Discover Research 2011

Discover MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP 2011

Research at lightning How Marquette’s new high-performance computing network is changing life in the labs

Exploration, discovery and innovation — Marquette University’s faculty and students are engaged in scholarship that ranges from detailed exploration of fundamental questions in their disciplines to applying new knowledge, often through novel interdisciplinary approaches, to solve some of the most challenging problems of our time. The broad scope of academic endeavors on our campus includes 18 Ph.D. programs with the newest, a Ph.D. in Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, starting this fall. From every corner of campus, Marquette scholars are engaging in rich examination of the ways in which humans express and interpret their own experiences, performing cutting-edge basic science, determining best practices in teaching and learning, and finding ways to improve people’s lives through innovative research in engineering, health-related fields, law and business. This vibrant intellectual community also engages the talents of our students through undergraduate research opportunities as well as the intellectual inquiry carried out by our graduate and professional students.

This year’s edition of Discover introduces some of the exciting research taking place at Marquette. The MUGrid provides high-performance computing infrastructure to support the work of many of our faculty and students and is an integral element in growing regional efforts to foster collaborative research resources.

Marquette researchers in three different colleges are making a difference in improving human health by exploring the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on motor impairment in veterans; developing mobile phone applications to help breast cancer patients in poor, rural areas with limited access to health care providers; and engineering a better bionic ankle. Leading research in the area of foreign direct investment issues provides insight into economic growth as well as potential for differential effects on human capital. Scholarship on the “privacy paradox” of Facebook offers a timely view of a rapidly emerging issue in digital technology.

Along with the featured topics described above, the scope of Marquette’s research efforts is evident in the additional short features and book section.

Federal, state, foundation and corporate funds for research have continued to grow, as have technology commercialization efforts. I invite you to also explore marquette.edu/research for more examples of the contributions of Marquette University scholars.

Dr. Jeanne Hossenlopp Vice Provost for Research

Discover MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP 2011

ILE M B .D. M

2 Research at lightning speed Imagine work that previously took more than a year happening in just a day or two. That’s the power of the new MUGrid.

6 The FDI effect Multinational corporations are everywhere. Dr. Miao “Grace” Wang examines the effects of foreign direct investment on host countries.

8 Mind over body Post-traumatic stress disorder comes with physical effects, too.

Dr. Sandra Hunter and Manda Keller study motor impairment in veterans with PTSD.

12 Facebook and the privacy paradox Drs. Sarah Feldner and Scott D’Urso explore how social networking has changed our notion of privacy.

14 The bionic prof Dr. Phil Voglewede is building a better prosthetic ankle and foot.

IN BRIEF 18 The lasting effects of family conflict 19 Bilingual or not: How language policy impacts classroom achievement

The ups and downs of corporate litigation

20 When life gives you lemons ...

Tales of the apocalypse

21 Wading through the smoke: Limiting tobacco use in Africa

22 Closing the wealth gap

Out of the ER and into the dentist’s office

23 The molecular mysteries of alcohol 24 Marquette bookshelf 25 Research and scholarship at Marquette

16 Mobile M.D. Can mobile phone apps improve medical care in the developing world? Dr. Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed thinks so.

Discover: Marquette University Research and Scholarship is published annually by the Office of Marketing and Communication.

Editor: Nicole Sweeney Etter, nicole.etter@marquette.edu Designer: Joan Holcomb, joan.holcomb@marquette.edu Contributing writers: April Beane, Andrew Brodzeller, Tim Cigelske, Stephen Filmanowicz, Becky Dubin Jenkins, Brigid Miller, Tim Olsen and Christopher Stolarski Cover: Illustration by Merrick Angle Photography: Ben Smidt, Instructional Media Center Stock images: iStockphoto.com

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Research at lightning speed The supercomputing power of the new MUGrid is amping up research on campus and beyond.

By Nicole Sweeney Etter

Marquette University

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M

Now work that would have taken a year takes just a day or two.

arquette researchers are

tackling ambitious projects with potential for enormous societal impact: They’re developing new drugs for diseases such as tuberculosis, trying to reduce radiation risk for women undergoing CT scans and studying the impact of multinational corporations around the world. But these projects wouldn’t even be possible — at least in their current form — without the supercomputing power of the new MUGrid.

With a $560,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, Marquette recently installed a computer cluster that has the capacity of up to 1,000 desktop computers. It also connected more than 550 individual computers across campus, creating the first high-performance campuswide computing network in southeast Wisconsin. Led by Dr. Craig Struble, an associate professor of computer science, this resource is already boosting exponentially the efficiency of researchers on

campus and off. Nearly 70 researchers,

our resources sit idle, we’d rather have

including some from the Medical College

people using them to do good science

of Wisconsin, have signed on as users, and

and good research,” Struble says.

the MUGrid has even helped a company as far away as Thailand.

