Discover MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP 2011
Research at lightning How Marquette’s new high-performance computing network is changing life in the labs
Exploration, discovery and innovation — Marquette University’s faculty and students are engaged in scholarship that ranges from detailed exploration of fundamental questions in their disciplines to applying new knowledge, often through novel interdisciplinary approaches, to solve some of the most challenging problems of our time. The broad scope of academic endeavors on our campus includes 18 Ph.D. programs with the newest, a Ph.D. in Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, starting this fall. From every corner of campus, Marquette scholars are engaging in rich examination of the ways in which humans express and interpret their own experiences, performing cutting-edge basic science, determining best practices in teaching and learning, and finding ways to improve people’s lives through innovative research in engineering, health-related fields, law and business. This vibrant intellectual community also engages the talents of our students through undergraduate research opportunities as well as the intellectual inquiry carried out by our graduate and professional students. This year’s edition of Discover introduces some of the exciting research taking place at Marquette. The MUGrid provides high-performance computing infrastructure to support the work of many of our faculty and students and is an integral element in growing regional efforts to foster collaborative research resources. Marquette researchers in three different colleges are making a difference in improving human health by exploring the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on motor impairment in veterans; developing mobile phone applications to help breast cancer patients in poor, rural areas with limited access to health care providers; and engineering a better bionic ankle. Leading research in the area of foreign direct investment issues provides insight into economic growth as well as potential for differential effects on human capital. Scholarship on the “privacy paradox” of Facebook offers a timely view of a rapidly emerging issue in digital technology. Along with the featured topics described above, the scope of Marquette’s research efforts is evident in the additional short features and book section. Federal, state, foundation and corporate funds for research have continued to grow, as have technology commercialization efforts. I invite you to also explore marquette.edu/research for more examples of the contributions of Marquette University scholars.
Dr. Jeanne Hossenlopp Vice Provost for Research
Discover MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP 2011
ILE M B .D. M
2 Research at lightning speed Imagine work that previously took more than a year happening in just a day or two. That’s the power of the new MUGrid.
6 The FDI effect Multinational corporations are everywhere. Dr. Miao “Grace” Wang examines the effects of foreign direct investment on host countries.
8 Mind over body Post-traumatic stress disorder comes with physical effects, too. Dr. Sandra Hunter and Manda Keller study motor impairment in veterans with PTSD.
12 Facebook and the privacy paradox Drs. Sarah Feldner and Scott D’Urso explore how social networking has changed our notion of privacy.
14 The bionic prof Dr. Phil Voglewede is building a better prosthetic ankle and foot.
IN BRIEF 18 The lasting effects of family conflict 19 Bilingual or not: How language policy impacts classroom achievement
The ups and downs of corporate litigation
20 When life gives you lemons ...
Tales of the apocalypse
21 Wading through the smoke: Limiting tobacco use in Africa
22 Closing the wealth gap
Out of the ER and into the dentist’s office
23 The molecular mysteries of alcohol 24 Marquette bookshelf 25 Research and scholarship at Marquette
16 Mobile M.D. Can mobile phone apps improve medical care in the developing world? Dr. Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed thinks so. Discover: Marquette University Research and Scholarship is published annually by the Office of Marketing and Communication. Editor: Nicole Sweeney Etter, nicole.etter@marquette.edu Designer: Joan Holcomb, joan.holcomb@marquette.edu Contributing writers: April Beane, Andrew Brodzeller, Tim Cigelske, Stephen Filmanowicz, Becky Dubin Jenkins, Brigid Miller, Tim Olsen and Christopher Stolarski Cover: Illustration by Merrick Angle Photography: Ben Smidt, Instructional Media Center Stock images: iStockphoto.com
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Discover
Research at lightning speed The supercomputing power of the new MUGrid is amping up research on campus and beyond. By Nicole Sweeney Etter
Marquette University
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M
Now work that would have taken a year takes just a day or two.
arquette researchers are
tackling ambitious projects with potential for enormous societal impact: They’re developing new drugs for diseases such as tuberculosis, trying to reduce radiation risk for women undergoing CT scans and studying the impact of multinational corporations around the world. But these projects wouldn’t even be possible — at least in their current form — without the supercomputing power of the new MUGrid. With a $560,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, Marquette recently installed a computer cluster that has the capacity of up to 1,000 desktop computers. It also connected more than 550 individual computers across campus, creating the first high-performance campuswide computing network in southeast Wisconsin. Led by Dr. Craig Struble, an associate professor of computer science, this resource is already boosting exponentially the efficiency of researchers on
campus and off. Nearly 70 researchers,
our resources sit idle, we’d rather have
including some from the Medical College
people using them to do good science
of Wisconsin, have signed on as users, and
and good research,” Struble says.
the MUGrid has even helped a company as far away as Thailand. Struble hopes it’s just the first step to even more computing power. Eventually, he’d like to see Marquette’s grid linked to
Discover
Developing new drugs Doctoral student Terry Neumann
others. “We’re a small school, but we have some people who have really big
fall in love with high-performance
computing needs, and it’s going to continue
computing. But after working for four
to grow,” he says.
years in the lab of Dr. Daniel Sem, an
The need goes beyond Marquette: In
associate professor of chemistry, Neumann
2010, the Milwaukee Institute released a
is hooked. He recently was one of just 50
report, “A Case for High-Performance
students worldwide invited to a prestigious
Computing Investment in Southeast
workshop in Italy to learn more about
Wisconsin,” that cited the area’s higher-
TeraGrid, the National Science Foundation’s
than-average rate of technology-intensive
computing network made up of hundreds
jobs. The institute thinks cyberinfrastruc-
of thousands of cores. Sem’s lab focuses on drug targets for
growth, and Struble agrees. “We realize
tuberculosis and schizophrenia, but he
that this is a long-term direction [in which]
also works with collaborators on drug
science and engineering and other
targets for heart disease, cancer and
disciplines like economics are heading,”
diabetes. The Thailand-based Thai
he says.
Natural Products also recently turned to
The MUGrid works by using software
4
is already making an impact.
didn’t come to Marquette intending to
ture is key to the area’s economic
Dr. Craig Struble
Here is a glimpse at how the MUGrid
Sem’s lab to screen plant compounds.
that harnesses idle computer resources
It’s computer-intensive work. “We screen
across campus, particularly student lab
drug-like chemicals against proteins to see
computers overnight. Researchers can
if we can identify chemicals that will bind
then tap that campuswide power from
and thus lead us down a drug discovery
their own desktops. “Rather than have
path,” Neumann explains.
