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LIST OF CONTENTS
A REFLECTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 4
WHAT MAKES A CITY VITAL?
PART 0 - SYMPOSIUM ......................................................................................................................... 6
PART 1 - INTERROGATING THE ROTTERDAM SKYSCRAPER.................................................... 16
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 54
new work /either whole page-top right or left corner; or image/
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ARB CRITERIA MAPPING ...........................................................................
PART 2 - CREATING A HUMAN SCALE STREET WITHIN ROTTERDAM...................................24
ARB CRITERIA COVERED:
RUE MONTORGUEIL PARIS
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A REFLECTIVE SUMMARY Coming back from my year out, it was very exciting to get back to being a student. My year out provided me with a more grounded approach to analysis and interpretation, which I believe is beneficial, since I find it easier to synthesise conclusions and decisions about the project at hand. The project itself I found very enjoyable and the brief very engaging and fun. It was a great way to get back into academic studies, as it allowed for both an objective analysis and personal interpretations.
WHAT MAKES A CITY VITAL? A main issue that was addressed in What makes a city vital? studio was the tendency of both architects and students alike to avoid addressing the context and issues present at their sites. Often we don’t conduct the right research about the place in question and then are bound to re-produce the same spaces that create social divides and create dislocated communities. In the studio we tried to create different way of looking at a city and urban design. The first step was to build a city model, and in order to emphasise our criticism of the contemporary detached design techniques, we lifted the model above eye level, so everyone who looks at the city will see it from ground level, as opposed to the birds eye view.
I believe this project was a great medium for learning, because it allowed for a critical reading of the very practice of architecture and the ways design is done. After all buildings are to be used by real people, and making a design look good on a scale model is not enough. Economics and social culture must be equally paid attention too, and I believe Rotterdam city centre lacks balance in that area. A city has many layers, and zoned approach results in deep cuts within the urban fabric, and a more relaxed way of design should be developed. There should be a balance between program and freedom, and also allowence for interpretation and personalisation by the user.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GA2.1, GA2.4
I then continued on to develop my own personal approach to the city of Rotterdam. It stemmed from my observations while there – of vast unpopulated spaces, unused public squares, inactivated streets, vast scale of the buildings; but is enforced by key statistics and criticisms of the contemporary scene there. In my project I believe that in order to stop repeating the mistakes that made Rotterdam the way it is, one needs to identify the reasons the city centre became so detached. My project focuses on an investigation of the Rotterdam Skyscraper, and following my research, creates a critic of it. Key problems the skyscrapers in Rotterdam create are outlined and analysed and then a critical response is created. What I believe Rotterdam lacks is a comprehensive strategy that addresses the human scale of the city centre and its inhabitation. It all seems to be targeting a projected vision of greatness and progress, control and is business oriented, but completely lacks an urban and social development in-between the buildings. Vast roads and squares span on the ground level, but very few pedestrians are seen outside the shopping district. In my project I address these issues by looking at Rotterdam case studies, its vacancy rates, who inhabits those buidlings, and also looked at critics of contemporary urban design (Jan Gehl), critics of the skyscraper and the Rotterdam post-war regeneration strategy. I made a detailed analysis of factors that make streets and public spaces desirable (Cristopher Alexander, Cliff Moughtin), analysed various streets and successful strategies around the world. I used all of the above to synthesise a critical solution to the issues that skyscrapers create within Rotterdam and creates a much needed human scale within the city.
PART 0 - SYMPOSIUM
group work exploring different ways of looking at design and identifuing individual areas of interest
The symposium was a great opportunity to develop and share ideas and observations from the trip to Rotterdam. The group spent time researching and compiling evidence of the nature of the post-war reconstruction of the city. We concentrated on developing alternative methods of analysis and looking at design, as per Henri Lefebvre’s Rhythmanalysis. We produced a model of the city centre at 1:1000, which is to be viewed from below. The reason we approached the task in this way is to emphasise the desire to avoid replicating the conditions that produce social barriers, gentrification and distancing from real issues of urbanism. The first step was to shake off the ‘god like’ perspective of the architect, always looking at a city from above, and concentrate on the urban level of the city. We were looking at the city from ground view/ human perspective. The group also produced a short film, which was composed from videos recorded while in Rotterdam. It aims to pick up on themes such as everyday life, rhythms of the city, scale, space and place, inhabitation, machination, industry, transport, masses and voids. The video showcases various sounds from the city, like cars, church bells, tram and traffic lights. For my individual interest I picked up on the oppositions of mass and human scale, and human perspective, and it led me to questions like ‘what makes streets desirable?’, ‘why some public spaces are successful and others dead?’ and ‘what is the impact of the skyscraper on the human scale and the urban fabric?’ I am interested in issues of variety, spontaneity, inhabitation, adaptation, and usable scale.
