Discover Marquette University Research and Scholarship 2010
Solving
schizophrenia Marquette researchers lead the way to new treatments.
I approach each spring issue of Discover with anticipation and joy. How exhilarating to read about the range of research and scholarship being conducted by faculty at Marquette, and to consider its theoretical and practical impact. At a Catholic, Jesuit university, all that knowledge and insight ultimately finds its way back into our work with our students and comes to be inflected with special meaning. Research helps us understand how we might place our expertise and understanding in the service of others, and identifies the places where the world needs us to do our best work. That story gets told again and again in this issue. Neuroscientists search for cures to a debilitating disease, and create organizations to put those cures most quickly in the hands of those who need them. In moments of tremendous political and social strain, sociologists remind us of the cultural work it takes to recognize the human in one another. Engineers, with little fanfare, take responsibility for the safety of the infrastructures on which our daily lives depend. And legal, marketing and communication scholars, in their own ways, explore the possibilities and contradictions of living in a global consumer culture. Last year, faced with scarce federal research dollars, our faculty nonetheless applied for more external grants than ever before, and managed to increase the federal, state, foundation and corporation awards needed to continue their research. Marquette faculty have aggressively pursued, and won, federal stimulus dollars as part of the national effort to foster new research and technology transfer vital to the economy. On every front our work continues, always with a sense of wonder at what we find and what remains to be discovered. The following pages offer you just a sample of the important work being done at Marquette. There’s even more to learn about, and we hope you will go to marquette.edu/research or visit us in person.
John J. Pauly, Ph.D. Provost
Discover Marquette University Research and Scholarship
2 Solving schizophrenia Four professors are on two distinct paths with one noble purpose: develop pharmaceutical agents to battle a devastating disease.
6 Starstruck Dr. Christopher Stockdale’s fascination with supernovae could help us better understand the origins of the universe.
10 No longer safe at home Dr. Louise Cainkar explores life for Arab-Americans in a post-9/11 world.
12 Healing a heart break Dr. John LaDisa is working to create better medical devices for children and adults with cardiovascular problems.
14 Making a mark Dr. Irene Calboli tries to bring legal clarity to trademark advertising.
16 Slowing down Dr. Claire Badaracco examines the intersection of slow food, slow medicine and mass media.
Marquette RESEARCH IN BRIEF 18 Ensuring the reliability of transportation infrastructure 19 Examining global consumer culture Are enterprise software systems worth the money?
20 The puzzling problems of myofascial pain 21 What difference does a lawyer make? Pricing the priceless
22 Relieving muscle fatigue North Africa: where worlds collide
23 How to delay adolescent sexuality A new way to serve special needs
24 Marquette bookshelf 25 Research and scholarship at Marquette
Discover: Marquette University Research and Scholarship is published annually by the Office of Marketing and Communication. Editor: Nicole Sweeney Etter, nicole.etter@marquette.edu Designer: Joan Holcomb, joan.holcomb@marquette.edu Contributing writers: Andrew Brodzeller, Tim Cigelske, Brigid Miller, Joni Moths Mueller, Tim Olsen, Mary Pat Pfeil, Christopher Stolarski and Jay Sanders Cover: Image from iStockphoto.com
Marquette R esearch
Solving
schizophrenia By Christopher Stolarski
2
Discover
Four professors are on two distinct paths with one noble purpose: Develop pharmaceutical agents to help battle schizophrenia, one of the most devastating mental health disorders. And they’ve started their own drug companies to do it.
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Dr. David Baker sums up his business
and shifted his focus from the neurotrans-
“Drug repurposing is a relatively
experience before the launch of Promentis
mitter dopamine to another: glutamate.
new trend in pharmaceutical develop-
Pharmaceuticals in a word: “Zero.” Today
Through an arduous research process,
ment,” explains Sem, AviMed’s CEO.
he and his partner and fellow associate
he identified a unique brain mechanism
“Drug discovery is incredibly expensive.
professor of biomedical sciences, Dr. John
that releases glutamate in an unusual
Repurposing existing drugs is more cost-
Mantsch, have built a board of directors,
way that is critical to brain function —
effective and thus attractive to investors.”
hired a management team and established
and dysfunction.
corporate offices. Dr. Behnam Ghasemzadeh’s business
An ambitious researcher, Baker
Sem and Ghasemzadeh now are working on the “composition variants”
quickly began publishing and presenting
of these compounds. “We have provi-
acumen wasn’t much different. Ghasemzadeh,
his findings. Baker hypothesized the
sional patents on the use of the drug
also an associate professor of biomedical
significant role this mechanism could
compound,” Sem says. “Now we have to
sciences, never thought he’d be the chief
play in other neurological disorders,
alter the compound enough that we can
scientific officer of a pharmaceutical startup.
namely schizophrenia.
‘own’ it and improve upon it. It’s a much
His lone advantage: Dr. Dan Sem, an
Ghasemzadeh’s initial research also
stronger patent position.”
industry veteran and associate professor of
focused on addictions. About the same
chemistry. Out of their partnership came
time that Baker was making his glutamate
research and create a business venture,
AviMed Pharmaceuticals.
discovery, Ghasemzadeh uncovered a
Baker and Mantsch also sought Sem’s
Once they decided to apply their
These four Marquette scientists are in the throes of a burgeoning trend among research universities: pharmaceutical development. “We’re answering the burning question: ‘Where are the next treatments going to come from?’” Baker says. “Over the past five years, there has been a very real shift toward drug discovery and the licensing of drug compounds by university researchers.”
This is a way for faculty to advance their scholarship in a way that helps society.” Dr. John Mantsch
As the first pharmaceutical ventures to come out of Marquette, Promentis and AviMed are charting new territory. And though both companies are addressing
novel brain mechanism that could be
wisdom, as well as the counsel of Tim
the same neurological disease — schizo-
used to develop treatments for addiction
Keane, an angel investor and entrepreneur-
phrenia — they are taking decidedly
and other neurological disorders. He
in-residence at Marquette. Keane encour-
disparate approaches.
surmised that, based on their chemical
aged the duo to enter the university’s
properties, certain existing drugs that
annual business plan competition, which
already target this particular mechanism
they won.
