Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Tucson, Arizona
April 20151 Number 74, File 12
Archaeological Investigations in the Río Sahuaripa Region of Eastern Sonora, Mexico John Carpenter, Ph.D. Centro INAH Sonora
View of northern Mexico’s Sierra Madre Occidental from Matarachi, looking east toward Chihuahua
The Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y la Sierra Central (Sahuaripa River and Central Mountains Archaeological Project) of the Centro INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) Sonora represents the first systematic archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin, located in the extreme eastern margins of Sonora (Maps 1 and 2 in Old Pueblo Archaeology bulletin No. 74, File 2 – see Footnote 2 below). This project encompasses the region between approximately Guaguasari, in the municipio of Yécora, and where the principal tributary arroyo arises in Think about this: the Sierra Madre Occidental, northward to just beyond the BatoHow does eastern Sonora archaeology comachi Ranch, situated at the confluence of the Río Sahuaripa and relate to that of the U.S. Southwest? Río Yaqui, in the municipio of Sahuaripa. The project area roughly Also in this issue: comprises an area approximately 100 kilometers north to south by some 50 kilometers east to west (ca. 62 x 31 miles), or a total of Castlehill Country Day School 4th Graders at some 5000 square kilometers (1,022 square miles) and includes the OPEN3 Simulated Excavation............. 10 portions of the municipios of Arivechi, Bacanora, Sahuaripa and Upcoming Activities ..................................... 13 Yécora. Maps to accompany Dr. Carpenter’s article in this file ........................................ File 2, p. 15 1 2
Issue no. 2 for the 2013 membership year. Due to production difficulties this issue was not actually published until 2015. File 2 of this issue contains maps referred to in Dr. Carpenter’s lead article about the Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y la Sierra Central.
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A view of the Río Sahuaripa
The primary research objectives include: 1) Reconstruct the cultural-historical occupation of this region; 2) identify and define the cultural transitions manifest between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeological traditions previously defined by Richard Pailes; 3) define the southwestern limits of the Paquimé (Casas Grandes) interaction sphere; 4) examine the role this region played in regional and long distance exchange systems; 5) investigate the timing and nature of Opata-Pima interaction and/or intrusions; 6) document late Prehispanic sociopolitical organization; and 7) confirm the possible routes of the earliest Spaniards to traverse northwestern Mexico as well as document evidence for early seventeenth and eighteenth century Colonial/Historic period mining and ranching activities. Geographical and Environmental Setting The Sahuaripa River valley (see Map 2 in File 2, and photo on this page) is located approximately 300 kilometers (187 miles) south of the Arizona border and lies within what is among some of the most rugged terrain within the Sierra Madre Occidental physiographic province. The valley represents the easternmost of the series of parallel basins and ranges that comprise a significant portion of Sonora, and lies at an average elevation of 650 meters (1,430 ft). In its natural state, the vegetation presents a dense and exuberant Sinaloan thornscrub dominated by various species of acacia and trees such as palo blanco (Ipomea arborescens), guayacan (Guaiacan coulter), and several species of torote (Bursera sp.) along with mesquite and palo verde, and punctuated by the columnar etcho cactus (Pachycereus pecten-aborignum), with occasional cholla, prickly pear, agave and barrel cactus intermixed. Ascending to the upper elevations of the Sierra Madre above 1,400 meters (4,593 ft) to the east are woodlands with numerous species of pine, fir, and oak.