Struble hopes it’s just the first step to even more computing power. Eventually, he’d like to see Marquette’s grid linked to

Discover

Developing new drugs Doctoral student Terry Neumann

others. “We’re a small school, but we have some people who have really big

fall in love with high-performance

computing needs, and it’s going to continue

computing. But after working for four

to grow,” he says.

years in the lab of Dr. Daniel Sem, an

The need goes beyond Marquette: In

associate professor of chemistry, Neumann

2010, the Milwaukee Institute released a

is hooked. He recently was one of just 50

report, “A Case for High-Performance

students worldwide invited to a prestigious

Computing Investment in Southeast

workshop in Italy to learn more about

Wisconsin,” that cited the area’s higher-

TeraGrid, the National Science Foundation’s

than-average rate of technology-intensive

computing network made up of hundreds

jobs. The institute thinks cyberinfrastruc-

of thousands of cores.

Sem’s lab focuses on drug targets for

growth, and Struble agrees. “We realize

tuberculosis and schizophrenia, but he

that this is a long-term direction [in which]

also works with collaborators on drug

science and engineering and other

targets for heart disease, cancer and

disciplines like economics are heading,”

diabetes. The Thailand-based Thai

he says.

Natural Products also recently turned to

The MUGrid works by using software

4

is already making an impact.

didn’t come to Marquette intending to

ture is key to the area’s economic

Dr. Craig Struble

Here is a glimpse at how the MUGrid

Sem’s lab to screen plant compounds.

that harnesses idle computer resources

It’s computer-intensive work. “We screen

across campus, particularly student lab

drug-like chemicals against proteins to see

computers overnight. Researchers can

if we can identify chemicals that will bind

then tap that campuswide power from

and thus lead us down a drug discovery

their own desktops. “Rather than have

path,” Neumann explains.

Each protein is screened against the

Administration, aims to quantify the

involves a combination of human experi-

lab’s collection of 10,000 chemicals. On a

radiation reduction — and assess image

ments and computational modeling —

single-core machine, it would take 440

quality — of different methods. “It’s very

and that’s why he turned to the MUGrid.

days to complete a single protein test. Now

difficult to measure how much radiation

“It allows our experiments to be a lot

that work can be done in as little as 12 hours.

is deposited inside the body during a

more interactive,” he says. “We can have

“We’ve kind of developed this niche

scan,” she says. “It would require some

an answer in a couple of hours and

in the community because we can test a

sort of sensor in the body. So we have

actually iterate several times a day.”

lot of compounds very quickly,”

these models instead, and with the

Neumann says.

simulations we can accurately estimate how

therapeutic deep brain stimulation.

much radiation is deposited in every organ.”

“When it works, everybody’s happy, and

But it has only whet Neumann’s appetite. He and Sem will next use the

The work involves tracking billions of

Butson is trying to better understand

when it doesn’t, we don’t know why and

TeraGrid to test 1 million compounds.

X-ray photons. “Without the grid, we

we have few tools to examine why it

And that’s only a fraction of what’s

couldn’t do these simulations,” she says.

doesn’t work,” Butson explains. One

available in a commercial database.

Now work that would have taken her a

challenge is that existing imaging

year takes just a day or two.

techniques can’t show what’s happening

“Right now, 13 million chemicals is out of our reach,” Neumann says, “but it’s in our dreams.”

Lowering cancer risk Dr. Taly Gilat-Schmidt, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering,

One early outcome is a small database

in the brain during stimulation. So Butson

that calculates the radiation levels for an

uses the MUGrid to run thousands or

average patient at various scanning

tens of thousands of neuron models to

perimeters — so the information will be

see how stimulation affects a patient’s

available to researchers who don’t have a

individual neurons.

resource like the MUGrid.

“These computations allow us to

wants to make

Gilat-Schmidt also uses the grid for

women safer.

projects that aim to improve cardiac scans

otherwise be able to see,” he says.

Gilat-Schmidt studies

and single photon emission computed

There’s also a lot of variability in how

medical imaging

tomography scans.

brain stimulation is used, and Butson’s

systems and is

Already improving patient care

particularly interested in the radiation exposure caused by

Dr. Taly Gilat-Schmidt

Dr. Christopher Butson is an assistant

predict and see things that we would not

computer models can help physicians decide where to place the electrode and how much stimulation to use.

