URBAN INHALE Design Realization Summer 2019 Studio 3B
01 NARRATIVE. CONTEXT. DESIGN NOISE
Impact and movement
page 6
Mechanical model of a human body
page 7
SILENCE
Potential quiet areas in Europe
page 8
Potential for silence by country
page 9
SITE ANALYSIS
Site selection
page 10
Location
page 11
Noise mapping in Copenhagen
page 12
Mapping of quiet areas in Copenhagen
page 13
Possible infill sites in Copenhagen
Noise mapping on the site during day and night
page 16
Noise mapping on the site
page 17
page 14 - 15
BUILDING DESIGN
Key design principles
Plans
page 18 - 19 page 20 - 22
Section
page 23
02 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE
Construction material selection
page 25
Structural grid
page 26 - 27
Detail development - design for disassembly
page 28 - 29
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES
Sound level mapping
page 30
Facade development
page 31
Facade material selection
page 32
Material testing
page 33
Material recycling circle
page 34
Glass facade development
Timber facade development
page 40
Exterior wall cladding
page 41
Horizontal window detail 1-5
page 42
Intermediate floors
page 43
Acoustic ceiling panels
page 44
Interior walls
page 45
page 35 - 39
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
URBAN INHALE
Detail 1. Eave 1-5
page 46
Detail 2. Vertical window detail 1-5
page 47
Detail 3. Wooden sound diffusers 1-5
page 48
Detail 4. Foundation 1-5
page 49
STREET NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES
page 50
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND PROJECT SCHEDULE
page 51
03 BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SHARED LIVING
page 53
VENTILATION
Ventilation strategies
page 54
THERMAL PERFORMANCE
page 55
Construction U-values
BUILDING OPERATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND ESTIMATION
Possible solar renewables and possible passive heating and electricity strategies
page 56
LIGHTING
Natural lighting - daylight analysis
page 57
Light filtering
page 58
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Possible indoor plant species
page 59
04 APPENDIX
URBAN INHALE
01
Narrative. Context. Design
URBAN INHALE
Mankind has never yearned for silence as the focus of his being more than we do in our era of surreal and hysterical consumption and speed Juhani Pallasmaa
URBAN INHALE
NOISE. IMPACT AND MOVEMENT NOISE LEVEL CHART
Immediate physical damage
Hearing damage from short-term exposure
WHO guidelines for healthy noise level in bedrooms during the night
180
160
Rocket launch Pistol shot
150
Fireworks
140
Shotgun blast
130
Jet engine 25 m away
120
Rock concert. Thunder
110
Car horn
100
Blow dryer. Subway. Helicopter
90
Motorcycle. Lawn mower
80
Factory. Noisy restaurant. Vacuum cleaner
70
Car. City traffic
60
Conversation. Dishwasher
50
Light traffic
40
Refrigerator
30
Whisper
20
Watch ticking. Rustling leaves
10
Pin dropping
0
Healthy hearing threshold
EU INDICATORS FOR NOISE POLLUTION Lden= 55dB
SOUND MOVEMENT PRINCIPLES THROUGH MATERIAL Transmission
Absorption
Reflection
Lnight= 50dB
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF MATERIALS
α=0
α=1
100%
100%
100%
SOUND MOVEMENT PRINCIPLES THROUGH AIR
α
URBAN INHALE
NOISE. MECHANICAL MODEL OF A HUMAN BODY
PREFRONTAL CORTEX - 110 Hz
HEAD (AXIAL MODE) - 30 Hz
CHEST WALL - 75 Hz
ABDOMINAL MASS - 8 Hz
SPINAL COLUMN - 10 Hz
MECHANICAL MODEL OF A HUMAN BODY
URBAN INHALE
SILENCE. POTENTIAL QUIET AREAS IN EUROPE1
Main implicators for quiet areas are: terrain, population density and infrastructure density 1 Agency, E. E., 2016. Quiet areas in Europe. The environment unaffected by noise pollution.
URBAN INHALE
SILENCE. POTENTIAL FOR SILENCE BY COUNTRY1
Although Denmark is not the loudest country, it is lacking in the potential of offering silent areas to its residents. That is mainly due to the flat landscape and high density of the population as the countries that hold the highest potential for quiet are either mountainous for example Norway, or sparsely populated like Iceland. 1 Agency, E. E., 2016. Quiet areas in Europe. The environment unaffected by noise pollution.
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. SITE SELECTION DENMARK
HOVEDSTADEN REGION
MAPPING OF INFILL LOCATIONS IN COPENHAGEN
2 km
By inhabiting the gaps between buildings, Copenhagen can gain 7841 m2 of footprint per 3,13 km2. It adds up to 220 372 m2 in footprint and 881 488 m2 (on average 4 floors) of living space if the ground floor is left free to keep the accesses to the courtyards.
