quite usefull and we dont need to spend long time setting every piece of triangle.

The Mesh definition creates many polygons on the surface of a object. Then those lines in polygons becomes smooth by using ‘Msmooth’. The final model is much more soft.

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GRASSHOPPER WEEKLY TASK

Week 1

Week 2

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Week 3

Week 4

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Reference (1) Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp3 (2) Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp1 (3) Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp4 (4) Ferry, Robert & Elizabeth Monoian, ‘Design Guidelines’, Land Art Generator Initiative, Copenhagen, 2014. pp4 (5) Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp3 (6) The Water Cube, Bubble-Clad Olympic Wonder, http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-de sign/the-water-cube-bubble-clad-olympic-wonder.html, [ 25 March 2014 ] (7) The Water Cube, Bubble-Clad Olympic Wonder, http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-de sign/the-water-cube-bubble-clad-olympicwonder.html, [ 26 March 2014 ] (8) Toyo Ito’s Biggest Building: A Stadium That’s Secretly a Solar Power Plant, http://motherboard.vice. com/blog/toyo-ito-taiwan-stadiumalso-a-power-plant, [ 24 March 2014 ] (9) The Greenest, Coolest Stadium: Toyo Ito On His Sun-Powered Stunner. http://www.treehugger. com/about-treehugger/the-greenest- coolest-stadium-toyo-ito-on-his-sun-powered-stunner/page2. html. [ 24 March 2014 ] (10) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp12 (11) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural De sign, 83, 2, pp10 (12) Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp3 (13) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp10 (14) Shellstar Pavilion, http://cubeme.com/blog/2013/03/08/shallstar-pavillon-at-detou, [ 25 March 2014 ] (15) Shellstar Pavilion, http://cubeme.com/blog/2013/03/08/shallstar-pavillon-at-detou, [ 25 March 2014 ] (16) Terzidis, Kostas, Algorithmic Architecture (Oxford: Architecture Press, 2006) (17) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp10

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(18) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp10 (19) BANQ restaurant by Office dA, http://www.yatzer.com/BANQ-restaurant-by-Office-dA, [27 March 2014] (20) PIXEL, http://www.studio505.com.au/work/project/pixel/8, [27 March 2014] (21) Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp13

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Reference (Images) Fig1: Water Cube National Swimming Pool, http://openbuildings.com/buildings/national-swimming-center-wa ter-cube-profile-3570, [ 23 March 2014 ] Fig2: ETFE Material and Frame Structure. http://openbuildings.com/buildings/national-swimming-center-wa ter-cube-profile-3570, [ 23 March 2014 ] Fig3: Frame Structure. http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/the-water-cube-bubble-cladolympic-wonder/page2.html, [ 23 March 2014 ] Fig4: Night View of Solar Powered Stadium, http://www.archdaily.com/22520/taiwan-solar-powered-stadi um-toyo-ito/, [25 March 2014 ] Fig5: Bird-View of Taiwan Solar Powered Stadium, Toyo Ito’s Biggest Building: A Stadium That’s Secretly a Solar Power Plant,http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/toyo-ito-taiwan-stadium-also-a-power-plant, [25 March 2014] Fig6: Solar Photovoltaic System, http://www.treehugger.com/about-treehugger/the-greenest-coolest-stadiumtoyo-ito-on-his-sun-powered-stunner/page2.html, [25 March 2014 ] Fig7: Roof Solar Panel System, The Greenest, Coolest Stadium: Toyo Ito On His Sun-Powered Stunner, http://www.treehugger.com/about-treehugger/the-greenest-coolest-stadium-toyo-ito-on-his-sun-pow ered-stunner/page2.html, [25 March 2014 ] Fig8: Shellstar Pavilion, http://cubeme.com/blog/2013/03/08/shallstar-pavillon-at-detou, [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig9: Shellstar Pavilion, http://cubeme.com/blog/2013/03/08/shallstar-pavillon-at-detou, [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig10: Shellstar Pavilion, http://cubeme.com/blog/2013/03/08/shallstar-pavillon-at-detou, [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig10.1 Shellstar Pavilion, http://www.architbang.com/project/view/p/3436, [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig11: The geometry roof of Smithsonian Institution Building, http://www.bdonline.co.uk/foster-and-part ners-solves-a-roofing-condundrum-at-washington-dc%E2%80%99s-smithsonian/3110742.article: [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig12: Roof structure, http://www.bdonline.co.uk/foster-and-partners-solves-a-roofing-condundrum-at-washi ngton-dc%E2%80%99ssmithsonian/3110742.article.[ 25 March 2014 ] Fig13: Sample roof frame in construction, http://www.bdonline.co.uk/foster-and-partners-solves-a-roof ing-condundrum-at-washington-dc%E2%80%99s-smithsonian/3110742.article, [ 25 March 2014 ] Fig14:The streamline roof surface.http://www.bdonline.co.uk/foster-and-partners-solves-a-roofing-condun drum-at-washington-dc%E2%80%99s-smithsonian/3110742.article, [ 25 March 2014 ]

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Fig15: Interior of BenQ Restaurant, http://www.yatzer.com/BANQ-restaurant-by-Office-dA, [27 March 2014] Fig16: Sectioning Ceiling of BanQ Restaurant, http://www.yatzer.com/BANQ-restaurant-by-Office-dA, [27 March 2014] Fig17: Ceiling patterns variations from grasshopper, Source from my exercise.

Fig18: Street View of Pixel Building.http://www.studio505.com.au/work/project/pixel/8.[ 27 March 2014 ] Fig19: Facade Panel of Pixel Building.http://www.studio505.com.au/work/project/pixel/8.[ 27 March 2014 ] Fig20: Facade Pattern Development.http://www.studio505.com.au/work/project/pixel/8.[ 27 March 2014 ]

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PART B CRITERIA DESIGN

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B 1.

RESEARCH FIELD

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SECTIONING

Type ONE

Contouring Sectioning

fig1. Contouring Variation

Type TWO

Waffling Sectioning

fig2. Waffling Variation

Subdividing types

fig3

Simple arrays The profile rotated axially along astraight line, create aome dynamic form.

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fig4

Parametric arrays The profile's size could be changed by parameters.

fig5

Arrays following a path Profiles are installed perpendicular to the curve.

Pa arr

Profi and by p

fig10. Interior Of Lignum Pavilion

fig11 Component Assemble

We choose sectioning as our starting point for the development of our technique. The first question is what is sectioning? From Digitals Entwerfen comes an answer. Sectioning is a process of taking cuts through a formal 3D object, which could be very efficient method for digital production because it already offers all necessary data for fabrication such as CNC-milling and claser cutting. (22) Unlike other technologies to construct the surface themselves , sectioning uses a series of profiles while following the line of the edges of the surface geometry. Also, sectioning is a technology to produce both surface and structure.It is easy fabricating and provides a firm structure by right connecting method. .

Basicly there are two types of sectioning.

Showing in the fig1, the first one is contouring.

It is a method of repeating and layering profiles to get a form. The profiles are arrayed in the same direction to produce a gradual, continuing and dynamic shape. Each profiles has similar shape but might be different in size. The advantages of contouring is the variation of visual effect. For example in fig10, from this view point some part has the light going through but there is also shade in other part. So when walking in such a space from different hight and angle we will get different visual enjoyment. [see next page]

fig9

fig8

fig6

fig7

arametric rays following a path

Sectioning based on 3D objects

Parametric Sectioning based on 3D objects

Twisted parametric arrays

files' size route controled papameters.

Profiles are layered to imitate and present logical objects.

It has large potential to create more complex and abstract 3D forms than other types.

Breaking the rule of flat profiles. It explorates the possibilities of curved components.

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fig12. Ceiling Profiles of One Main Street

The limitation of contouring could be the method of connection between profiles to hold up the whole structure. There is not many types of connection to keep the distance between profiles while offer a structural support. In fig11 show the joint of profiles in lignum pavilion.

Many timber blocks were used to keep the spacing of profiles. They were screwed with the profile. The stability of such a structure is doubted since there is no normal supporting component like columns. But as increase the thickness and number of timeber block this structure could stand still without collapes.