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Arivechi looking west towards Cerro Cabez n and Los Pilares
Previous Investigations Both Adolph and Carl Lumholtz offered general observations of the broader project area during the waning years of the nineteenth and nascent twentieth centuries. However, the first descriptions of archaeological remains in the Sahuaripa Basin were provided by the self-described archaeogeographers, Carl Sauer and Donald Brand, in their pioneering monograph Prehistoric Settlements in Sonora, with Special Reference to Cerros de Trincheras, where they documented two habitation sites and indicated that this zone also denoted the southeastern limits of red-on-buff ceramics (the signature ware of southern Arizona’s Hohokam culture) and was located in what they perceived as part of the Río Sonora archaeological tradition, which had been described a few years earlier by Monroe Amsden. In the late 1930s, Gordon Ekholm conducted a brief reconnaissance in this region, documenting a total of nine sites within the valley and extending into the High Sierra to the east, including the two previously mentioned by Sauer and Brand. Ekholm also carried out limited testing and excavations of structures at his Site #55. Following a hiatus of 30 years, both Thomas Bowen and William Wasley of the Arizona State Museum recorded a few sites in the vicinity of Sahuaripa. A decade later, Victoria Dirst and William Doolittle conducted brief visits to the area in association with Richard Pailes’ field project in the Río Sonora. Also, during this approximate period, Charles Di Peso noted the importance of Sahuaripa with respect to the long-distance exchange network between the West Mexico/Aztatlán tradition and Paquimé.
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According to his reconstruction (Map 3 in File 2), this same route served as the routes taken by de Vaca, de Niza, Coronado and Ibarra; this route enters the Río Sahuaripa basin from the headwaters of the Arroyo Cedros to the south. Di Peso also tried unsuccessfully to persuade Jane Kelley to undertake research in this region, which he perceived to be critical with respect to regional developments (Jane Kelley, personal communication, 2013). Subsequently, Carroll Riley, utilizing both ethnohistorical data and the archaeological data emanating from the Río Sonora project, proposed the existence of nine “statelets”; including one Mesa Colorada artifacts and archaeological features identified as Sahuaripa, although curiously situated much further to the north in the Bavispe Basin (see Map 4 in File 2). Additionally, some 40 archaeological sites located within and surrounding the project area are Registered in the Centro INAH Sonora archives. These include a number of sites recorded during the 1990s as well as those sites previously recorded. Preliminary Project Results Regional reconnaissance (archaeological survey) projects offer the advantage of obtaining a great deal of information at relatively limited expense, and the first season was certainly successful in this regard. We were able to create a database that integrated the existing data with the new information documented in order to construct a preliminary regional culture history; cataloguing settlement types along with their associated artifact assemblages and the probable social, cultural, and chronological relationships evident between them. Although the information is as yet somewhat limited within each subregion, in the future we hope to continue additional regional reconnaissance, along with systematic full coverage pedestrian surveys with excavations among selected sites in order to explore the dynamics of the social networks present, community site hierarchies, and those sites pertaining to each archaeological or ethnographic tradition identified. Fifteen of the 39 archaeological sites we documented had been previously registered by INAH; however, 10 of these, primarily in the vicinity of Sahuaripa, had been completely destroyed as a result of construction activities, field-leveling, or raw material extraction. The site inventory (Map 5 in File 2) includes 16 sites with evidence of architectural remains ranging from isolated masonry walls to residential sites with an identifiable plaza (Mesa Colorada) and a minimum of 20 visible structures (Mesa Colorada and Buenavista); four rockshelters; six sherd and stone artifact concentrations; two rock art localities; and one site with several roasting pits and possible pithouses. Mesa Colorada (site SON L:16:10) (Map 6 in File 2, and Mesa Colorada figure above), situated adjacent to Sahuaripa, and Buenavista (SON P:4:2) (Map 7 in File 2 and Buenavista figure on page 5), located approximately 20 kilometers upriver (south) near the town of Arivechi (see photo on page 3), reflects the greatest degree of Prehispanic architectural complexity documented thus far, each with more than 20 visible structures located on the second and third alluvial terraces overlooking the Río Sahuaripa. The Mesa Colorada site also appears to have a plaza defined on three sides by mounded room-blocks (possibly indi-