URBAN INHALE
Fa
lko
ne
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lle
SITE ANALYSIS. LOCATION
Ã…g
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e
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. NOISE MAPPING IN COPENHAGEN
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. MAPPING OF QUIET AREAS IN COPENHAGEN CRITERIAS FOR QUIET AREAS
TYPE
Acoustic indicators
Functional
Size
INDICATOR
RANGE CRITERIA - URBAN dB
RANGE CRITERIA - OPEN COUNTRY dB
Leq(24 h)
40
25 - 45
Lden
50 - 55
-
Lday
45 - 55
30 - 40
Recreation
Moderate intensive activity
Passive activity
Nature protection
Moderate
Priority
Health protection / restoration
Health protection
Restoration priority
100 - 100 000 m2
0,1 - 100 km2
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. POSSIBLE INFILL SITES IN COPENHAGEN
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. POSSIBLE INFILL SITES IN COPENHAGEN
URBAN INHALE
SITE ANALYSIS. NOISE MAPPING ON THE SITE DURING DAY AND NIGHT
Målforhold Dato Signaturforklaring Veje i by, 4m © Styrelsen for Dataforsyning og Effektivisering Ortofoto fra COWI
COWI har den fulde ophavsret til Sommer ortofotos (DDO®land). Det er kun tilladt at tage kopier eller udprinte ortofotos (DDO®land) til dit eget private brug indenfor husstanden, eller hvis din instutuion har købt brugsrettigheder hos COWI. Øvrig kommerciel anvendelse er ikke tilladt og vil kunne retsforfølges.
URBAN INHALE
over 75 dB 70-75 dB 65-70dB 60-65 dB 55-60 dB
1:2267 07-06-2018
SITE ANALYSIS. NOISE MAPPING ON THE SITE FALKONER ALLE 116, COURTYARD
dB
60
60
30
30
0
0
30
30
60
60 Sec
0
60
120
180
240
• • •• • • • ••• ••• •• • • •• ••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••
FALKONER ALLE 116, STREET
dB
60
60
30
30
0
0
30
30
60
60 Sec
0
60
120
180
240
• • •• • • • ••• ••• •• • • •• • • •••• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING DESIGN. KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Empty sites between buildings are almost always used as access points to the courtyards. In this project it was also important to leave the ground floor open as some people access their homes from the back side of the buildings. Also instead of closing the courtyards off from the pedestrians, these infill points can act as frames or gates inviting people to discover these gardens. The courtyards can become quiet havens in the contrast to the loud streets and can offer people undiscovered alternative routes through the city.
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING DESIGN. KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The program of the building is a shared housing, where the kitchen, the laundry room and the livingroom would be shared among the tenants but every one would have their own room where they can get to without going through the shared facilities. The occupants would have their own private rooms. Much like in a monastery, the life revolves around a courtyard, which in this infill project is stretched upwards creating a vertical garden through the building.
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING DESIGN. PLANS GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
F
G
F
G
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
URBAN INHALE
B
C
D
E
BUILDING DESIGN. PLANS THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
F
G
F
G
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
FIFTH FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING DESIGN. PLANS SIXTH FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
F
G
SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN 1-100
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
URBAN INHALE
B
C
D
E
BUILDING DESIGN. SECTION SECTION 1-100 + 33.180
Detail 1. Eave 1-5 + 26.300 + 25.500
+ 22.000
+ 22.000
Detail 2. Window 1-5
+ 18.500
+ 18.500
Acoustic ceiling panels
Interior walls
cad-block.com
+ 15.000
+ 13.750
+ 11.500 + 10.700
Intermediate floors
+ 8.000
+ 8.000
+ 4.500
+ 4.500
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
URBAN INHALE
02
Building construction. Noise control strategies
URBAN INHALE
INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE. CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SELECTION COPENHAGEN TOWNHOUSE ANALYSIS
Internal timber structure
PROPOSAL
Proposed internal timber structure
External brick skin
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INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE. STRUCTURAL GRID LOAD BEARING TIMBER FRAMES
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LOAD BEARING TIMBER COLUMNS
INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE. STRUCTURAL GRID PRIMARY TIMBER BEAM STRUCTURE
SECONDARY TIMBER BEAM STRUCTURE
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INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE. DETAIL DEVELOPMENT - DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY ROOF DETAIL
Load bearing gluelam frame
Primary timber beam structure
Secondary timber beam structure Oak wood columns
ROOF DETAIL PRECEDENTS
Otaniemi Chapel by Heikki and Kaija Siren
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Archery Hall and Boxing Club by FT Architects
INTERNAL CORE STRUCTURE. DETAIL DEVELOPMENT - DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY SLAB DETAIL
Oak wood column
Timber flooring
Secondary timber beam structure
Primary timber beam structure Oak wood column
Oak wood column
Secondary timber beam structure
Steel pegs
Primary timber beam structure
The entire internal timber structure, both the roof and the slabs, is put together using this detail. Steel pegs are used instead of wooden ones, which makes the assembling and disassembling easier.