Another type of sectioning is wafflle grid which arrays the profiles in two directions, perpendicularly. Comparing with contouring,

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waffling structure are more stable since the profile could be insert into another by making groove on it. Also, by using parametric design, waffling offers the opportunity to create complex 3D forms. The disadvantage of waffling could be the visual fatigue because the grid shape is lack of variation so we need to explore more interesting geometry for waffling such as the model in fig8, which creates a more attractive form. “ If you are able to control and define the parameters of transformation of your array in a parametric way, shapes can define advanced and complex structures as sectionings ”(23) By using sectioning we could create dynamic and elegant forms by fabricicating simple profiles and assembling in an efficient way. We would try to explore more in this technology in the next stage.

B 2.

CASE STUDY 1.0

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In case study 1.0 we start with the grasshopper difinition which creates the curved ceiling of Banq Restaurant. We choose sectioning so we hope to learn the way to produce the dynamic shape or explore the future capabilities of this technology. By playing with the given definition we are familar with the logic thinking in this algorithm design. Such as how the spacing of profiles, the thickness of profiles, the extrusion of patterns are controled by parameters. By changing the parameters or add on more codes we create a variety of iterations which produce unexpected outcomes and would have potentials for us to take further exploration.

We bake and make-2D and also save the useful definition. It takes time to document those outcomes. Numbering the specials by making matrix are more efficient and clearly illustration.

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fig13. Interior of Banq Restaurant

fig14. Interior of Banq Restaurant

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CASE STUDY 1.0 MATRIX 1

3

Number of segment u and v

Image sampler

Width of 2

Number of segment u and v

Image sampler

Width of 4 Pframe vertical X direction

Number of segment u and v

Image sampler

Number of segment u and v

Image sampler

For this species, adjusdment was given to the numbers of segment u and v direction on divide surface. The topography of surface vary to different extent.

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2

Using different image sampler to itimate the pattern on the profiles.

Width of 6

Width of 13 Similar with species 1, but here we create the thickness for each profile to explore the effect.

4

5

10 Frames

21 Frames

6

Curved Array

waffling Array

Pframe curved direction

Contouring Array

Pframe vertical X direction

Circled Array`

Pframe Slope direction

l

40 Frames

70 Frames

Here we hold the same shapes of sectioning but only change the number of profiles to explore the density and spacing of sectioning.

Pframe vertical Y direction

The PFrame is perpendicular to a basic line. By change the straight line to curve or circle the profiles will be arrayed in different angles.

Again, we change the direction of guide curve for PFrame to get new species.

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6

7

8

Vertical y-direction Hollowing with tube

Vertical x-direction High density

Form Expoloration

Vertical x-direction low density

Curved Profile, Changing Spacing

Vertical circular array

Using the same method of arraying PFrame in previous species but we change the basic surface into a arch-like form to explore the interesting outcome.

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I n c re a s e d Profiles

keep the thicknees of the profile.

Play with different forms of model.

We try to create a shelter or walllike thing to explore this species.

Trying with different geometry of profiles to itimate a sample image to see hoe the visual pattern could be created.

SELECTION CRITERIA Visual Experience: It is how the human will feel about the outcomes in terms of visual aspect. The good out comes should have a dynamic and attractive shape which comforts people. Also the good outcomes should reflect well with light effect to give variation of patterns of brightness and darkness.

Where to provide public feeling or where to provide private experience.

Renewable Energy Application: The criteria emphasizes on the potential to integrate renewable energy system into the design forms. This selection is based on wind, solar, algae and human kinetic enrgy.

Construction Potential: The choosen outcomes must have the larger capability to be built in real construction in future. It should consider the materials utilization, service life, fabrication process, assemblaing method. The most important consideration is the stability of the design.

Spacial Circulation: Though it is a no-scale digital model, we still need to think to what extent the design outcomes could arrange spacial issues. Such as the guidance for people to explore the space, the capability to gathering people in a wide space or seperate them into private space. The criteria considers more in architectural aspect thinking the action people would have in that space.

HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES

A

'A' comes from the species 4. All the iterations has same curved surface but this one has a medium density of profiles, which means spacing in between is not too high or too low. It has a dynamic shape which may provide people with an playful landform to walk around in architectural aspect. If seen from construction aspect, this outcome is saving cost of material but also has sufficient number of profiles to hold up the structure with balanced amount of joint. The prifiles could be pre-fabricated off-site and assembled on site. They might be insearted into the groove of base to hold profiles up-right.

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B

T h i s o n e i s v e r y d i ff e r e n t f r o m o t h e r outcomes in the species because the profiles goes in a circular ways which imply us the potential of spacial fluidity driven by the form.

For example people are willing to walk along the curves, exploring such a complex space. Also it has more interior space so that increases human movement. Hence it has the potential to apply human energy system such as stepping-energy which could be generated by large amount of humen movement in the site.

C

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Unlike previous outcomes, it has profiles parallelled with the ground. Layer by layer the profiles create a curved wall that has strong visual effect on people. The spacing between profiles is increased from left side to right side.

So it creates gradual change of light when people walking along this wall. It explores that contouring could create dark private space by reducing spacing and sharing space by loosing the spacing to absorb natural light. In terms of construction, two columns could be used to go through profiles on two side to hold up the shape but need joint to fix components together.

D

This outcome has an attractive form since it looks like two spheres are converging or, on the other hand, going to be seperated. But the model never tell you the secret. This parametric model could obsess people and make them thinking. It creates a shelter for people but has no visual block when stand in side due to the planar direction of profiles. This explores how the architecture connect people with external environment but still hide them in private space.

The surface has the potential to be covered by algae panels in terms of energy application.

It might be constructed by using the same assemble method in Lignum Pavilion in B1.

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B 3.

CASE STUDY 2.0

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fig15. Interior of Rest Hole

fig16. Details of Structural Oscillations

In this part the reverse-engineering tasks ask us to rebuild the precedence by what we learn so far. As sectioning has varieties of arraying types, we decide to choose 4 different types of precedence for reverse-engineering so that our parametric skills would not be restricted in a narrow scope. They are Rest Hole, Structural Oscillations, Reading Between Lines and Holocaust Memorial. Each precedence has its specific features in both architectural and structural aspects.

fig17. Interrior View of Reading Between Lines

fig18. Perspective of Holocaust Memorial

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REST HOLE Location: Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu.

Seoul, South Korea Construction: 2012 fig19. Street View of Rest Hole

fig20. Interior of Rest Hole

Designer: UTAA, Architectural Students of the University of Seoul (Lee SangMyeong, Ha KiSeong, Beak JongHo)

fig21. Elevation View of Rest Hole

Create a rectangular solid as the external boundary of Rest Hole.

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fig22. Rest Hole With Illumination

After lofting several curves to create the internal boundary of the space.

Do substraction to get the fin sectionin. Then shape into profi the spacing.

The project was aiming to replace an empty area with a newly designed rest ‘hole’ that would used as a place for people to enjoy themselves in relaxation. The large columns that supported the structure would induce an unpleasant ‘heavy’ feeling for people.

Architects array sectioning wooden panels to cover the columns. By doing so the atmosphere is improved by implementing a more fluid and spacious design. The spacing of the panels allows for light, sound, and air to smoothly pass and reinforces the design intention of flexibility. One interesting thing is that the bench is also made by wooden panels because it is difficult to put normal furnitures in between the sectioning profiles.

At the top and bottom of each profiles, there is joint to connect the profile with other structural members. But we could not seen the details of joint from the images.

n of two solids nal shape for n we divide the files and change

We use a sphere to create the entrance.

Outcome Reflection Our successful part in this task is that we rightly create the interior space by arraying profiles. By change the size of interior boundary our model looks similar with the real one. Also the model could successfully play with light and also create some private space to relax people.

The difference between model and real work could be the accuracy of spacing between profiles and the size of profiles.

Also at this stage we didn't consider the connection and assembling method of the profiles

Again substraction and get the final form.

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STRUCTURAL OSCILLATIONS Location: Venice Construction: 2007-2008 Designer: fig23. Detailed View of Ocillation Wall

fig24. Oscillation Wall & Corridor

fig25. View At Corner

fig26. R.O.B Manufacturing Machine

A base courve of the wall is created.

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Duplicate and move in Z-axis to define the hight of the wall.

Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich

Lofting to get a curved surface of the wall

The design of the wall followed algorithmic rules and was built on site by the R-O-B fabrication machione. With its courved form, the wall defines an involuted central space and an interstitial space beyond, between the brick wall and the existing structure of the pavilion.