Butson also works with a Marquette

CT scans. Radiation

professor of neurology and neurosurgery

graduate student to use the grid to study

can elevate one’s cancer risk, and a

at the Medical College

transcranial magnetic stimulation, a non-

recent study found that women have a

of Wisconsin and an

invasive technique that comes with the

higher risk of developing cancer from

adjunct professor in

same unknowns as deep brain stimulation.

radiation, partly because breast tissue is

Marquette’s Depart-

The MUGrid’s ability to produce

highly radiosensitive.

ment of Biomedical

results in just a few hours is a huge

Engineering. His MCW

benefit to patients, Butson says. But to

risk. If you could reduce radiation and

lab studies therapeutic

speed physician decision-making even

preserve image quality, that would be a

and diagnostic deep

good thing,” she says.

brain stimulation, a

“Any time you get radiation, there’s a

Gilat-Schmidt’s two-year study, which is supported by the Food and Drug

Dr. Christopher Butson

further, he’d love to get the processing time down to an hour or even seconds. n

technique most often used with Parkinson’s patients. The research

Marquette University

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THE FDI EFFECT Dr. Grace Wang examines the effects of FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT on host countries.

By Christopher Stolarski

Economically, our planet is shrinking. Technology, foreign policies and the disintegration of certain cultural barriers have transformed the global marketplace, making it more accessible.

It teems with merchants, and it’s flush with cash.

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Multinational corporations — those

migration patterns in the host country,

enterprises that manufacture, sell and

specifically China. According to Wang,

provide products and services in more

China is the world’s largest FDI host

than one country — abound. According

country among less developed countries.

to the United Nations, there were

From 1993 to 2009, China received each

approximately 30,000 multinationals in

year on average approximately 25 percent

1990. Today, there are more than double

of the world’s FDI to all less developed

that. And, increasingly, these companies

countries, she says.

are making physical investments (build-

“There are two schools of thought, which

ings, machinery and equipment) in less

I call the ‘home effect’ and the ‘linkage

developed countries around the world.

effect,’” Wang explains. “The home effect

Highly developed countries like the United States house the majority of multinational corporations, and from

suggests that FDI can deter emigration. The linkage effect cites the opposite.”

The home effect argues that when a

Dr. Grace Wang

on the pretense that products will be

the Western perspective, this model of

multinational corporation builds a facility

exported to the “losing” countries.

“foreign direct investment” is seen as an

in a less developed country and hires its

What attracts and deters inward

economic boon for the home countries.

labor locally, those new employees are

investment is important for host coun-

less apt to leave, now content with their

tries’ policymakers so that they can

more interested in the impact FDI has

wages and improved working environment.

devise policies to encourage it. In the

on the host country. “If Apple builds a

The linkage effect, favored by sociologists,

case of China, Wang says this is important

manufacturing facility in Thailand, what

posits that this new employment experience

provincially, as well.

does that mean for Thailand’s economy?”

serves as an exemplar of what Western life

she asks. “Put simply, does FDI promote

is like, making emigration more attractive.

Dr. Miao “Grace” Wang, however, is

the recipient country’s economic growth, and — if so — how?”

The findings suggest that those with

To delve more deeply into that concept, Wang scaled the focus of her study to look at China’s individual provinces as de

postsecondary educations are less likely

facto host countries. By measuring the

to emigrate because they have better

intensity of the spatial interdependence

professor of economics who has studied

opportunities afforded them by the

among China’s provinces and disaggre-

FDI for nearly a decade, less developed

multinational companies in the host

gating that data by specific industry, Wang

countries like China want and actively

country. Those with only a secondary

says she can demonstrate more clearly

seek FDI. In fact, she says, these countries

education are more likely to leave, and

what characteristics in China promote or

will often adjust certain regulations to

FDI seems to have no impact on those

discourage FDI.

According to Wang, an associate

attract multinational corporations.

On the surface, the desire is obvious. “These companies bring

with only a primary education.

In addition to studying FDI’s effect on

Wang has found that, at the aggregate level, host provinces compete with one

outward migration, Wang is examining a

another for FDI. However, in some

phenomenon known as spatial interde-

manufacturing industries — especially

pendence. According to Wang, past FDI

labor-intensive manufacturing — sur-

studies have focused solely on the home

rounding provinces complement each

and host countries. Instead, Wang is

other. In other words, FDI received in

Wang’s research, which

considering the home and host countries

one host province tends to help its

has been well published in

as well as countries that surround the host.

surrounding provinces receive more FDI

increased employment opportunities, better technology and superior management skills,” Wang says.

leading economics journals,

Studying this “third country effect” is

in similar labor-intensive industries.

goes deeper than conspicu-

growing increasingly important, she says.

ous business incentives.