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SYMPOSIUM MODEL CONSTRUCTION
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC6.6, GC3.3, GC8.3 /understanding of physical properties of building materials, importance of coherent work between a team/
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED:
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC3.1,GC3.3 /conceptualisation and representation/
FRAMES FROM FILM Depicting issues of scale, human inhabitation, emptiness and enclosure.
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RHYTHMS OF ROTTERDAM: film Along with the model, for the Symposium a film was produced, aiming to highlight our observations and concerns regarding the rhythms of Rotterdam. A variety of short glimpses into the everyday life of street life in Rotterdam are shown, also picking on issues of scale, transport, emptiness, and human inhabitation. The film aims to show various types of spaces in Rotterdam – people, isolation, inhabitation, motion, stillness, history, modernity, visions, dreams, control, protest and etc. Each member of the group then picked on an issue or observation and continued developing their reading of the city.
PERSONAL INTEREST
While in Rotterdam I picked up on the abundance of skyscrapers in the city centre that didn’t seem to bring any positivity to the street level. This observation will drive my design approach later on in the project. I began to be interested in the relationship that Rotterdammers try to create with New York by trying to create a Manhattan on the Maas. I decided I will look at the skyscraper in Rotterdam in detail, and its relationship to street life within the city centre.
‘Where the New York skyscrapers went astray was in the exaggerated use of high towers with an intricate mixture of pseudo-historical reminiscences and a ruthless disregard of their immediate surroundings, as well as of their effect on the entire structure of the city’. Sigfried Giedion
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC3.3
On the left, my personal interests are depicted, by providing still frames from the film that aim to show the relationship between scale and inhabitation. Showing the voids within the city, big empty deserts with monumental buildings, and small, more intimate spaces, that are populated with people.
urban fabric
De Rotterdam - Vertical city.
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC1.3 /develop a conceptual and critical approach/
Or is it? QUESTIONING THE VERICAL CITY
De Rotterdam - Vertical city. QUESTIONING THE VERICAL Or is it? CITY
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC2.3 /application of theoretical concepts, reflective and critical approach/
SUMMARY POSTER Depicting the relationship that is lacking between the skyscraper and the human scale. Maybe pieces of skyscrapers can be used to create a human level to the streets of Rotterdam? 13
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC6.3 /looking into impact of buildings on communities in Rotterdam/
SYMPOSIUM GROUP OUTPUT Each member displayed an A1 summary poster, depicting their individual inerests that are to be explored later on.
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SYMPOSIUM PRESENTATION
Model and group booklet.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GA2.2 /exploring new ways to represent and explainideas and proposals/
PART 1 - INTERROGATING THE ROTTERDAM SKYSCRAPER
this section explores the previously indentified issues in detail and poses questions for consideration; it is a critique of the skyscraper
Following the observations form the symposium I continued to develop my views on the issues of variety, spontaneity, inhabitation, adaptation, and usable scale. I started looking into the Rotterdam skyscraper in more detail. First I outlined arguments pro and against skyscrapers and looked at Rotterdam statistics and applied the skyscraper pros and cons to Rotterdam. Arguiments pro-tall buidlings: - Population and migration trends - Global competition - Urban regeneration - Land prises - Land shortage - Human aspirations and ego - Technology Arguiments aganst tall buidlings: - Extra cost - Inability to generate enough sales or rental value to cover the cost of design, construction, maintenance - Gentrification - Social marginalisation ROTTERDAM: - Land is not an issue - Decired dencity is not created - 20%-30% overall vacancy across the city centre - Issues covering the cost of construction - High vacancies result in sharpened social issues
I looked into paradoxes that skyscrapers create, such as projecting and image of vitality and success, but in reality sucking the life out of the street, creating an urban desert filled with cars and roads, and dividing the city by only targeting a select few. I created a set of maps which outline my interest in order to pin point a site. The mappings depict active areas within the city centre, void spaces, zoning of functions and height of buildings. For a site I picked Blaak, since I am interested in the relationship between street and road. It is 58m wide, framed on both sides by office buildings, where I am to create a medium the aims to facilitate the attraction of a wider variety of people to live and use the city centre. This I belive will allow for a more lively environment, as more spontaineous evens will be able to happen.
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IMAGE?
䴀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀⸀
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.2, GC5.3 /impact of skyscrapers onto the context and human scale/
PROJECTING AN IMAGE OF VITALITY
20-30% VACANCY ACROSS ROTTERDAM
Skyscrapers in Rotterdam are built in order to project an image of vibrancy and vitality, but in reality they create a paradox - the actually gentrify and rob the city centre from a much needed variety of visitors and interest.