Through its materiality and spatial configuration the wall consisting of 14,961 individually rotated bricks.(24) In addition, the individual bricks were rotated according to the extrusion the greater the extrusion of the curve, the more the bricks were rotated. This further emphasised the plastic malleability of the wall. The dynamic form is in oscillating contrast to the firm materiality of the bricks. This wall breaks the rule of traditional brick wall which uses motar and arrayed tightly. It gets gaps in between bricks so that provide a transparent feeling for people. Fig22 shows the efficient assembling method by R.O.B Manufacturing Machine.

The top curve is rotate by 180 to modify the waved surface to improve the aesthetic effect

Outcome Reflection Our successful part in this task is that we rightly creat the waved surface and array the bricks along the surface by rotating them. We create the gap between bricks to let light goes through.

The difference between model and real wall is the connection between bricks. From the fig19, the bricks are laid by R.O.B in a staggered form . The load is transfering layer by layer from above down. But it is hard for us to fill this in grasshopper. Further exploration need to be done to solve this problem.

Extrude the surface to create the thickness of the wall.

parametrically apply the basic brick onto the wall. Each brick is rotated along the tangent line on that surface point.

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READING BETWEEN THE LINES Location: Looz, Limburg, Belgium Construction: 2011 fig27. Perspective of Church

fig28. Perspective of Church

Designer: Gijs Van Vaerenbergh

fig29. View At Entrance

Create the basic geometry to outline the church.

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fig30. Interior View

Contouring sections were generated to cut through the shape. By modifying the parameters, we get a suitable spacing and density of profiles.

Create a sma churce in the spatial differenc edge of profiles define the width

This is an unusually church designed by parametric tools. This ‘church’ consists of 30 tons of steel and 2000 columns, and is built on a fundament of armed concrete.

(25) Through the use of horizontal plates, the concept of the traditional church is transformed into a transparent object of art.The walls are built by "lines". Visual effect is the major characters in this subeject. It is not only create interior space to relax people, but also try to maximun the connection between people and surrounding landscape through transparent profiles. fig29 show the entrance and some details of connection between profiles. There is no column but hose small elements makes the structure stand. Though it is a steel work, people would feel lightness when looking at this floating art work.

aller outline of profiles. The ce between the and outline will h of each profile.

Do a substraction to create the interior space and sectioning wall.

Outcome Reflection Our successful part in this task is that we rightly create the overall shape and geometric patterns of the church. In the real building the amount of steel joint increase from botvtom up so that a gradual light effect could be gernerated. We fulfill this design intent in the parametric model.

The difference between model and real wall could be the numer and location of each steel joint. In the real work the steel joints are installed in the right place accorfing to structural and loading calculation. However in our model it is hard to fulfill it. We aslo reduce the number of profiles to make the outcome more clear and readable.

Parametrically create the small columns between profiles. The amount would be adjusted by changing parameters.

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HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL Location: Berlin Construction: 1999 - 2005 fig31. Perspective of Holocaust Memorial

fig32. Different Size of Rectangular Stone

Designer: Peter Elsenman

fig33. Walking in the Holocaust Memorial

Create curves

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fig34. Holocaust Memorial in The Landscape

Loft the curves to make a fluctuating surface

Genrate the grid for allo the bricks

The Memorial is made up of 2,711 massive rectangular stones on a waving stretch of landform. (26). Each stone is quite simple but as arraying regularly on the land they create a attractive and dynamic appearance. Architect Peter Eisenman explained that he wanted visitors to feel the loss and disorientation that Jews felt during the Holocaust.(27) From fig33 show the experience when walking in the site.

Many crossing and turning points would make people feel lost and induce them to explore the site following a labyrinth of pathways between the massive stone slabs.

By connecting with spacial circulation which previously mentioned in the selection criteria, this precedence imply that circulation in an architectural space could be created by the array of single unit rather than a solid enclosed wall.

By changing the direction and spacing between units, people could be guided to explore the site.

ocating

Create the bricks on the grid.

Parametrically change the number of brick in both X and Y axis. Also change the spacing if needed.

Outcome Reflection Our successful part in this task is that we rightly create the overall fluctuating patterns of the memorial. Also the stones are arrayed in the right manner.

The difference between model and real site could be the numer and dimension of each stones. We cant get accurate data about each stone. But we think it is not important to know the size for each stone. This design consider more about people's experience walking in the site, but not the relationships between person and one single stone.

Increas the hight of brick to intersect with the surface. Trim off the exceeded part so that we get this flucturant surface.

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B 4.

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

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THECHNIQUE DEVELOPEMENT MATRIX 1

The species is the inspiration generated from Holocaust Memorial. We change the geometry of basic unit and re-array the them.

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2

This species also come from the Holocaust Memorial. But we try to rotate the panels with different angles. We parametrically set several charge points to create a magnetic field. The panel will be arrayed in logical ways to itimate the pattern of the magnetic field.

3

We continu the exploration of species 1 and array element with Phyllotaxies Curves.

4

5

In last sectionl, we did reverseengineering for project "Reading Between The Lines". The building is playing with light and create attractive visual effect. This species is a further exploration based on that but changing the array and shape of profiles.

This species comes from the last outcome in species 4. It explore sthe construction potential for a trangular struture which is generated by long panels.

6

This species is generated from project "Rest Hole" to explore more ways of dividing one space into different functional spaces.

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7

This species is a further exploration of project "Structural Oscillations" to study the wall-like structure and also explore the possibilities of Algae installation on the wall.

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8

Continuign with the wall exploration. In case study 1.0 we learn how to create pattern with image sampler. Here we apply this to the wall design.

9

Use the species 8 at start point. we create the wall with pipes to see the visual effect and light transparent.

10

11 SELECTION CRITERIA Guided by the previous selection criteria. We get many good outcomes. And at this stage we will still use the same criteria to choose the suitable outcomes for further exploration.

Visual Experience: It is how the human will feel about the outcomes in terms of visual aspect.

Renewable Energy Application: The criteria emphasizes on the potential to integrate renewable energy system into the design forms Construction Potential: The choosen outcomes must have the larger capability to be built in real construction in future.

Spacial Circulation: Such as the guidance for people to explore the space, the capability to gathering people in a wide space or seperate them into private space. The criteria considers more in architectural aspect thinking the action people would have in that space.

From species 9, this species has the orientation of pipes changed.

They are perpendicular with the tangent line of the curved surface, extruded to create the second surface. Wind energy might be considered in this species.

Derived from species 8 and apply wind chimes onto the surface.

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HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES E

Inspiration from "Holocaust Memorial", this iteration is a good example to show how the panels could create a spacial flows for visitors. The panels are used as simulation of magnetic field generated by four charge points in grasshopper definition. Automatically there will be routes to induce movement and blocks to prevent movement. When people walking in this space, they will be subsconsiously affected by the routes. So it is an idea we could use to guide visitors to some meeting space or private space on the site.

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HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES F

This iteration stande out as it creates a narrow and curved Wpath which induce people to go through. It is a playful spacea allow families, intimate friends to get closed to each other.

The light effect is another attration for visitors.

When we have a horizontal line of sight, we could see through the profiles and connect with external environment. But when we look up, the profiles will create some shades. In terms of construction possibility, this iteration shows the profiles could be connected by many slender columns. The columns transfer the load and hold up the structure. We would consider the detailed joint when making the prototypes later.

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HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES G

This one is not hard to create in grasshopper.

But it does have a dynamic form by rotating trangles. It is an exploration based on outcome F. In F, the profiles are arrayed horizontally in the same manner. While in outcomes G we make the profiles arrayed in varieties of engle, slantly or vertically. In terms of construction method, this model shows the connection of those panels. The "V" shape prefrabricated plates and screws are used to connect two panels. The angle of this component is agreed with the angle of the trangular shape so that the structure could be built accuratelyNot only in this model, this kind of connection could be applied in other sectioning designs. We might fabricate a prototype to have a test.

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HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES H

In terms of spacial circulation, this outcome shows how a space could be divided into different functional zones. By making the surface into curved form and creating some visual block, it will increace people's curiousity to walk around hence initiate more human activity within the site. Some slope surfaces are built as lie-down area to comfort people.

This model also has the potential to cooperate with algae panels. It is possible to fix panels onto the grid.