Usually, multinationals target one country

market size, labor cost and quality,

She’s looking now at

in which to invest. But, increasingly,

policy incentives, and coastal locations

empirical data that shows

corporations consider several neighboring

are important determinants of FDI.” n

how FDI affects outward

“In general,” she says, “provincial

host countries and ultimately choose one Marquette University

7

Mind

d Over Body The physical toll of PTSD

By Nicole Sweeney Etter

Marquette doctoral student Manda Keller was working as a physical therapist at the Milwaukee VA Medical Center when she noticed something curious in her stack of medical records: Several of her PT patients were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. She and Dr. Sandra Hunter started to dig deeper.

Marquette University

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“W

primarily psychological, or both?” Hunter

fatigue more quickly than control subjects.

affects the motor system or motor

asks. “PTSD has the potential to really

It’s still unknown if simultaneously

performance,” Keller says. Her earlier

upset their physical performance. And

performing the mental tasks will further

research with Hunter, associate professor

then if we add a cognitive stress on top,

impair the veterans’ motor performance.

of exercise science in Marquette’s College

even a simple motor task, is that going to

of Health Sciences, had already shown

affect veterans with PTSD even more?”

e don’t know if or how PTSD

the detrimental effects of acute stress on

Hunter’s and Keller’s previous study,

“So now that we know that they fatigue more quickly and to a greater magnitude during low-force tasks that are applicable

motor performance. Now they hope to

which was published in the Journal of

to tasks performed during daily activities,

better understand the effects of chronic

Applied Physiology in 2010, studied the

the next step is to figure out where the

stress by studying motor performance

impact of acute stress on motor perfor-

fatigue is occurring within the neuromus-

in combat veterans during fatiguing

mance and muscle fatigue in healthy

culoskeletal system,” Keller explains.

young men and women. “We know

To do that, researchers will use

Dr. Sandra Hunter and Manda Keller

about fight or flight, but, really, how

techniques such as electrical stimulation

does activation of the fight or flight

and transcranial magnetic stimulation to

system affect the underlying motor

determine if fatigue is originating in the

control of daily activities, especially

central nervous system or in the muscle.

during fatiguing tasks?” Hunter asks.

“If we know the site of fatigue, then we

Potentially a lot, it turns out. Researchers

can provide targeted strategies to counteract

stressed participants by giving a timed,

such problems,” Hunter says. If fatigue

difficult mental math test — asking

occurs in the central nervous system,

them to count backward by large

then strength training may be helpful.

numbers — while performing a fatiguing

Fatiguing contractions are the basis of all

arm exercise. To account for distraction,

strength-training programs, and initial

participants were also given a very

increases in strength occur first within

simple mental task.

The study showed for the first time

contractions of the hand muscles. The

“that a difficult mental math test really

project is funded by the Clinical and

affects your ability to hold steady muscle

Translational Science Institute of

contractions and how quickly you fatigue,

Southeast Wisconsin.

particularly at low forces,” Hunter says.

“This is novel work,” says Hunter, who is the principal investigator and

decrement in motor performance when

Keller’s doctoral adviser. “Nobody

exposed to a stressor, though we’re not

has ever studied this before. Previous

sure whether that’s a sex difference or a

research has focused on the psychological

strength difference.”

aspects of PTSD.” PTSD symptoms can include hyper-

10

“Women actually have the greatest

Keller, who has a pre-doctoral rehabilitation research fellowship at the VA Medical

arousal, flashbacks, nightmares and

Center, then repeated the same tests with

numbness. Veterans with the debilitating

20 veterans ages 26-52, most of whom

condition also have lower rates of

served in the recent Iraq and Afghanistan

employment, and the researchers wonder

wars. The study is ongoing, but early results

if physical impairment is a factor. “Does

reveal that even without any mental tasks,

PTSD have a motor involvement or is it

veterans with PTSD are less steady and

Discover

To better understand the effects of chronic stress, Marquette researchers test motor performance in combat veterans during fatiguing contractions of the hand muscles.

Other PTSD research at Marquette the nervous system, which adapts by working more efficiently. Hunter’s previous research had shown that older women increased their strength by 43 percent in 12 weeks of training — even though their muscles grew in size by only 10 percent.

Veterans’ physical impairments could impede their rehabilitation, which often relies on improving strength by performing fatiguing contractions. By better understanding the root of veterans’ motor problems, researchers could design better rehab treatments, Hunter says.