Each protein is screened against the
Administration, aims to quantify the
involves a combination of human experi-
lab’s collection of 10,000 chemicals. On a
radiation reduction — and assess image
ments and computational modeling —
single-core machine, it would take 440
quality — of different methods. “It’s very
and that’s why he turned to the MUGrid.
days to complete a single protein test. Now
difficult to measure how much radiation
“It allows our experiments to be a lot
that work can be done in as little as 12 hours.
is deposited inside the body during a
more interactive,” he says. “We can have
“We’ve kind of developed this niche
scan,” she says. “It would require some
an answer in a couple of hours and
in the community because we can test a
sort of sensor in the body. So we have
actually iterate several times a day.”
lot of compounds very quickly,”
these models instead, and with the
Neumann says.
simulations we can accurately estimate how
therapeutic deep brain stimulation.
much radiation is deposited in every organ.”
“When it works, everybody’s happy, and
But it has only whet Neumann’s appetite. He and Sem will next use the
The work involves tracking billions of
Butson is trying to better understand
when it doesn’t, we don’t know why and
TeraGrid to test 1 million compounds.
X-ray photons. “Without the grid, we
we have few tools to examine why it
And that’s only a fraction of what’s
couldn’t do these simulations,” she says.
doesn’t work,” Butson explains. One
available in a commercial database.
Now work that would have taken her a
challenge is that existing imaging
year takes just a day or two.
techniques can’t show what’s happening
“Right now, 13 million chemicals is out of our reach,” Neumann says, “but it’s in our dreams.”
Lowering cancer risk Dr. Taly Gilat-Schmidt, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering,
One early outcome is a small database
in the brain during stimulation. So Butson
that calculates the radiation levels for an
uses the MUGrid to run thousands or
average patient at various scanning
tens of thousands of neuron models to
perimeters — so the information will be
see how stimulation affects a patient’s
available to researchers who don’t have a
individual neurons.
resource like the MUGrid.
“These computations allow us to
wants to make
Gilat-Schmidt also uses the grid for
women safer.
projects that aim to improve cardiac scans
otherwise be able to see,” he says.
Gilat-Schmidt studies
and single photon emission computed
There’s also a lot of variability in how
medical imaging
tomography scans.
brain stimulation is used, and Butson’s
systems and is
Already improving patient care
particularly interested in the radiation exposure caused by
Dr. Taly Gilat-Schmidt
Dr. Christopher Butson is an assistant
predict and see things that we would not
computer models can help physicians decide where to place the electrode and how much stimulation to use. Butson also works with a Marquette
CT scans. Radiation
professor of neurology and neurosurgery
graduate student to use the grid to study
can elevate one’s cancer risk, and a
at the Medical College
transcranial magnetic stimulation, a non-
recent study found that women have a
of Wisconsin and an
invasive technique that comes with the
higher risk of developing cancer from
adjunct professor in
same unknowns as deep brain stimulation.
radiation, partly because breast tissue is
Marquette’s Depart-
The MUGrid’s ability to produce
highly radiosensitive.
ment of Biomedical
results in just a few hours is a huge
Engineering. His MCW
benefit to patients, Butson says. But to
risk. If you could reduce radiation and
lab studies therapeutic
speed physician decision-making even
preserve image quality, that would be a
and diagnostic deep
good thing,” she says.
brain stimulation, a
“Any time you get radiation, there’s a
Gilat-Schmidt’s two-year study, which is supported by the Food and Drug
Dr. Christopher Butson
further, he’d love to get the processing time down to an hour or even seconds. n
technique most often used with Parkinson’s patients. The research
Marquette University
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THE FDI EFFECT Dr. Grace Wang examines the effects of FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT on host countries. By Christopher Stolarski
Economically, our planet is shrinking. Technology, foreign policies and the disintegration of certain cultural barriers have transformed the global marketplace, making it more accessible. It teems with merchants, and it’s flush with cash.
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Multinational corporations — those
migration patterns in the host country,
enterprises that manufacture, sell and
specifically China. According to Wang,
provide products and services in more
China is the world’s largest FDI host
than one country — abound. According
country among less developed countries.
to the United Nations, there were
From 1993 to 2009, China received each
approximately 30,000 multinationals in
year on average approximately 25 percent
1990. Today, there are more than double
of the world’s FDI to all less developed
that. And, increasingly, these companies
countries, she says.
are making physical investments (build-
“There are two schools of thought, which
ings, machinery and equipment) in less
I call the ‘home effect’ and the ‘linkage
developed countries around the world.
effect,’” Wang explains. “The home effect
Highly developed countries like the United States house the majority of multinational corporations, and from
suggests that FDI can deter emigration. The linkage effect cites the opposite.” The home effect argues that when a
Dr. Grace Wang
on the pretense that products will be
the Western perspective, this model of
multinational corporation builds a facility
exported to the “losing” countries.
“foreign direct investment” is seen as an
in a less developed country and hires its
What attracts and deters inward
economic boon for the home countries.
labor locally, those new employees are
investment is important for host coun-
less apt to leave, now content with their
tries’ policymakers so that they can
more interested in the impact FDI has
wages and improved working environment.
devise policies to encourage it. In the
on the host country. “If Apple builds a
The linkage effect, favored by sociologists,
case of China, Wang says this is important
manufacturing facility in Thailand, what
posits that this new employment experience
provincially, as well.
does that mean for Thailand’s economy?”
serves as an exemplar of what Western life
she asks. “Put simply, does FDI promote
is like, making emigration more attractive.
Dr. Miao “Grace” Wang, however, is
the recipient country’s economic growth, and — if so — how?”
The findings suggest that those with
To delve more deeply into that concept, Wang scaled the focus of her study to look at China’s individual provinces as de
postsecondary educations are less likely
facto host countries. By measuring the
to emigrate because they have better
intensity of the spatial interdependence
professor of economics who has studied
opportunities afforded them by the
among China’s provinces and disaggre-
FDI for nearly a decade, less developed
multinational companies in the host
gating that data by specific industry, Wang
countries like China want and actively
country. Those with only a secondary
says she can demonstrate more clearly
seek FDI. In fact, she says, these countries
education are more likely to leave, and
what characteristics in China promote or
will often adjust certain regulations to
FDI seems to have no impact on those
discourage FDI.
