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Table of Contents Step 1.0-1.2:

Object Analysis, Research & Written paper

Step 2:

Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic 4-28

Step 3:

Connotative Images: Photographic : Photographic

29-43

Step 4:

Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract

44-58

Step 5:

Image Collage Compositions 59-63

Step 6:

Text Compositions: Digital Type

64-71

Step 7:

Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type

72-77

Step 8:

Lines/Rules compositions 78-80

Step 9:

Poster Designs

81-83

Tools are more than an extension of the human body. Tools not only

an Oregon-based businessman, had sought a solution to an indus-

aid the everyday human experience but have also influenced the

trial problem (Alfred). A factory worker would need a great deal of

advancement of humanity. Most of our modern tools are archaic,

hand-eye coordination to line up the flat head screwdriver and the

as the Romans had access to most of our current hand tools

slot (Alfred). Such a process would lead to a loss of time as well as

(Rybczynski). However, the screwdriver is absent from the collec-

product and money made. Phillips bought a patent from inventor

tion of ancient hand tools. A screwdriver, with a tip that specifically

J.P. Thompson for a deep X-slotted screw (Soniak). Phillips would

fits the head of the crew, is a tool used for driving in screws (Bellis).

further refine and patent the design in 1936 of what is known today

Although the screwdriver is an invention of just the past millennium,

as the Phillips screw (Soniak). The pointed tip of the Phillips head

the screwdriver greatly shaped our current technological society.

screwdriver and the X-shaped slot on the top of the screw make

The screwdriver was likely invented in Germany (Rybczynski). The Housebook of Wolfegg Castle, published between 1475 and

the rotations centered and unlikely that the screwdriver would slip out (Soniak). However, the X-shaped slot is shallow enough that

1490, makes reference to the screwdriver (Rybczynski). Thus

the screwdriver does slip out when the screw is fully tightened

the screwdriver was likely created in the late 15th century

(Soniak). Similar to Robertson’s square screw design, Phillip’s design

(Rybczynski). Early screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and

prevented damage to the screw and product as avoiding over

flatheads meant for slotted screws (Soniak). Metal screws, as we

torqueing (Soniak). Phillips was able to get the American Screw Co.

know them today, likely have been in use since the 15th century

to spend on developing a manufacturing process for the Phillips

(Soniak).

screws (Alfred). In 1936, American Screw Co. worked with General

Early screws were expensive due to the difficulty in production (Soniak). In 1770, Jesse Ramsden invented the first screw-cutting

Motors to use the Phillips screws in their Cadillac car (Alfred). Amazingly, by 1940 85% of American automakers had switched to

lathe (Bellis). In 1797, Henry Maudslay created a large screw-cutting

Phillips screws (Soniak). The success in the automotive industry led

lathe that allowed for mass-production of correctly sized screws

to the Phillips screw and screwdriver being used during the Second

(Bellis). During the Industrial Revolution, American inventor David

World War on several of the wartime equipment and vehicles

Wilkinson created machinery that allowed for mass-production of

(Soniak). In 1923, Black & Decker produced the first electric

threaded metal screws (Bellis). Thus the screw became easy to pro-

screwdriver (Eblin). Today, the most popular electric screwdriver

duce and became more popular and widespread (Bellis). However,

uses a rechargeable battery (Eblin).

the flat slotted screw and flathead screwdriver continued to be prominent (Bellis). Handheld screwdrivers began to appear after 1800 (Bellis).