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HIGHLIGHTED OUTCOMES I

This one could be the best outcome at this stage. It integrates advantages of previous outcomes. It create a long path between two walls, providing a relatively private interior space to induce people walk through. One wall is decorated with LEDs. The LEDs will recieve electricity generated from algae panel or human kinetic energy. The other wall is covered with green algae to produce energy. Also this wall with algae is more like natural thing rather than an artificial work. The structure is hided behind plants so that walls are integrated with landscape to make a whole. In terms of construction possibility, the walls are quite solid since profiles intersect with others in a waffling way.

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B 5.

TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPES

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PROTOTYPE [ 1 ] 1

4

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2

3

5 This is our first test of laser cutting. We use 1.8 mm boxboard and mark each profiles. In ordar to make the profiles stand we use super glue because it saves time and create strong connection. In real construction, there should be groove on the base and the profiles are inserted into grooves so that they would not lose their position. The profiles are perpendicular with the sunlight direction. (img.5) So shade will be created between profiles to provide private and rest spaces. In real construction the profiles are white metal panels which could reflect the sunlight and become shining. But glare should be reduced to a low level.

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PROTOTYPE [ 2 ]

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This is a prototype of spacial circulation generated from magnetic field. The geometry of each unit is simple so we just cut them by hand.

We choose 2.0mm balsa to make the panels.

This thickness get enough contact area between base and panel but also keep the magnetic route clearly readable. The light comes from one fixed point but those panels are arrayed in different angles. So each panel creates a unique pattern of shade which increase people's enjoyment in this space.

Unlike Rhino or other rendering tools, the prorotype has the advantage that clearly show us the visual experience it creates in real world.

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PROTOTYPE [ 3 ]

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

This prototype is made to explore the method of spacing profiles because we want the model play with the light transparence.(img4 and img6). fig35 shows a sample method to assemble profiles. Bar goes through the holes on profiles and bolts are used to space the profiles. We learn from this method but make a littlle change on our prototypes. Showing in img8, instead of bolt, a plate with screws are used to space the profiles. And if we use a flexible bar to line up profiles, the final model becomes a flexible structure too as the profiles are not fixed to the bar. This interesting outcome inspires us to consider the possibility of flexible sectioning form in next stage. fig35. A Sectioning Bench

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PROTOTYPE [ 4 ]

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PROTOTYPE [ 4 ]

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This prototype has a dynamic form. It also has a strong visual effect on people who walking through those triangular section. The V-shape joints are made by balsa. We spray them with silver to show that they are pre-fabricated metal joint in real construction. The panels are screwed with the joint to make a stable structure. It really take a long time to make the joint and make holes on them. Also I can hardly calculate the accurate angle for the joint. If the connection method is used in next stage, we will think about 3D-print those joints.

By doing some tests, we would say that the overall structure is much stronger than we thought.

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WW

B 6.

TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL

--90 90--

" Green transition is an important issue for the Danish Government, and the challenges of green transition are both complex and cross-disciplinary.

The solutions are as well. Therefore, it is important to find new ways to integrate renewable energy projects into the city space. Art, architecture, and other creative projects and forms of expression are very much part of the solution to create greener living spaces and initiate a healthy, public debate. " [ 28 ]

-------- LAGI 2014 Design Guidelines

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SITE PLAN & INFORMATION - 92 -

fig36. Perspectiv of Site Map

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fig37. Site Map Generated From GoogleMap

Jetty area River bank promenade Green space - Kastellet Park Nearby Green space LAGI project site CIrculation, path to the site Residential area Factories, industrial facilities Potential view from site

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A site map is needed for us to recognize some key surroundings near the LAGI project site.

1. factories with funnels located at north-east, waste gas might blew to the site.

2. Kastellet park is facing to the project site, our model moght consider the view toward that area.

3. the jetty at the west of site should be kept. boats will come and increase some human activities at that area. Liking to our model.

fig 38, 39,40, Old Photos of Site

Windrose shows from which direction the most wind might come in the site. If we use wind energy. This information could lead us to create the walls which will maximize the the energy income. Another thing is that the factories at north produce waste gas which will be blew to the site by the wind.

fig41. Site Map Generated by Su Yuan, Originnally From GoogleMap

As Copenhagen is located in high latitudes area, the daytime duration is not that long.

This might affect energy production for those who cooperate with solar ennergy system.

Also, the diraction of sunlight is a key factor we need when design the orientation of our model. As we choose sectioning as the basic technology, we need to think the light effect of profiles when sunlight comes from south-east to south west. fig42. Sun Path Map Generated by Su Yuan, Originnally From GoogleMap

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PROPOSAL CONCEPT MAP

Emergence Theory

Animal Behavior - bird Swarm

- Denmark's "black sun"

Natural System Wind Energy Resource

Renewable Energy

Non-Renewable Energy

Solar Algae

Electricity

LED Array

Parametric System

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Sectioning Technique + Lucast

Species Species Species Species Species Species Species ....

Chosen Outc

Reduce coal & oil consuption Susainability, Environmental friendly

Human Behavior

Site Exploration

- seperation - alignment - cohesion - communication

walking experience

playfulness engagement

Induce

Kinetic / Stepping Energy generation

y

Power Grid

Overflow

ys

come

Integrated Design Concept: Through creating parametric form and cooperating with LED arrays, social contact is increased due to the control of spacial circulation, while renewable energy is generated by algae panels and human's step at the same time.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY ALGAE SYSTEM

fig44, Electricity Generating Test fig43. The Algae System

Algae is one of our selected renewable energy. fig43 illustrates how the algae system works. Oil will be extracted and refined to become bio-fuel. This kind of renewable fuel could be consumed by exsisting technologies. The CO2 it released will be aborbed again by other algae cells.

So algae energy is also help to reduce global warming.

For our project, algae will be placed in the panels. Those panels will cover the structure allowing maximum sunlight exposure so that the algae system's efficiency is increased. fig45, Bioreactor System

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fig46, Close View of Moss

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RENEWABLE ENERGY HUMAN KINETIC

fig47, Human Walking Series

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fig48, Sample Generator of Kinetic Energy

fig49, Walking On The Pavengen Panel Dimensions: 600mm x 450mm. Depth 56mm Power: 12 Volts DC Up to 7 Watts per footstep

" Harvesting electricity from human activity is the ultimate renewable energy " [29] Professor Stephen Hawking’s Brave New World examines how science & technology is striving for humankind's next leap forward in innovation.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY HUMAN KINETIC The green diagram shows the kinetic system we would apply in our design, together with the algae energy they both produce electricity for LEDs and overflow could contribute to the power grid.

From fig48 these paving panels, made from 100% recycled rubber, are designed to generate renewable energy by converting the kinetic energy of footsteps to electric off the grid.

(30) In theory, wherever there is a high footfall Pavegen panel’s technology harvests the wasted energy for such applications as street lighting, advertising billboards and information displays in some previous works. So stepping panels definitly can power the LEDs installed on the architecture surface.

According to a report from the University of British Columbia, Pavegen claims that each tile is capable of generating 4-8 watts of electricity per footstep. 5% of this is used to power the tiles’ LED lighting – designed to engage the walker – and the remaining 95% is left over as useable electricity. (31) This prove that stepping panels are very efficient in energy generating.

The average person takes up to 4,000 steps per day.(32) As spacial circulation is a significant aspect in our design process, we could make most of visitors's steps to generate energer when they walking around in the space. Compared with other renewable energy, human kinetic energy relys on visitors flow rate. We still need to explore and improve our model outcomes to make it more eye-catching and comfortable to increase the visitors flow rate.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE

fig50, Patterns of Bird Swarm, West Denmark

Our project is taken place in Copenhagen, east of Denmark, but I just find some interesting phenomenon in west part of Denmark. Every year when March comes, large amount of bird will migrate towards west Denmark. It is amazing they could create thousands of shapes when flying in the sky.

This activity is called “Black Sun” locally but acturally it is bird swarm phenomenon which is subject to emergence theory.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE

emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. For example in nature, controling by some simeple rules, unintelligent creatures like ants or fishes could create a complex system and act as a well trained, intellegent group. fig51-53 is a computer model designed by Craig Reynlds. This model is used to simulate the behavior and movement of a swarm of birds. “ there are three steering behaviors which describe how an idividual boid maneuvers based on the position and velocities its nearby flockmate. (32) There three behaviors are cohesion, seperation and alignment. For example in the "Black Sun" phenomenon, one single bird in the swarm will take an action according to this set of rules.

fig51, Cohesion

fig52, Seperation

fig53, Alignment

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE

Use the Plug-In Locust to simulate the swarm behaviors.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE Back to our project, we are trying to find some simple "rules" that could affect visitors behaviors on the site. Human interaction on the site could be sorted into three types --- convergence at a meeting place, seperation in private space and aimless circulation. I explore three rules that might induce people's action.

