impressionist realism
cubism modernism
Thomas Eakins Maurice Prendergast John Singer Sargent Winslow Homer Frederic Remington
Picasso Max Weber Arthur Dove Edward Hopper
!The Arts&Crafts Movement Art Nouveau " and
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The early 1900’s
The popular style of the late 1800‘s in middleclass English and American homes was Victorian.
Victorian style favored heavily ornamented interiors with many pieces of furniture and numerous collections of small ornamental objects on display.
Most surfaces were covered with fringed cloths or fabrics with a variety of patterns and colors. Everything was decorated, from the walls to the floors to the furniture.
of or relating to the reign of Queen Victoria: a Victorian house.
Characterized esp. by a stifling and prudish moral earnestness.
The industrial revolution had made cheaply made, mass produced goods affordable to the middle class, so everything from furniture to clothing to dinnerware and home decorations were acquired and collected. This was the beginning of what we would now call consumerism.
These goods often imitated expensive goods associated with the upper classes but the quality was inferior to durable hand crafted clothing, pottery, furniture and home decor.
Advertising also became common
for the first time for household Advertising also became common for Advertising also became common for Advertising also became common for Advertising also became common Advertising also became common for for and consummer goods.
Love Aunt Patsy
The Industrial revolution also brought about negative changes to modern society. In addition to the poor-quality, mass-produced goods that filled peoples homes,
The quest for high profits and to meet high demand had brought unhealthy and unsafe working conditions in many factories. Poor pay, long hours and child labor were common.
Reaction
William Morris Simplicity. Good Craftsmanship. Good Design. He was the founder of the Arts and Crafts Movement in America
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Well known British poet, artist and architect rejected vision of opulence
$The Arts & Crafts Movement Morris influence was widespread and The Arts & Crafts Movement took root.
The basic beliefs that influenced the movement were these....
The Industrial Revolution separated humans from their own creativity and individualism.
That people were living in an environment of poor quality, machine-made goods, based more on ostentation than function.
That honesty in design couldn’t be found in mass-produced items
Sought to re-establish the ties between work and the worker.
Design should rely on the talent and creativity of the individual craftsman and attempt to create a total environment.
American Arts & Crafts Movement o Drew inspiration from the materials, choosing to
highlight the grain of the wood or the form of the pot.
o They incorporated walls of rich wood tones, relegating wallpaper to borders.
o o
Paints were in rich earth tones.
Furniture and architectural details were designed to take advantage of machines allowing the individual craftsmen to assemble the furniture and finish the wood.
o The use of machines lowered the cost, making the furniture, pottery and metalwork affordable and therefore available to "the people".
American Arts and crafts practitioners created not only beautiful objects but also sought to promote a healthy and morally uplifting lifestyle. In many cases utopian communities of craftsmen sprang up adopting the medieval guild as their model.
The British Arts & Crafts Movement is distinct from the American movement in significant ways
# o In England, the movement was focused on the Gothic Style
Focused on the gothic style.
o Their interior walls were either white-washed or covered in wallpaper depicting medieval themes.
o
The pottery and textile designs were intricate, colorful and realistic.
o While the original intent was to provide handmade goods to the common man, the cost of paying craftsmen an honest wage resulted in higher prices than the common man could afford.
o This limited the movement to the upper class.
$The Arts & Crafts Movement
ART NOUVEAU
Art Nouveau is an international movement and style of art, architecture and applied art - especially the decorative arts- that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century. (1890–1905)
Art Nouveau was in many ways a response to the Industrial Revolution.
It was also a reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.
• Some artists welcomed technological progress and embraced the aesthetic possibilities of new materials such as cast iron.
Others deplored the shoddiness of mass-produced machine-made goods and aimed to elevate the decorative arts to the level of fine art by applying the highest standards of craftsmanship and design to everyday objects.
art historian Betty Brown, Phd
like Arts & Crafts, Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art," buildings, furniture, pottery, textiles, clothes, and jewelry all conformed to the principles of Art Nouveau.
It successfully created an international style based on decoration. It was developed by a brilliant and energetic generation of artists and designers, who sought to fashion an art form appropriate to the modern age.