The typical screwdriver is comprised of a handle, shank, blade and tip (Rosario pg. 82). Screwdrivers are classified based on their tip and the type of screw they drive (Rosario). To effectively drive

In 1908, Canadian P. L. Robertson invented the square-drive

a screw, it is essential to match the size of the screw recess to the

screwdriver (Bellis). By 1909, Robertson had patented the square-

screwdriver tip (Rosario). The length of the shank and width of the

drive screwdriver as the “first recess-drive type fastener practical for

tip determine Flathead screwdriver sizes (Rosario). Longer shanks

production usage” (Soniak). An advantage of the square screwdriver

on a screwdriver mean wider screwdriver tips and the larger the

over flathead screwdrivers is that the tip would not slip out of the

screw that can be used (Rosario). Shaft lengths commonly range

screw’s head during rotation (Bellis). Robertson’s square-drive

from 1 to 12 inches with tip widths of 3/32 to 1/2 inches (Rosario).

screw was vital for American manufacturers as these companies

Phillips screwdrivers five sizes from 0 to four with shaft lengths of 1

were slowly adopting mass production methods (Soniak). The

to 8 inches (Rosario). Flathead tips that are wider than the head of

square-drive screws saved time and money as time needed to

the screw can mar the surface surrounding the screw (Rosario). In

align screws, effort to realign slipped screws and the stripping

contrast, tips that are too small can slip out and damage the screw

of screws were all reduced (Soniak). Robertson had lost the rights

head or the surface surrounding the screw (Rosario).

to his invention when he was handling licensing with England companies (Soniak). Roberston would then have to go through

When driving screws into wood surfaces, creating properly sized pilot holes will allow screws to self-feed and requires less effort

great efforts and large sum of money to retrieve his rights (Soniak).

to drive the screws in (Rosario). One would begin by twisting the

The Ford Motor Company used 700 square screws for their popular

screw into the pilot hole (Rosario). One would then grip the handle

Model T cars (Bellis). When Ford sought a licensing agreement from

of the screwdriver in the palm of one hand and with the other hand

Robertson, Robertson dismissed the license and refused other

grasp the shank above the tip (Rosario). Then one would direct the

companies (Soniak). Thus the widespread U.S. adoption of the

tip of the screwdriver into the screw’s recess (Rosario). One would

Robertson square-drive screw stalled (Soniak).

keep both the screw and screwdriver level and rotate the handle

Without the square-drive screw, Henry Phillips Henry F. Phillips,

as one repositions their grip (Rosario). Gradually, one would

Step 1.0-1.2: Object Analysis, Research & Written paper 3

as one repositions their grip (Rosario). Gradually, one would

Work Cited

increase the torque of the screwdriver (Rosario). During the course of centuries, the screwdriver has developed several cultural connotations. The screwdriver is often attributed

Alfred, Randy. “July 7, 1936: Get a Grip — Phillips Screws Up the Toolbox | WIRED.” Wired.com. Conde Nast

as being a multi-functional tool. The multifunctional aspect of the

Digital, 05 July 0011. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://www.

screwdriver is reflected with the Screwdriver cocktail drink. The

wiredcom/2011/07/0707phillips-screw-patent/>.

origins of orange juice and Vodka cocktail drink are blurry, although all stories involve an individual using a screwdriver to stir his drink

Bellis, Mary. “History of Screws and Screwdrivers.” About.com

mixture (Hare). However, not all associations with screwdrivers are

Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://inventors.

positive. For example, Phillips screws and screwdrivers are often

about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/screwdriver.htm>.

associated with frustration due to their incessant slippage, cam-out and stripped screw recesses (Rybczynski). Handheld screwdrivers

Capotosto, Rosario. “Tool Techniques: Screwdriver Basics.” Popular

and screws were originally meant to improve the industrial process

Mechanics Dec. 1996: 82-83. Print.

(Soniak). However, eventually screwdrivers and screws made their way to the consumer (Soniak). Thus screwdrivers are not only

Eblin, Jennifer. “About Electric Screwdrivers.” EHow. Demand Media,

associated with the mass-production process but also with the

20 Jan. 2009. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://

toolboxes of craftsman.

www.ehow.com/about_4727439_electric-screwdrivers.html>.