According to Wang, an associate
attract multinational corporations. On the surface, the desire is obvious. “These companies bring
with only a primary education. In addition to studying FDI’s effect on
Wang has found that, at the aggregate level, host provinces compete with one
outward migration, Wang is examining a
another for FDI. However, in some
phenomenon known as spatial interde-
manufacturing industries — especially
pendence. According to Wang, past FDI
labor-intensive manufacturing — sur-
studies have focused solely on the home
rounding provinces complement each
and host countries. Instead, Wang is
other. In other words, FDI received in
Wang’s research, which
considering the home and host countries
one host province tends to help its
has been well published in
as well as countries that surround the host.
surrounding provinces receive more FDI
increased employment opportunities, better technology and superior management skills,” Wang says.
leading economics journals,
Studying this “third country effect” is
in similar labor-intensive industries.
goes deeper than conspicu-
growing increasingly important, she says.
ous business incentives.
Usually, multinationals target one country
market size, labor cost and quality,
She’s looking now at
in which to invest. But, increasingly,
policy incentives, and coastal locations
empirical data that shows
corporations consider several neighboring
are important determinants of FDI.” n
how FDI affects outward
“In general,” she says, “provincial
host countries and ultimately choose one Marquette University
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Mind
d Over Body The physical toll of PTSD
By Nicole Sweeney Etter
Marquette doctoral student Manda Keller was working as a physical therapist at the Milwaukee VA Medical Center when she noticed something curious in her stack of medical records: Several of her PT patients were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. She and Dr. Sandra Hunter started to dig deeper.
Marquette University
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“W
primarily psychological, or both?” Hunter
fatigue more quickly than control subjects.
affects the motor system or motor
asks. “PTSD has the potential to really
It’s still unknown if simultaneously
performance,” Keller says. Her earlier
upset their physical performance. And
performing the mental tasks will further
research with Hunter, associate professor
then if we add a cognitive stress on top,
impair the veterans’ motor performance.
of exercise science in Marquette’s College
even a simple motor task, is that going to
of Health Sciences, had already shown
affect veterans with PTSD even more?”
e don’t know if or how PTSD
the detrimental effects of acute stress on
Hunter’s and Keller’s previous study,
“So now that we know that they fatigue more quickly and to a greater magnitude during low-force tasks that are applicable
motor performance. Now they hope to
which was published in the Journal of
to tasks performed during daily activities,
better understand the effects of chronic
Applied Physiology in 2010, studied the
the next step is to figure out where the
stress by studying motor performance
impact of acute stress on motor perfor-
fatigue is occurring within the neuromus-
in combat veterans during fatiguing
mance and muscle fatigue in healthy
culoskeletal system,” Keller explains.
young men and women. “We know
To do that, researchers will use
Dr. Sandra Hunter and Manda Keller
about fight or flight, but, really, how
techniques such as electrical stimulation
does activation of the fight or flight
and transcranial magnetic stimulation to
system affect the underlying motor
determine if fatigue is originating in the
control of daily activities, especially
central nervous system or in the muscle.
during fatiguing tasks?” Hunter asks.
“If we know the site of fatigue, then we
Potentially a lot, it turns out. Researchers
can provide targeted strategies to counteract
stressed participants by giving a timed,
such problems,” Hunter says. If fatigue
difficult mental math test — asking
occurs in the central nervous system,
them to count backward by large
then strength training may be helpful.
numbers — while performing a fatiguing
Fatiguing contractions are the basis of all
arm exercise. To account for distraction,
strength-training programs, and initial
participants were also given a very
increases in strength occur first within
simple mental task. The study showed for the first time
contractions of the hand muscles. The
“that a difficult mental math test really
project is funded by the Clinical and
affects your ability to hold steady muscle
Translational Science Institute of
contractions and how quickly you fatigue,
Southeast Wisconsin.
particularly at low forces,” Hunter says.
“This is novel work,” says Hunter, who is the principal investigator and
decrement in motor performance when
Keller’s doctoral adviser. “Nobody
exposed to a stressor, though we’re not
has ever studied this before. Previous
sure whether that’s a sex difference or a
research has focused on the psychological
strength difference.”
aspects of PTSD.” PTSD symptoms can include hyper-
10
“Women actually have the greatest
Keller, who has a pre-doctoral rehabilitation research fellowship at the VA Medical
arousal, flashbacks, nightmares and
Center, then repeated the same tests with
numbness. Veterans with the debilitating
20 veterans ages 26-52, most of whom
condition also have lower rates of
served in the recent Iraq and Afghanistan
employment, and the researchers wonder
wars. The study is ongoing, but early results
if physical impairment is a factor. “Does
reveal that even without any mental tasks,
PTSD have a motor involvement or is it
veterans with PTSD are less steady and
Discover
To better understand the effects of chronic stress, Marquette researchers test motor performance in combat veterans during fatiguing contractions of the hand muscles.
Other PTSD research at Marquette the nervous system, which adapts by working more efficiently. Hunter’s previous research had shown that older women increased their strength by 43 percent in 12 weeks of training — even though their muscles grew in size by only 10 percent. Veterans’ physical impairments could impede their rehabilitation, which often relies on improving strength by performing fatiguing contractions. By better understanding the root of veterans’ motor problems, researchers could design better rehab treatments, Hunter says. The researchers are even more excited about the next phase: Collaborating with Marquette colleague Dr. Paul Gasser to explore the genetic predisposition of PTSD and motor performance. In particular, they’d like to know if veterans who have the genes associated with PTSD are also the ones who have decrements in motor performance. n
Dr. Paul Gasser, an assistant professor of biomedical sciences, studies the effects of stress on the brain and has focused on PTSD for the past five years. He is trying to understand the stress hormones that influence the consolidation and persistence of emotional memories, as well as the risk factors that predispose one to PTSD. “PTSD intrigues me because it’s a disorder in which the normal process of adaptation to and recovery from stress is disrupted,” he says. “If we can understand how and why that happens, we may be able to develop strategies to decrease the incidence of PTSD and improve the effectiveness of treatments.” Dr. Ed de St. Aubin, an associate professor of psychology, studies survivors of life-threatening, potentially traumatizing events, including people with PTSD. He thinks the condition can reveal important findings about everything from resilience to identity/ existentialism to coping mechanisms. “We are particularly interested in how such an event impacts the life story one tells oneself and others in order to provide meaning and purpose to one’s existence,” de St. Aubin explains. “We are now moving toward examining the various biopsychosocial trajectories that follow a traumatic injury by longitudinally tracking changes in one’s self-narrative, as well as biomarkers of post-trauma health.” For the upcoming project, he is collaborating with Dr. April Harkins, assistant professor of clinical laboratory science. “We are hoping to bring to light some biomarkers in the blood that may be predictive of developing PTSD,” Harkins explains. Dr. John D. Zemler, a visiting assistant professor of theology and life member of the Disabled American Veterans, is a former U.S. Army captain who specializes in treating PTSD as a “soul wound.” His research focuses on the spiritual dimensions of PTSD and how to heal souls wounded by trauma. He manages the website ptsdspirituality.com. “The site is mostly visited by family and friends who are concerned about someone with PTSD,” he says. “Through it and by other means, I help folks understand they don’t have to kill themselves and the situation is not absolutely hopeless.”