From bench to business On the surface, it’s relatively simple: Promentis is developing new chemical
It was Sem, though, who recognized
The AviMed team entered the same competition a few years later and was
compounds to treat schizophrenia. AviMed
what Ghasemzadeh was trying to do.
named runner-up. It went on to earn
is repurposing existing drugs toward the
“It’s drug repurposing,” he told him. A
second place in the life sciences category
same end. How these companies got to
15-year industry veteran, Sem had co-
of the Wisconsin Governor’s Business
this point, though, isn’t as elementary.
founded another pharmaceutical upstart,
Plan Competition in 2009. AviMed is now
As a post-doctoral fellow studying the
4
could also be used to treat schizophrenia.
Triad Therapeutics, and developed sev-
forming its board of directors, which will
neurophysiology of addictions, Baker
eral drug molecules before coming
assist in raising venture capital funds for
bucked conventional scientific wisdom
to Marquette.
drug development.
Discover
Although headed by four undoubtedly brilliant minds, both teams have learned a great deal about the business of drug development. “People are really investing in your management team,” Baker says. “It can be difficult for investors to decipher the science.” Ghasemzadeh agrees: “It was critical that we involved individuals with knowledge of the science and business.”
Staying grounded None of the four is in this to get rich. All agree that their mission is to advance health. “This is a way for faculty to advance their scholarship in a way that helps society,” Mantsch says. “What if these really are the treatments that can save lives?” And both teams are acutely aware that lives are, in fact, at stake. Though it occurs in only 1 percent of the population, schizophrenia is so disruptive that most schizophrenics can’t function in society, and 10 percent commit suicide. The existing medications are so debilitating and ineffective that compliance rates are abysmal. “We’re still learning how devastating this disease is,” Baker says. “We spend more in the U.S. treating schizophrenia than on all cancers combined.” These four scientists have heard stories from those whose lives have been affected by the disease. They’ve received letters and e-mails from people with schizophrenia. They’ve seen beyond their lab walls and past their business plans. “The people — their stories,” Baker says soberly. “That’s what sustains us.” Multimedia:
“Molecules to man.” That’s how Dr. William Cullinan, dean of Marquette’s College of Health Sciences, describes the depth and breadth of the flourishing neuroscience research cluster developing on campus. Though the brunt of neuroscience research is concentrated in the labs of 11 federally funded scientists from the college’s Department of Biomedical Sciences, more than 30 faculty members from other corners of the university are seeking solutions to some of the most complex mysteries of our time. Projects are aimed at understanding the brain’s stress and reward circuitries, having important implications for mood and cognitive disorders and addiction. This intensive focus on neuroscience has borne fruit: two pharmaceutical companies, a nationally recognized neuroanatomical dissection course and a multidisciplinary neurological research institute. Learn more at marquette.edu/chs/inrc.
Go to marquette.edu/experts to hear Mantsch speak on addiction and the brain.
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This radio image of Cassiopeia A, the remnant of a supernova explosion that occurred more than 300 years ago, was created with the National Science Foundation’s Very Large Array telescope in New Mexico. Cassiopeia A is located about 11,000 light years away and is the oldest Type IIb supernova, which is the transitionary class of supernovae that Stockdale studies. Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI
6 Discover
Starstruck By Nicole Sweeney Etter
Dr. Christopher Stockdale’s fascination with supernovae could help us better understand the origins of the universe.
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T
The famous astronomer Carl Sagan
once said, “We are all star stuff.” Perhaps that’s why Dr. Christopher Stockdale, a Marquette assistant professor of physics, is fascinated with supernovae, the explosions of massive stars that are key to life on earth.
“If we want to understand on a fundamental level where we come from, we need to understand these huge massive stars and how they evolve,” Stockdale says. Stockdale is part of an international collaboration that monitors X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared and radio emissions from extragalactic supernovae, and he leads the U.S. radio group. His work is funded
NGC 6946 is a nearby galaxy — about 20 to 25 million light years away — that is known as a starburst galaxy because of its frequent supernovae. It has had at least eight in the past 100 years. Image courtesy of Matt Kelley and Christopher Stockdale.
by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and he frequently publishes in Astrophysical Journal, Astronomy &
expansion happens because we’ve seen
Astrophysics, and the Monthly Notices of
it. But the actual physics of how it goes
the Royal Astronomical Society.
from a collapse to an explosion, we don’t
His team recently made an important discovery about the nature of a small
Supernovae are relatively rare. These
subset of supernovae called Type IIb. This
massive stars have eight or 10 times the
type of supernova has significantly less
mass of our sun, and probably 1/100th of
hydrogen (the key component of ordinary
a percent of the stars in our galaxy are big
stars) in its composition than an ordinary
enough to cause these kinds of explosions,
supernova. This group may represent an
Stockdale says. That’s one reason why his
important evolutionary transition in the
team typically focuses on galaxies at least
life story of massive stars.
3 to 4 million light years away.
When a massive star dies, the force of
“In terms of our galaxy, we’re kind
the explosion forges new elements and
of out here in the sticks as opposed to
scatters a multitude of other elements
being downtown in the city,” Stockdale
throughout the universe. Stars give birth
says. “We’re not in a place where there’s
to oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, iron and
a lot of violent activity going on, which is
other elements essential to life. “It leads
a good thing.”
to a constant chemical enrichment of our galaxy,” Stockdale explains. But there is a lot about supernovae
8
get yet.”
So how does Stockdale’s team know when and where to look? Exploding stars briefly become the brightest objects in
that scientists don’t understand. “We
their galaxy, and astronomers around the
quite frankly don’t understand how they
world send announcements as soon as
happen,” Stockdale says. “When a star dies,
they notice something new. Stockdale
the star falls in on itself, and the collapse
gets an e-mail alert, quickly puts in a
causes an expansion, and we know the
request for data collection from the
Discover
Supernova 1993J is one the closest supernovae to be observed in the past 20 years. From this high-resolution study, astronomers can measure the speed of the supernova shockwave and strongly constrain the physical conditions in the region responsible for the radio and X-ray emissions. Image courtesy of J.M. Marcaide.
National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico and then analyzes the results. “It’s exciting stuff. Sometimes we’re in the lab at 3 a.m.,” he says. Before stars die, they shed material in a slow-moving wind. Stars might shed 1/10,000th of a percent of their mass in a year, which over 10,000 years could be an entire sun’s worth of material. When wave that moves 10,000 times faster than the wind. Electrons in the gas get excited and swept up in the blast wave, and that leads to radio or X-ray waves that can be detected with a variety of telescopes.
Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI
the star blows up, it sends out a shock
The X-ray and radio emissions from the shock wave could last 75 years after the initial blast or even longer. “If you look at the radio emissions, you can actually piece together the density of the wind, and that can tell us what happened with the star before it died,” Stockdale says. “It’s an astrophysical forensic study, like CSI shows you on television.” Last year, Stockdale’s team noticed a peculiar supernova belonging to the small subset of supernovae known as Type IIb. “The radio emissions rose and fell and were gone in about a month instead of taking years,” he says. “So we’re thinking that there are perhaps two types of objects. They look the same when you look through an optical telescope but inside are very different.” Stockdale and others speculate that a companion star might have stolen some of its hydrogen and played a role in the star’s death. With so much unknown, it’s an exciting field. “There’s an element of discovery,” Stockdale says. “We’re always learning something new about how the universe works.”
tools of the trade Stockdale primarily collects data from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Very Large Array, a collection of 27 dish antennae that are each as wide as a quarter of a football field. Together, the antennae work to form the most sensitive radio telescope available. However, scientists are working to upgrade the observatory into a new, stronger instrument called the Expanded Very Large Array, scheduled to be completed in 2011. The EVLA will increase the telescope’s sensitivity by a factor of 10, allowing scientists to see 250 million light years away. “It’ll be like removing blinders and sunglasses,” Stockdale says. That will allow Stockdale’s team to study nearby supernovae for longer and also increase the sample size of the newest class of supernovae. Up until this point, scientists have only been able to study a handful of the Type IIb supernovae. Stockdale also uses a technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry, which allows him to use data from telescopes around the world. “You can get a view that’s essentially the size of the earth,” he explains. That technique allowed scientists to see the shock wave of one supernova expanding and accelerating. “That is remarkable to be able to do,” he says. “Most supernovae are so far away that even with a telescope the size of the earth, you’re never going to be able to see the shock wave.” In 2007, Dr. J.M. Marcaide at the University of Valencia, a member of Stockdale’s team, published the results of the first comprehensive VLBI study of a Type IIb supernova that was first seen on Earth in 1993.
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No longer safe at home
Dr. Louise Cainkar explores life for Arab-Americans in a post-9/11 world. By Joni Moths Mueller 10
Discover
a
ll Arabs think alike. All Muslims are Arabs. They all are violent. They all oppress women.
Such labeling and stereotyping of Arab-
United States, said she was afraid to dine
because they see them as anti-American,
in restaurants so she started using the
not respecting American values.”
drive-through window service. “There was this palpable sense of fear,
But for Muslims, hijab represents an act of modesty and faith in God.
and their story has not yet been merged
Cainkar says Muslims and Arabs
and Muslim-Americans was accepted by
with the dominant September 11th narra-
reported two positive outcomes of the
some segments of U.S. culture long before
tive told by other Americans, that of living
post-9/11 experience: a deepened religious
the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, says
in fear of terrorists,” Cainkar says.
faith and a determination to become more
Marquette sociologist Dr. Louise Cainkar.
That’s the narrative Cainkar captures. “I
civically engaged.
These misconceptions contributed to a
wanted to know what was the normative,
post-9/11 panic that shattered friendships,
the average experience” of Muslims and
religious texts. I couldn’t understand how
fueled prejudice, and gave two groups of
Arabs after Sept. 11, “not the sensational
Islam could be used in these attacks, and
native and immigrant citizens reason to
story. In the end, it’s not a pleasant book
I needed to respond to people’s questions
fear for their safety. Cainkar, an assistant
to read,” she says.
professor of social and cultural sciences,
Men reported living in fear
“Many said: ‘I had to go back to read our
about my faith,’” Cainkar says. People also expressed a
tells their story in her award-nominated
of being arrested, interned and
book Homeland Insecurity: The Arab-
deported. Men and women
change if they don’t do some-
American and Muslim-American
said they were cautious
thing to change them, and so
Experience After 9/11.
about visiting public places
they deepened their relationships
and worried their homes
with the mainstream organizations
“These ideas were so well ingrained
realization that things won’t
when the attacks occurred that it was
could be attacked. Though
that supported them in this time
easy for some to argue that all Arab- and
men suffered the most
of stress.
Muslim-Americans were dangerous, and,
from government poli-
therefore, they were a suspect population
cies, women took the greatest toll
in our country,” she says.
of public anger, Cainkar says, especially
actually drove people out of their homes
women wearing a headscarf or hijab.
and onto the streets.”
Cainkar’s book shares the flip side of a time of intense fear, captured as it was
“It didn’t drive people into their closets,” Cainkar says of 9/11, “it
“I was fascinated by the fact that
Muslims and Arabs express optimism
lived by Arab- and Muslim-Americans
women reported experiencing hate acts
and confidence that the pendulum of public
across metropolitan Chicago. Her research
at a rate more than twice that of men. If
opinion that has swung against them since
included 102 interviews with individuals,
the fear is of terrorists, why were women
2001 will soon change directions.
plus five extensive oral histories. Feeling
being attacked? And then I looked at
unsafe and insecure in their home country
my data and discovered that most of the
things are better because there used to
was a dominant theme expressed by men
women who experienced aggression were
be a dominant anti-Muslim, anti-Arab
and women alike, and it became the title
wearing a headscarf or in the company
narrative in this country, and, now, I think
of her book.
of someone wearing one when attacked,”
there are dueling narratives,” Cainkar says.
Cainkar says.
“It’s still not a secure time. It’s better than
“People were more afraid of the policies of the Bush administration than of public backlash,” she says. In one interview, an American-born
She attributes the heightened attacks on women to a misunderstanding of hijab.
“My conclusion is that in some way
the post-9/11 days, but we still have not achieved equality and justice.”
“Hijab is understood generally in
Muslim woman said, “I feel like I need
this society as a symbol of oppression,
to get out of this country. But I was born
patriarchy, lack of freedom,” Cainkar says.
here, and I’m just as American as everyone
“People who believe that this is what hijab
else.” Another woman, also born in the
means, I believe, attack women in hijab
Multimedia: Go to marquette.edu/experts to hear Cainkar talk about her research on Arab- and Muslim-Americans.