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. SOUND LEVEL MAPPING DESIRED INDOOR SOUND LEVEL CHART
Shared space - 40 dB
Bedroom - 30 dB
Bedroom - 30 dB
Bedroom - 30 dB Bedroom - 30 dB
Livingroom - 50 dB
cad-block.com
Bedroom - 30 dB
Dining room - 50 dB Kitchen - 50 dB
Bedroom - 30 dB
Bedroom - 30 dB
Falkoner Alle during the night: Falkoner Alle during the day: Traffic frequency:
65 dB 75 dB 700 - 1300 Hz
Courtyard during the day: Courtyard during the night:
50 dB 55 dB
As the main noise source on the site is the traffic, all the external facade solutions have to be designed for the traffic frequency band of 700 - 1300 Hz. Internally, the home appliences can also be extremely loud.
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. FACADE DEVELOPMENT DOUBLE FACADE SYSTEM
Double facade
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages in sound insulation The space in between could be used as little balconies Additional sun protection could be added into the created space Has a positive effect on heat insulation
Reduces visibility from inside to outside Takes up space that could otherwise be used inside Reduces the amount of daylight reaching the interior space
WINDROSE AND THE EFFECT OF WIND ON THE SOUND MOVEMENT Direction of the wind
Soundwaves are bent upward upwind of the source
Sound source
Soundwaves are bent downward downwind of the source
Glass + clay double facade
WINDROSE AND THE EFFECT OF WIND ON THE SOUND MOVEMENT
Timber
Wind
75 dB
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. FACADE MATERIAL SELECTION MATERIAL MAPPING
MATERIAL
WEATHER RESISTANCE
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
SUITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT
MAINTENANCE
RECYCLABILITY
WEIGHT
FLAMMABILITY
Clay
Very good
Reflective surface but because of high density works well as sound insulation
Very good
Low maintenance
Used as it is / crushed
Heavy
Not flammable
Wood
Needs to be treated or protected
Absorbing but because of low density does not work that well as sound insulation
Very good
High maintenance
Reusable to certain extent, usually downcycled or burned
Quite heavy
Flammable but created a protecting coal layer
Cork
Good
Great acoustical properties. Sound absorbing
Foreign material
Requires some maintenance
Reusable to certain extent
Light
Flammable but does not produce flame
Glass
Very good
Reflective surface but because of high density works well as sound insulation
Good
Low maintenance
Endlessly recyclable
Quite heavy
not flammable
Plastic
Very good
Depends very much on the type of plastic and how it is used
Not suitable
Low maintenance
Recyclable
Light
Highly flammable
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. MATERIAL TESTING MATERIAL TESTING
Empty 500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
Moss 74 dB 68 dB
500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
Foam 500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
-0 dB -4 dB
74 dB 64 dB
-0 dB -4 dB
68 dB 62 dB
-6 dB -6 dB
Felt 74 dB 65 dB
-0 dB -3 dB
73 dB 61 dB
-1 dB -7 dB
Cork 500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
Leather 74 dB 64 dB
500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
73 dB 61 dB
-1 dB -7 dB
64 dB 50 dB
-10 dB -18 dB
68 dB 62 dB
-6 dB -6 dB
Wood diffuser
Dry seaweed 500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
Wet seaweed 500 Hz: 1000 Hz;
Wood diffuser gave by far the best results from all the materials tested.
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. MATERIAL RECYCLING CIRCLE TIMBER RECYCLING CIRCLE Glass is thrown into a recycle bin
Transportation Glass is sent back to be used
Glass is taken to the glass treatment plant
Transportation Glass blocks are collected and cleaned
Transportation Transportation Because the blocks are opened to the weather, they will crack and break over time
Glass is sorted by color and washed
Manual labour Glass blocks are installed on the facade
Glass is moulded into new products
Glass is crushed and melter
GLASS RECYCLING CIRCLE Tree is growing in the forest, absorbing CO2
If recycling is not possible anymore, the timber is usually burned and the amount of CO2 the wood collected during growing, will be released. The used material is collected and cleaned
Manual labour
The products are used
The tree is cut down and sawn into logs
Transportation
Transportation Transportation Transportation The material will be designed into new products or reused the same way
The products are then used as they are or used as a raw material for new designs
In a sawmill the timber is processed into products, which are then sold as raw material
Manual labour Transportation
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. GLASS FACADE DEVELOPMENT GLASS FACADE EXPLORATIONS
TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS
REFERENCES
Casting glass bottles
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Sauna and bathhouse by Raumlabor Large amount of glass bottles to be used as resource
Concrete
Heavy weight of the facade Heavily reduced visibility from the inside
Honesty about the materials Heavily reduced natural light Good sound insulation due to the density of the wall
Can not be disassembled due to the use of concrete
Bottles
Stacking pieces of glass
Art work by Danny Lane Large amount of glass pieces to use as resource Easy principles of stacking the material
Heavy weight of the facade Heavily reduced visibility from the inside Heavily reduced natural light
Can be disassembled Good sound diffuser
Labor intensive, which makes it expensive
Glass pieces Wire
Stacking glass blocks
Maison Hermes by Renzo Piano
Metal frame
Quite substantial amount of glass blocks could be collected and reused from
Reduced visibility from the inside
old factories
Reduced natural light
Good sound insulation properties
Not that easy to disassemble
Atmospherical light filtering
Reused glass blocks
Glass blocks on wires
Wire
Quite substantial amount of glass blocks could be collected and reused from old factories Good as sound insulation and diffuser Visibility from the inside and access of the natural light can be regulated by rotation of the blocks Can be disassembled
Reused glass blocks
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. GLASS FACADE DEVELOPMENT DENSITY RULES FOR THE GLASS FACADE Closed facade
45° facade
Bedroom
90° facade
open facade
Livingroom
Working space
REUSED GLASS BLOCKS OVER TIME AND THE EFFECT ON SOUND DIFFUSION
Time Rain water is allowed to run down the glass blocks creating different atmospheres with rain and frost.