Marquette University
11
and the privacy paradox How social networking is changing our notion of privacy. There was a time when many people
be posted on Facebook,” says D’Urso,
make a clear distinction between a real
didn’t feel comfortable talking about
an assistant professor of communication
friend and a Facebook friend, but the
politics or revealing their age and
studies. “It’s an interesting pattern
online platform does not.”
religion except to close friends and
that emerges.”
family. But today, many Facebook users
An estimated 85 percent of college
So what is motivating this increased social sharing with a widening audience?
voluntarily post that and other personal
students have a Facebook profile,
One possible explanation may be the
information online for an increasing
making it a significant phenomenon
way that Facebook changes the dynamics
number of people to see.
shaping student experiences today. It is
of a relationship. The site can often be
“Fundamentally, what we think
the most popular website in the country,
used to learn more about people they
of as private has changed,” says Dr.
and Feldner and D’Urso think that the
meet offline, rather than to start new
Sarah Feldner, assistant professor of
sheer number of people engaged with
friendships online.
communication studies.
this social network — approximately 500
kind of currency, Feldner and D’Urso
nature of research focusing on Facebook.
say. They relate this phenomenon to the in this case people are giving information
that they have a strong concern about
to start the relationship process. Users
the privacy of their personal information
appear to be willing to exchange their
and activities online, but at the same time
own privacy to interact with or learn
they were willing to share more informa-
about others.
the online world. Despite changes in personal privacy
Research by Feldner and Marquette
concept of relationship reciprocity, and
undergraduate students who revealed
tion to be a more connected member of
Dr. Sarah Feldner and Dr. Scott D’Urso
This information exchange can be a
million as of 2010 — point to the critical D’Urso and Feldner surveyed 642
“If you want to have friendships on Facebook, you need to part with some of your information to make it worth-
controls on Facebook, students allow
while for someone to friend you,” D’Urso
personal information to be seen by
says. “The more information you share
“friends,” D’Urso and Feldner found. But
in some ways, the more interesting you
the average student has more than 400
might appear to other users.”
colleague Dr. Scott D’Urso found that
friends on Facebook — many of whom
even among young users who say they
they don’t know very well outside of the
grow, the professors see an increased
are highly concerned with privacy, greater
online arena.
need to continue studying the chang-
information sharing has become a social norm. They call this “the privacy paradox.” “They may say ‘I’m highly concerned
12
By Tim Cigelske
“The term ‘friend’ has really changed
ing nature of informational disclosure
in the past five years,” D’Urso says. “A
and privacy. They say they have only
friend when I was in high school or
scratched the surface of this issue. n
with privacy,’ and yet their birth date,
college means really different things today,
residence hall and hometown may all
especially in an online context. Students
Discover
As social networking continues to
“
I would expect that next year, people will share twice as much information as they share this year, and next year, they will be sharing twice as much as they did the year before.” — Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg Check out my video Check out my pics
835
In a relationship with John
1,590 560
180
620
Marquette University
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THE
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BIONIC PROF
By Stephen Filmanowicz
Dr. Phil Voglewede is on the frontier of artificial limb development. In the 1970s, the TV hit The Six-
flexing slightly under the user’s weight (a
Million Dollar Man hooked viewers on
bit like a spatula springing back to form
have since made exhilarating progress.
the idea that “bionic” body parts could
after being depressed). “On a level
The newest prototype has a compact
make an injured astronaut as strong, fast
surface, their performance is not too
motor and more human-scaled pro-
and eagle-eyed as a superhero.
bad,” observes Voglewede. “People that
portions. It’s about half as heavy as its
use them exert more energy than they
predecessor. Soon to be equipped with
Voglewede, an assistant professor of
would normally have to. They walk at a
sensors that will detect heel lift and cue
mechanical engineering at Marquette,
slower pace.” Often crafted of carbon
the release of force for the push forward,
and an interdisciplinary group of
fiber, they tend to be lightweight and
the model is due for testing on three
colleagues are on the cutting edge of
relatively affordable.
amputees in May 2011. And coalescing
Thirty-five years later, Dr. Phil
creating real-world bionic body parts,
Voglewede and his graduate students
By incorporating a motor, coiled
around the device is a growing col-
specifically, a powered prosthetic ankle
spring and improved joint mechanism,
laborative team including Dr. David
and foot. No, there are no 60-miles-per-
Voglewede and his team learned —
Del Toro — an associate professor of
hour sprints or dump truck dead lifts in
theoretically at least — that they could
physical medicine and rehabilitation at
Voglewede’s federally funded lab, but
design an ankle that closely matched the
the Medical College of Wisconsin who
there is progress on something ultimately
thrust, timing and range of motion of an
has shared clinical knowledge and will
more impressive — a prosthesis that
actual ankle. They also learned that each
recruit test subjects — and Marquette
comes close to matching the remarkable
of those elements would add weight and
mechanical engineering professor Dr.
performance of the real thing.
bulk to their design — deal-breakers if
Joseph Schimmels, a specialist in spring
not managed carefully. “Those are very
design who is pursuing potential break-
about better options for lower-limb
common engineering tradeoffs,” he says.
through ideas that could yield the power
amputees during the early years of the
“I want more power, but adding more
of a motorized ankle using only springs
current Iraq War. But he couldn’t fully
power adds more mass [and bulk]. So how
to harness and redirect energy normally
fathom the scope of the challenge he
do you balance those factors?”
generated as part of the walking process.
