Lost trails of TINY GERMAN

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TheLostTr ai l sof

TI NY GERMAN 7X600-St r at egi es&Pl aces Tut or :J osBos man

byMar j anMohammadzadehSar ab 0756506

08-01-2011


Table of Content:

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..……..……..1 Gennep through Pictures and Times ……………………………………………..…………2 1810 – 1878: Birth of Tiny German ……………………………………………...………… 11 1878 – 1914: Days of Glory ………………………………………...……………………..…13 Locomotives: ………………………………………………..…………………………15 Gennep Station: ……………………………………………………….………………16 Maas Bridge at Gennep (MBS): …………………………………..…………………17 1914 – 1925: World War I: Sideline…………………………………………………………19 1934 – 1950: World War II…………………………………….……...………………………19 1950 - 2000: Demolition………………………………………………………………………20 2000 – 2004: The remaining portion…………………………………………………………21 Conclusion: Rise and fall……………………………………………………………..………22 References …………………………..…………………………..…………………………….23


Table of Content of Maps:

Map Number 1: The Tranchot Map ………………………………………………..………24 Map Number 2: 1810 ………………………………………………………………..………25 Map Number 3: 1850 ……………………………………………………….……………….26 Map Number 4: Overlap 1810 – 1850 ………………………………………….…………27 Map Number 5: 1910 …………………………………………………….…………………28 Map Number 6: Overlap 1850 – 1910 ………………………………………….…………29 Map Number 7: 1955 ……………………………………………………………….………30 Map Number 8: Overlap 1910 – 1955 ……………………………………………………31 Map Number 9: 2010 …………………………………………………………...……..……32 Map Number 10: Overlap 1955 – 2010 …………………………………………..………33 Map Number 11: Overlap 1810 – 1850 – 1910 – 1955 – 2010 ……………………..…34 Map Number 12: Overlap 1810 – 2010 ………………………………………………..…35


Introduction: Around 1810 a large area of the Rhineland (Belguim, Germany and Netherlands) was mapped under supervision of J.J. Tranchot, a colonel in the Napoleon army. Napoleon forces were occupying the area in 1810 and the Tranchot maps were made for strategic military purposes. Two hundred years has passed since the maps were drawn, have been a turbulent time for the area: rule over the lands was shifted from state to state several times and the industrial revolution, Two World Wars and other events have shaped the landscape significantly. This essay tries to describes the great railroad “North Brabant – German Railway” which in the Netherlands known as “Tiny German”(Duits Lijntje). It’s the story of the train line with a great intent to be the fastest connection between London – Berlin – St. Petersburg through the Netherlands; but between 1810 and 2010, has came and disappeared.

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Gennep through Time and Pictures1: It’s not sure how long it has been that Gennep exists, but it is clear that for a long time people are living in this place. It’s known that Gennep was mentioned in documents for the first time around 1000 years ago. Also long before 1371 the city charter should have existed (probably between 1250 and 1300), because the town charter was reconfirmed in 1371.Nowadays Gennep is in the list of Dutch towns which are immortalized in time. Gennep is derived from the “Ganapja”; it refers to the location of Gennep: place where two seas meet, the Maas and Niers. This name was corrupted over the centuries to Gennep. Archaeological research has shown that the first residents already settled in the 5th century. Originally Gennep was an agricultural town, and even today there are many companies in the agriculture and livestock. Today, however the industry is the biggest job provider. There was a Roman road at the west side of the Maas that crossed the Maas at Cuijk. The road went from Maastricht to Nijmegen which some remains were found in 1992. There are some claims that also a smaller road existed at the east side of the Maas, but this is uncertain; though a Roman villa was found at Plasmolen.

Figure on the right shows the engraving of Gennep which was included in the Civitates Orbis Terrarum (edition 1575). In the figure, we can see a windmill on a tower of the former castle of Stein Loon and in the right Martin church at the old cemetery is visible. It takes another 70 years before images of Gennep appear again.

1

http://www.gennepnu.nl/ http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennep

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Gennep also played a role in the war between Spanish and the seven provinces in the 80 years war. There were no conflicts between the sides but it was important to Genneper House that the Gennep was not controlled by no other house. The Spaniards occupied the Genneper House. Therefore Frederick Henry gathered a great army and went up to the Spaniards at Gennep to lay siege. After a siege of some seven weeks, Frederick Henry conquered the Genneper House. This event has known as “stedenbedwinger�. Figures below and shows the siege.