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cating two stories), with a dry-laid cobble wall enclosing the northern end, situated at the highest third terrace portion of the mesa. Two obsidian artifacts were also recovered from Mesa Colorada. At both sites, structures are indicated by both single and double cobble alignments, often with contiguous rooms evident, and both sites share the same ceramic types, provisionally designated as Sahuaripa 1 in our type-variety analysis. A single fragment of a Glycymeris sp. shell bracelet and eight delicate beads of mother-of-pearl shell were recovered from the Buenavista site along with two tubular Mortar beads of green stone (see photos below). Buenavista artifacts and archaeological features At the southern end of the valley, near Onapa, another interesting site with surface architecture and at least two temporal components was documented (SON P:8:4) (see Map 8 in File 2 and upper left photo on page 6). A Prehispanic component consisting of at least 15 structures, primarily indicated by double cobble alignment foundations consistent with those elsewhere in the valley, are situated atop and surrounding a low hill. Interspersed, there are presumably historic structures composed of much larger foundation rocks and associated with early historic period majolica from Puebla and an horno feature with scoria. It seems likely that this site represents the protohistoric pueblo of Onapa where the Santa Rosalia de Onapa mission was established in 1677. Additionally, at the CaĂąada de la Arena petroglyph site (SON P:8:12) nearby, we documented what probably represents a Jesuit-style cross (see lower photo on page 6). Additionally, six sites composed of circular “corralitoâ€? rock structures were documented. Four of these were located within the mixed oak-conifer forest of the high sierra in the vicinity of Matarachi (see upper left photo on page 7). Artifacts were generally scarce among these sites, but included small grinding implements and at least one corrugated sherd. Corralito sites were also documented at the Cerrito del
Left, delicate shell beads found at the Buenavista site; right, tubular green stone beads found at Buenavista site; scale in each photograph is 5 cm (1.97 inches)
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Águila (SON L:15:4) site located at the confluence of the Yaqui and Sahuaripa rivers and at La Guacamaya (SON P:8:5), another archaeological site near Onapa. At El Salto (SON P:8:3) (see upper right photo on page 7), one of the four rockshelters recorded, we recovered the partial remains of two individuals (one male and one female) that had been recently disturbed by looters. Although ground stone and flaked stone artifacts were observed, no ceramics were present. Lastly, Los Zopoquis (SON P:4:8) reflects a unique site in comparison with those documented in the Río Sahuaripa valley. Here, sherd and flaked stone materials, along with the remains of numerous roasting pits, are distributed over an area of 300 Remnants of a structure at the Onapa site by 300 meters (984 x 984 ft) (see Map 9 in File 2 and lower left photo on page 7). The sherds collected are all of a light brown ware with a fine paste designated Los Zopoquis. This ceramic type probably antedates the Sahuaripa 1 type. A Cienega projectile point (see lower left photo on page 7) – a type first identified in southern Arizona – was collected, suggesting a possible affiliation with an Early Agricultural/Formative period (ca. 800 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.) occupation of the site. It is likely that this projectile point was manufactured at the site as retouch flakes of the distinctive chalcedony utilized in its manufacture were also present. Artifacts also included a Glycymeris shell fragment. Discussion Historic documents indicate that this region was occupied primarily by Eudeves (also referred to as Sisibotaris) with Pima Bajos (Nebomes) in both the southernmost portions of the Sahuaripa river valley around Onapa (also extending west into the Yaqui River basin) and in the High Sierra to the east (see Map 10 in File 2). For example, the Jesuit priest, Juan Nentvig, identified the Nebome as comprising the principal parishioners at the Mission of Santa Rosalía de Onapa, which was established in 1677. In the early to mid eighteenth century, groups of Jovas from the Río Aros region of the Sierra Madre were resettled from Nátora and Teópari to the valley at Sahuaripa, Santo Tomás, and Pónida due to the poor condition and length of the road connecting these communities, and to frequent Apache raids. With respect to the archaeological traditions, there is little doubt given their shared geographical distributions that a great degree of cultural continuity exists between the Río Sonora archaeological tradition and the Opata (collectively subsuming Eudeve, Teguima, and Jova groups) described by the Spaniards in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. I have previously proposed that Río Sonora repreJesuit cross petroglyph at Cañada de la Arena
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Left, El Datil artifacts and archaeological feature; right, El Salto rockshelter archaeological site