URBAN INHALE
Cracks that are created by having the blocks exposed to the weather add extra angled surfaces improving sound diffusing qualities of the facade over time.
Broken blocks can easily be replaced. Pieces are then taken to glass recycling centre, where they will be crushed, melted and moulded into new products.
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. GLASS FACADE DEVELOPMENT ROTATION OF THE BLOCKS One wire
Two wires stop the rotation
Rotation
GLASS FACADE SECTION
Stoppers
Steel profile Strained wire 4mm
Reused glass blocks
Stoppers
Strained wire 4mm
Reused glass blocks
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NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. TIMBER FACADE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES OF QUADRATIC DIFFUSION Quadratic diffusion is a method of diffusion that is consistent and offers diffusion in multible dimensions. The panels consist of series of wells with different depths that are based on quarter wavelength calculations (1/4 λ). Well width is based on half wavelength (1/2 λ), chosen width of the panel and prime seed. EXAMPLE: Chosen diffusor width: Chosen diffusor depth: Prime seed:
70 cm 40 cm 7
Speed of sound: Diffused frequency:
344 m/s1 1000 Hz2
Width of wells: 10 cm Depth of wells: 1. 5,7 cm 2. 22,9 cm 3. 11,4 cm 4. 11,4 cm 5. 22,9 cm 6. 5,7 cm 7. 0 cm Bandwidth: 305 - 2098 Hz
10 cm
WOODEN FACADE SECTION
Airgap to let the wood dry Steel profile Bolt fixer
Steel peg
Wooden blocks
1 2
Speed of sound through air: 344 m/s Usual road traffic spectrum: 100 - 5000 Hz; with maximum energy around third octave band 1000 Hz
URBAN INHALE
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. EXTERIOR WALL CLADDING PRECEDENTS FOR THE SHAPE OF THE CLAY TILES - MUQARNAS Muqarnas is a form of ornamented vaultng used in islamic architecture. Studies and testings have shown that they also play an important role in the acoustics of the room as they work as sound diffusers as well as Helmholz resonators.1 The facade solution described in this project is highly simplified and is only one out of many possibilities. The aim of this part of the project is to suggest that the patterns of muqarnas would be something we could learn from in designing sound absorbing and diffusing facades. The tiles could be produced using 3D printing.
Ceiling of Alhambra palace
Muqarnas in Ali Qapu palace music hall
Islamic patterns of muqarnas
CLAY TILE FACADE SECTION
Helmholz resonator is a method of absorbing a narrow frequency band from broadband sound waves. The incoming sound waves at a particular frequency (specified by the dimensions of the cavity neck and volume) are affected by the springiness of the air inside the cavity. The incoming sound tries to squeeze the air in the cavity, but the air resists, this interaction causes a range of sound waves to behave like a mass on a spring, whose motion is dissipated (absorbed) over time. 1
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. HORIZONTAL WINDOW DETAIL 1-5
Sound movement
Sound absorbing material
Reused glass blocks on wires
Two windows with an air gap
Sound absorbing material Loadbearing glulam frame Timber frame 50x50 mm + insulation Timber frame 170x50 mm + insulation Wind barrier board Airgap 3D printed sound absorbing clay tiles
URBAN INHALE
2x100x250 mm 50 mm 170 mm 50 mm 30 mm 30 mm
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. INTERMEDIATE FLOORS CLOSED CONSTRUCTION
Smooth ceiling Sound absorption
Sound reflection
EXPOSED CONSTRUCTION
Sound reflection Sound diffusion
Sound absorption
OTHER FLOORING EXPLORATIONS INSPIRED BY ANECHOIC CHAMBERS
Floor on springs
Grating as flooring, attached to the walls
Floor hanging from the ceiling
Exposed structure is chosen as instead of only absorbing it also diffuses the sound. Absorbing material is added for extra sound control and rubber strips are placed on top of the beams to stop the noise moving through the construction. Flooring inspired by anechoic chambers were disregarded because of the practical nature of dwelling typology. Sound absorbing foam under the floor would gather dust which would be difficult to remove.