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Healing a heart break
Dr. John LaDisa is working to create better medical devices for children and adults with cardiovascular problems. By Nicole Sweeney Etter
12
Discover
Computational Cardiovascular Research.
work if the child has stopped growing.
with a heart condition, and one of the
He describes his lab’s overall focus as
But if the child outgrows the stent, then
most common conditions involves a
“understanding how changes in fluid
narrowing could redevelop.
narrowing of the aorta. In an adult, that
flow can affect disease.”
Roughly one in 100 children is born
is easily fixed with a stent that widens
Computational modeling is a critical
LaDisa also was recruited for another project by Dr. Bon-Kwon Koo, a world-
the artery. But there’s no FDA-approved
first step to creating a new device.
class clinician in Korea. Koo’s focus is
stent meant specifically for children.
“Before we get to the point of manufac-
stenting the coronary arteries, specifically,
turing something, we need to understand
cardiovascular disease that involves
a Marquette assistant professor of bio-
what the stent does to improve blood
lesions at the point of coronary bifurca-
medical engineering, is determined to
flow. We need to understand how the
tions, where an artery branches off. “It’s
solve. LaDisa’s team is trying to create a
rigidity of the stent affects flow and
a really common location for disease to
stent that could grow with a child.
blood vessel motion,” LaDisa explains.
occur, and the success rate is not great,”
That’s a problem that Dr. John LaDisa,
“It’s something we’ve
LaDisa says. “About 20 percent
been working on for a long
of coronary interventions
time, and it turns out that it’s more difficult than we thought — than anyone
Discovery World at Pier Wisconsin.
thought,” LaDisa says. And
His cardiovascular modeling is the
because the market for
ing it, it could really make a difference.” LaDisa’s role is to analyze bifurcation patterns and
in development for the
of the adult market, very few in taking up the challenge.
had a better way of treat-
basis of the Vascular Voyage exhibit
pediatric stents is a fraction companies are interested
involve a bifurcation. If you
Look for LaDisa’s work soon at
the related blood flow. “If
Human Interactive Virtual Education display.
you look at the branching pattern of a tree, no two trees are exactly the same. But if
That’s why, La Disa says, a
you look at hundreds of trees
new pediatric stent will most “The aorta is the most compliant artery
and group them, you’d probably start
in the whole body, so if you have a really
to see some common trends,” he says.
problem is that the aorta of a kid goes
stiff stent and a really compliant aorta,
“We’re trying to identify those trends
from several milliliters to 2.5 centimeters,
that creates issues. There are a lot of
from arteries in about a hundred people
so you have to find a way to somehow
questions on the front end that still need
and then understand the fluid flow.”
expand it over time,” LaDisa explains.
to be answered.”
likely have to come from a lab like his. Why is that task so difficult? “The
“There’s a lot of material there that you
With few other options, cardiologists
Better understanding the impact of a stent on blood flow and the blood vessel
have to store somewhere. And that’s the
sometimes adapt adult-sized stents for
environment is likely key to designing a
problem — finding a way to store that
pediatric patients.
more effective device. And that, LaDisa
extra metal or plastic somewhere in the
“Since stents have been very beneficial
says, will “hopefully lead to further
in adults, it’s natural that now they’re
long-term success in patients with cardio-
starting to be used with kids,” LaDisa
vascular disease. That is what our team is
began when he was doing his post-
says. “Cardiologists use adult stents
striving for.”
doctoral work at Stanford University.
meant for other parts of the body and
Now he directs Marquette’s Laboratory
try to find the best match for the artery
for Translational, Experimental and
being treated in a child.” That might
design of the device.” LaDisa’s interest in pediatric cardiology
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Making a mark
Dr. Irene Calboli tries to bring legal clarity to trademark advertising. If you see Dr. Irene Calboli poking around in a supermarket, scanning the clothing racks at TJ Maxx or even watching commercials, she may not be doing what you think she is. “I’m working,” she says. Calboli, an associate professor of law at Marquette, specializes in intellectual property law. What she’s actually up to in the store and in front of the TV is studying the use of corporate trademarks and logos. “In consumer society,” she says, “we’re surrounded by trademarks everywhere.” Despite the ubiquity of marks and logos, the law that governs them is unclear, which makes it an intriguing research subject. Intellectual property law encompasses much more than trademarks and logos, of course. As the name implies, anything that’s a product of someone’s intellect — inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images and designs — falls under its rubric. “It can really apply to nearly everything in our lives, at any time,” Calboli says. Calboli’s recent work focuses on the legal and policy issues arising from international commerce in trademarks and particularly trademark advertising. That’s important because more and more
™
entities, from companies to schools and even hospitals, are using their logos on merchandise. And “fake” products from China and Southeast Asia continue to flood the market and raise trademark infringement issues.
14
Discover
Is it OK to call
sparkling wine produced in California champagne, By Jay Sanders
which is named for a specific region of France? Can you market Wisconsin
Although the licensing of famous
which she highlighted in a paper she’s
blue cheese as
marks such as Green Bay Packers or
submitting this spring for law review
Gorgonzola, the
Coca-Cola for use on products is com-
publication later in 2010.
eponymous blue
monplace in the business world, there’s
Calboli’s article makes the case for a
cheese produced in
no straightforward legal protection of
“fair and balanced” protection of trade-
the practice. “Instead,” Calboli has writ-
mark merchandising. She shares evidence
ten, “courts have elaborated different
that the Federal Trademark Act supports
tests and views, thus leaving trademark
the recognition of merchandising rights —
owners, competitors and the market with
rights that could benefit the market by
much confusion as to what can or cannot
protecting against unfair competition
be protected.”
and consumer confusion. That’s the fair
protecting geographic indications of
part. The balanced part is an argument
origin, or GIs.