The researchers are even more excited about the next phase: Collaborating with Marquette colleague Dr. Paul Gasser to explore the genetic predisposition of PTSD and motor performance. In particular, they’d like to know if veterans who have the genes associated with PTSD are also the ones who have decrements in motor performance. n

Dr. Paul Gasser, an assistant professor of biomedical sciences, studies the effects of stress on the brain and has focused on PTSD for the past five years. He is trying to understand the stress hormones that influence the consolidation and persistence of emotional memories, as well as the risk factors that predispose one to PTSD. “PTSD intrigues me because it’s a disorder in which the normal process of adaptation to and recovery from stress is disrupted,” he says. “If we can understand how and why that happens, we may be able to develop strategies to decrease the incidence of PTSD and improve the effectiveness of treatments.”

Dr. Ed de St. Aubin, an associate professor of psychology, studies survivors of life-threatening, potentially traumatizing events, including people with PTSD. He thinks the condition can reveal important findings about everything from resilience to identity/ existentialism to coping mechanisms. “We are particularly interested in how such an event impacts the life story one tells oneself and others in order to provide meaning and purpose to one’s existence,” de St. Aubin explains. “We are now moving toward examining the various biopsychosocial trajectories that follow a traumatic injury by longitudinally tracking changes in one’s self-narrative, as well as biomarkers of post-trauma health.” For the upcoming project, he is collaborating with Dr. April Harkins, assistant professor of clinical laboratory science. “We are hoping to bring to light some biomarkers in the blood that may be predictive of developing PTSD,” Harkins explains.

Dr. John D. Zemler, a visiting assistant professor of theology and life member of the Disabled American Veterans, is a former U.S. Army captain who specializes in treating PTSD as a “soul wound.” His research focuses on the spiritual dimensions of PTSD and how to heal souls wounded by trauma. He manages the website ptsdspirituality.com. “The site is mostly visited by family and friends who are concerned about someone with PTSD,” he says. “Through it and by other means, I help folks understand they don’t have to kill themselves and the situation is not absolutely hopeless.”

Marquette University

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and the privacy paradox How social networking is changing our notion of privacy.

There was a time when many people

be posted on Facebook,” says D’Urso,

make a clear distinction between a real

didn’t feel comfortable talking about

an assistant professor of communication

friend and a Facebook friend, but the

politics or revealing their age and

studies. “It’s an interesting pattern

online platform does not.”

religion except to close friends and

that emerges.”

family. But today, many Facebook users

An estimated 85 percent of college

So what is motivating this increased social sharing with a widening audience?

voluntarily post that and other personal

students have a Facebook profile,

One possible explanation may be the

information online for an increasing

making it a significant phenomenon

way that Facebook changes the dynamics

number of people to see.

shaping student experiences today. It is

of a relationship. The site can often be

“Fundamentally, what we think

the most popular website in the country,

used to learn more about people they

of as private has changed,” says Dr.

and Feldner and D’Urso think that the

meet offline, rather than to start new

Sarah Feldner, assistant professor of

sheer number of people engaged with

friendships online.

communication studies.

this social network — approximately 500

kind of currency, Feldner and D’Urso

nature of research focusing on Facebook.

say. They relate this phenomenon to the in this case people are giving information

that they have a strong concern about

to start the relationship process. Users

the privacy of their personal information

appear to be willing to exchange their

and activities online, but at the same time

own privacy to interact with or learn

they were willing to share more informa-

about others.

the online world.

Despite changes in personal privacy

Research by Feldner and Marquette

concept of relationship reciprocity, and

undergraduate students who revealed

tion to be a more connected member of

Dr. Sarah Feldner and Dr. Scott D’Urso

This information exchange can be a

million as of 2010 — point to the critical D’Urso and Feldner surveyed 642

“If you want to have friendships on Facebook, you need to part with some of your information to make it worth-

controls on Facebook, students allow

while for someone to friend you,” D’Urso

personal information to be seen by

says. “The more information you share

“friends,” D’Urso and Feldner found. But

in some ways, the more interesting you

the average student has more than 400

might appear to other users.”

colleague Dr. Scott D’Urso found that

friends on Facebook — many of whom

even among young users who say they

they don’t know very well outside of the

grow, the professors see an increased

are highly concerned with privacy, greater

online arena.

need to continue studying the chang-

information sharing has become a social norm. They call this “the privacy paradox.”

“They may say ‘I’m highly concerned

12

By Tim Cigelske

“The term ‘friend’ has really changed

ing nature of informational disclosure

in the past five years,” D’Urso says. “A

and privacy. They say they have only

friend when I was in high school or

scratched the surface of this issue. n

with privacy,’ and yet their birth date,

college means really different things today,

residence hall and hometown may all

especially in an online context. Students

Discover

As social networking continues to

“

I would expect that next year, people will share twice as much information as they share this year, and next year, they will be sharing twice as much as they did the year before.”

— Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg Check out my video Check out my pics

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In a relationship with John

1,590 560

180

620

Marquette University

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THE

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BIONIC PROF

By Stephen Filmanowicz

Dr. Phil Voglewede is on the frontier of artificial limb development.

In the 1970s, the TV hit The Six-

flexing slightly under the user’s weight (a

Million Dollar Man hooked viewers on

bit like a spatula springing back to form

have since made exhilarating progress.

the idea that “bionic” body parts could

after being depressed). “On a level

The newest prototype has a compact

make an injured astronaut as strong, fast

surface, their performance is not too

motor and more human-scaled pro-

and eagle-eyed as a superhero.

bad,” observes Voglewede. “People that

portions. It’s about half as heavy as its

use them exert more energy than they

predecessor. Soon to be equipped with

Voglewede, an assistant professor of

would normally have to. They walk at a

sensors that will detect heel lift and cue

mechanical engineering at Marquette,

slower pace.” Often crafted of carbon

the release of force for the push forward,

and an interdisciplinary group of

fiber, they tend to be lightweight and

the model is due for testing on three

colleagues are on the cutting edge of

relatively affordable.

amputees in May 2011. And coalescing

Thirty-five years later, Dr. Phil

creating real-world bionic body parts,

Voglewede and his graduate students

By incorporating a motor, coiled

around the device is a growing col-

specifically, a powered prosthetic ankle

spring and improved joint mechanism,

laborative team including Dr. David

and foot. No, there are no 60-miles-per-

Voglewede and his team learned —

Del Toro — an associate professor of

hour sprints or dump truck dead lifts in

theoretically at least — that they could

physical medicine and rehabilitation at

Voglewede’s federally funded lab, but

design an ankle that closely matched the

the Medical College of Wisconsin who

there is progress on something ultimately

thrust, timing and range of motion of an

has shared clinical knowledge and will

more impressive — a prosthesis that

actual ankle. They also learned that each

recruit test subjects — and Marquette

comes close to matching the remarkable

of those elements would add weight and

mechanical engineering professor Dr.

performance of the real thing.

bulk to their design — deal-breakers if

Joseph Schimmels, a specialist in spring

not managed carefully. “Those are very

design who is pursuing potential break-

about better options for lower-limb

common engineering tradeoffs,” he says.

through ideas that could yield the power

amputees during the early years of the

“I want more power, but adding more

of a motorized ankle using only springs

current Iraq War. But he couldn’t fully

power adds more mass [and bulk]. So how

to harness and redirect energy normally

fathom the scope of the challenge he

do you balance those factors?”

generated as part of the walking process.

Voglewede first started wondering

was wading into. For all the forces it

At one point, Voglewede’s team had a

Although important tests and years of

absorbs and transmits, the human ankle

working model that tested well in terms

revisions lie ahead, Voglewede says his

is supremely lightweight and efficient.

of force and motion but was scaled more

bionic ankle has already been an eye-

It’s also controlled in nuanced ways to

for Bigfoot than a human. With its bulky

opener. “We are engineers. We typically

bring the right combination of force and

steel motor and transmission, it topped

deal with more structured environments,

rapidity to the task, whether it’s running,

the scales at 10 pounds and had screws

like industrial settings,” he says. “Having

climbing steps or navigating uneven terrain.

designed for mounting to a bench, not

to deal with the variability of humans

Complicating the challenge are the pros

attaching to a residual limb. With help

and variability of amputations has been

and cons of today’s common prostheses,

from a $390,000 grant from the National

a huge lesson for us and something we’ll

straightforward passive devices that fix

Institutes of Health in 2009, the team started

take to all of our future projects.” n

the foot and ankle at a 90-degree angle

refining its ideas into a new prototype

and provide some propulsion after

that could be tested on actual amputees.

Marquette University

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By Stephen Filmanowicz

I

n Bangladesh, serious obstacles stand between the 30,000 women who contract breast cancer in a given year and the care they need.

Poverty is pervasive, health insurance almost non-existent. And four of five women are Muslim with a strong preference for female physicians — a rarity in the largely rural nation.

One aspect of Bangladeshi life, however, is uncharacteristically easy — staying connected by wireless phones.