Although the screwdriver is a late bloomer compared to other hand tools, the screwdriver has advanced humanity’s mass-pro-

Hare, Amber. “History 101: Why Vodka Screwed the

duction process and technology. The invention of the square-drive

Orange.” Examiner.com. N.p., 11 July 2011. Web. 03

screwdriver paralleled the innovation in human transportation of

Nov. 2014. <http://www.examiner.com/article/

the Ford Motor Company Model T cars. While the invention of the

history-101-why-vodka-screwed-the-orange>.

Phillips screwdriver paralleled a progression in human mass-production efficiency. The significant innovations of the screwdriver

Rybczynski, Witold. One Good Turn: A Natural History of the

are often quietly dampened by the quiet context of the toolbox.

Screwdriver and the Screw. New York: Scribner, 2000. Print. Soniak, Matt. “Screw This, Screw That: Why We Have Different Types of Screws.” Mental Floss. N.p., 21 Jan. 2011. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/26929/ screw-screw-why-we-have-different-types-screws>.

Step 1.0-1.2: Object Analysis, Research & Written paper 4

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Light source 5

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Light source 6

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Light source 7

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Light source 8

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Light Source 9

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Negative vs. positive space 10

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Negative vs. positive space 11

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Negative vs. positive space 12

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Negative vs. positive space 13

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Negative vs. positive space 14

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Shadows 15

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Shadows 16

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Shadows 17

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Shadows 18

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Shadows 19

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Object as parts or pieces 20

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Object as parts or pieces 21

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Object as parts or pieces 22

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Object as parts or pieces 23

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Object as parts or pieces 24

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Position or angle 25

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Position or angle 26

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Position or angle 27

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Position or angle 28

Step 2: Literal/Denotative Image Representation: Photographic Position or angle 29

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Screwed 30

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Screwdriver 31

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Screwball 32

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Screwing 33

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Speed 34

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Strength 35

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Simple 36

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Archaic 37

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Reflective 38

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Mechanical 39

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Frustration 40

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Multi-functional 41

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Repair 42

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Mass Production 43

Step 3: Connotative Images: Photographic Toolbox 44

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Illustrator live trace from photographic reference 45

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Freehand line drawing organic 46

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Line drawing vector hard crisp line (geometric) 47

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Fat Marker 48

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Pattern 49

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Icon 50

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Stencil 51

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Photo halftone dot pattern 52

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Rubber stamp effect 53

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Crappy zerox copy 54

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Pointillist 55

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Digital pixelated 56

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Distorted digital abstraction 57

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Hybrid 58

Step 4: Connotative Image Representation: Stylistic and Abstract Photogram 59

Step 5: Image Collage Compositions Shadow 60

Step 5: Image Collage Compositions Negative & Positive space 61

Step 5: Image Collage Compositions Position or angle 62

Step 5: Image Collage Compositions Texture 63

Step 5: Image Collage Compositions Pattern 64

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Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Text as Caption 66

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Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Text as Title 67

Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Text as Title 68

Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Text as Integrated 69

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Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Text as Integrated 70

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Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Letter as object 71

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Step 6: Text Compositions: Digital Type Word as Object 72

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Caption 73

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Caption 74

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Title 75

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Title 76

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Integrated 77

Step 7: Physical Type: LetterMPress and Papercraft Type Text as Integrated 78

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Step 8: Lines/Rules compositions Text as title 80

Step 8: Lines/Rules compositions Text as integrated 81

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D IRVIIVNI G IT H N G IT OM DR HO E M E

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the tip of the screwdriver into the screwâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recess. Keep both the screw and screwdriver level and rotate the handle. Gradually, increase the torque of the screwdriver.

grasp the shank above the tip. Then direct

W RE palm of the hand and with the other hand

AS THE E IEST TO S ND C E E A S I ES T RE L AD TH T W OAN O SC OOL

Grip the handle of the screwdriver in the

Begin by twisting the screw into the pilot hole. When driving screws into wood surfaces, creating properly sized pilot holes will allow screws to self-feed and requires less effort to drive the screws in.