Voglewede first started wondering
was wading into. For all the forces it
At one point, Voglewede’s team had a
Although important tests and years of
absorbs and transmits, the human ankle
working model that tested well in terms
revisions lie ahead, Voglewede says his
is supremely lightweight and efficient.
of force and motion but was scaled more
bionic ankle has already been an eye-
It’s also controlled in nuanced ways to
for Bigfoot than a human. With its bulky
opener. “We are engineers. We typically
bring the right combination of force and
steel motor and transmission, it topped
deal with more structured environments,
rapidity to the task, whether it’s running,
the scales at 10 pounds and had screws
like industrial settings,” he says. “Having
climbing steps or navigating uneven terrain.
designed for mounting to a bench, not
to deal with the variability of humans
Complicating the challenge are the pros
attaching to a residual limb. With help
and variability of amputations has been
and cons of today’s common prostheses,
from a $390,000 grant from the National
a huge lesson for us and something we’ll
straightforward passive devices that fix
Institutes of Health in 2009, the team started
take to all of our future projects.” n
the foot and ankle at a 90-degree angle
refining its ideas into a new prototype
and provide some propulsion after
that could be tested on actual amputees. Marquette University
15
By Stephen Filmanowicz
I
n Bangladesh, serious obstacles stand between the 30,000 women who contract breast cancer in a given year and the care they need. Poverty is pervasive, health insurance almost non-existent. And four of five women are Muslim with a strong preference for female physicians — a rarity in the largely rural nation. One aspect of Bangladeshi life, however, is uncharacteristically easy — staying connected by wireless phones. Even in rural areas, mobile service is
patients through a nine-question survey
are rapidly developing advanced features
plentiful. In the capital, Dhaka, mobile
that mirrors what a doctor would ask at
for smart phones, such as a spoken
devices outnumber people. And so 8,000
an office visit: How tired are you? How
version of the survey for patients who
miles away at Marquette, Dr. Sheikh
bad is your pain? How strong is your
cannot read. A partnership with a
Iqbal Ahamed is leading a team of
appetite? With a few clicks, the answers
Bangladesh nonprofit will put 20 app-
researchers and software developers to
are sent to a server. Using their own
equipped Nokia smart phones in the
put better medical care in the palms of
mobile phones, doctors can access data
field on a pilot basis.
women’s hands.
and graphs for each patient. Algorithms
Through a grant from the International Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the associate professor of mathematics, statistics
detect significant changes, prompting alerts
penetrate the countryside, Ahamed
that may lead a doctor to adjust treatment.
expects to be ready with features that
A Bangladesh native himself, Ahamed
use a phone’s motion sensor to assess
and computer science is developing phone-
made a timely entry into the field of
activity level and that sync its camera
based programs to help breast cancer
wireless computing as a doctoral student
with facial recognition software to assess
patients stay in touch with their medical
in the 1990s and has seen his research
severity of pain. “In five years, this touch
teams. That can make a huge difference
output and reputation rise along with
screen will be a low-end phone,” he says
to women who can’t easily leave home,
the field’s subsequent boom. When he
of the Nokia they’re currently working
explains Dr. Rumana Dowla, a Bangladesh-
established his Ubicomp Lab at Marquette
with in the lab. “We’re constantly keeping
based palliative care specialist dedicated
soon after arriving in 2003, “ubiquitous
up with new phones and operating
to improving care delivery in rural areas.
computing” involved systems of wireless
systems, but that’s what we enjoy.”
“Often she has to leave her young
sensors, processors and transmitters —
child with someone and cook food before
often tucked in walls or on street poles —
she leaves home,” Dowla says. “She may
performing tasks such as operating home
need to walk a few kilometers to reach
appliances or tracking buses. The smart
the road where a rickshaw operates.”
phone explosion brings expanded meaning
The phone applications are aimed at
to the term, putting devices loaded with
the 80 percent of Bangladeshi patients
processor power, advanced sensors and
diagnosed at an advanced stage, when
other gizmos in the hands of people
pain management becomes a chief goal.
from all walks of life.
Demonstrated to patients during a
16
And well before such devices
In Bangladesh, doctors expect big
fact-finding trip this January and due for
initial impact from the simplest app — a
incorporation into care regimens this
text-message survey that functions on
spring, the software’s first iteration guides
basic phones. But Ahamed and his team
Discover
Dr. Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed
Mobile apps created in Cudahy Hall are poised to improve breast cancer care in rural Asia.
E L I B M .D. M Though it means a lot to him to help ease suffering in his home country, Ahamed points out that challenges such as poverty and child care demands are found everywhere — and act as obstacles for patients with a range of diseases. With Dr. Richard Love, an accomplished cancer researcher and founder of the International Breast Cancer Research Foundation, he’s in discussion with potential partners at Wisconsin’s Marshfield Clinic and the Medical College of Wisconsin. “If we’re successful, this can be a model for all developing countries,” says Ahamed. “And we expect these applications to find uses in rural Wisconsin and the inner city of Milwaukee, too.” n
Marquette University
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Marquette Research IN BRIEF
THE LASTING EFFECTS OF FAMILY CONFLICT “Tell us what happens when parents get mad at each other.” “There’s a lot of blood.” So said one child participating in a research study by Dr. John Grych, Marquette professor and director of the Center for Psychological Services in the Department of Psychology. For the past 20 years, he has studied the impact of family conflict and violence on children’s development. His research shows that children absorb violence more than we know. “When children see their parents fighting, they’re actively trying to make sense of it: ‘Why is this happening? What does this mean for me? What does this mean for my family?’ Their appraisals affect their level of comfort, security and anxiety and predict which kids are likely to develop depression, anxiety and aggression down the road,” says Grych, who was one of the first in the field to make a connection between children’s perceptions of conflict and violence and their psychological adjustment. Children’s experiences with violence also shape their views of other relationships. In one study, Grych and his graduate students found that 4- to 7-year-olds residing in a domestic violence shelter were more likely to perceive mothers — generally the ones being abused — as “ineffectual and not very powerful.” That’s because they don’t have the capacity to understand the dynamics that lead to abuse. Take for example a young child watching a father enraged with a mother about the fact that he came home and dinner hadn’t been made. “Children’s efforts to make sense of that is based on what they know, which is that people who get into trouble get yelled at and maybe get spanked,” says Grych, who publishes frequently in the Journal of Family Psychology and Journal of Marriage and Family, among others. It makes sense in these children’s minds that mothers who are physically or emotionally abused by fathers have done something to deserve it. As these children age, they’re more physically aggressive toward others and are more likely to be the victims of aggression, as well, Grych says. When they reach adolescence, they’re more likely to be abusive toward their dating partners, something Grych’s lab is in the early stages of researching. “The more conflict these kids witness, the more aggression they witness … the more sensitized they get, the more reactive they get to it and the more likely they are to perpetuate it in their own relationships,” he says. — BDJ
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Discover
“
When children see their parents fighting, they’re actively trying to make sense of it: ‘Why is this happening? What does this mean for me? What does this mean for my family?’”