The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha , when Mucha. He produced a lithographed poster to advertise the play Gismonda , which was a huge hit and when the poster was released on the streets, it created a wave of enthusiasm for the style that would become know as Art Nouveau. Initially it was called Style Mucha.
In the United States, the leading Art Nouveau artist was Louis Comfort Tiffany, (member of the famous Tiffany jewelry family) who developed a new way of producing iridescent and opalescent glass work. The Art Nouveau motifs can be seen throughout his successful line of glass products including lamps, vases and other glass forms.
During this extraordinary time, urban life as we now understand it was established.
victor horta hotel tassel staircase
Although Art Nouveau fell out of favor with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between the historicism of Neoclassicism and the playfulness of modernism.
Art Nouveau facilitated the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society.
This movement broke all connections to classical times, and brought down the barriers
Nouveau style experienced a revival through psychedelic art that flourished in the 60s and 70s.
The decorative arts styles of The Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau would influence Europe and North American from the early 1890’s until the first World War (1914) when the mood of the world became more somber.
k Historic Potteries of !
!The Arts&Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau "
Historic Art Potteries of the Arts & Crafts movement and Art Nouveau Arc-En Ciel Pottery (Brighton Pottery Company) (1903 - 1907) Zanesville, OH, USA
Grueby Pottery (Grueby Faience, Grueby Faience & Tile) (1894 - 1919) Boston, MA, USA
Peters & Reed Pottery Company (Zane Pottery) (1897 - 1941) South Zanesville, OH, USA
Arequipa Pottery (1911 - 1918) Farifax, CA, USA
Hampshire Pottery (1871 - 1923) Keene, NH, USA
Pewabic Pottery (1903 - 1965) Detroit, MI, USA
Avon Pottery (1886 - 1888) Cincinnati, OH, USA
JB Owens Pottery Company (1885 - 1891) Zanesville, OH, USA
Rhead Pottery (1913 - 1917) Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Brouwer Pottery (Middle Lane Pottery) (1894 - 1946) East Hampton, NY, USA
Jervis Pottery (1908 - 1912) Oyster Bay, NY, USA
Robineau (1904 - 1916) Syracuse, NY, USA
Buffalo Pottery (Buffalo China) (1901 - 1956) Buffalo, NY, USA
Jessie Louise Clapp Syracuse, NY, USA
Roblin Art Pottery Company (1808 - 1906) San Francisco, CA, USA
Byrdcliffe Pottery 1903 - 1928) Woodstock, NY, USA . Cambridge Art Pottery (Guernsey Earthenware) (1900 - 1933) Cambridge, OH, USA
JW McCoy Company (Loy-Nel-Art, Brush-McCoy, Brush Pottery) (1899 - 1911) Roseville, OH, USA
Rookwood Pottery (1880 - 1967)Cincinatti, OH
Lonhuda Pottery (1892 - 1895) Steubenville, OH, USA
Roseville Pottery Company (1890 - 1954) Roseville, OH, USA
Clewell (1906 - 1955) Canton, OH, USA
Losanti (1877 - 1906) Cincinnati, OH, USA
Shawsheen Pottery (1906 - 1911) Billerica, MA, USA
Clifton Art Pottery (Clifton Porcelain Tile Company) (1905 - 1914) Newark, NJ, USA
Low Art Tile Works (J&JG Low Art Tile, JG&JF) (1883 - 1902) Chelsea, MA, USA
Stockton Art Pottery (Stockton Terra Cotta) (1894 - 1900) Stockton, CA, USA
Cook Pottery Company (1894 - 1926) Trenton, NJ, USA
Marblehead Pottery (1904 - 1936) Marblehead, MA, USA
Teco Pottery (The Gates Potteries, American Terra Cotta ) 1886 - 1930) Terra Cotta, IL, USA
Cowan Pottery Studio (Cleveland Pottery & Tile Company) (1912 - 1931) Rocky River, OH, USA
Tiffany Pottery (Favrile Pottery, Bronze Pottery) (1898 - Now) LouCorona, NY, USA