That’s one of the reasons Calboli relishes the topic. “Intellectual property law is very challenging, very technical,”
“If you don’t pursue your rights, you’ve abandoned them.”
she says. “I enjoy the
a small Italian city since 879? Can an Idaho Potato come from Montana? In another of her recent research papers Calboli says no. Instead, she argues for
“There’s a market reason,” she says, namely preventing unfair competition from “masquerade” products. “But there’s also an anthropological reason. The world is coming closer and closer
technicalities.” Technicalities like this
for specific limits on those protections. “I
one: Trademarks themselves generally
believe trademarks should be treated as
aren’t protected, but their use is. It’s up
property. Property rights are never abso-
to the company that owns the mark to
lute,” Calboli says. “Property rights should
If you want to produce sparkling wine
define exactly how it can be used and to
allocate resources but also be limited by
and claim that it’s better than French
go after anyone who uses it incorrectly.
public needs.”
champagne, Calboli has no problem
“If you don’t pursue your rights, you’ve
Needs like the protection of freedom
together. It’s important to protect some cultural identity.”
with that. Just don’t call it champagne.
abandoned them” in the eyes of the
of speech. Many people have tried to
You might even create a new market
court, Calboli says.
trademark words. And at least one court
as a result. Calboli cites the example
has gone further, ruling that Louisiana
of Australia’s wine industry, which
misuse can amount to “dilution by blurring
State University could legally protect
devoted itself to producing knock-offs
or tarnishment,” a loss of the distinctiveness
its school colors. For Calboli, that goes
of French wines until it was banned
or damage to the reputation of what the
beyond the realm of commercial usage.
from doing so. Forced to come up
For famous marks, damages from
mark represents to its owner. “If you use
“Words are a limited resource,” she
with new names, it created world-
a mark on everything, eventually the
says, “and color even a more limited
mark means nothing,” Calboli says. It
resource.” Much as groups might want
can all get a little confusing, especially
to claim them for their own purposes, it
when the body of rulings on trademark
wouldn’t be healthy for our own freedom
“Protecting GIs ultimately guarantees
merchandising itself lacks focus. Calboli
of expression to allow that, she says.
the quality of the foods and their
attempts to bring “light and clarity” to the issue through her research, some of
“We have to reconcile trademarks with
wide demand for national distinct Australian varietals.
uniqueness,” Calboli says.
reality,” Calboli says. Marquette university
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Marquette Research
Slowing down Dr. Claire Badaracco examines the intersection of slow food, slow medicine and mass media
Y
You’re only as healthy as the mes-
sages from the media that you consume.
By Tim Cigelske | Illustration by Chris Neal
She cites research showing that anxiety —
“The size of this sector is estimated at
which causes the flight or fight response
approximately $220 billion and growing,”
— triggers cortisol in the brain. This sets
Badaracco says. “This demonstrates the
Badaracco’s research of the impact of
off a domino effect of neurotransmitters
number of people whose understanding has
advertising, public relations and mass
responsible for many chronic ailments,
led them to seek health in a balanced way.”
media on perception of personal well-
which feeds into a vicious cycle of media
ness and sickness for the “worried
messages, illness and medication.
That’s the focus of Dr. Claire
well” — those who have media-induced
“Anxiety and fear appeals are the
She became interested in slow food and medicine through continuing education at Harvard University’s Mind/
anxiety about disease. Increasingly, con-
staples of the news media, and fear
Body Medicine Institute and while
sumers have the choice to receive news
appeals to illness and aging are essential
teaching the course Cultural Identity,
from alternative sources that advocate
to the designs of advertisements,”
Media and World Religions at Marquette.
lifestyles embracing what’s being called
Badaracco says.
One of her classes videoconferenced
slow food and slow medicine. “What was once a fringe movement
In contrast, the slow
with Dr. Harold Koenig of Duke
food movement, which
University, who is known for integrat-
is rapidly becoming mainstream,” says
began in Italy, describes
ing faith in traditional medical training
Badaracco, a Marquette professor of
itself as an eco-gastro-
public relations who studies the inter-
nomic movement committed
section of media, religion and health
to biodiversity and the awareness of
role faith plays in healing, and she sees
communication. Her books include
the culture of food and its relationship to
a strong spiritual component to the slow
Prescribing Faith: Medicine, Media
the community. Slow medicine is the
food and slow medicine movement as
and Religion in American Culture and
clinical, applied approach to the science
well. She sees that message continuing
Quoting God: How Media Shape Ideas
of nutrition, health and healing, as
to spread.
About Religion.
opposed to “fast” cures that focus on
“It would seem that physicians are
Traditionally, Badaracco says, people
at leading universities. Badaracco became interested in the
pharmaceutical fixes. Consumers can
better educated about how religion and
have defined themselves in a larger social
increasingly find messages about slow
health must be considered as part of the
context through mediazation — or mes-
food and slow medicine in the media
patient’s history in treatment and well-
sages about the self received through the
with best-selling books such as Michael
ness evaluation,” Badaracco says.
media. This has often led people who
Pollan’s Omnivore’s Dilemma and Barbara
are otherwise healthy to become sick
Kingsolver’s Animal, Vegetable, Miracle.
after constantly hearing about the dan-
They may also hear from well-known
gers of diseases, unhealthy lifestyles and
alternative health advocates such as
aging, she says.
Andrew Weil.
Marquette university
17
Marquette R esearch
in Brief
Ensuring the reliability of transportation infrastructure The research interests of Dr. Christopher
The three-phase study, concluding by
Foley have very practical implications.
efficacy of fiber-reinforced polymer
fall 2011, first involved gathering and
Foley, a Marquette professor of civil
components as an alternative to traditional
synthesizing fatigue testing data for
engineering, focuses on the performance
steel reinforcement and formwork of
connections in sign support structures,
of civil infrastructure systems and
bridges. A noncorrosive, FRP is typically
enabling researchers to develop the first
components, such as bridges and
more expensive but may have a longer
comprehensive set of statistical models
highway signs.
life cycle. Studying new bridges with FRP
for fatigue life of such connections.
reinforcement compared with traditionally
Undergraduate researchers compiled 10
span and can be subject to fatigue-
constructed bridges in Waupun and Fond
years of contiguous hourly wind speed
induced damage resulting from traffic or
du Lac, Wis., involved visual inspections
and direction data from the National
wind-induced vibrations,” he explains.
and on-site load testing. Foley, Wan and
Climatic Data Center for eight Wisconsin
“We develop field-monitoring solutions
their team, including students, designed
cities. This data was used to develop
and analytical modeling approaches that
and fabricated low-cost, strain-measuring
probability models for wind speed and
help agencies such as the Wisconsin
sensors that can be temporarily bolted
direction. The second phase involves
Department of Transportation determine
onto bridges to conduct load testing.
additional fatigue testing to further
“Structural systems have a finite life
guidelines and frequency of inspections.”