The painting above is from 1636, about five years before the siege.

This engraving shows Gennep around 1675 which is about the same as the engravings of some 100 years earlier from the Civitates Orbis Terrarum shows. As usual in those days were not very accurate engravings. This is because the creator not always has been in that place. Often he used information from others or other prints.

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The engraving on the right is not accurate because of the fact that the Reformed Church cannot be found in it (and it was just built).

Around 1732, surveying became very important for a prince, because ownership of land was the base for calculating the tax. Therefore, maps became accurate. On the right is result of these measurements and now we see a familiar image: Gennep in the form we also know now, nestling along the banks of the kidney, a town with clear walls and a triangular market square.

Also another figure (from Rademaker) of these times which we can see the Kidney River and and the Martinus church.

The print by Jan de Beijer is from 1742. De Beijer has outlined the region very realistic compare to the ones before. We see Gennep here from the north. In the middle is Martinus church and on left the windmill. To the right of the Martinus church first we see the towers of the town hall and then the Reformed Church.

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Now we see a familiar picture: the market hall, form around 1758.

Gennep had three gates: Kidney Gate, Maaspoort and Zandpoort. Here is a painting from Maaspoort, as described by Bulthuis around 1787.

And this one shows the kidney gate. Now we are approaching the time of the French occupation and the end of the city gates.

Tranchot map shows Gennep at the time of Napoleon. The three gates are still subscribed.

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These drawings called the Ville Cards from 1821. Since we can see details such as the street pattern and existing buildings, it’s easily recognizable. Public buildings are indicated in gray; the Gates are also recognizable; also the mill bridge shown in the Kidney.

Around 1850 the so-called “Kuyper Atlas” maps issued by the Dutch municipalities. In this map we still see no changes. We see the main roads, some houses and the Jewish cemetery, which we still find in Gennep.

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This map is from 1914. We see that a railroad and a station is built which belongs to the NBDS railway (1873). There is the Maas Bridge, but only for the train. The buildings of Gennep are pulling slowly towards the south, the old town is still untouched. The presence of the railway, the shops and the headquarters of the NBDS attracts people and therefore there are more buildings in Gennep.

These two postcards dated around 1890. Gennep had been an important city in the history of railway line, but there was still little change to the cityscape.

There was indeed a bridge over the Maas, but normal traffic had to cross the quay, so here was also a lot of water transport. Loading and unloading was done at the quay.

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On the right we see the postcard of the railway bridge across the river as it looked before the war.

The train station of Gennep.

The restoration of City Hall around 1900.

Except for a rail link, Gennep was a tramway city around 1913. We see the tram stop at the headquarters of the NBDS. In the background we see the Aurora malt factory and the railway.

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Here we see a picture from a magazine from 1938. Because of cars and cyclists, finally the street changes.

The changes in the streets are clearly visible. Now dominate of the cars are obvious, but there is no traffic.

This image is after the war, around 1975. The photo was taken standing before the town inn (now White Elephant) towards the old town.

The aerial photo from 1975, we can still recognize the old town, as it is somehow apart from the rest of Gennep. This is mainly because of the undeveloped Meuse Kemp, Niersdal and the vacant Groes.

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An aerial image from 1985, the contours and streets are still recognizable and little changes in those 500 years.

We see a satellite photo of Gennep in 2003. So now this is Gennep out from space; a lot different than before, or not?

And a recent photo from Google Earth. We see a town that is flattered by the kidney and (almost) the same as 500 years ago.

Finally, we zoom in a little further on Gennep using Google Earth. We see the ancient pattern and the few buildings that have survived for centuries (Martin church, Hall and Reformed Church).