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. ACOUSTIC CEILING PANELS DETAIL DEVELOPMENT
Wood pieces are slided into matching grooves
Wood pieces are glued into the grooves
MATERIAL
Wood pieces are pressed into the grooves between two rubber bands
A cut is sawn into the wood pieces and then they are pressed into trapezoidal grooves
PRECEDENT
Sclera pavilion by David Adjaye
CEILING PANEL SECTION
Sound diffusing ceiling panels are designed over the noisiest rooms - the livingrooms and the kitchen. Reclaimed timber wall cladding is used as the timber boards have generally quite fixed width of 25 mm. The ceiling will end up having a quite unique aesthetics as every single board will have traces of old paint.
URBAN INHALE
NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES. INTERIOR WALLS DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
Rubber patch
Timber 45x45 mm Plywood 18 mm Plywood 9 mm Gap filled with fabric pieces
HORIZONTAL WALL SECTION 1-5
Wood 45x45 mm
Rubber patch
Sound absorbtion for noise control
Plywood Sound insulation - old fabric pieces Plywood Sound insulation - old fabric pieces Plywood
18 mm 38 mm 9 mm 38 mm 18 mm
Reflecting sound waves for acoustic comfort
Diffusing sound waves for noise control
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. DETAIL 1. EAVE 1-5
Triple layer glass in frame
Steel flashing
Rain water gutter
Net against insects
Reused glass blocks on wires
Loadbearing glulam frame Plywood Timber frame 50x50 mm + insulation Vapor barrier Timber frame 170x50 mm + insulation Wind barrier board Airgap 3D printed sound absorbing clay tiles
URBAN INHALE
2x100x250 mm 22 mm 50 mm 170 mm 50 mm 30 mm 30 mm
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. DETAIL 2. VERTICAL WINDOW DETAIL 1-5
Reused glass blocks on wires
Two windows with an air gap
Sound movement
Sound absorbing material
Loadbearing glulam frame Plywood Timber frame 50x50 mm + insulation Vapor barrier Timber frame 170x50 mm + insulation Wind barrier board Airgap 3D printed sound absorbing clay tiles
2x100x250 mm 22 mm 50 mm 170 mm 50 mm 30 mm 30 mm
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. DETAIL 3. WOODEN SOUND DIFFUSERS 1-5
Reused glass blocks on wires
Water proof layer
Water proof layer
Rain water gutter
Net against insects Flashing Wooden sound diffusers
Sound movement
Concrete wall
URBAN INHALE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. DETAIL 4. FOUNDATION 1-5
Sound movement
Wooden sound diffusers
Water proof layer
Layer of rubber cubes to absorb the traffic vibration Drainage
Micropile foundation - Piles should be used because in Copenhagen, being a seaside city, the ground conditions are more difficult - Micropiles are chosen because they can be installed in narrow conditions - Micropiles can also be used to secure the foundation of surrounding existing buildings if needed
Traffic vibrations
URBAN INHALE
STREET NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES RULES FOR REDUCING NOISE LEVELS ON THE STREET USING SOUND DIFFUSERS
Absorbing material
Diffuser
Absorbing material
Diffuser
Sound diffusers based on quadratic residue sequence and designed for the usual road traffic frequency spectrum (1000 Hz).
The relative surface of the diffusers on the walls of the street has to be larger than 20%.
The effect is stronger when the diffusers are located on the lower part of the building facades - closer to the noise sources.
The effect is stronger when sound absorbing material is added to the diffusers.
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SOUND DIFFUSERS ON THE STREET NOISE
Study by J. Picaut, H. Hoosam Eldien and A. Billon called “An experimental study of acoustic diffusers to reduce noise in urban areas”.
FACADE AESTHETICS PRECEDENTS
Perforated double facade Won and Won 63.5 by Doojin Hwang Architects
Brick work could be used to create sound diffusers responding to necessary frequencies Department of radio and television University of Silesia by Baas arquitectura, Grupa 5 architekci
By using some strategies it would be possible to turn busy streets a bit more quiet. One strategy is to add sound diffusers to existing buildings. Another is that local city municipalities should have a rule to every new building erected next to a busy road that sound absorbing material or sound diffusing facade solution (correspondent to traffic frequencies) has to cover at least 20% of the facade of the proposed building.