Rules 1

Architectural language

a. the bright and dark changes of sectioning walls, attract people.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE

b. liquidity and circulation of the space, guide people to walk around.

c. private and meeting space divide people into different functional areas.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE Rules 2

LED-based Visual sense

The stepping energy panels could send wifi signals to switch on LEDs around the visitors. It is not only a way finding method for explorating the site but also create a communicating tools between unfamilar visitors. By doing so a single visitor is like one bird in the swarm, he could choose to join others or keep distance or following. Each visitors could light up the surrounding LEDs by his movement. If take a distant view, all the visitors are working like a group to create the changeable light patterns during the night.

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THINKING OF EMERGENCE

Rules 3 Energy contribution

Telling people every step they take in the site will produce electricity for the LEDs , the site, the power grid of their hometown. The more people walk in the space, the more contribution they make.

We also consider to build a phone charging station at the site so visitors could charge the cellphones by them selves for free.

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B 7.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

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Through this part B, it is really helpful for my grasshopper skills. I was totally changed my design thinking affected by parametric design and grasshopper. Nowadays, people almost cannot doing thing without computer, especially for architecture. Grasshopper not only provide a convenient condition for architecture design, but also break down the limitation of designer. By using Grasshopper with Rhino, people could design things they never did before.

Part B is also an opportunity for me to explore and test how our group’s design come real. The prototypes we did could easily shows how the design could really work on the site.

From the feedback of presentation, there were few points that we need to improve, as 1. We did a lot of works, create many good ideas, it is good. But we are unable to refine them into one final outcome. After the presentation the final decision was selected. We try to maximize the potential of each outcomes and combine them into one.

2. Consider other ways of energy generation respond to the site environment. Human kinetic energy is usefull. But we need more research for next stage. Find out how much energy the system could generate, like annual kWh or monthly kWh. 3. The connecting method of algae panels should be solved in terms of constrution possibility. we didn't mention this in presentation.

In the reverse-engineering part, we choose four precedence. It increased the time and workload for us to finish the task. But we achieve a lot more because every precedence will give us inspirations for further exploration. So our species of iterations would not be restricted by just one precedence.

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B 8.

ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES

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WEEK 4

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WEEK 5

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WEEK 6

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REFFERENCE LIST (22) Sectioning, Digitals Entwerfen Digital Design, http://de.fh-mainz.de/design-strategies/principle /sectioning/, [ 03 May 2014 ] (23) Sectioning, Digitals Entwerfen Digital Design, http://de.fh-mainz.de/design-strategies/principle /sectioning/, [ 02 May 2014 ] (24) Structural Oscillations, Venice, 2007-2008 , http://www.dfab.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/142.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] (25) Reading Between the Lines / Gijs Van Vaerenbergh, http://www.archdaily.com/298693/reading-between-the-lines-gijs-vanvaerenbergh/, [ 03 May 2014 ] (26) The Berlin Holocaust Memorial, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ss/ holocaust_4.htm, [ 04 May 2014 ]

(27) The Berlin Holocaust Memorial, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ss/ holocaust_4.htm, [ 07 May 2014 ]

(28 ) LAGI 2014 Design Guideline, pp.3 (29) Pavengen System, http://www.pavegen.com/,[ 03 May 2014 ] (30) What if Your Footsteps Could Power Your City Sustainably, http://urbantimes.co/2012/10/footsteps-power-city-sustainablypavegen-paving-tiles-smart/, [ 03 May 2014 ] (31) What if Your Footsteps Could Power Your City Sustainably, http://urbantimes.co/2012/10/footsteps-power-city-sustainablypavegen-paving-tiles-smart/, [ 06 May 2014 ] (32) Boids, http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/, [ 03 May 2014 ]

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IMAGE REFFERENCE fig1: Ongoing research - Sectioning design systems, http://www.behance.net/gallery/Ongoing-research-Sectioning-DesignSystems/3528751, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig2: Ongoing research - Sectioning design systems, http://www.behance.net/gallery/Ongoing-research-Sectioning-DesignSystems/3528751, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig3 - 9: Principles of sectioning, http://de.fh-mainz.de/design-strategies/principles/sectioning/#, [ 06 May 2014 ] fig10 - 11 : Lignum Pavilion, Style Of Design, http://www.styleofdesign.com/architecture/lignum-pavilion-frei-saarinen-architekten/, [ 04 May 2014 ] fig12: Ceiling details of One Main Street, http://www.decoi-architects.org/2011/10/onemain/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig13 - 14: BenQ Restaurant, http://www.yatzer.com/BANQ-restaurant-by-Office-dA, [27 March 2014] fig15: Rest Hole in the University of Seoul / UTAA, http://www.archdaily.com/440719/rest-hole-in-the-university-of-seoul-utaa/ , [ 03 May 2014 ] fig16: Structural Oscillations, Venice, 2007-2008 , http://www.dfab.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/142.html, [ 05 May 2014 ] fig17: Reading Between the Lines / Gijs Van Vaerenbergh, http://www.archdaily.com/298693/reading-between-the-lines-gijs-vanvaerenbergh/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig18: The Berlin Holocaust Memorial, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ ss/holocaust_4.htm, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig19 - 22: Rest Hole in the University of Seoul / UTAA, http://www.archdaily.com/440719/rest-hole-in-the-university-of-seoul-utaa/ , [ 03 May 2014 ] fig23 - 26: Structural Oscillations, Venice, 2007-2008 , http://www.dfab.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/142.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig27 - 30: Reading Between the Lines / Gijs Van Vaerenbergh, http://www.archdaily.com/298693/reading-between-the-lines-gijsvan-vaerenbergh/, [ 03 May 2014 ] ] fig47, Walk the walk, and make people talk about you, http://9dpercent.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/walk-the-walk-and-makepeople-talk-about-you/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig48, Sample Generator of Kinetic Energy, What if Your Footsteps Could Power Your City Sustainably， http://urbantimes.co/2012/10/ footsteps-power-city-sustainably-pavegen-paving-tiles-smart/. [ 03 May 2014 ] fig49, Pavengen System, http://www.pavegen.com/,[ 03 May 2014 ] fig50, Bird Swarm In West Denmark, Denmark’s Black Sun, Fiboni, http://www.fiboni.com/2013/05/denmarks-black-sun/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig51 - fig 53: Boids, http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/, [ 03 May 2014 ]

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fig31 - 34: The Berlin Holocaust Memorial, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, http://architecture.about.com/od/ greatbuildings/ss/holocaust_4.htm, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig35: Ongoing research - Sectioning design systems, http://www.behance.net/gallery/Ongoing-research-Sectioning-DesignSystems/3528751, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig36: Perspectiv of Site Map, LMS - Online Resource - University of Melbourne, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig37: Site Map Generated From GoogleMap, https://maps.google.com.au/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig38, 39,40, Old Photos of Site, LMS - Online Resource - University of Melbourne, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig41, Windrose plot of Copenhagen, http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose.phtml?station=EKRK&network=DK_ASOS, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig42, Sun path diagram of annual variation in Copenhagen, http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/kobenhavn.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig43, How Algae Biodiesel Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/algae-biodiesel3.htm, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig44, Algae and the Future, http://www.biolectric.com.au/prod_co2algae.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig45, Algae and the Future, http://www.biolectric.com.au/prod_co2algae.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig46, How Algae Biodiesel Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/algae-biodiesel3.htm, [ 03 May 2014 fig47, Walk the walk, and make people talk about you, http://9dpercent.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/walk-the-walk-and-make-peopletalk-about-you/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig48, Sample Generator of Kinetic Energy, What if Your Footsteps Could Power Your City Sustainably, http://urbantimes.co/2012/10/ footsteps-power-city-sustainably-pavegen-paving-tiles-smart/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig49, Pavengen System, http://www.pavegen.com/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig50, Bird Swarm In West Denmark, Denmark’s Black Sun, Fiboni, http://www.fiboni.com/2013/05/denmarks-black-sun/, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig51 - fig 53: Boids, http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/, [ 03 May 2014 ]

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- -120 120- -

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PART C DETAILED DESIGN

- -122 122- -

C 1.