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1810 – 18782: Birth of Tiny German In 1800s, almost all European royal relations were with the British royal family. In result, there was a need of a ferry and a rail link between London and Berlin. In 1867 lords of the WH van Meukeren (notary in Rotterdam) and the judge Mr. AHVerster from Boxtel asked for a construction and the operation of a railway from Boxtel to Kleves. At that time both places already were on the railway system. Boxtel was chosen because of its rail links to Belgium , and the project line to Vlissingen would be ready in the foreseeable future. In that time the ports of Rotterdam, Amsterdam did not exist. Kleve was chosen because of it has a connection to the Prussian railways and also was connected by railway to the city of Nijmegen. On 13th of April in 1869 the application was made and given to the Prussian government and on 29th of April (same year) 2

http://wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Boxteler_Bahn http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel

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was given to Dutch government. However, The Dutch government rejected the request. In February of 1869 two members of the WH van Meukeren undertook the case. In this case it was a railway BoxtelGoch-Gennep-Xanten-Wesel with a branch of Gennep to Kleves. Finally on 28th of May 1869 the concession was granted to established “The North Brabant – German railway” (NBDS) in Rotterdam, through a joint stock company with a base fund of 6,000,000 Fl. The railway Boxtel - Wesel , also known as Duits lijntje (Tiny German line) with great intent to connect the German Wesel with the Dutch Boxtel by Goch , Gennep , Uden , Veghel and Schijndel. In March of 1870, the line first spade into the ground was stabbed in Gennep. Much later, in February 1872, the Prussian government granted the Company an early fund for the construction and operation of the line. Also there was a British section of the line which Rob Sharper was the contractor who was one of investor of the company. However, Companies started to have problem to put the desired amount of money, so the NBDS began characterized by financial and organizational problems. On July 15, 1873, with a debt of several million dollars, the first section of the railway from Boxtel to Gennep opened. The only major work of art was the bridge over the Maas at Gennep which only months earlier had been in service of society by using locomotives. On July 1, 1878, the second part of the line, between Goch and Wesel, was opened. The total length of the line was 92.7 km which 52.7 km was in Dutch territory. From Büderich was still 8.2 km railroad to Cologne-Minden Eisenbahn.

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1878 – 19143 : Days of Glory The railroad was known as the "Tiny German" in Netherlands and as "Boxteler Bahn" in Germany. The Dutch town of Gennep was the Netherlands’s border station, and the German border station was Goch station. From 15th of May 1881 D-trains (international express trains) drove over the line which one could travel from London via Vlissingen to Berlin. From Vlissingen one could continue the journey by ship from “the Zeeland Steamship Company”, which brought the travelers to Queensborough. There could be switched to the trains to the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. Because of this comfort many royal passengers traveled through the Tiny German to reach Russia, German, Netherlands, and England. Especially those who traveled with the trains frequently had a private train such as the Emperor of Germany. This happened mainly between 1888 and 1914. The NBDS had two special passenger cars bought from the former Dutch royal train. In addition, the NBDS converted some of those cars into a luxury first class carriage with a toilet. The rest of train was from ordinary cars for ordinary people, but sometimes the nobility traveled in disguise, along with ordinary people. Even, there are stories about the different trivia while the nobilities were traveling through the line to show the importance of Tiny German, which there is no proof for them. For example when the German chancellor Bismarck traveled from Berlin to France and Antwerp, his train stopped between Uden and Mill. Reportedly he looked angrily out of the window and saw a "Boerke" got out and walked to his house. The farmer had sold his land for the construction of

3

http://wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Boxteler_Bahn http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel

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the Tiny German on the condition that at his request, the train would stop at his house. Between B端derich and Wesel was a 1950 meters long railway bridge over the Rhine , as a part of the construction of the line Hamburg - M端nster - Wesel Straelen - Venlo by the Cologne-Minden Eisenbahn. Another important piece of art was the 100 km long track was 310 meters long bridge over the Maas at Gennep . Through Tiny German beside people, also lots of letters and goods were transported between North America and Central Europe. Around 1900, during the heyday of the German line, the D-train stopped (as the freight trains) only in the stations Boxtel, Gennep and Wesel.

NBDS was a short but important line between Wesel, Germany and the Netherlands Boxtel, with actually no real endpoints in 1900. NBDS was in the early part of the Vlissingen route from London to Berlin, but also to Moscow.