A significant auxiliary to the nation’s
enhance the statistical models used to
The U.S. Department of Transportation
transportation system is the signage used
predict fatigue life. Foley’s team also will
estimates that there are nearly 74,000
for traffic direction and information. The
conduct field monitoring at a Milwaukee
structurally deficient bridges in the
Wisconsin Highway Research Program
site. In phase three, researchers will
United States — 1,335 in Wisconsin alone.
funded Foley’s investigation and analysis
develop a handbook of effective retrofit
of full-span overhead and high-mast
measures and recommend inspection
neering, is a member the American
luminaire support structures after several
cycle frequencies for typical mast-arm
Institute of Steel Construction Specification
incidents of unsatisfactory performance.
support structures.
Task Committee on Connections and its
That study is now being followed by
Committee on Research. He serves on
research involving mast-arm-pole support
the Technical Oversight Committee for
structures adjacent to highways. “This
WisDOT Structures and also served on
project is the first comprehensive,
the WisDOT committee that oversaw
reliability-based analysis of sign support
monitoring of Wisconsin’s deck-truss
structures,” Foley says. “That’s important
bridges after the 2007 collapse of the
for understanding performance and risk
Interstate Highway 35 bridge in the
of fatigue-induced fracture and establishing
Twin Cities.
appropriate inspection intervals.”
Foley, who teaches structural engi-
As part of the Federal Highway Administration’s Innovative Bridge Research and Deployment Program, Foley and colleague Dr. Baolin Wan, associate professor of civil and
18
environmental engineering, examine the
Discover
Examining global consumer culture In a partnership that spans two
“Among the African countries, Nigeria
decades, Drs. Steven Lysonski and
has become relatively wealthy because
Srinivas Durvasula have researched
of oil. This wealth has attracted foreign
consumer behavior across continents.
companies to market their products
These Marquette professors of marketing
there,” Durvasula says. “Our key question
recognize that economies are global and
was to find out whether Nigerians have
brands are international.
become exemplars of the global con-
What they want to know now is the
sumer culture in comparison to
extent to which consumer behavior is
Americans who represent the ‘modern’
converging worldwide.
or acculturated consumer.”
Now the team is examining how global consumer acculturation affects
The professors concluded that
brand preferences. “For example, look at
Lysonski explains, reflects the process
Nigerians have been affected and
the recent entry of Harley-Davidson into
that transforms consumers into people
transformed by global acculturation.
India,” Durvasula says. “Will the Harley
Global consumer acculturation,
who have similar tastes and preferences
Lysonski and Durvasula also have
panache transfer easily to India?” Says Lysonski: “This research fills an
for products and services. To examine
explored vanity and materialism in
this convergence more closely, he and
China; consumerism in New Zealand,
important vacuum given the few studies
Durvasula compared consumers in
Greece and India; and consumer
that have been published in this area,
Nigeria and the United States.
decision-making styles in India.
especially outside the United States.”
Are enterprise software systems worth the money? When companies spend $100 million or more on major
In his landmark 2003 HBR article, Carr basically said “no”
software programs, they hope to see a substantial return
on both points. Cotteleer disagreed and published empirical
on investment.
research to refute Carr. However, one question still nagged:
So when noted management guru Nicholas Carr penned a Harvard Business Review article titled “IT Doesn’t Matter,” lambasting these so-called “enterprise systems,” it sent the soft-
Why are some companies losing millions of dollars after implementing these systems? Convinced the software wasn’t to blame, Cotteleer focused
ware industry into turmoil. Dr. Mark Cotteleer, associate professor
on successful program deployment as a management function.
of management, started to dig deeper.
His findings have a central theme: human behavior.
An IT industry veteran, Cotteleer has studied enterprise systems since they emerged in the early 1990s. “Prior to the advent of these integrated packages, companies
“When people are introduced to change, they will either adapt or find ways of working around it,” he says. “Companies are faced with a choice: change the software or change their
used individual software programs designed to address very
approach.” Arguing for the latter, Cotteleer asserts that the
specific business functions: sales, supply chain, customer service,
onus falls on management.
etc.,” he explains. “Tech companies recognized a desire among
Cotteleer’s overarching goal, though, is to get these ideas
firms to use a lone program to address the full spectrum of
out of academic journals and into the hands of managers who
business functions.”
can use them. To that end, he has written teaching cases for
Companies were quick to get on board, catapulting the enterprise software industry into a multibillion-dollar juggernaut. That
the Harvard Business School, focusing on such companies as Harley-Davidson, Cisco Systems and Tektronix.
led Cotteleer and other management experts to study whether enterprise systems work and — if so — are worth the money.
Marquette university
19
Marquette R esearch
in Brief
The puzzling problems of myofascial pain The first time Max Livingston saw Dr. Francisco Alencar, the 22-year-old law student couldn’t open his mouth
the duration and intensity is key to
highly active trigger points.
making a diagnosis. Treatment includes
“When we palpated the muscles at the
modifying behaviors that activate trigger
more than half an inch. He had head-
trigger points, we could actually cause
points, such as stress, sleep deprivation,
aches and blurred vision, and his head
headaches to occur,” Alencar says.
dehydration or grinding teeth. The surgi-
bobbed forward uncontrollably. His
The researchers tried injecting sub-
doctor found nothing medically wrong.
stances into the trigger points to stop the
His visit with the Marquette dentist who
pain. They also tested a process called dry
specializes in temporomandibular dys-
needling, where no substance is injected.
function was a last-ditch effort to find relief. Today, Livingston’s pain is gone. “He did more than save my jaw. He saved my life,” Livingston says. Livingston suffered with a classic example of a neuromuscular TMD called myofascial pain. The condition is chronic and may be brought on by stress, illness or other factors. It can involve headaches, jaw pain that radiates around the face and up to the ear or crown, toothaches or a burning sensation in the tongue or lips. In extremely serious instances, it can cause nervous system damage. Because myofascial pain is not a purely medical or dental malady, it is difficult to diagnose and treat. It occurs when trigger points located in the muscles of the head, neck or face send pain impulses to the head, teeth, maxillary sinus, tongue or eyes. The pain is felt as facial pain, headache or toothache even if the trigger point is localized in a more distant muscle, such as the neck. “So many people have these problems and there are no experts in the area. Since I wanted to make a difference, I decided to study the area,” Alencar says. In studies begun in 2004–05 and published in 2009, Alencar and research partners studied 290 patients with chronic headaches to see how many had trigger points. They found 77 percent had trigger
20
points and 89 percent of that group had
Discover
“When you place the needle in, you
cal procedure called needling is done only when necessary. In Livingston’s case, the combination of a previous illness, stress and heredity resulted in a crippling case of myofascial pain. He
can feel a knot,” Alencar says. “We use
gives all due credit to the dentist who
the needle to break up the knot, and
brought relief, saying, “Dr. Alencar is lit-
then normal healing happens.”
erally one of the smartest men I ever met.”