Even in rural areas, mobile service is

patients through a nine-question survey

are rapidly developing advanced features

plentiful. In the capital, Dhaka, mobile

that mirrors what a doctor would ask at

for smart phones, such as a spoken

devices outnumber people. And so 8,000

an office visit: How tired are you? How

version of the survey for patients who

miles away at Marquette, Dr. Sheikh

bad is your pain? How strong is your

cannot read. A partnership with a

Iqbal Ahamed is leading a team of

appetite? With a few clicks, the answers

Bangladesh nonprofit will put 20 app-

researchers and software developers to

are sent to a server. Using their own

equipped Nokia smart phones in the

put better medical care in the palms of

mobile phones, doctors can access data

field on a pilot basis.

women’s hands.

and graphs for each patient. Algorithms

Through a grant from the International Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the associate professor of mathematics, statistics

detect significant changes, prompting alerts

penetrate the countryside, Ahamed

that may lead a doctor to adjust treatment.

expects to be ready with features that

A Bangladesh native himself, Ahamed

use a phone’s motion sensor to assess

and computer science is developing phone-

made a timely entry into the field of

activity level and that sync its camera

based programs to help breast cancer

wireless computing as a doctoral student

with facial recognition software to assess

patients stay in touch with their medical

in the 1990s and has seen his research

severity of pain. “In five years, this touch

teams. That can make a huge difference

output and reputation rise along with

screen will be a low-end phone,” he says

to women who can’t easily leave home,

the field’s subsequent boom. When he

of the Nokia they’re currently working

explains Dr. Rumana Dowla, a Bangladesh-

established his Ubicomp Lab at Marquette

with in the lab. “We’re constantly keeping

based palliative care specialist dedicated

soon after arriving in 2003, “ubiquitous

up with new phones and operating

to improving care delivery in rural areas.

computing” involved systems of wireless

systems, but that’s what we enjoy.”

“Often she has to leave her young

sensors, processors and transmitters —

child with someone and cook food before

often tucked in walls or on street poles —

she leaves home,” Dowla says. “She may

performing tasks such as operating home

need to walk a few kilometers to reach

appliances or tracking buses. The smart

the road where a rickshaw operates.”

phone explosion brings expanded meaning

The phone applications are aimed at

to the term, putting devices loaded with

the 80 percent of Bangladeshi patients

processor power, advanced sensors and

diagnosed at an advanced stage, when

other gizmos in the hands of people

pain management becomes a chief goal.

from all walks of life.

Demonstrated to patients during a

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And well before such devices

In Bangladesh, doctors expect big

fact-finding trip this January and due for

initial impact from the simplest app — a

incorporation into care regimens this

text-message survey that functions on

spring, the software’s first iteration guides

basic phones. But Ahamed and his team

Discover

Dr. Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed

Mobile apps created in Cudahy Hall are poised to improve breast cancer care in rural Asia.

E L I B M .D. M Though it means a lot to him to help ease suffering in his home country, Ahamed points out that challenges such as poverty and child care demands are found everywhere — and act as obstacles for patients with a range of diseases. With Dr. Richard Love, an accomplished cancer researcher and founder of the International Breast Cancer Research Foundation, he’s in discussion with potential partners at Wisconsin’s Marshfield Clinic and the Medical College of Wisconsin. “If we’re successful, this can be a model for all developing countries,” says Ahamed. “And we expect these applications to find uses in rural Wisconsin and the inner city of Milwaukee, too.” n

Marquette University

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Marquette Research IN BRIEF

THE LASTING EFFECTS OF FAMILY CONFLICT “Tell us what happens when parents get mad at each other.”

“There’s a lot of blood.”

So said one child participating in a research study by Dr. John Grych, Marquette professor and director of the Center for Psychological Services in the Department of Psychology. For the past 20 years, he has studied the impact of family conflict and violence on children’s development. His research shows that children absorb violence more than we know.

“When children see their parents fighting, they’re actively trying to make sense of it: ‘Why is this happening? What does this mean for me? What does this mean for my family?’ Their appraisals affect their level of comfort, security and anxiety and predict which kids are likely to develop depression, anxiety and aggression down the road,” says Grych, who was one of the first in the field to make a connection between children’s perceptions of conflict and violence and their psychological adjustment.

Children’s experiences with violence also shape their views of other relationships. In one study, Grych and his graduate students found that 4- to 7-year-olds residing in a domestic violence shelter were more likely to perceive mothers — generally the ones being abused — as “ineffectual and not very powerful.” That’s because they don’t have the capacity to understand the dynamics that lead to abuse. Take for example a young child watching a father enraged with a mother about the fact that he came home and dinner hadn’t been made.

“Children’s efforts to make sense of that is based on what they know, which is that people who get into trouble get yelled at and maybe get spanked,” says Grych, who publishes frequently in the Journal of Family Psychology and Journal of Marriage and Family, among others. It makes sense in these children’s minds that mothers who are physically or emotionally abused by fathers have done something to deserve it.