URBAN INHALE
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND PROJECT SCHEDULE PROJECT SCHEDULE
1. MONTH
2. MONTH
3. MONTH
4. MONTH
5. MONTH
6. MONTH
Collecting and cleaning the reused materials Structural analysis of existing buildings Prefabrication of the timber elements Removing asphalt
Drilling the piles
Excavation work
Communication tracks
Foundation
Formwork
Reinforcement
Pouring the concrete + time to let it harden Ground floor walls
Formwork
Reinforcement
Pouring the concrete + time to let it harden Erecting the timber construction Exterior walls
Openings
Elevator
Exterior cladding + interior walls + interior floors Interior works
Pipes
Electricity
Double facade
External works
Pavement
Vegetation
URBAN INHALE
03
Building performance
URBAN INHALE
ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SHARED LIVING PROPOSAL
FLOOR
USEFUL AREA
PROGRAM
NUMBER OF PEOPLE Maximum
Ground floor
5,3 m2
Open access way to the courtyard Bicycle parking Room for operational technologies 5,3 m2
First floor
43,2 m2
Wardrobe Storage Utility room with a washing machine
Second floor
52,5 m2
Two bedrooms Shared bathroom
Third floor
49,8 m2
Shared kitchen Shared livingroom Shared dining room
Fourth floor
53,5 m2
Shared livingroom Bedroom Bathroom
Fifth floor
52,5 m2
Two bedrooms Shared bathroom
Sixth floor
58,1 m2
Two bedrooms Shared bathroom
Seventh floor
40,8 m2
Shared space Shared working space
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF PEOPLE: 12 Shared facilities: Private rooms:
144,6 m2 205,8 m2
Shared facilities: Private rooms:
144,6 / 12 = 12,05 m2 205,8 / 12 = 17,08 m2
30 m2 per person
Minimum
MINIMUM NUMBER OF PEOPLE: 8 Shared facilities: Private rooms:
144,6 / 8 = 18,01 m2 205,8 / 8 = 25,7 m2
43,7 m2 per person
AVERAGE SIZES OF DWELLING AREA PER PERSON IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES DENMARK: SWEDEN: UK: NETHERLANDS: GERMANY: FINLAND:
51 m2 44 m2 44 m2 41 m2 40 m2 36 m2
Shared housing was chosen as a typology for this project, where main facilities like the kitchen and laundry room are shared among the tenants. This typology has economical advantage as well as the benefit of saving resources. It also allows people to live with smaller number of square meters per person. In this project, in case of maximum number of people, each one has 30 m2, which is lower than the average in Denmark of 51 m2.
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VENTILATION. VENTILATION STRATEGIES GENERAL VENTILATION SCHEME
1. STACK VENTILATION
Openable roof part; hot air outflow
Common areas are ventilated by natural stack ventilation. Fresh air enters through side openings and hot air leaves through openings in the roof.
2. SINGLE-SIDED VENTILATION
cad-block.com
Openable window part Hot air outflow
Openable window part Hot air outflow
cad-block.com
cad-block.com
Openable window part Fresh air intake
Openable window part Fresh air intake
Individual rooms are ventilated by single-sided natural ventilation.
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THERMAL PERFORMANCE. CONSTRUCTION U-VALUES CONSTRUCTION U-VALUES
CONSTRUCTION
U-VALUE
Exterior wall
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
7 5
8 9
6
Rsi = 0,13 Plywood Insulation Vapor barrier Insulation Wind barrier Air gap Clay tiles Rso = 0,04 Air gap Reused glass blocks
d
λ
22 mm 50 mm 0,5 mm 170 mm 30 mm 30 mm 30 mm
0,13 0,032 + wood bracing 0,13 0,032 + wood bracing 0,13 0,032 0,96
600 mm
4 3 1
2
U = 0,14 W/m2K
Floor above the ground
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7 6 5
Rso = 0,04 Wooden flooring Air gap Wind barrier Insulation Vapor barrier Insulation Wooden flooring Rso = 0,10
d
λ
22 mm 30 mm 30 mm 170 mm 0,5 mm 100 mm 22 mm
0,13 0,032 0,032 + wood bracing 0,13 0,032 + wood bracing 0,13 0,13
4 3 1
2
U = 0,13 W/m2K
Roof d 1 2
Wood frame Glass roof
λ
250 mm 1,0
2
1
U = 1,0 W/m2K
EQUATIONS
U=
1 Rsi + Rso + R1 + R2 + R3
U - thermal transmittance R - thermal resistance
R=
d λ
For homogeneous construction d - material thickness λ - insulation capacity of a product
R=
R´T + R´´T 2
For non-homogeneous construction R´T - highest limit value of thermal resistance (the worst moment in the construction) R´´T - lowest limit value of thermal resistance (the best moment in the construction)
Both wall construction and floor above the ground floor meet the Passivhaus standard of 0,15 W/m2K. The U-value of the roof is as good as the best U-value of a glass, which is far from the standard. Still the glass roof is kept as it is an important part of creating atmospheric lighting.