Due to the fact that in Rotterdam there is no land shortage which is a primary driver vehind skyscraper construction, high vacancy rates can be observed across the city - 30% on Kop van Zuid and 25% across the city centre.
ORDERED EVENTS
URBAN DECERT
Lack of variety, results in systematic events and no collisions between various types of people.
Due to high buidlings and wide roads in between, there is little space left for pedestrian activity.
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This image represents a major issue within Rotterdam. For the size of the city the vehicular infrastructure is overdeveloped, providing roads up to 60 meters wide within the city fabric. This is an image of Blaak.
WHAT WE SACRIFICE BY OCCUPYING A SKYSCRAPER: ‘As structures grow taller and taller, tennants become out of touch with the city life below.’ Jan Gehl ‘High rise buidlings work against society, because they prevent the untis of social importance - the family, the neighbourhood etc, from functioning as naturally and as normally as before.’ Constantine Dioxiades ‘Low buidlings along a street are in harmony with the way in which people move about and the way in which the senses function, as opposed to tall buidligns which are not.’ Jan Gehl
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC4.1,GC4.2, GC5.3 /influence of design onto communities, and contemorary environment, impact of buildings onto local context/
WHAT WE SACRIFICE TO DRIVE: ROADS vs STREETS
SOURCES: Rotterdam Central Business disctict: an insider’s view (2010) Dutch Office Market Report (2014)
business services industry, transport, utilities trading �nancial services IT and media government architects and construction healthcare education
Surprisingly, prehaps, investment transactions in the RCBD are not common. In fact, the last five years have not seen a lot of buildings in the district change ownership. Since the 2008 crisis only five office transactions have been recored.’
nk al ba ion t r itu pie st u in cc ro ne ow e at iv
IM r RE pe nd ny lo pa al fu ve i m de co pec s ic bl d/ pu lose /c en
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‘The Rotterdam business disctrict is a future minded district. New real estate developments in the RCBD are numerous. Besides the emerging Kop van Zuid office disctrict - which is mainly occupied by government-related bodies - the RCBD is one of the few prime office districts where major investments are being made at the time.
op 18% 16% 14%
From: Rotterdam Central Business disctict: an insider’s view
12% 10% 8% 6% 4%
‘In Rotterdam the ‘urban renewal’ process resulted in displacement and marginalisation.’ Arienne Mak, Paul Stouten
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A CASE STUDY OF THE ROTTERDAM SKYSCRAPER: THE NUMBERS - buildings bigger than 10,000 sq.m
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC6.3, GC7.2 /understanding impact and context, appropriateness/
other
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SKYSCRAPER ANALYSIS WITHIN ROTTERDAM Using the information gathered on page 16, the above graphic has been derived. It analyses the building’s function in order to determine the average vacancy. It then looks at its age in order to determine its priority. The older the building, the sooner it should be repurposed. Building age and the vacancies are indicated, creating a sequence of priority buidlings - the older the buidlings is, if it has more than 10% vacancy it will be re-purposed.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC4.2,GC5.3 /influence fo design onto development of cities/
嘀䄀䌀䄀一䌀䤀䔀匀 䤀一 伀䘀䘀䤀䌀䔀 䈀唀䤀䰀䐀䤀一䜀匀 䈀唀䤀䰀吀 䈀䔀䘀伀刀䔀 ㈀
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC4.2 /influence of design onto the development of cities/
HEIGHT ANALYSIS
LACK OF VARUETY OF FUNCTIONS Being planned in the 1960s, Rotterdam has a distinct zoned character, which makes it hard for spontaneous events to happen within a city context. A mix is needed.
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VOIDS WITHIN ROTTERDAM, SITE
The above indicated are streets where leisure and shopping activities happen within Rotterdam currently. A more centralised area is needed.