sents the northernmost extension of Cahitan-speaking peoples (ancestors of the Mayo and Yaqui) who inhabited the region between central Sinaloa and the Arizona border region (see Map 11 in File 2). The distinction between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeological traditions remains somewhat vague and illdefined bearing in mind that the Serrana tradition was initially identified as the Southern, or Alamos branch, of Río Sonora. In recognizing subtle distinctions evident in their respective ceramic assemblages, in 2007, Richard Pailes and I agreed upon the term “Serrana.” The preliminary data suggest that the Sahuaripa Valley settlements, between approximately Tacupeto and to the Los Tairices site beyond the confluence with the Yaqui River, predominantly reflect cultural affinities with the Río Sonora tradition and are tentatively dated to between 1200 and 1500+ C.E. The Onapa site appears to contain an early phase with architectural styles associated with Río Sonora/Serrana but with the large cobble structures probably dating to the protohistoric period associated with the historically documented Nebome occupation, and which may likely be indicative of territorial expansion from the Sierra Madre uplands. In regard to sociopolitical complexity and the concept of “statelets” proposed by Carroll Riley and advanced by Bill Doolittle’s interpretation of the Río Sonora settlement data, I have long considered myself among the ranks of the skeptics, suggesting in animated but friendly discussions with these esteemed colLos Zopoquis artifacts and archaeological features
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leagues that, in fact, the settlement data do not support their proposed site hierarchies but are consistent with a middlerange, or chiefdom, level of sociopolitico-economic organization; considering that Mesa Colorada and Buenavista reflect the largest residential sites documented within the Sahuaripa River basin suggests a settlement pattern consistent with the Moctezuma Valley (Matt Pailes, personal communication 2015). However, it is interesting to note that the early seventeenth century Jesuit missionary, Andrés Pérez de Rivas, first heard of the great cacique (chief) Sisibotari (see photo at left) while he was establishing missions among the Mayo (Yoreme) of southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa; in 1614, Sisibotari solicited Pérez de Ribas to send missionaries to his people, who reportedly inhabited 70 rancherías. However, missionization was delayed until 1627, when the missionary Pedro Méndez finally arrived and established missions in Sahuaripa, Arivechi, and Bacanora. This suggests that these locales fell within the dominion of Sisibotari, and would, minimally, have included a significant portion of the Río Sahuaripa valley and extended into the adjacent valley at Bacanora. Although anecdotal, this would seemingly suggest a more complex level of sociopolitical organization than has been documented in either the Sonora or Moctezuma River valleys, but remains to be confirmed by additional settlement data and excavation. Interestingly, we did not encounter any ceramic types associated with Paquimé (Casas Grandes), suggesting that this region remained outside of that interaction sphere. The few nonlocal artifacts encountered can more likely be attributed to transverse “regional” exchange and are not indicative of the long-distance exchange route linking West Mexico. Sisibotari, a native Sonoran culture hero The only evidence we have pertaining to the routes of the earliest Spaniards remains that of the battle fought by the Francisco Ibarra expedition and the inhabitants of Zaguaripa in 1654. We also believe that the Mesa Colorada site fits Baltesar de Obregon’s description and question Di Peso and Riley’s placing its location further north in the Bavispe Valley. Although, the sites in the Sahuaripa appear to be relatively small, they are densely distributed and suggestive of a significant number of inhabitants. However, we agree with Charles Di Peso that Ibarra was most likely following the recognized long-distance exchange route connecting West Mexico with Paquimé (as, we suspect, Cabeza de Vaca, Marcos de Niza and Coronado had followed previously). Conclusions Undoubtedly, this little-studied and poorly known region offers archaeological and historical data of extreme significance and importance for reconstructing the culture history of this portion of the Sierra of eastern Sonora. The data recovered during the 2014 field season represents a significant advance in our understanding of the archaeology of the Sahuaripa River valleys and the adjacent regions. Our preliminary interpretations of the artifacts and site data recovered during the initial field season represent a significant step in the archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin and adjacent
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regions and will need to be tested and evaluated through additional regional reconnaissance with systematic surveys, in conjunction with testing and limited excavations at selected sites during future field seasons. To date, we have documented occupations reflecting an approximate chronological range of circa 800 B.C.E. to the nineteenth century. Presently, we will need an additional season of regional reconnaissance to conclude this phase of investigation. Placing the Río Sahuaripa sites within their broader archaeological context will require additional site documentation in adjacent regions, including Bacanora to the west, and the Nátora, Tarachi, and Matarachi regions within the high Sierra Madre to the east.