THE UPS AND DOWNS OF CORPORATE LITIGATION Dr. Matteo Arena calls corporate litigation an “external form of discipline,” a mechanism that keeps C-suite executives and governing boards honest. He also says it can often be an inefficient form of discipline. An assistant professor of finance, Arena studies corporate governance and debt, and some of his latest research looks closely at how companies’ litigation risk affects their cash holdings. According to Arena, companies that are at greater risk of getting sued tend to hold onto more cash.
BILINGUAL OR NOT: HOW LANGUAGE POLICY IMPACTS CLASSROOM ACHIEVEMENT What is the best way to teach the increasing number of students for whom English is not their native language? This question has become a politicized issue and the subject of heated debate in recent
“It’s intuitive,” he says. “They need to be able to cover not just settlement costs, but also legal fees, including attorneys. And there are implicit costs: customer and supplier losses and negative publicity.” Curiously, though, Arena found that the converse is not true: Shareholders are not more
years. It’s also at the heart of the immersion and bilingual education research being conducted
likely to sue companies with high liquidity. “Just
by Dr. Francesca Lopez, assistant professor of educational policy and leadership.
because a company has more cash,” Arena
“Math and science achievement among new immigrants, particularly those struggling to learn the dominant language, is an issue of considerable importance in the U.S.,” Lopez says. Lopez’s findings show that in states with the highest concentration of Hispanic students,
explains, “doesn’t mean they are more likely to get sued.” Arena points out that corporate lawsuits —
a stronger bilingual education emphasis meant significantly better fourth-grade reading
and settlement amounts — have increased
achievement scores among Hispanic English language learners and Hispanic non-ELLs. Now
exponentially in the past 20 years. Further, his
she’s expanding her study to look at math and science results, as well.
research found that the impact of litigation risk
“Anti-language policies can be seen as anti-culture messages,” Lopez says. “And when
on cash holdings is not limited to firms that are
you target a population and say, ‘You can’t use your language and heritage in school,’ they
actually sued. For instance, when a company
did worse.”
is brought into class-action litigation, peer
However, there is no uniform approach for teaching ELL students. Some states, such as
institutions in the same industry respond by
Arizona, California and Massachusetts, don’t allow any languages other than English to be
increasing their liquidity to compensate for a
used in the classroom. Other states, like New Mexico, Texas and Wisconsin, require bilin-
perceived increase in risk exposure.
gual education, which incorporates instruction in students’ native language as students acquire English. Still others allow both English immersion and bilingual education, lacking any mandate. As a result, Lopez concludes that educational policies that vary widely between states have very different — and lasting — effects on this growing student population. “Ultimately, I want to make the public aware that forcing assimilation by attempting to eliminate students’ cultural heritage will only widen disparities,” she says. — TC
As a result, he says, companies across the board have become substantially more risk averse. And when these companies hold onto more cash, they invest less. “This has significant implications on employment,” Arena notes. “When companies hold onto cash, they’re not growing, they’re not hiring. Even though litigation is a form of external governance with potential benefits, it has also a counterproductive effect.” — CS
Marquette University
19
Marquette Research IN BRIEF
WHEN LIFE GIVES YOU LEMONS … “All of my research studies have consistently focused on ‘positive concepts,’ such as
could still change.
strengths and assets of individuals, rather
“Personal resourcefulness is learned,”
than shortcomings, deficits and disorders,”
says Bekhet. “We learn it through condition-
says Bekhet. “More specifically, I’m
ing, modeling and formal or informal
interested in the concepts of positive
instruction. And since it is learned, it can
cognitions and resourcefulness.”
be taught.” With that in mind, Bekhet has
In one study, Bekhet taught small groups
Why is it that some of us are better than
resourcefulness, Bekhet showed them they
also examined strategies that staff in
of relocated residents personal and social
assisted and independent living facilities
resourcefulness strategies, such as reliance
can use to help new residents adjust.
on family and friends, exchanging ideas
Bekhet says that resourcefulness
others at making lemonade? No, not the
with others, reframing situations positively,
strategies can be applied to any stressful
refreshing summertime drink. In regard to
and exploring new ideas. She also asked
situation, not just the relocation of older
the proverbial “When life gives you lemons,
residents to respond to “positive cognition”
adults. With more than 20 published or
make lemonade,” what makes some people
statements, such as “I am hopeful about
accepted articles about positive cognition
able to adjust to changes and adversity
my future” and “I am in control of my life”
and resourcefulness, and funding from the
better than others?
to measure how well residents were able
nursing honor society, she next plans to
Dr. Abir Bekhet, assistant professor of
to think positively. Then she assessed
broaden her research. “I would like to
nursing, is finding out why. She studies
the effectiveness of what she taught
expand my resourcefulness intervention
older adults who have relocated to assisted
the residents by asking them which
studies to other high-risk populations, such
or independent living facilities, evaluating
aspects were most helpful and what
as caregivers of individuals with dementia,”
how well new residents might adjust to that
could be improved. And for residents
she says. — TO
life-altering change.
who lacked strong positive thinking and
TALES OF THE APOCALYPSE Dr. Andrei Orlov, associate professor of theology, was born in the former Soviet Union in 1960 — the height of the Cold War.
Bibles. Enoch, for instance, is referenced in the Book of Genesis.