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Locomotives4: In 1873 there were about seven steam locomotives . 5 locomotives were dragged to Netherlands. These locomotives had the names "Gijsbert van Beverwijk", "Sophia", "Mina", "Lucinda" and "Henrietta" (Numbers 1 to 5). There were already two tender locomotives into service from 1871-1872. In 1878, four C-coupled machines were supplied for freight by “Hohenzollern” in Dusseldorf (No. 12 to 15). There were two more in 1902 (No. 16) and 1907 (No. 17). Two express trains (1B machines) were purchased which followed by the third one in 1887 (No. 8 to 10). Between 1892 and 1894 three machines were re-purchased (again 1B machines) supplied by Beyer Peacock in Manchester (No. 6, 7 and 11). The mail trains were becoming progressively more through NBDS in 1907, so it was decided to purchase a fast locomotive of type 2C. Six pieces came in 1908 (No. 30 to 35). NBDS in 1908 was the first railway steam locomotives in the Netherlands. These express trains traveled with speeds of 120 to 140 km / hour, pulled by locomotives of type 'Blue Brabander. That’s the reason cities related to railroad got their nickname of “Blue Brabant”. Even in the First World War a new 2C (No. 36) and two new 1D-linked (Nos. 118 and 119) freight locomotives supplied by Hohenzollern, Dusseldorf. Between 1894 and 1907, three more locomotives were supplied. For the maintenance of the equipment NBDS a workshop was made in Gennep. 4

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBDS

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Gennep Station5: Gennep station (1873 - 1944) consisted of a high central section flanked by a wing that turned into a small building with an attic that was perpendicular to the wing. Like most of the NBDS stations, it was white. The railway bridge over the Maas was 500 meters west of the station. After starting the construction of the railway in 1870 it was decided to build the border station in Gennep. On July 28, 1872 Governor van der Does de Willebois laid the foundation stone of the building. On July 15, 1873, the railroad and the station opened for passengers. On September 1st was the start of freight. From 1 July 1878 Gennep station became an important international station which made it possible to travel to Wesel. For years, it was the shortest route for London - Moscow. Also international mails (from Britain) were no longer sent via Ostend , but with freight trains from Vlissingen to Gennep and were sent further. The magnificent station building seemed a bit too big for a city like Gennep, but had the charisma needed for a border station. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many people traveled on their way to Kleves through Gennep. From 1925 the station was owned by the State Railways , which in 1938 was merged with the Dutch Railways . On May 10, 1940 , the station was taken by the Germans. Until 17th September 1944, the Jews of Gennep were deported from the station while Gennep Gennep anthem� while leaving.

they

sang

“the

During the fighting in autumn 1944 and spring 1945 , the Maas Bridge (September 18, 1944) and the station (December 14, 1944) were severely damaged. 5

http://www.maasbuurtspoor.nl/ http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Gennep

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In 1948 the remains of the station were destroyed. Nowadays, in the same land, there is a parking lot and some bushes and on the other side is a bus station with the view of the monument consisting of steam locomotive No. 94 from 1640 as a reminder of the Gennep border station and Tiny German.

Maas Bridge at Gennep (MBS)6: The Maas Bridge at Gennep , is a road bridge over the Maas that connects Gennep to Oeffelt since 1955. The bridge is part of the N264 . The original Maasbrug built in 1873 as a railroad bridge part of the Tiny German . Officially it was called ”the bridge over the Maas at Gennep” . After request for the NBDS, there was a need to build a railroad from Boxtel to Prussia. One of the women of the “van Meukeren” (notary in Rotterdam) put the first stone on November 22th, 1871 which today still can be seen on the side of the fourth pillar of the bridge as a memorial. The remains of the railroad bridge are now under the supervision of municipality of monuments. The bridge itself was finished in 1873 the Belgian factory “Société Anonyme John Cockerill“.

at

Bridge is constructed of iron, steel and concrete, with five pillars, each about 62 meters over the river which is a connection between North Brabant and Limburg. It was the first fixed link between the two provinces. Total length is 313 meters with a width of 11 meters. In addition, the main spar has a hat profile. On May 24, 1874 the steel beam bridge opened as a part of the Tiny German. Five heavy locomotives tested the bridge. It had a single track, but the bridge piers were wide enough for an extension when it’s needed.