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Moorish-style gazebo in the Arivechi plaza
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Castlehill Country Day School 4th Graders at the OPEN3 Simulated Excavation Tucson’s Castlehill Country Day School sent Old Pueblo Archaeology Center the card shown below and on the next page after teacher Renee Mattingly’s 4th grade class came to Old Pueblo on February 18, 2015, to participate in the OPEN3 simulated archaeological excavation. In her March 14 email giving permission for Old Pueblo to publish these photos, Ms. Mattingly wrote, “please feel free to use the photo for your bulletin. Thank you again for the wonderful experience at Old Pueblo Archaeology Center.” The Old Pueblo Educational Neighborhood (OPEN) program allows stuThe Picture rocks site makes the “Lifestyle of the Hohokam” come dents and adults to learn what archaeology is all about by excavation in alive for children who visit the site “OPEN3,” a full-scale model of an archaeological site. OPEN3 is a simulawith Old Pueblo Archaeology Center ted excavation site that archaeologists have constructed to resemble a southern Arizona Hohokam Indian ruin. It has full-size replicas of prehistoric pithouses and outdoor features that the Hohokam used for cooking, storage, and other (sometimes surprising) purposes. Students participating in the program get to learn and practice techniques used to excavate real archaeological sites. They are also exposed to scientific interpretation of how ancient people constructed their houses, what they looked like, ate, and believed in, and how they created beauty in their lives. Old Pueblo also offers our OPENOUT (Old Pueblo Educational Neighborhood Outreach) program in which professional archaeologists offer 45-60 minute presentations to children to show them how some aspects of everyday life have changed while others have stayed the same. Our OPENOUT presentations include Ancient People of Arizona, which gives kids an overview of how the Ancestral Pueblo, Mogollon, and Hohokam peoples lived; Lifestyle of the Hohokam, which introduces children to southern Ari-
Front of the thank-you card sent by Ms. Mattingly’s 4th grade class
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Inside of the card signed by Ms. Mattingly’s 4th graders
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zona’s Hohokam archaeological culture; and What is an Archaeologist? – a program designed to give children an idea of what archaeologists do, how they do it, and how they help us learn about past peoples. The hands-on materials and fun lesson plans in our OPENOUT programs bring archaeology and the past alive for children and are a perfect prelude for the OPEN3 simulated archaeological excavation. In addition to the OPEN3 and OPENOUT programs, Old Pueblo provides opportunities for organized children’s groups to go on guided tours to real archaeologiOld Pueblo Archaeology Center Past President Jim Trimbell demonstrates some of the skills cal sites. Heritage sites that required by archaeologists in Old Pueblo’s excavation at the Sabino Canyon Ruin near Tucson can be visited include the Picture Rocks petroglyphs site, Los Morteros Hohokam Village, and Vista del Rio Hohokam Village. Each youth tour is a guided visit that does not include archaeological excavation; participants are not allowed to collect artifacts. For details and pricing of our children’s education programs please visit Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s http://www.oldpueblo.org/programs/educational-programs/childrens-programs/ web page.
Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s Board of Directors as of April 2015 President: Monica Z. Young Vice President: Sam Greenleaf Secretary: Patricia Wiedhopf Treasurer: William Simington Other Board Members: Alexander Cook Lynda Klasky Paul Virgin Gwen Wooddell Executive Director (Volunteer): Allen Dart, RPA Editor of this Issue of Old Pueblo Archaeology: Allen Dart
Students from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan’s, Academy of the Sacred Heart posed at the labyrinth constructed at the Picture Rocks Redemptorist Renewal Center after their Old Pueblo Archaeology Center tour to the Picture Rocks petroglyphs site (behind them)
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Upcoming Activities ONGOING: The OPEN3 simulated archaeological dig, OPENOUT in-classroom education programs, and archaeological site tours for children
OTHER ACTIVITIES MAY HAVE BEEN ADDED! For updates and details please contact Old Pueblo Archaeology Center: 520-798-1201 info@oldpueblo.org www.oldpueblo.org
April 7, 2015 "Arts and Culture of Ancient Southern Arizona Hohokam Indians" free presentation by archaeologist Allen Dart for “Amazing Arizona” speaker series at Sierra Vista Public Library, Sierra Vista, Arizona*
April 11, 12, & 19, 2015 "Ancient Native American Pottery Replication Workshop: Corrugated Ware of the Mogollon Culture" class taught by ceramist Andy Ward at Old Pueblo Archaeology Center, Tucson.
William L. Deaver photo of Hohokam Tanque Verde Red-onbrown paneled “squash” jar, smudged with fire clouds
April 16, 2015 “Third Thursday Food for Thought” dinner & presentation, “The Billingsley Hopi Dancers” by Kenneth Zoll at Dragon’s View Asian Cuisine, 400 N. Bonita Ave., Tucson
Andy Ward photo of Mogollon corrugated pottery in the Eastern Arizona College collection
June 19, 2015 “Southwestern Rock Calendars and Ancient Time Pieces” free presentation by archaeologist Allen Dart at Woods Memorial Branch Library, 3455 N. First Ave., Tucson*
Photo of M. W. Billingsley and his group of Hopi Snake Dancers at the 1939 New York World’s Fair
LOOKING AHEAD: October 31 is the deadline to get tickets for the November 13 “Fundraising Raffle of a 2015 Ford Mustang - 50th Anniversary Edition – and Southwestern Art Works” by Tucson’s Jim Click Automotive Team & Old Pueblo Archaeology Center. Photo by Tom Herrick of an equinox “sun dagger” phenomenon on a Hohokam petroglyph in Pima County, Arizona
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The Río Sahuaripa in eastern Sonora, Mexico
Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Located at 2201 W. 44th Street in the Tucson Unified School District’s Ajo Service Center Mailing Address: PO Box 40577, Tucson AZ 85717-0577 info@oldpueblo.org www.oldpueblo.org 520-798-1201
Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s Archaeology Opportunities Membership and Discounts Program Archaeology Opportunities is a membership program for persons who wish to support Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s education efforts and perhaps even to experience for themselves the thrill of discovery by participating in research. Membership is also a means of getting discounts on the fees Old Pueblo normally charges for publications, education programs, and tours. Members of Archaeology Opportunities at the Individual membership level and above are allowed to participate in certain of Old Pueblo’s archaeological excavation, survey, and other field research projects, and can assist with studies and reconstruction of pottery and other artifacts in the archaeology laboratory. Membership benefits include a 1-year subscription to the Old Pueblo Archaeology electronic quarterly bulletin, opportunities to participate in Old Pueblo’s member-assisted field research programs, discounts on publications and archaeology-related items, and invitations and discounts for field trips and other events. Old Pueblo Archaeology is the quarterly bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation. Questions, comments, and news items can be addressed to editor Allen Dart at info@oldpueblo.org or 520-798-1201, or by mail to Old Pueblo Archaeology Center, PO Box 40577, Tucson AZ 85717-0577. For more information about Old Pueblo Archaeology Center please visit our web site: www.oldpueblo.org Your membership helps support Old Pueblo’s children’s education programs.