During the next 30 years, Orlov watched the country crumble from
The story Orlov studies depicts visions of heaven and hell revealed
a military and scientific juggernaut that launched Sputnik to a country
to Enoch, who was taken to heaven and then sent back to earth to
with a shattered economy and political structure.
share with his sons ethical laws God wishes men to live by. These
“Growing up in the Soviet Union as a child you thought everything was great,” Orlov recalls. “Then you watch as the ideological framework of your world collapses into darkness.” Whether things
revelations alter reality for Enoch, his sons and their followers, causing them to rethink their morals and question their past beliefs. Found among writings like the Dead Sea Scrolls, these supple-
were good or bad, Orlov says, beliefs were destroyed. “Both the
mental stories provide additional context and understanding to
spiritual and physical world we knew completely changed.”
Biblical texts, along with the culture and religious environment they
Orlov thinks that experience might have inspired his fascination with apocalyptic stories, the focus of his scholarly work. He is now
were written in, Orlov says. This spring and summer, Orlov will hold a prestigious fellowship
a world-renowned expert on pseudepigrapha — ancient Jewish
at the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of
religious writings with disputed authorship written between 200 B.C.
Jerusalem. He will work with other leading scholars from Russia,
and 200 A.D. that are not included in the Hebrew or Catholic Bibles.
Israel, Sweden and the United States on how the traditions and
The apocalyptic stories he studies include the Second Book of Enoch (2 Enoch) and the Apocalypse of Abraham. Both books
20
expand on characters and stories found in the Hebrew and Catholic
Discover
beliefs of Jewish and Slavic cultures influenced and interacted with the one other. — AB
WADING THROUGH THE SMOKE: LIMITING TOBACCO USE IN AFRICA In Ghana, a working-class laborer will spend half a day’s salary to purchase a single pack of cigarettes. In Kenya, that same pack will keep more than two pounds of fish off the dinner table of a
cites the challenges in Kenya, which passed smoke-free laws but has been challenged with monitoring and enforcing the new law. “If current trends continue, by the mid-2020s, 85 percent of
growing family. As the economies grow in many African countries,
tobacco deaths will be concentrated in Africa, Asia and Latin
so has the popularity of smoking.
America,” Drope says. “The book is meant to help lay the framework
For the past three years Dr. Jeffrey Drope, assistant professor of political science, has worked with health officials and advocates in
for other countries and help avoid unnecessary deaths in the future.” The publisher, Anthem Press, has agreed to make the book
12 African countries to develop and analyze the results of tobacco
available online for free so it is accessible to scholars, policymakers
control policies. The work was part of the Africa Tobacco Situational
and practitioners in developing countries who might otherwise not
Analysis project, sponsored by a Canadian government agency and
be able to afford the book.
funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. As an international politics professor, Drope focuses on the
The program’s success in these first 12 countries prompted the Gates Foundation to
impact and variation in economic policy used by different countries.
support its expansion to 17 additional countries.
His earlier work focused on non-tariff trade policies. Since starting
This effort will be led by a new coalition, the
on the tobacco project in 2008, he has become increasingly involved
Africa Tobacco Control Consortium, and
and now is summarizing his results in a book, which is due out this
headed by the American Cancer Society.
spring. The book, Tobacco Control in Africa: People, Politics and
Drope was appointed to the consortium’s
Policies, for which Drope is editor and contributor, will include a
research committee, charged with guiding
chapter on each country.
development and implementation of
Each country has unique challenges and varying results but
research initiatives. — AB
provides examples for future success, says Drope. For example, he
Marquette University
21
IN BRIEF Marquette Research IN BRIEF
CLOSING THE WEALTH GAP After more than six years leading Marquette Law School’s Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program and decades of
not helping many people put some of this money away.” In an article, “Encouraging
experience as a tax attorney, Vada Lindsey,
Savings Under the Earned
associate professor of law, became con-
Income Tax Credit: A Nudge in
vinced that the Earned Income Tax Credit
the Right Direction,” published in the
was not incentivizing low-income people to
University of Michigan Journal of Law
save and, therefore, create wealth.
and Reform last fall, Lindsey proposes
The EITC was created as a refundable
several key changes to encourage long-term
would be symmetrical with IRAs to
tax credit to encourage low-income people
saving. First, 10 percent of the individual’s
encourage long-term savings resulting in
to work. However, Lindsey noticed that
tax refund should automatically be put into
forfeiture of the government match upon
because the credit is refunded as a lump sum,
an IRA or a retirement plan. People can opt
premature withdrawals. The maximum
many people spent it on non-necessities.
out, but Lindsey notes that research shows
amount of the governmental contribution
And because many did not have bank
far higher participation if a program is
would be capped at $1,000 for individuals.
accounts, none of these funds went into
automatic. Second, if a person contributes his
savings. “There are many barriers to savings
or her own money in addition to the 10
Lindsey says. She targets retirement savings
for poor people, including lack of access
percent, the government would match those
as a critical need because empirical
to 401(k)s and the fact that they may be
additional funds. “The individual can always
evidence shows more elderly individuals
receiving other means-tested benefits like
pull out his or her original 10 percent if it is
live below the poverty level. She hopes
food stamps that limit eligibility based on
needed without penalty,” says Lindsey. “But
lawmakers in Congress will review her plan
assets,” Lindsey says. “But giving them a
he or she will pay a penalty for pulling out
and that more can be done to help close
relatively large check once a year was also
matched funds.” Vesting requirements
the wealth gap. — BM
“We want people to have a nest egg,”
OUT OF THE ER AND INTO THE DENTIST’S OFFICE For most people with private dental insurance, toothaches and cavities typically prove to be little more than a minor inconvenience.
provided to patients using emergency depart-
non-traumatic dental conditions in emergency
ments for non-traumatic dental conditions.
departments nationwide and more accurately
“Just as with non-urgent medical visits, non-traumatic dental condition visits to
dental care in emergency departments. He
emergency departments can pose significant
also will examine if racial and ethnic
inadequate access to dental care or an
cost, practice and programming implications
disparities exist in prescribing practices.
inability to navigate the system, these non-
and may contribute to emergency department
traumatic dental conditions can turn into
overcrowding,” says Okunseri. “In most
eliminate visits to emergency departments
months of pain and recurrent visits to an
cases, patients will receive only a temporary
for non-traumatic dental conditions, we can
emergency department or physician’s office.
treatment of antibiotics and/or analgesics
reduce them and redirect resources toward
and will still require follow-up care with a
helping these individuals receive access to
dental provider.”
quality dental services,” Okunseri says.