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http://www.maasbuurtspoor.nl/ http://www.operation-veritable.com/ http://www.bhic.nl/

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At the time of construction, the Dutch ministry of war doubted, since the Maasbrug could be an easy connection between the Netherlands and Germany. Therefore, in one of the pillars (third or fourth)7 a mine room was built to damage the bridge. Unfortunately the Germans conquered the bridge in 1940 with all the information about Maas Bridge and four years later blew it to stop the Allies to cross the river. From Rail to Road: In 1955, after the British had the bridge, it was restored. Since Maasbrug was only accessible to trains, all other traffic was forced to use the ferry between Oeffelt and Gennep. Therefore, On May 17th, 1955 a road was opened on the northern side of the same pillars. At that time the railway was still used by freight trains. With the reconstruction of the bridge, the function of the ferry decreased, and it disappeared. From 1955 and 1972, there was a controversy to combine Rail and Road Bridge. Since over the railway bridge only freight trains were crossing, the famous line became a secondary property line, where twice a day a freight train came along. Between 1960 and 1970 train gradually broke off the line. Reconstruction: Now the bridge is used frequently by traffic. Also, the ferries are active in the summer. This is due to the attractive landscape in the Meuse valley. In Early 2008, the renovation of the bridge has begun.

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Different opinion in the documents

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1914 – 19258: World War I - Sideline In 1914 The First World War ended the heyday of NBDS. Since Netherlands was neutral and no longer could drive internationally, Tiny German only acted as a connection for people in the Netherlands. In this period NBDS was used mainly by refugees from England and later from the United States and Germany. In 1925 , the NBDS on both sides of the border nationalized, so sidelines were constructed. D-train did not return to this section.

1934 – 19509 : World War II On the first days of Dutch War the railway bridge at Gennep was taken by The Germans. At the end of the war on 18th September of 1944 the railway bridge in Gennep was blown up by the Germans to stop the Allies. So, there was a need for an alternative route to be provided.

Therefore, in a few lines between Wijchen in Nijmegen and the German were constructed by British soldiers of the 182 ROC (Railway Operating Company) in order to transport military forces to Germany. Traffic was diverted through Nijmegen - Mook , with a new stop in Milsbeek station.

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http://wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Boxteler_Bahn http://www.railtrash.net/milspoor.pdf http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel 9

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On the moor near De Looi in the place called “Hommersum� trains continued their way to Germany through the military lines Wijchen - Hommersum. De Looi is a hamlet (Buurtschap) in the municipality of Gennep , belonging to the village Ottersum. This area was part of the Tiny German. The name of this connection was Hommersum link or Hommersum connection, named after a close German border town. This link was also been constructed only in two weeks.

Remains of Hommersum connection

These military railway lines, disappeared shortly after the war, as quickly as they came and have just over one year. In 1945, traffic around Gennep was quiet intense. Fortunately, the bridge and railroad had been restored temprorary. In these years, virtually all switches and signals were at of the service in Gennep. The operation of the railroad was in the hand of the British, but later on the operation of the line was taken by the NS, so once again Milsbeek Hommersum renamed Gennep Connection.

connection station

Red line is the NBDS and red dotted

line

Hommersum

connection. It only existed from 1945-1946.

was

1950 - 200010: Demolition After the war, there was an effort to keep the Railway for the route Boxtel-Gennep by improving the regulation for controlling and signaling. Lights were depicted the entire route, with all switches, signals, and considers. In the years 1960 and 1970 railroad in the German part was closed and disbanded. The following pages are the copies for the route between Boxtel and Gennep in 1955. The drawings are the location of some platforms and further considerations. 10

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel

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In 1970, the line between Mill and Gennep was terminated. The Maas Bridge at Gennep was disbanded in 1973. Meanwhile, beside the railway bridge at Gennep a road was built on the pillars of the same bridge. In 1971, at the end of the steam era, the last train drove over the bridge during the carnival of 1971. In 1982 a group of enthusiasts from Gennep managed to get the disused locomotive from 1640 named “Baureihe 94” (which has never drove the NBDS) and make it a monument in Gennep. It is the latest reminder of the railroad history of the city. The death of the Tiny German continued by closing down the line between Mill and Uden in 1978, Veghel and Uden in 1983, which was because the tracks were broken.

2000 – 201011: The remaining portion and future In 2000, at the request of municipality of Veghel, there were some investigations for possibility of reopening the Tiny German. The reactivation would cost 250 million euros. It was concluded that better bus services could be expanded. The municipality was not convinced, so they made another survey by themselves. Again the results were negative. In 2004 the goods were transferred on the last remaining piece of Boxtel – Veghel which there was a plan to destroy it. In result, on Easter Monday of 2005 a protest took place against the plans of ProRail to break the remaining of the Tiny German. During these years, the tracks became impassable. All parts of Tiny German considered broken or were removed because of requirements for new constructions. Recently, there as an effort for investigation for the bus service and will be provided by “Arrive” until 2014.