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BUILDING OPERATIONAL ENERGY DEMAND ESTIMATION. POSSIBLE SOLAR RENEWABLES AND POSSIBLE PASSIVE HEATING AND ELECTRICITY STRATEGIES CALCULATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENERY DEMAND AND CO2 FOOTPRINT
ENERGY USE BY PASSIVHAUS STANDARDS
REGULATED ENERGY DEMAND
REGULATED CARBON EMISSIONS
Space heating 15 kWh/m2a
15 x 420 = 6300 kWh/y
6300 x 0,13 = 819 kgCO2/year
Hot water 35 kWh/m2a
35 x 420 = 14 700 kWh/y
14 700 x 0,13 = 1911 kgCO2/year
Regulated electricity 30 kWh/m2a
30 x 420 = 12 600 kWh/y
12 600 x 0,339 = 4271,4 kgCO2/year
Total regulated
33 600 kWh/y - 80 kWh/m2
7001,4 kgCO2/year
This calculation is based on passivhaus standards which is not quite accurate for this project but because of the lack of information in that field, it is used to create benchmark values. Building floor area: 420 m2 Typical CO2 fuel intensity electricity DK: 0,339 kgCO2/kWh district heating: 0,13 kgCO2/kWh Because the project is located in the dense urban area of the city of Copenhagen, it makes sense to use district heating and hot water.
CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CO2 REDUCTIONS FROM POSSIBLE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY USE BY PASSIVHAUS STANDARDS
REGULATED ENERGY DEMAND
REGULATED CARBON EMISSIONS
PV
36 x 95 x 0,9 = 3078 kWh/y That is 9,2% from total energy demand
3078 x 0,339 = 1043 kgCO2/y That is 14,9 % of total CO2 reduction
Solar Thermal
36 x 475 x 0,9 = 15 390 kWh/y That is 45,8% from total energy demand
15 390 x 0,13 = 2000,7 kgCO2/y That is 28,6 % of total CO2 reduction
Possible maximum area of the renewables on the roof: 36 m2 2 Each m of PV generates about 95 kWh of electricity per year in Denmark Each m2 of evacuated tubes generate about 475 kWh of heat per year in Denmark As the roof is not facing directly to the south but is turned 60° to south-east, there is a 10% reduction in energy production
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
Vertical solar panels Copenhagen school by C. F. Møller
Harvesting energy from sound waves Competition proposal by Julien Bourgeois, Oliver Colliez, Savinien de Pizzol, Cedric Dounval and Romain Grouselle
Neither PV nor PVT panels are used in this project for multible reasons: 1. There is no suitable directly south facing roof surface, which means that any technology placed on the roof is not used to its fullest potential. 2. The roof area where renewables could be installed is not that big. 3. Vertical solarpanels could be used on the south facing wall but placing the panels in a 90 degree angle is not optimal for energy production.
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LIGHTING. NATURAL LIGHTING - DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS NECESSARY LIGHT LEVELS FOR OCCUPANT COMFORT
FUNCTION
LIGHT LEVEL
Bedroom
300 lux
Livingroom and dining room
200 lux
Kitchen
300 lux
Utility room
300 lux
Reading room
500 lux
SUN POSITION
DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - SECOND FLOOR1 Daylight factor 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00
DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - FIFTH FLOOR1 Daylight factor 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00
The building receives eastern morning light from the courtyard side and late evening light from the street side. The rooms on the courtyard side are better lit as they are less protected by the external facade due to the lower level of noise. The street side however is covered more with the external glass block facade only having some openings for straight views outside. To improve the natural lighting on the lower levels of the building, bigger openings should be designed into the external facade that would then lower the sound protection. 1 VELUX Daylight Visualizer was used for the daylight studies.
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LIGHTING. LIGHT FILTERING LIGHT FILTERING PRECEDENTS
Tautra Monastery by Jensen and Skodvin Architects
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Otaniemi Chapel by Heikki and Kaija Siren
Light of Life Church by Shinslab Architecture + IISAC
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. POSSIBLE INDOOR PLANT SPECIES EXAMPLES OF RECOMMENDED INDOOR PLANT SPECIES
PLANT SPECIES
NOISE REDUCTION QUALITIES
AIR FILTERING QUALITIES
LOCATION IN THE BUILDING AND MAINTANANCE
Peace Lily Spathiphyllum wallisii
The leaves are glossy, veined and big enough to absorb but mainly to diffuse sound waves
Needs to be placed away from the cold; Needs to be placed to recieve indirect filtered sunligh; Watering once a week, drainage is important; Needs to be fertilized on a regular basis Rubber Plant Ficus Elastica
Wide-spacing and big leaves are good sound diffusers
Needs to be watered when the soil is dry, drainage is important; Needs to be placed to recieve indirect sunlight
Weeping Fig Ficus Benjamina
Large pointed leaves and arching branches are good sound diffusers
Prefers partially shaded, sunny spot; Cannot be moved around; Needs moderate watering; it is important to spray leaves with boiled warm water
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
FORMALDEHYDE
BENZENE
XYLENE
AMMONIA
printing inks paints lacquers, varnishes adhesives paint removers
paper bags waxed papers paper towels, napkins particle board plywood panelling synthetic fabrics
plastics, synthetic fibres rubber lubricants detergents, pesticides tobacco smoke vehicle exhausts, glue paint, furniture wax
rubber leather tobacco smoke vehicle exhausts
window cleaners floor waxes fertilizers
All the plants listed here are chosen because of their sound diffusing properties and because they don’t newed direct sunlight, which means they can also be placed behind the glass block facade.