DESIGN CONCEPT

- 123- - 123

PART B FEEDBACK REFLECTION

In part B, we took four reverse-engineering explorations because we dont want our design potential is limited by just one precedence.

However in this way we lost our focus and the development were not going deeply. From the feedback we get from tutors we decide to reduce the scope of our research since we took lots of time on theory research in part B. We should combine those existing iterations into one idea and explore further for the details and increase the details in part c. It is better to choose a single approach and focus on making innovations on top of already established precedents. A good test as to whether we’ve managed to reduce bundle of ideas to a single research task is to try to describe your research direction in a SINGLE sentence.

Prototype need to significant improvement. As we got many seperate ides in part b, the prototypes were quite different and lack of continuing evolution and development. Also, these prototypes should be more accurately fabricated models that allow us to demonstrate our proof of concept, test the construction potantial and check the material property. In partb some prototype were fabricated by hand. They could quickly generate ideas but lack of accuracy. We start to sent more prototypes laser cutting files to fablab. By making prototypes we could investigate material properties, connections and detailing, structural systems, kinetic, etc in next step.

- -124 124- -

SITE INFOMATION REVIEW

As Copenhagen is located in high latitudes area, the daytime duration is not that long especially in winter.

The sunrise commence at 08:37 and sunset at 15:38 averagely in winter.

This might affect energy production for those proposals cooperate with solar or algae energy system.

fig54, Sun path diagram of annual variation in Copenhagen

Also, the diraction of sunlight is a key factor we need when design the orientation of our model. As we choose sectioning as the basic technology, we need to think the light effect of profiles when sunlight comes from south-east to south west.

Windrose shows from which direction the most wind might come in the site. If we use wind energy.

This information could lead us to create the walls which will maximize the the energy income.

In part C, we consider to create wind energy panels which capture the wind force which is most acting towards west-south direction in the year.

fig55, Windrose plot of Copenhagen

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LAGI project site

Ferry route

Factories, industrial facilities

River bank promen

Path & Circulation

Public Area - Kaste

Carpark Jetty location

- 126 - 126- -

Nearby Green spac Residential area

A site map is needed for us to recognize some key surroundings near the LAGI project site.

So we could find the good vews or comfortable space at the site. Our design will not disconnect visitors from the existing landscape but increase their experience at the site.

1. factories with funnels located at north-east, waste gas might blew to the site.

2. Kastellet park is facing to the project site, our model moght consider the view toward that area.

3. the jetty at the south-west of site should be kept. boats will come and increase some human activities at that area. The design should consider the path from jetty to the site entrance and visitors' experience walking on the path.

4. The factories at north might block views and the south and west view at site is good, including water and green space. The river bank is a comfortable place that visitors would like to go. The south-west view is quite extented and open without high rise visual blocks.

nade

ellet Park

ce

- 127 -

fig56, View Above The Site.

fig57, View From Site Towars River

- 128 - 128- -

We use Google Earth to observe the site and surrounding area. The north and east side of site are touching with existing facilities such as storages but the south and west side of site are quite open and touching the water. Our design should guide people to the west and avoid any view towards north and east. fig57 shows the opposite side of the river.

Castellet Park has much green space which provide comfortable visual experience.

Behide it is the urban view of Copenhagen. fig58 shows the rear environment of proposal site. There are several low-rise houses at the entrance of the site and the path is built bteween grass land, guiding visitors to the site.

fig58, View At The Back Of Site

- 129 -

TECHNIQUE INVOLVEMENT IN SITE There are four types of technique we used in LAGI proposal. Lucast is a parametric design -based technique to explore the geometric form. Wind, algae and human kinetic energy are three types of green energy we used to generate electricity to achieve sustainability goal.

LUCAST Lucast is an agent based swarm system. It simulates based on the steering behavious

by Craig Reynolds. By using sterring behavious, it can simulate emergent swarm phenomenon. Lucast provided unexpected outcomes from part b which generate forms related to our emergence-based human interactive relationship. From previous experience we find it difficult to implement the outcomes. Now in this site, we start to explore how we could use the output with the integration of other elements to generate a form instead of creating a form directly from the Locast output.

We try to create some avoidance and attraction points on the site. We set agent at different location of the site and run the script to see the patterns they create through the site.

ALGAE ENERGY Algae energy is a new but rapidly development technique. It requires just water, CO2 and some nutrients to grow. The algaecells grow very fast and generate oil and biomass which could be burned to produce electricity. The advantage of algae energy is the system can be built onsite without too many environmental restrictions. We firstly consider solar energy in the site but it requires good sun angle and enough duration.

As analysis in the sunpath diagram the site might not suitable for solar energy. But algae energy doesn't require that much as it can produce energy in natural light. The only key factor is we need to maximize the algae energy efficiency by facing algae panels to the south, where the sunlight come from.

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TECHNIQUE INVOLVEMENT IN SITE

WIND ENERGY We consider wind as one re-new energy source in our design. From the previous windrose, major wind comes from north-esat direction at the speed of 10-20 mph.

There are existing fans near the site to generate energy for factories, They are quite high to capture the strong wind. But for our site, the proposal design may not exceed 10 meters due to structral safty and the existing facilities at north-east side will block and reduce the wind force.

The average wind at site is sufficient to generate energy but it might be reduced when reach our wind energy generator. We will consider the way to capture wind force in next step.

HUMAN KINETIC ENERGY In part B we analysized the development of human kinetic energy in some precedence. When connecting with the site, we also consider to collect human kinetic energy from the visitors. The major technique device is foot panels. It is a high-efficient stepping energy collector to generate electricity on site. As the site is more than 300meter in length and 150meters in width, it becomes a very large area with the potential to generate considerable amount of electricity. The architectural design should induce people to walk around and more kinetic energy can be produced,

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PROPOSAL CONCEPT MAP + STATEMENT

Emergence Theory

Animal Behavior - bird Swarm

- Denmark's "black sun"

Natural System Wind Energy Resource

Renewable Energy

Non-Renewable Energy

Solar Algae

Electricity

LED Array

Parametric System

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Sectioning Technique + Lucast

Species Species Species Species Species Species Species ....

Chosen Outc

Reduce coal & oil consuption Susainability, Environmental friendly

Human Behavior

Site Exploration

- seperation - alignment - cohesion - communication

walking experience

playfulness engagement

Induce

Kinetic Panel Energy generation

y

Power Grid

Overflow

ys

come

Integrated Design

Design Statement: Our design employs the concept of emergence and the attraction between magnetic fields manipulated in Lucast , to sub-consiously guide the visitors through the site and foster social interaction, w h i l e a l s o g e n e r a t e e c o - e l e c t r i c i t y.

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DESIGN PROCESS INITIATION From part b we create some simple "rules" that could affect visitors behaviors on the site. Human interaction on the site could be sorted into three types --- convergence at a meeting place, seperation in private space and aimless circulation.

The initial design is based on three rules that might induce people's action.

1. the bright and dark changes of sectioning walls, attract people. fig.B show the rotating panel driven by motor which control light effect and visual experience. Also the motor could be switched off and panels becomes wind energy collector. Details shows in fig.C 2. liquidity and circulation of the space, guide people to walk around. fig.A is the daft site layout gif.B show a typical curved wall inspired from 'Structural Oscillations', a reverse-engineering precedence in part b.

3. private and meeting space divide people into different functional areas.

A

In the layout A we create different private or open spaces in site.

B

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C

D

- 135 -

DESIGN PROCESS ADJUSTMENT

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In the initial design, the shape is draft and random. The curves in the layout are lack of further development potential.

Once again, we start to use Lucast to develop some ideas. The pattern from the outcome is more logic and progress-based. A varieties of outcomes are compired and the final ones was recorded for next step.

The final form is quite eye-catching and it expands on the site area. It brings the site with a complex architectural feeling. There are circuitous space that create both private and open space for different visitors. It leaves some empty space on the edge. Visitors will use that site for viewing and meeting.