Craven Art Pottery (Jervis) (1904 - 1908) East Liverpool, OH, USA
Matt Morgan Pottery Company (1883 - 1884) Cincinnati, OH, USA . Merrimac Pottery Company (Merrimac Ceramic) (1897 - 1908) Newbury Port, MA, USA
Dedham Pottery (Chelsea Keramic Art Works) (1867 - 1943) Chelsea, MA, USA
Newcomb Pottery (1895 - 1939) New Orleans, LA, USA
Volkmar Pottery (1882 - 1911) New York, NY, USA
Denver China & Pottery Company (1901 - 1905) Denver, CO, USA
Niloak Pottery (1909 - 1949) Benton, AK, USA
Walley Pottery (1898 - 1919) West Sterling, MA, USA
Edwin Bennett Pottery (Brubensul, Albion) (1856 - 1938) Baltimore, MD, USA
Norse Pottery (1903 - 1913) Edgerton, WI, USA
Walrath Pottery (1903 - 1918) Rochester, NY, USA
Frackelton Pottery (1882 - 1903) Milwaukee, WI, USA
North Dakota School of Mines (1892 - Now) Grand Forks, ND, USA
Weller Pottery (1872 - 1949) Fultonham, OH, USA
Fulper Pottery (1860 - 1955) Flemington, NJ, USA
Overbeck Pottery (1911 - 1955) Cambridge City, IN, USA
Wheatley Pottery Company (TJ Wheatley) (1880 - 1927) Cincinnati, OH, USA
George Ohr Pottery (1883 - 1909) Biloxi, MS, USA
Paul Revere Pottery (Saturday Evening Girls) (1906 - 1942) Boston, MA, USA
White Pottery (Denver Art Pottery) (1894 - 1955) Denver, CO, USA
Grand Feu Art Pottery (1912 - 1916) Los Angeles, CA, USA
Pauline Pottery (1883 - 1909) Chicago, IL, USA
Zanesville Art Pottery (Zanesville Roofing Tile) (1896 - 1920) Zanesville, OH, USA
Van Briggle Pottery (1901 - Now) Colorado Springs, CO, USA
ROOKWOOD&POTTERY
Text
The$Rookwood$pottery$ of$cincinnati3$ohio$was$ founded$in$1880$by $Maria$Longworth$ Nichols$
Text
She$was$inspired$by$the$Japanese$designs$she$saw$in$the$Centennial$Exhibition$ in$Philadelphia$in$1876$and$Mariah$began$to$dream$of$changing$the$perception$ that$America$was$hundreds$of$years$behind$Europe$in$design.$
her$father$was$a$real$estate$millionaire$and$arts$patron$$named$Joseph$ Longworth.$Maria$asked$him$to$put$up$the$money$for$her$own$pottery.$
She$believed$that$the$key$to$creating$fine$art$was$to$create$an$environment$filled$ with$“talent3$ideas$and$inspiration$“.
Please, Father.
OK, Maria.
She$hired$a$team$of$famous$artists3$talented$art$students$and$glaze$technicians$ and$encouraged$them$to$exchange$ideas.$
Most$importantly3$she$encouraged$her$employees$to$be$creative3$to$try$new$ subjects3$new$techniques$and$new$mediums.$Whatever$inspired$them$to$create$fine$ art.
Through$years$of$experimentation$with$glazes$and$kiln$temperatures3$ she$eventually$built$her$own$kiln3$hired$a$number$of$excellent$chemists$ and$artists$who$were$able$to$create$highPquality$glazes$of$colors$ never$before$seen$on$massPproduced$pottery.
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34 5 6 Rookwood$was$the$first$to$gain$artistic$ recognition$and$respect$for$the$United$ States.$In$18893$the$pottery$was$ awarded$the$First$Prize$Gold$Medal$at$ the$Paris$Exposition$winning$a$$total$of$ 6$awards This$was$a$shock$to$the$international$ artistic$community$who$had$never$really$ paid$much$attention$to$American$ceramics. In$less$than$a$decade$after$starting$as$ a$hobby$pottery$shop3$Rookwood$had$ grown$to$become$a$company$with$an$ international$reputation$for$ceramic$ excellence.$This$recognition$forever$ changed$the$international$perception$ of$american$ceramics.$
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Pewabic Pottery i Detroit, MI
â?Ś Pewabic Pottery was founded in 1903 by Mary Chase Perry (later Mary Chase Perry Stratton) and her partner, Horace Caulkins (developer of the Revelation Kiln), at the height of the Arts & Crafts movement in America.