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04
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY Cage, J., 1961. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press Agency, E. E., 2016. Quiet areas in Europe. The environment unaffected by noise pollution. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the Euro¬pean Union http://miljoegis.mim.dk/spatialmap?&profile=noise [Online] [Accessed 01 06 2018] How glass is recycled [Online] Available at: http://www.recycling-guide.org.uk/science-glass.html [Accessed 05 06 2018] Wehri, M., 2014. Recycling glass: Does color matter? [Online] Available at: https://recyclenation.com/2014/09/recyclingglass-does-col¬or-matter/ [Accessed 05 06 2018] Picaut, J., Hossam Eldien, H., Billon, A., 2010. An Experimental study of the use of acoustic diffusers to reduce noise in urban areas. Internoise 2010. Noise and sustainability. Lisbon, Portugal Kristensen, H., Houseing in Denmark [Online] Available at: http://boligforskning.dk/sites/default/files/Housing_130907. pdf [Accessed 20 04 2018] Macdonald, C., Nasa guide to air-filtering houseplants [Online] Available at: https://www.lovethegarden.com/community/ fun-facts/na¬sa-guide-air-filtering-houseplants [Accessed 10 02 2018] Passive House requirements [Online] Available at: http://www.passiv.de/en/02_informations/02_passive-houserequirements/02_pas¬sive-house-requirements.htm [Accessed 06 06 2018] PICTURES Picture of Otaniemi Chapel by Heikki and Kaija Siren Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1d/8a/e3/1d8ae30768dd682948a0ccccd46d114b.jpg Picture of Archery Hall and Boxing Club by FT Architects Source: https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/09/dezeen_Archery-Hall-and-Boxing-Club-by-FT-Architects_6.jpg Picture of sauna and bathhouse by Raumlabor Source: http://www.uncubemagazine.com/sixcms/media.php/1323/GB_changingroom_4_jl.jpg Picture of art work by Danny Lane Source: https://c1.staticflickr.com/6/5458/9144956056_ef5c7ece9a_b.jpg Picture of Maison Hermes by Renzo Piano Source: https://i.pinimg.com/236x/f3/c7/8c/f3c78c5daaf3da52829572b9380b13ec--renzo-piano-apartment-interior.jpg Picture of the ceiling of Alhambra palace Author: Mihkel Tüür Picture of muqarnas in Ali Qapu palace music hall Source: https://i1.wp.com/makezine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ali-qapu-music-room-wall-620x414. jpg?resize=620%2C414 Picture of sclera pavilion by David Adjaye Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ve d=2ahUKEwiU-OGt08PbAhUNYVAKHRaqAO0QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest. com%2Fpin%2F572801646328998167%2F&psig=AOvVaw27oOhjeGdplaZ2evKJ5mgP&ust=1528533008102566 Picture of anechoic chamber Source: https://media-bell-labs-com.s3.amazonaws.com/pages/20150406_0058/anechoic_psychoacoustic.jpg Picture from the experimental study Source: Picaut, J., Hossam Eldien, H., Billon, A., 2010. An Experimental study of the use of acoustic diffusers to reduce noise in urban areas. Internoise 2010. Noise and sustainability. Lisbon, Portugal Picture of Won & Won 63.5 by Doojin Hwang Architects Source: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/51228514488808590/?autologin=true Picture of Department of radio and television University of Silesia by Baas arquitectura, Grupa 5 architekci Source: https://divisare.com/projects/387166-baas-arquitectura-grupa-5-architekci-biuro-projektowe-maleccy-adriagoula-jakub-certowicz-de¬partment-of-radio-and-television-university-of-silesia#lg=1&slide=12
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APPENDIX
Picture of Copenhagen school by C.F. møller Source: https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2017/08/Copenhagen-International-School-CF-Moller-2889x592.jpg Picture of: Competition proposal by by Julien Bourgeois, Olivier Colliez, Savinien de Pizzol, Cedric Dounval and Romain Grouselle Source: https://inhabitat.com/soundscraper-transforms-vibrations-from-city-noise-pollution-into-green-energy/ soundscraper-generates-energy-noise-pollution-6/ Picture of Tautra Monastery by Jensen & Skodvin Architects Source: https://byggmesteren.as/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Tau-kirke1_web.jpg Picture of Otaniemi Chapel by Heikki and Kaija Siren Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/7c/1f/80/7c1f80f5b5d45e8a9d66f7a1081f7f30.jpg Picture of Light of Life Church by shinslab architecture + IISAC Source: https://www.archdaily.com/577516/light-of-life-church-shinslab-architecture-iisac/548ca9a9e58eceb16f0000450img_6129rawr-001-jpg
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Create silence! Bring men to silence! Søren Kierkegaard
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