The problem now is that the final form is too much complex. It has huge number of faces both outside and inside. If take this form for further exploration, It is diffucult to find suitable structural method and rigid connections to hold up the structure.

Next step we are going to modify the form and simplify it. Because we are studying sectioning technique all the way, we will try to convert the form into sectioning, represented in another way.

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DESIGN PROCESS ECLECTIC & FINALIZATION

- 138 - 138- -

This time positive and negtive points are set at the site. We used the magnetic lines to create the sectioning wall system. We increase the number of walls so the original shape of form will be kept.

Though we like the previous form we eclectically choose the wal system in terms of time, parametric tecnique skills and constructablity.

Parametriclly each wall is generated in a grid form. The grid system comes from the waffle grid.

Like the waffgle grid, It has two types of profiles connected in perpendicular direction. But unlike normal waffle grid, this grid system is a thin walllike structure.

Basically there are two kind of component in the wall. They are algae panels and joint bars.

In grasshopper we create the notch on each component so they could be connected.Each panels has its unique size and location of notch.

They were numbered in rhino files to help future assembly.

- 139 -

The wall structure is inspired by some natural elements to pay our respects to nature. The algae panels have threes type of shapes generated from petals, clovers and snowflakes. Though the wall structure is artificial, it contains green algaecells which make the form more organic. Our design try to make the wall as part of nature on site rather than some add-on architecture. It bring visitors the feeling of walking in a forest. The connecting bars are brach-like. They are key component to hold the structure and repeated in each wall.

petal

fig. 59

clover fig. 60

snowflake fig. 61

branch fig. 62

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In terms of energy generation, the image shows the circulating system which transport algaecells to bioreactor. Also it shows the pipes that input and output water and nutrients.

A detailed diagram show the input and output pipes are built into the joint bars. They work together with the algae container to transport water, nutrients and algaecells by pump.

- 141 -

ENVISAGED CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

FACTORY PRE-FABRICATION Algae panels and joint bars are cumtommanufactured in factory. Each component is pre-fabricated and numbered in order to navigate future assembly

MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION The panels and bars and other components will be transported in set through trucks or ferries. The site is a port before so the water transportation maybe more efficient in loading and unloading cargoes.

IN-SITU ASSEMBLY Once the materials arrive the site, the assembly and some excavation could commence. The construction process is shown on the diagram to the right.

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Basic Grid Structure hexagon grid to connect algae panels.

Additional Grid Structure This grid is to consolidate the hexagon grid hence strengthen the whole wall system.

Firstly, the footing panels are fixed into the concrete slab.

The bars are installed on the footing panels.

The first layer of algae panel is connected to the bars. (detailed connection will be shown later)

The additional grid structure is built to stabilize the previous structure.

The second layer of algae panels is installed.

Again comes the additional grid structure.

This process is repeated until the wall finish.

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- 144 - 144- -

The walls are built on concrete.

On concrete installed some foot panels in the walking area.

Other part of the site is covered by grass.

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- 148 -

- 149 -

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Site Plan

South Elevation

West Elevation - 151 -

C 2.

TECTONIC ELEMENTS

- 152 - 152- -

The core construction element should be a detail which is repeated across our design.

In this section, we will test several prototypes about the load-bearing ability, joint rigidity and constructability or other expectation and doubts about the materials used in physical model.

The prototypes including the very first ides and finalized design.

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TECTONIC TEST PROTOTYPE ONE

Rubber band as transmission

Rotation, induce electricity in generator

- 154 - 154- -

It is a prototype for initial disign at the first stage. This prototype cooperate with wind energy.

Profiles are connected and supported by culumns that go through the holes. Rings are used as joint. They could hold up the profiles and fix them When wind comes, the panels could be rotated and drive the transmission band. Then the contral culumn will rotate to generate electricity.

Wind drives panels

The structure is firm enough due to the accuracy of the rings as they match the size of column perfectly. But one problem is there will be many force of friction in this system so the wind energy may lose some part in the process. Ball bearings might be applied to make the rotation part so that there will be less energy loss.

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TECTONIC TEST PROTOTYPE TWO

- 156 - 156- -

The second prototype is a grid structure. It is an change of waffle grid. There are two type of components , perpendicular to each other. One is the joint bar and the other is the hexagon panel. The grid is triangle form so the structure is rigid when put on the table as 2D form.

However, when we set it up as a 3D wall. It can be seen from photos that the model is bended and lose it rigidity. The problem is there is no triangle form in the other direction. If we reduce the width of notch on each member, the model could be improved and more stable since component will connect more tight.

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TECTONIC TEST PROTOTYPE THREE & REFINING

Modify and improve the prototype 2.

There are two method to make the structure more rigid.

1. used superglue to fix each part of connection.

It increase the cost of time in assembling It will burn the material on the surface but not broken them.

2. Add additional structure to strenghen the hexa gon grid.

Seen from the image to the left, four bars are notched to the hexagon and connected at the centre.

The structure is stable and we believe the core construction element is sufficient to assemble the complete final model.

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It is a 1:5 detailed model showing the construction method to connect bars and panels.

The structure is simple but rigid by using the cleat plates and screw them into the panels and bars.

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C 3.

FINAL MODEL

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Due to the scale of the site and our design, it is better to choose three walls from the final model to make the 1:50 physical model, which could stand on an A0 size foamboard for final presentation.

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FINAL MODEL 1 : 500

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This group of photos shows the per

W

rspective view of the 1:500 model.

- 163 -

FINAL MODEL 1 : 500

- 164 - 164- -

This group of photos shows the close v

view, the spacing and orientation of walls.

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FINAL MODEL 1 : 500

- 166 - 166- -

We test the model on visual effect and take simu facade. The bright and dark patterns varies whi

ulation of sunlight, especially from south that light up the algae ile the sunligth direction changes.

- 167 -

FINAL MODEL 1 : 500

Install glowing LEDs on the model to simulate night visual experience at the site. It becomes an attractive artwork. It will not keep lighting in real construction.

The LEDs will twinkle in respond to visitors’ movement there at night.

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- 169 -

FINAL MODEL 1 : 50 FABRICATION & ASSEMBLY

Laser Cutting Fabrication Unfold and put each piece In the laser cut template.

We didn’t mark each piece here, because there are hundreds of pieces and it will increase the cutting time and fees. But we got the digital files with each piece marked and the peices in cutting sheet are numerically sorted so we won’t confuse in fabrication.

For example one row in the cutting sheet could be arrayed with number 1 to 25 and the other row frome 26 to 50.

The material we used for laser cutting is 1.8mm boxboard.

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A

Assembling When we get the cutting sheet, the first thing is to mark each piece manully by following the digital files.

This model is quite time-consumign and superglue consuming. Without superglue the model can stand but lack of stability. The boxboard is damaged by superglue on surface and the material color become darker. we consider to spray the model after assembly to make it nice and clean.

B

Even we mark all the pieces, we still confuse about some pieces when assembling. For example one panel has three notches, we need to compare carefully with digital files (fig.B) to see which notch connect to which bars to avoid any mistakes.

- 171 -

Cladding & Set Up

After assembly, we spray all the models in white. White makes this model look better in photography. It create stronge contrast with the dark background.

When the models are dry, we set them up on the base. The bottom panel of model is trimmed so they can be perfectly inserted to the notch on an A0 foamboard.

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- 173 -

FINAL MODEL WITH LEDs 1 : 50 FABRICATION & ASSEMBLING

- 174 - 174- -

LEDs Installed in foot panels

- 175 -

C 4.

ADDITIONAL LAGI BRIEF REQUIREMENTS

- 176 - 176- -

About Our Project Our design employs the concept of emergence and the attraction between magnetic fields manipulated in Lucast , to sub-consiously guide the visitors through the site and foster social interaction, w h i l e a l s o g e n e r a t e e c o - e l e c t r i c i t y.

The project make the most of two systems, the natural system and parametric design system. The natural system offers us renewable energy such as algae. The parametric system help us design the form and also plays important role in fabrication and assembly process to fulfill our design intent about sustainability. Hence the natural system is protected by sustainable project.

The project also consider visitors' experience at the site. This is achieved using guiding walls that provide path for visitors to explore the site. On the other hand the foot panels installed on the site will collect human kinetic energy to produce electricity.

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TECHNOLOGY

- 178 - 178- -

The diagram is modified from previous version to illustrate two technologies used in the project.