Voids are spaces that are directed towards vehicular transportation, rahter than humans. Blaak is chosen as a site where a new street will replace the road.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC4.2 /influence of design onto the development of cities/
ACTIVE AREAS WITHIN ROTTERDAM
PART 2 - CREATING A HUMAN SCALE STREET WITHIN ROTTERDAM countering the effects of the skyscraper on the city centre in Rotterdam
Following the analysis of the Rotterdam skyscraper, I made the conclusion that something needs to be done in order to balance the scales between skyscrapers and human scale. After looking at other cities around the world and analysing what makes their streets attractive, I created basic guidelines for the proposal. A new human-scale street for Rotterdam is to be created within, which is not zoned and allows for overlap of functions and personal interpretation. In order to make a clear point, to reveal the truth behind the skyscraper in Rotterdam, this street will be created from pieces of vacant skyscrapers. This way they will be re-appropriated, will be more inclusive and also will provide food for thought - maybe a more human centered approach is needed to make Rotterdam a more attractive city. Following the previous aspirations to avoid repeating the same mistakes architects repeat, that create distance, separation and don’t relate to the issues of the context at hand, I followed an approach that provides the shell and some level of programming (like proportion of functions on the street) but the rest is to the user to appropriate – create their own personal design solutions within the spaces. In order to design an attractive street, I looked at examples from around the world (also Cristopher Alexander and Cliff Moughtin). I also used two separate models of streets in order to finish my exploration. One is a typical 19th century Dutch street in Amsterdam in order to derive the proportion that I will follow, and the other is Rue Montorgueil in Paris, which I use as a base for the economic model of the new street – the ways functions are distributed. This allows for interpretation of successful examples of streets and gives valuable lessons for the design of attractive and active places. Going back to the skyscraper analysis, I will enforce my critique by using the vacant bits to create the new street. The inspiration behind this approach is Gordon Matta Clark’s work. I am to reveal the truth behind the façade, and this is why I extract pieces that will be visible from the most public spaces in close proximity to the building at hand – roads, squares. Then these pieces will be arranged along Blaak in order to create a new attractive human scale. The aim is to provide a critique to the skyscraper and the blindness of obsession of Rotterdam with vision, as the skyscrapers project a vision of vitality, but in reality suck the life out of the street.
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一䔀唀䔀 䈀䰀䄀䄀䬀
栀甀洀愀渀猀 栀攀爀攀
吀圀伀 圀伀刀䰀䐀匀
一䔀唀䔀 䈀䰀䄀䄀䬀
ARB CRITERIA COVERED:
栀甀洀愀渀猀 栀攀爀攀
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC7.1, /analysing relevant precedent, learning from other streets/
STUDY OF ATTRACTIVE STREETS Five streets were looked at in order to determine what makes them desirable and ‘human scale’. They serve as guidelines to the design process of the new street.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC7.1, /analysing relevant precedent, learning from other streets/
PROPORTION MODEL A street in Amsterdam is used as a base for buildings sizes of the proposed new street, in order to add a layer of ‘Dutchness’ to the proposal.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC7.1, /analysing relevant precedent, learning from other streets adapting information/
SUMMARY OF KEY RULES After the analysis of the various attractive street case studies, this diagram is derived in order to guide the proposed new street design. It picks up on key elements, such as: access, activity pockets, grid, activity nodes, proportion, portals, consistent repeptitive element.
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REPETITIVE BINDING ELEMENT
伀瀀琀椀洀愀氀 猀椀稀攀猀 漀昀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀 SIZE OF BUILDINGS
A lamps is designed in order to become a binding element along the street, bringing consistency across the various buildings.
It was determined that an optimal size of the new buildings would be no bigger than 12m by 8m.
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A GATE/PORTAL As previously determined from the examples on p.22, a street should have a clearly determined start and end. A ‘gate’ created from a slice of Markthal will be placed at the entrance of the New Blaak street.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED:GC7.1, GC5.1 /addressing needs of users/
㈀砀 洀
ECONOMIC EXAMPLE
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC7.1, /analysing relevant precedent, learning from other streets/
Rue Montorgueil serves as an example of the distribution of function. The basic principle is that the ground floor is public and permeable, occupied by small businesses, shops and cafes, while top floors are residential.
trade health and social assistance food services and accommodation residential
ECONOMIC MODEL A basic proportion is derived in order to determine the occulation of the new street in Rotterdam. The aim is to create an activated street level, and exciting new residential quarters, close to the street, in order to battle the social isolation the the residential skyscrapers create in Rotterdam.
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ADDRESSING THE ISSUES
INTERACTION
OVERLAP
The aim is to create a mechanism that enhances interaction, spontenuity and variety. It encourages movement and avoids stagnation.
A variety of functions will be distributed along the new street, creating a socially active space, which is visited by all, as opposed to the skyscraper, which targets only a sertain amount of people and demographic.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.1,GC5.2 /addressing the impact and needs of users/
The previously mentioned issues and paradoxes skyscrapers create within Rotterdam are addressed by re-addapting and relocating all the vacant bits. They become new small scale spaces, that relate to ground level, the urban environments and human and are ready for personal adaptation and interpretation.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED:
millennium tower
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After a series of tests (left) this diagram shows the thinking behind the extraction of redundant pieces from skyscrapers. As the key point is to reveal the contradictions of the skyscraper in Rotterdam, pieces were extrated from the sides that are most visible from busy locations within the city.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.3 /a critique of the skyscraper and how it does not relate to its context/
d ap the re
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ANALYSIS OF MOST PROMINENT VIEWS TOWARDS THE BUILDINGS OF INTEREST
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.3, GC3.1, GC3.2 /looking into the work of GMC in order to shift the ways skyscrapers are perceived and reveal the truth/
REVEALING THE TRUTH BEHIND THE FACADE Pieces were removed according to the vacancy percentages determined, and also following the analysis of the most prominent views.