â?Ś The Pottery's first home was a stable on Alfred Street in Detroit. Four years later, Pewabic Pottery moved to a new facility on East Jefferson designed by architect William Buck Stratton in the Tudor Revival style.
Mary Stratton
An important figure in Detroit's artistic and cultural life. was a founding member of the Detroit Arts & Crafts Society and later served as a trustee of what is now the Detroit Institute of Arts. She established the ceramics department at the University of Michigan, taught students in Wayne State University's ceramic program and received honorary degrees from both schools in recognition of her accomplishments. In 1947, she received the coveted Charles Fergus Binns Medal, the nation's highest award in the field of ceramics.
Under the direction of Mary Chase Perry Stratton, Pewabic Pottery produced nationally renowned vessels, tiles, and architectural ornamentation for public and private installations and later, when the Depression reduced the demand for costlier wares, ceramic jewelry featuring Pewabic's unique iridescent glazes.
Works fabricated by Pewabic Pottery can be seen throughout the United States in such places as;
National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., the Nebraska State Capitol the Science Building at Rice University Herald Square installation commissioned by the New York Metro Transit Authority.
In Michigan, Pewabic installations can be found in countless churches, schools, commercial buildings and public facilities public spaces and private residences Pewabic art pottery can also be found in many private and public collections including the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Freer Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
â?Ś In 1991, the building (which still houses the Pottery) and its contents were designated a National Historic Landmark and today is Michigan's only historic pottery.
Stratton died in 1961, but the pottery continued to operate for another five years under the direction of her former assistant.
In 1966, ownership was transferred to Michigan State University, which operated Text the Pottery as part of Text its continuing education program.
In 1979, the private nonprofit Pewabic Society was established to administer the Pottery's operation, and in 1981 Pottery ownership was transferred to the Society, whose board of trustees continues to serve as the Pottery's governing body. The Society soon began work to restore the building and revitalize the Pottery's design and fabrication program.
Today Pewabic Pottery is a museum and institution with active education, exhibition and design and fabrication programs. The Pottery fabricates heirloom quality architectural tiles for public and private installations, gift and commemorative tiles, vessels, gardenware, ornaments and both reproductions and adaptations of its historic designs. It offers classes, workshops, lectures, internships and residency.
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VAN&BRIGGLE&POTTERY
Newcomb Pottery New Orleans, LA
In 1895 Newcomb Pottery was established under the direction of Ellsworth Woodward. The pottery was operated in conjunction with advanced art courses offered by Newcomb College. Woodward brought in recognized artists Mary G. Sheerer as co-director and Joseph Meyer as potter.
Until 1925 most Newcomb Pottery was thrown by Joseph Meyer based on designs prepared by Miss Sheerer. Completed pots were decorated by the women in the Newcomb's art department. Newcomb Pottery always operated as studio pottery and never operated as a large-scale production pottery.
Paul Cox was brought to Newcomb Pottery in 1910 to improve the quality of the clay and glazes. Cox developed the soft, waxy semi-matte glazes that Newcomb Pottery became famous for during its transitional period of production. Cox was with Newcomb Pottery until 1918.
From the 1920s until the late 30s Newcomb Pottery continued to produce quality art pottery. Works from this period typically were carved florals, oak trees, and Spanish moss decorations in relief on medium blue grounds. Newcomb Pottery closed in 1940.
Grueby Faience Co. Boston, MA
Grueby Faience Co. Boston, MA
Founded by William H. Grueby (1867-1925), a practicing ceramist who became fascinated by the matte glazes he saw on French pottery exhibited in
Chicago at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. He returned to Boston, opened his own business, and spent five years perfecting his own matte glazes, which he
Grueby perfected a variety of colors, including yellow, aqua, and pink. But it was the Grueby green that became a sensation.
By 1905 Grueby won numerous awards at international expositions and their pottery was available at Tiffany in New York where clients selecting furniture for an entire room could see it all assemlbed on a trial basis in one of the studios provided for that purpose. Financial problems led Grueby into bankruptcy in 1909. He reformulated the company and continued to make tiles and architectural ceramics for more than ten years after that.
Biloxi Art and Novelty Pottery, George Ohr
george ohr pottery “Mad Potter of Biloxi”