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http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel

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Conclusion12: Rise and Fall Tiny German has played a role in the rise of the rail network in the Netherlands. It was about the first international railway in the Netherlands. As the railroads came up, there were more jobs and the industry developed greatly. The German Line ran along the outlying smaller villages and towns. They benefited from the arrival of the railway, because it provided access and because it attracted industry. Good example is the old paper mill in Gennep. In NBDS there was financial mismanagement. The debts piled up. The curtain fell when the First World War broke out. The income lost and bankruptcy became inevitable. Gennep was an ordinary agricultural land till Tiny German changed it. It became the most important border city and station of NBDS. When the railway failed, the glory of the city that so many nobilities crossed by fade away. Nowadays Gennep is not even part of the current railway system. Although there are still some remains of the railway in sight, there is scarcely nothing significant found from it. One can hardly find the original tracks through the countryside; although on the German side of the border tracking is much easier.

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http://www.duitslijntje.eu/content.asp?kid=10009525

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References:

1. http://www.maasbuurtspoor.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id =23&Itemid=29 2. http://www.operation-veritable.com/library/omgeving/bruggen/maasbruggennep/ 3. http://www.bhic.nl/site/pagina.php?id=12047&zoek=werk&helewoorden=0 4. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennep 5. http://www.gennepnu.nl/ 6. http://www.railtrash.net/milspoor.pdf 7. http://wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Boxteler_Bahn 8. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn_Boxtel_-_Wesel 9. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Gennep 10. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBDS 11. http://www.duitslijntje.eu/content.asp?kid=10009525 12. http://www.railtrash.net/reportages.html 13. http://www.gennepnu.nl/gennepspoorstad2.htm 14. http://nepomuk.web-log.nl/nepomuk/2009/03/beste-leden-op.html 15. http://www.gennepnu.nl/gennepspoorstad4.htm 16. http://www.gennepnu.nl/gennepspoorstad.htm 17. http://www.stationsweb.nl/lijnlijst.asp?lijn=131 18. http://www.papierfabriekgennep.nl/ 19. http://bahn-in-haan.de/_boxtwesl.html 20. http://www.duitslijntje.nl/ 21. http://bahn-in-haan.de/images/nbds/NBDS.pdf 22. http://bahn-in-haan.de/images/nbds/Bildfahrplan1970.pdf 23. http://www.papierfabriekgennep.nl/

Figures Sources: 1. http://www.railtrash.net/ 2. http://www.gennepnu.nl/

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7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Location: 8-Gennep Year: 1810 Page Number: 2 Map Number: 1 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This research is about the infrastructure of the area documented by the “Tranchot Maps”. Around 1810 a large area of the Rhineland (Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands) was mapped by J.J. Tranchot, a colonel in the Napoleon army. Napoleon forces were occupying the area in 1810 and the Tranchot Maps were made for strategic military purposes. Two hundred years has passed since the maps were drawn, have been a turbulent time for the area: rule over the lands was shifted from state to state several times and the industrial revolution, Two World Wars and other events have shaped the landscape significantly. This is the Tranchot map from a dutch town called “Gennep“ in the border of Germany.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Location: 8-Gennep Year: 1810 Page Number: 3 Map Number: 2 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011

Kessel

Gennep

Ottersum Zelder De Looi

Niers River

Hommersum Hassum

Maas River

Heijen

Explanation: This map is showing the biult areas , Maas River, the Netherland and German Border, also the roads. There is no Roman Road in this area. There was a Roman road at the west side of the Maas that crossed the Maas at Cuijk. The road went from Maastricht to Nijmegen which some remains were found in 1992. There are some claims that also a smaller road existed at the east side of the Maas, but this is uncertain; though a Roman villa was found at Plasmolen. Roads are shown by two types of line. The lines with bigger weight are the main roads, and the ones with less line weight are the small roads. Originally Gennep was an agricultural town which we can also see in the development of the roads and small built units. The dots line is the border.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Location: 8-Gennep Year: 1850 - 1864 Page Number: 4 Map Number: 3 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011