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The inspiration behind the cut is derived from Gordon Matta Clark’s works. It aims to revel the truth behind the facade, enabling spectators to have a look inside.
REVEALING THE TRUTH BEHIND THE FACADE The view from the inside of a cut building. The truth is shown that when its empty, its no more than just bits of construction and does nothing to enhance the space.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.3, GC3.1, GC3.2 /looking into the work of GMC in order to shift the ways skyscrapers are perceived and reveal the truth/
THE WORKS OF GORDON MATTA CLARK
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /investigation of alternative construction methods/
THE CRANE A bespoke crane has been specifically designed with the purpose of moving the building pieces around. It moves along tracks.
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The cranes traves pieces along Blaak. They are mounted onto tracks and can carry pieces no bigger than 12x9 meters. After they are no longer needed, they are demounded and moved (like any other crane would be).
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /investigation of alternative construction methods/
MOVING PIECES TO SITE
SECTION part 1
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /alternative construction/
buildings built pre 2010
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SECTION part 2
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /alternative construction/
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SECTION part 3
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /alternative construction/
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phase 2 buildings built post 2010
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC4.1, GC4.2, GC4.3
PHASE 1 OF RE-CONSTRUCTION Looking at the provious analysis of the buidlings’ age and occupancy, the pieces are arranged along West Black, creating Neue Blaak. Important features of the re-arrangement are an activated public ground floor populated services, and also a vibrant back side of the street, featuring a more lively environment.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /investigation of alternative construction methods/
SUPPORT FOR CUT PIECES This hydrolic support is designed to fit and adjust within a variety of pieces. It can stretch and contract in both width and height.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC8.1 /investigation of alternative construction methods/
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POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR INTERIOR SPACES Inhabiting. Pieces of the old elements of the skyscrapers remain.
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.1,GC5.2,GC5.3 / buildings, inhabitation and human scale/
A VIEW ONTO THE STREET A lively, human scale, open and flexible ground floors, offering services to visitors, and rentable flats on the top floors. 48
PLAN part 1
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC5.1, GC5.2, GC5.3
PLAN part 2
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1:500 MODEL OF STREET
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ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC3.3 /creative application of modeling techniques/
ARB CRITERIA COVERED: GC3.3 /creative application of modeling techniques/
A STREET PROJECTION 1:200 This model is a moving screen. By rotating the 2 rolls, the street is unraveled, allowing for long sections to be viewed and interacted with at a visible scale.
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SUMMARY CONCLUSION expectations for semester 2
The images on the right show a selection of pages from my sketchbook this semester. It contains observational drawings, plans for all the drawings that are in this portfolio, model explorations, design solution thoughts and research. With this I aim to show that no matter what the output is, it has always been thought through. I believe the process and development are key, even if it is for a simple drawing of a diagram. This allows me to produce more ‘on point’ and clean representations and explorations. This semester became a great learning experience for me, as it gave the opportunity to critically explore issues and not just resolve a site. During this semester I explored new ways of representation that I had not used before, like collages, and also for the first time did in-depth analysis of case studies and empirical data, which I used to create a solution. I really like this approach, because is grounded in real information and is not based on assumptions about ‘the city’ and ‘the people’. I believe that the more research is done, the more the solution will relate and bring positive changes. The inhabitants should be at the centre of a design and the solution should be looked at through the eyes of the user, and not be so much about control and predetermination, but must allow for interpretation and appropriation. This way the most personal spaces are created. The Rotterdam case study showed me that even though a vision may look glorious from the side, it does not always correspond to the reality of the place at hand. A less commercial approach and more sensitive approach is often needed, and that can be achieved with more research about the culture, and the context. As I am going abroad for my second semester, I am excited about seeing a different school of architecture in action. The project I will be doing relates to automation and will create fictional scenarios that will be explored in architectural form. I believe I will adopt a more hands on approach, as I will be working with 3d scanning techniques and robotic manufacturing. I find this very exciting and new for me. I hope I will have the chance for a more detailed approach, as opposed to the masterplanning scale this semester.
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