The main energy generation we use in the project is algae. Algae grow fast and just need sunlight, CO2, water and some nutrients. The bioreactor will collect algae oil and biomass for further utilization in transportation and industry. Also the algae oil could be burned in electricity generator located near the site to produce electricity hence power the LEDs on the wall at night.

The other technology is the foot panels which could collect human kinetic energy in walking. As the site is large in scale, the amount of steps is considerable. The electricity generated by human will be used in many ways including LEDs, Wifi device and power grid.

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ESTIMATED ANNUAL kWh FROM OUR TECHNOLOGY Algae Energy 12,500 kWh/yr from 2,000 square feet bioreactors.

1200 x average 1.1m diameter panels = 1140 m2 1140 m2 = 12,200 sqr ft ( 12,200 aur ft / 2,000 ) x 12,500 kWh/yr = 76,687 kWh/yr

Foot Panels Average 7W per step. estimate 100 people per day and about 40 mins on site.

10 steps / min 400 steps per person at site Total steps in site in one day = 400 x 100 = 40,000 40,000 x 365 x 7w = 102.000 kWh/yr

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DIMENSION AND LIST OF MATERIALS Algae Grid Wall joint bars: 50mm steel algae panel: 0.6 ~ 1.2 diameter containers made by perspex conduct pipes: 30mm copper pipes.

L-shape cleat: 120mm x 120mm bolts hole: 35mm pre-cut

Foot Panel dimensions: 600mm x 450mm x 56mm depth power: 12 Volts DC electricity output: ~ 7 Watts per footstep.

LEDs Clear LED C7 bulbs light Bulb type: LED C7 bulb Voltage: 12Volt,120V, 230V Mounting: E12/E14 Frequency: 120V 60Hz, 230V 50Hz Power consumption: 0.5W Luminous intensity: 25 lumens for white Current: 15mA LED quantity: 3/6LEDs LED Chip: Epistar Color: White, Red, Yellow, Blue, Green,Amber,Pink,Purple.

Lifespan: 30, 000 hours

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT 1.

The wall cover a large area but the structure is quite hollow. The total amount of material used is relatively low. Also all the chosen material has low embodied energy which will save energy in fabrication process. The foot panels is made by recycled rubber which come from old vehicle tyres.

2.

Algae need CO2 to grow hence the project make contribution in carbon fixation hence reduce the CO2 on site. The algae helps to relieve greenhouse effect in surrounding environment.

3.

LEDs is highly efficient in electricity saving. It requires less electricity than normal lamp. Also it has longer lifetime . LEDs do contributes to sustainable development.

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C 5.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES / OUTCOMES

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PRESENTATION FEEDBACK The major feed back in the final presentation is about the shift from the first 'crazy' form to the 'boring' vertical walls. The Lucast did produce forms which has many potential for further development. But at that moment we did't come up with an idea to solve the connection and construction details for that kind of forms. The utilization of magnitic fields is innovative but the outcome is not good as expective since the layout of walls are lack of relation with parametric design. People might consider the walls are located by hand.

It is good to create different types of panels on the wall system to show some variation of patterns on the wall.

However, we missed the opportunities to make more variation on the wall such as the spacing between panels can be different on different walls. There are more than 20 walls on the site. Some walls could have low density of grid and some wall could have high density of grid. Or from the entrance to the end of site, the wall could create a continuous change rather than install similar walls everywhere.

The wall system did not well fulfill our ideas of emergence which emphasize on the interaction between visiters. The walls are just having people walking around but lack of architectural meaning that aims to create strong relationship between people and site and induce more meaningful activities among visitors. For example, some groups created space with specific function like walking channels to guide people to some other functional space. They create stronger connections to link different parts of the site. Repeated wall system is not a suitable architectral form in this site. In further development, we may consider to cover the site with a grid rood converted from the Lucast-generated form.

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

Rather than convert the origenal form into wall systems that might lose many information about the previous form, I am thinking to abstract and simplify the complex form but keep some original characters such as the height variation in different location. We need parametrically extract the skin of the previous form for further development.

Here I simply use waffle grid to create the structure of the skin as roof. This form now is constructable and structural rigid compared to the wall system.

The grid system could be more complex than square grid by changing the density and size of the grid as talked before to induce more architectural asthetic sense.

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

This outcome is well combined with the landscape. It has a curved and dynamic shape and divide the site into different functional space.

Compared with wall systems, the new form provide sinuous interior and exterior for visitors to explore.

The roof slowly become the ground. Visitor could walk onto the roof. The grif roof has the potential to engage with more human kinetic energy.

If time is enough, I would like to change the density or size of grid to make the form more interesting and variable.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES Objective 1. "interrogating a brief" by considering the process of brief formation in the age of optioneering enabled by digital technologies.

When consider the brief of a design, I am able to think from different angles and convert my design to new direction by using parametric tools.

Objective 2. developing "an ability to generate a variety of design possibilities for a given situation" by introducing visual programming, algorithmic design and parametric modelling with their intrinsic capacities for extensive design-space exploration.

This objective has been achieved especially in part B. By using algorithmic design, many iterations could be produced in a short time.

Objective 3. developing “skills in various threedimensionalmedia” and specifically in computational geometry, parametric modelling, analytic diagramming and digital fabrication; My perematric design skills meet a improvement when we worked on reverse-engineering projects. This stage is helpful as I start to analyze how a 3D form could be constructed or modified parametrically.Digital fabrication process let me think about the materials chosen.

The property of a material will be examed before digital fabrication. Also we learn how to save time and money in laser cutting such as put some pieces together to reduce the cutting lines.

Objective 4. developing “an understanding of relationships between architecture and air” through interrogation of design proposal as physical models in atmosphere; This objective was explored in the assembly process. The physical model could be touched ,photographyed to help others understand the design directly. All the 1-5,1-50,1500 models help us understand the spatial relationship with the site in different scale.

Objective 5. developing “the ability to make a case for proposals” by developing critical thinking and encouraging construction of rigorous and persuasive arguments informed by the contemporary architectural discourse.

This was achieved in part C. Critical thinks, persuasive argument could be seen by clients from the proposal statement and some good diagrams. They will be explained why the design is like that in a easy-undestanding way. So diagrams are more useful when make a case for proposal.

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

Objective 6. develop capabilities for conceptual, technical and design analyses of contemporary architectural projects; The conceptual understanding about contemporary was gained in part A as we analyze a few precedence to learn their design ideas. Technical analyses was achieved in reverse -engineering process. We inprove our capabilities in recreate the precedence using parametric tools.

The studio air is harder than I thought before. It is very difficult at first few weeks as I have never touch any programming and parametric design before. After doing several weekly tasks my parametric design skills has improved. Parametric design has changed my existing understanding about architectural design. From the algorithmic exploration in grasshopper, I have gained an appreciation of the various definitions and how to use them in different ways to produce different outcomes. The parametric could generate varies of outcomes quickly by adjusting some parameters or adding more codes. It goes beyond human brain as a form-find process. Also, parametric tools play an important role in fabrication as it could array the layout easily with each peice labelled for further assembly. By completing part c works, I have the ability to use computational methods to design and fabricate bespoke tectonic assemblies.

I still need to learn more about grasshopper in the future to enrich my computational design method.

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PART C REFERENCE LIST fig54, Sun path diagram of annual variation in Copenhagen, http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/kobenhavn. html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig55, Windrose plot of Copenhagen, http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose phtml?station=EKRK&network=DK_ASOS, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig56, View Above The Site, http://www.google.com/earth/index.html, [ 06 June 2014 ] fig57, View From Site Towars River, http://www.google.com/earth/index.html, [ 06 June 2014 ] fig58, View At The Back Of Site, LMS - Online Resource - University of Melbourne, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig59, Petal, http://www.nipic.com/show/2/64/6867758k8c7f1584.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig60, Clover, http://www.2cto.com/qq/201304/200019.html, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig61, Snowflake, http://photo.weather.com.cn/photoUp/view_winter.php?id=83410, [ 03 May 2014 ] fig62, Branch, http://roll.sohu.com/20121224/n361364586.shtml, [ 03 June 2014 ]

Algae System, http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp23/interim_report/algae.html, [ 03 June 2014 ]

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PART C REFERENCE LIST

Many thanks to my group member, Handa and Elaine Also-thanks 190 -tutor, Finn and Victor

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