Kessel

Gennep

Ottersum Zelder De Looi Niers River

Hommersum Hassum

Maas River

Heijen

Explanation: Source of the map is the webside “www.watwaswaar.nl“. The map is from 1850 - 1864 by “Kadaster”. Since 1810 there are little changes in the area. the built areas are not changed besides some small farms that appeared or disappeared. The main roads did not change but the small roads has changed a little.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Overlap Year: 1810 - 1850 Page Number: 5 Map Number: 4 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This map is the result of overlapping the two previous maps. the orange lines indicates 1810 and the green lines indicates 1850. As we see there are a lot of changes in small roads , but that’s about all.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Location: 8-Gennep Year: 1910 Page Number: 6 Map Number: 5 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011

Kessel

Gennep

Ottersum Zelder De Looi

Maas Bridge

Niers River NBDS Railway

Hommersum Hassum

Maas River

Heijen

Explanation: The sourse of this map is the webside “www.watwaswaar. nl“ . The map is from 1910 by “Kadaster“. in a short time we can recognize the change in the roads. The map somehow looks cleaner and roads are more organized. A railway is added here. This is the North Brabant German Railway (NBDS). This time is the glory times of Gennep.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

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Overlap Year: 1850 - 1900 Page Number: 7 Map Number: 6 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This map is the result of overlapping two previous maps from 1850 and 1910. The orange lines indicate 1850 and the green lines indicates 1910. The main roads are the same and some has been added. The small roads are completely different. Of course, it’s becuase of the cars. The roads are less condense and more straight.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Location: 8-Gennep Year: 1955 Page Number: 8 Map Number: 7 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011

Kessel

Gennep

Ottersum Zelder De Looi

Maas Bridge

Niers River NBDS Railway

Hommersum Hassum

Maas River

Heijen

Explanation: This map is from 1954 - 1958 by “Kadaster“. The source of the map is “www.watwaswaas. nl“. The most important change is the city of Gennep which is closer to railway now. The buildings of Gennep are pull slowly towards the south, the old town is still untouched. The presence of the railway, the shops and the headquarters of the NBDS attracts people and therefore there are more buildings in Gennep. Actually this map is showing the last years of the railway in Gennep. This is the first map that we see the changes in Maas River to make the transportation easier.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Overlap Year: 1910 - 1950 Page Number: 9 Map Number: 8 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This map is the result of overlapping two previous maps from 1910 and 1955. The orange lines indicate 1910 and the green lines indicates 1950. The roads are about the same while the cities started to grow.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Location: 8-Gennep Year: 2010 Page Number: 10 Map Number: 9 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011

N271

Kessel

Gennep Ottersum Zelder De Looi Maas Bridge Niers River

N271

Hommersum

Hassum

Maas River

A77

A77

Heijen

E31

Explanation: The map is taken from “Google Earth� from 2010. Suddenly There is a highway, and a big number of built areas. also the roads seem to have been grown fast. There are more changes in the Maas River and also the lakes.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Overlap Year: 1950 - 2010 Page Number: 11 Map Number: 10 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This map is the result of overlapping two previous maps from 1955 and 2010. The orange lines indicate 1955 and the green lines indicates 2010. Suddenly there is a growth in roads (most of the roads are green) and there is a extreme growth in the city over 50 years. The railway is gone and there is a highway.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Overlap Year: 1810 - 1850 - 1910 - 1950 - 2010 Page Number: 12 Map Number: 11 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: This map is the result of overlapping five maps from 1810 till 2010. The small roads are taken away for a better look to the growth of the built areas and main roads. The main roads stayed the same over 200 years. Also we can see the first core of the cities and the direction they have grown which is towards the roads and railway. Though the cities in Netherlands have grown alot, it seemed that German cities didn’t.


7X600 - Strategies Places by Marjan Sarab

and

Overlap Year: 1810 - 2010 Page Number: 13 Map Number: 12 Format: A3 Scale: 1:65000 Date: 07/31/2011 Explanation: the last map is the result of overlapping two maps from 1810 and 2010. The orange lines indicate 2010 and the green lines indicates 1810. If we take away the small roads (the map in the below), they look much the same. As we look at the map in the rieftght, we see 200 years has been past, Only in the small roads and small built units. They changed alot but the contours has stayed the same. It’s like the railway never existed.


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