Treating TMD begins by listening to patients describe the pain. Understanding
What difference does a lawyer make? When Judith McMullen, professor of law, and Dr. Debra Oswald, associate professor of psychology, set out to gather empirical data about the impact of attorney representation in divorce cases, they knew it would be nearly impossible to determine the subjective measure of “success” in a divorce. Still, they sought to better understand whether a lawyer actually makes a difference in the outcome of a divorce case. The pair studied divorce cases from one Wisconsin county and looked at two key questions: the length of the divorce process and the likelihood of alimony being awarded. In 46.4 percent of the cases they studied, both individuals had a lawyer; in 27.7 percent, neither
Pricing the priceless Is it possible to determine the
had a lawyer; and in the rest
value of the Sistine Chapel? Can you
of the cases, only one person
put a price on the Alaskan Wildlife
had a lawyer.
Refuge? Dr. Kevin Gibson, associate
They concluded alimony was more likely to be awarded if one had a lawyer,
professor of philosophy, is trying to determine just that. As an applied ethicist who focuses
but Oswald points out that
on business, Gibson is interested
this population may have
in the concept of triple bottom-line
been more likely to have
accounting. This form of accounting
a lawyer in the first place.
measures not only the cost or economic
“Our research indicates that
value of an item or resource, but also
the people who need a
the social and ecological costs.
lawyer — those with assets,
“There is so much discussion
children or longer marriages
around sustainability today, but how
— were more likely to have
do you measure that and know when
one. People without those complicating
it’s achieved?” he asks. “We must
factors could get their divorce in some cases faster and
move beyond profits and bottom lines
cheaper without a lawyer,” McMullen says. “It tells us that clients are more sophisti-
and create a new understanding of
cated about what they need than we give them credit for.”
the cost and value of a good.”
McMullen says the findings could have an impact on family law curriculum.
Gibson is studying three United
“There are a significant number of people going without lawyers in divorce and
National World Heritage sites: Uluru
other civil cases, and our court system should know how to deal with them,” she
Rock in Australia; the Sistine Chapel
says. She also notes that in some simple divorce proceedings, the lawyer’s primary
in Vatican City; and Hadrian’s Wall, on
purpose is to provide psychological reassurance to the client. “Lawyers aren’t trained
the border of England and Scotland.
as psychologists,” she says, “but we may need more emphasis on the counseling and
By traveling to each locale and study-
negotiation skills attorneys are expected to have.”
ing the diverse aspects that make each
The study will be published in the University of Utah School of Law Journal of Law and Family Studies later this year.
site unique, Gibson hopes to gain a better understanding and definition of triple bottom-line accounting.
Marquette university
21
Marquette R esearch
in Brief
Relieving muscle fatigue How much exercise can multiple
exercise at a particular level and tests
sclerosis patients handle? Why do they
if they can replicate the same level of
have lower bone density? How can we
intensity a week later. Preliminary results
help the more than 90 percent of MS
are positive.
patients who complain of chronic fatigue? These are just some of the questions
Ng has spent his career studying muscle fatigue as it relates to a host of diseases,
Dr. Alex Ng, associate professor of exer-
including MS, HIV and cancer. Some
cise science, tackles in his research lab.
cancer survivors experience chronic fatigue
In the past, MS patients were told not to exercise because it could exacerbate
15 or 20 years after successful treatment. “You’d expect to be tired after run-
their illness and cause them to overheat.
ning a marathon, but you wouldn’t
But Ng believes that exercise can help
necessarily expect to be wiped out by
MS patients on several fronts, including
making breakfast,” he explains.
fighting fatigue and reducing the risk of
Yet researchers still don’t understand
bone fracture. Because the disease affects
what exactly causes chronic fatigue.
the sensory nerves, it was unknown how
Depression, variations in cardiovascular
well MS patients could tell if they had
control, excessive stress response, muscle
pushed themselves too far. Normally,
fatigue or cellular messengers called
people are protected by “an exercise
cytokines all could play a role. “I’d like
or exertion sense” that helps the body
to continue to look at the mechanisms
self-regulate, Ng says. To see if that holds
so that we can fine-tune the therapeutic
true for MS patients, Ng asks subjects to
approach to fatigue,” Ng says.
north africa: Where worlds collide Dr. Phillip Naylor really likes intersections — not the ones where pedestrians cross, but where cultures collide. Take North
dismissed as the exotic “other” or simply neglected. As a cor-
Africa, a veritable atom smasher in which African, European and
rective, Naylor traces the region’s history through three of its
West Asian influences have met — sometimes violently — for the
own brilliant thinkers, including Malik Bennabi, who observed
past couple thousand years, with lasting historical consequences.
that North Africans became “colonizable,” having “become
Naylor, an associate professor of history, writes about the region in his 2009 book North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. An enthusiastic Wall Street Journal review calls
fashioned by others rather than by themselves,” which led to a loss of historical consciousness. “I wanted to have something that would illuminate the
it a “readable introduction” that serves as a “handy refresher
region for people and help them appreciate it,” Naylor says of
course on a substantial part of Africa and the Arab-Islamic
his book. He also needed an accessible textbook for his North
world.” It’s an understudied world, says Naylor, that many have
Africa class at Marquette. “I wrote it for a pragmatic reason,”
failed to appreciate, much to our detriment.
he says. One that indicates, perhaps, just how much North
“North Africa is strategically located, historically and geographically,” he says. “Given its experience with Europe, with Islam and with Sub-Saharan Africa, it can be a bridge to enhance understanding between peoples, cultures and religions.”
22
Instead, however, North Africa has too often been
Discover
Africa has been overlooked until now.