But for many Medicaid patients who have
Dr. Christopher Okunseri, associate professor of dental public health at Marquette’s School of Dentistry, has been
According to Okunseri, reducing dental-
“While it would be difficult to completely
He hopes the results of his research
awarded more than $300,000 from the
related emergency department visits by 1
will initiate discussions between health care
National Institutes of Health to study the
percent in Wisconsin alone could save
professionals and policymakers on how
Medicaid millions of dollars.
to address these issues and lead to the
different treatments
In addition, he says not enough is known
and medication guidelines for these
to patients across different demographics.
conditions. — ALB
medications are being prescribed for Discover
development of improved access to care
about which treatments are being provided His study aims to more fully explore which
22
identify the population groups that seek
THE MOLECULAR MYSTERIES OF ALCOHOL It likely started with rotting fruit falling on the ground, as ancient humans observed unsuspecting birds and critters becoming intoxicated as they feasted on the fermenting juices. “Alcohol is one of the oldest drugs — it’s been around since the dawn of time,” says Dr. Robert Peoples, an associate professor of biomedical sciences who is one of the leading experts on the molecular mechanisms through which alcohol produces its effects. “People have been drinking wine and beer for millennia, but it’s a hard drug to study because it acts at high concentrations.” Yet what we still don’t know about this drug’s impact on the brain is of critical importance: Nearly 18 million Americans abuse or are dependent upon alcohol, and excessive alcohol use leads to more than 75,000 deaths each year, making it the third-leading preventable cause of death, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Peoples has spent 20 years studying the molecular mysteries of alcohol use. A prolific researcher, he frequently publishes in journals such as Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, The Journal of Biological Chemistry and Neuropharmacology. Peoples’ lab focuses on the NMDA receptor, which is a protein on the surface of nerve cells that allows ions such as sodium and calcium to enter the cells. The protein binds glutamate, one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain, and when it’s blocked by alcohol, it can cause problems with physical coordination, learning, memory and other brain functions. “The question is: How does alcohol work on this protein in the brain?” Peoples says. “Where exactly is it binding, and how is it acting?” Drugs act by binding to molecular targets. For neuroscientists, it helps if a drug binds tightly — but alcohol does not, which is why it’s difficult to study. Only in the past couple of decades have researchers realized that alcohol affects nerve cells by binding to molecular targets on proteins instead of dissolving in cell membranes. Peoples’ research has revealed important insights into how alcohol interacts with the NMDA receptor. His lab has shown that alcohol affects NMDA receptors by inhibiting the opening and closing of the channel in the protein that allows ions to enter or exit the cell. Peoples has zeroed in on a handful of specific sites on the protein, and his ultimate goal is to identify new therapeutic targets. “It’s going from the biophysics of this ion channel to how it will have an impact on human health,” he says. “It may be possible to design drugs that would be helpful in treating alcohol abuse.” — NSE
Marquette University
23
MARQUETTE BOOKSHELF Looking for new reading material? Check out some of the latest works written and edited by Marquette faculty. The American Journalism History Reader By Dr. Bonnie Brennen, Nieman Professor of Journalism Research and essays about journalism from all stages of the history of the American press — alongside key works of journalism history and criticism.
Christian Ethics: A Very Short Introduction By Dr. D. Stephen Long, professor of theology A discussion of the relationship between Christian ethics and modern and postmodern ethics using practical examples of sex, money and power.
Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.: A Model Theologian By Dr. Patrick Carey, professor of theology A biography of Cardinal Dulles focusing on his distinctive personal journey of faith and theology, as well as the representative nature of his experiences and his thinking within the American Catholic community.
Essays on family relationships, community, economy, geography and the environment, education, life cycle, the state, faith and religion, health and science, and world contexts during the Enlightenment.
Investment Ethics
By Dr. Diane Hoeveler, professor of English
By Dr. Sarah Peck, chair and associate professor of finance
A study of what are called “collateral gothic” genres — opera, ballads, chapbooks, dramas and melodramas — that emerged out of the gothic novel tradition.
A textbook that provides readers with tools, examples and exercises to understand ethical concepts and consequences in the practice of investments.
Jonathan Swift in Print and Manuscript
Epistemology, Archaeology, Ethics: Current Investigations of Husserl’s Corpus
An analysis of manuscript versions of Swift poetry, suggesting new ways of interpreting the different choices Swift made to circulate his texts in print or manuscript form.
Shaping Our Struggles: Nigerian Women in History, Culture and Social Change Co-edited by Dr. Chima Korieh, assistant professor of history A critical reconsideration of women’s positions in Nigeria by exploring their historical, developmental and sociocultural experiences across Nigeria’s cultures.
Discover
Co-edited by Dr. James Marten, professor and chair of history
Gothic Riffs: Secularizing the Uncanny in the European Imaginary, 1780–1820
By Dr. Stephen Karian, associate professor of English
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In the Age of Enlightenment
By Dr. Pol Vandevelde, professor of philosophy Thirteen original essays from contributors representing a cross-section of Husserl studies, manifesting the extent to which single themes in Husserl’s corpus cannot be viewed in isolation, but in relation to each other.
RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP AT MARQUETTE • Marquette’s overall research award volume in fiscal year 2010
• Marquette faculty edit a number of scholarly journals, from the
reached a record high in the university’s history, with faculty
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy to the
receiving more than $28 million in award dollars. Federal
International Journal of Systematic Theology.
research award dollars increased by 81 percent, and the average award size rose by 45 percent. • Marquette continues to play a critical role in the Clinical and
• The Department of Special Collections and University Archives houses more than 17,000 cubic feet of archival material and 11,000 volumes, including approximately
Translational Science Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin, a
7,000 titles in the rare book collection. The J.R.R. Tolkien
collaborative effort between eight major institutions that is
Collection features many of the author’s original manu-
supported by a $20 million grant from the National Institutes
scripts, including The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
of Health. • The university supports research through several programs:
• Marquette has more than 20 academic centers and institutes that foster research in the areas of end-of-life care, ethics,
three-year Way Klingler fellowships, sabbaticals for junior
neuroscience, rehabilitation engineering, transnational justice,
faculty and the Lawrence G. Haggerty Faculty Award for
water quality, sports law and other areas.
Research Excellence.
For more, go to marquette.edu/research.
Marquette University
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Office of the Provost Zilber Hall, Suite 448 P.O. Box 1881 Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
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