How to delay adolescent sexual activity During her career as a nurse practitioner,
of 3,168 males and females ages 15-21 to
Dr. Kristin Haglund commonly dealt with
study protective factors that decrease sexual
teens whose sexual involvement resulted
risk behaviors. They found that religious
in pregnancies or sexually transmitted
attitudes toward sexuality, parent-based
infections. Those are big enough problems,
sexual education and two-parent house-
but they also often lead to other issues —
holds have a positive influence.
problems with parents and relationships. Now an associate professor of
Adolescents who viewed religion as “very important,” for example, reported
nursing, Haglund devotes her research to
an average of 1.9 sexual partners over
addressing adolescent sexuality. Her most
their lifetime and on average began
recent study found that parental involve-
sexual activity at 17.4 years. In contrast,
ment and religious attitudes play a key
those who viewed religion as somewhat
role in preventing adolescent sexual
or not important began their first sexual
activity. “I’m concerned with understanding
activity at 16.9 years and had an average
teenagers as they become adults,” she
of 2.9 sexual partners over their lifetime.
says. “What makes it difficult for them to
“Religiosity” — institutionalized
avoid sexual risks? What helps them stay
beliefs, practices and ethics reflecting
developmentally healthy as they become
one’s faith — was an even greater
Haglund. “It’s important for parents to be
adults? How can I help them avoid sexual
influence when shared by the family.
explicit that they do not approve of their
risk behaviors?” Haglund and Marquette nursing
“The influence of parental education
children engaging in sexual activity as
about avoiding intercourse was strength-
adolescents. It’s a simple but effective
colleague Dr. Richard Fehring used data
ened when there was a close relationship
practice.”
from a nationally representative sample
between the parent and the child,” says
A new way to serve special needs When faced with students with special needs, schools have
The teaching-the-teacher approach allows
traditionally created specialized solutions, whether it was gifted
challenges to be addressed at classroom, school
and talented programs or one-on-one reading coaches.
and district-wide levels instead of compart-
But Dr. Martin Scanlan, assistant professor of education, says
mentalizing the issues, he says. Learning
this compartmentalized approach is increasingly difficult to
consultants coach and provide resources to
implement as schools become more diverse — with different
teachers who use instructional strategies to
languages, special needs and skill levels.
engage all students, and those with special
Scanlan thinks the solution is a systematic approach called the Learning Consultant Model, which he details in his book All Are Welcome: Inclusive Service Delivery in Catholic Schools. “The learning consultant is a faculty member with special
needs are treated as integral members of the community. Scanlan’s model already is being implemented in Catholic schools in Milwaukee and St. Louis. “Catholic schools in recent
education expertise who serves as a coach and mentor to other
decades have struggled to articulate and finance service delivery
teachers,” Scanlan says. “This model tries to build the capacity
systems that allow them to embrace students with disabilities,”
of teachers and evolves the system as a whole to better meet
Scanlan says. “These schools are increasingly recognizing this
everyone’s diverse needs.”
gap and seeking to close it.”
Marquette university
23
Marquette R esearch
Marquette Bookshelf Looking for new reading material? Check out some of the latest works written and edited by Marquette University faculty.
The Best Kept Secret: Single Black Fathers By Dr. Roberta Coles, associate professor of social and cultural sciences (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009)
Theological Foundations for Environmental Ethics: Reconstructing Patristic and Medieval Concepts By Dr. Jame Schaefer, associate professor of theology (Georgetown University Press, 2009)
A cAdemy t i m
william machan
standards
Language
By Dr. James Marten, professor of history (New York University Press, 2009)
Faculty Stress
Crime and the Global Political Economy Edited by Dr. H. Richard Friman, Eliot Fitch Chair for International Studies (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009)
Children and Youth in a New Nation
Global Issues in Employee Benefits Law By Paul Secunda, associate professor of law, Samuel Estreicher and Rosalind Connor (Thomson-West, 2009)
Edited by Dr. David Buckholdt, director of the Center for Teaching and Learning, and Dr. Gale E. Miller, professor of social and cultural sciences (Taylor & Francis, 2009)
Being Catholic in a Changing World By Rev. Jeffrey LaBelle, S.J., assistant professor of education, and Rev. Daniel Kendall, S.J. (Paulist Press, 2009)
Essential Plant Pathology By Dr. Gail Schumann, adjunct professor of biological sciences, and Dr. Cleora J. D’Arcy (American Phytopathological Society, 2010)
anxiety
conflict and change in
the history of english
Meyer �ecadenc� vs Nebraska
Teddy Roosevelt
Twain
2 race
Language Anxiety: Conflict and Change in the History of English By Dr. Tim Machan, professor of English (Oxford University Press, 2009)
One Baptism: Ecumenical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Baptism By Dr. Susan Wood, professor of theology (Liturgical Press, 2009)
24
Discover
Global Social Economy: Development, Work and Policy Edited by Dr. John B. Davis, professor of economics. (Routledge, 2009)
After Representation? The Holocaust, Literature, and Culture Edited by Dr. R. Clifton Spargo, associate professor of English, and Dr. Robert Ehrenreich (Rutgers University Press, 2009)
Research and scholarship at Marquette • Marquette faculty applied for significantly more federal grant
• Marquette faculty edit a number of scholarly journals, from the
dollars during fiscal year 2009, and externally funded research
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy to the
requests exceeded $35 million for the first time. Marquette
International Journal of Systematic Theology.
faculty won several research awards as part of the federal stimulus package.
• The Department of Special Collections and University Archives houses more than 17,000 cubic feet of archival
• Federal, state, foundation and corporation research awards
material and 11,000 volumes, including approximately
all increased in fiscal year 2009, and corporate research
7,000 titles within the rare book collection. The J.R.R.
dollars increased more than 50 percent from the previous
Tolkien Collection features many of the author’s original
fiscal year.
manuscripts, including The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
• Marquette faculty have strong partnerships with the Clinical
• Marquette has more than 20 academic centers and institutes
and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of
that foster research in the areas of end-of-life care, ethics,
Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin system, and others.
neuroscience, rehabilitation engineering, transnational justice,
• The university supports research through several programs: three-year Way Klingler fellowships, fourth-year sabbaticals
water quality, sports law and other areas. For more, go to marquette.edu/research.
for junior faculty and the Lawrence G. Haggerty Faculty Award for Research Excellence.
Marquette university
25
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