As these children age, they’re more physically aggressive toward others and are more likely to be the victims of aggression, as well, Grych says. When they reach adolescence, they’re more likely to be abusive toward their dating partners, something Grych’s lab is in the early stages of researching.

“The more conflict these kids witness, the more aggression they witness … the more sensitized they get, the more reactive they get to it and the more likely they are to perpetuate it in their own relationships,” he says. — BDJ

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Discover

“

When children see their parents fighting, they’re actively trying to make sense of it: ‘Why is this happening? What does this mean for me?

What does this mean for my family?’”

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF CORPORATE LITIGATION Dr. Matteo Arena calls corporate litigation an “external form of discipline,” a mechanism that keeps C-suite executives and governing boards honest. He also says it can often be an inefficient form of discipline.

An assistant professor of finance, Arena studies corporate governance and debt, and some of his latest research looks closely at how companies’ litigation risk affects their cash holdings. According to Arena, companies that are at greater risk of getting sued tend to hold onto more cash.

BILINGUAL OR NOT: HOW LANGUAGE POLICY IMPACTS CLASSROOM ACHIEVEMENT What is the best way to teach the increasing number of students for whom English is not their native language?

This question has become a politicized issue and the subject of heated debate in recent

“It’s intuitive,” he says. “They need to be able to cover not just settlement costs, but also legal fees, including attorneys. And there are implicit costs: customer and supplier losses and negative publicity.”

Curiously, though, Arena found that the converse is not true: Shareholders are not more

years. It’s also at the heart of the immersion and bilingual education research being conducted

likely to sue companies with high liquidity. “Just

by Dr. Francesca Lopez, assistant professor of educational policy and leadership.

because a company has more cash,” Arena

“Math and science achievement among new immigrants, particularly those struggling to learn the dominant language, is an issue of considerable importance in the U.S.,” Lopez says.

Lopez’s findings show that in states with the highest concentration of Hispanic students,

explains, “doesn’t mean they are more likely to get sued.”

Arena points out that corporate lawsuits —

a stronger bilingual education emphasis meant significantly better fourth-grade reading

and settlement amounts — have increased

achievement scores among Hispanic English language learners and Hispanic non-ELLs. Now

exponentially in the past 20 years. Further, his

she’s expanding her study to look at math and science results, as well.

research found that the impact of litigation risk

“Anti-language policies can be seen as anti-culture messages,” Lopez says. “And when

on cash holdings is not limited to firms that are

you target a population and say, ‘You can’t use your language and heritage in school,’ they

actually sued. For instance, when a company

did worse.”

is brought into class-action litigation, peer

However, there is no uniform approach for teaching ELL students. Some states, such as

institutions in the same industry respond by

Arizona, California and Massachusetts, don’t allow any languages other than English to be

increasing their liquidity to compensate for a

used in the classroom. Other states, like New Mexico, Texas and Wisconsin, require bilin-

perceived increase in risk exposure.

gual education, which incorporates instruction in students’ native language as students acquire English. Still others allow both English immersion and bilingual education, lacking any mandate.

As a result, Lopez concludes that educational policies that vary widely between states have very different — and lasting — effects on this growing student population.

“Ultimately, I want to make the public aware that forcing assimilation by attempting to eliminate students’ cultural heritage will only widen disparities,” she says. — TC

As a result, he says, companies across the board have become substantially more risk averse. And when these companies hold onto more cash, they invest less.

“This has significant implications on employment,” Arena notes. “When companies hold onto cash, they’re not growing, they’re not hiring. Even though litigation is a form of external governance with potential benefits, it has also a counterproductive effect.” — CS

Marquette University

19

Marquette Research IN BRIEF

WHEN LIFE GIVES YOU LEMONS …

“All of my research studies have consistently focused on ‘positive concepts,’ such as

could still change.

strengths and assets of individuals, rather

“Personal resourcefulness is learned,”

than shortcomings, deficits and disorders,”

says Bekhet. “We learn it through condition-

says Bekhet. “More specifically, I’m

ing, modeling and formal or informal

interested in the concepts of positive

instruction. And since it is learned, it can

cognitions and resourcefulness.”

be taught.” With that in mind, Bekhet has

In one study, Bekhet taught small groups

Why is it that some of us are better than

resourcefulness, Bekhet showed them they

also examined strategies that staff in

of relocated residents personal and social

assisted and independent living facilities

resourcefulness strategies, such as reliance

can use to help new residents adjust.

on family and friends, exchanging ideas

Bekhet says that resourcefulness

others at making lemonade? No, not the

with others, reframing situations positively,

strategies can be applied to any stressful

refreshing summertime drink. In regard to

and exploring new ideas. She also asked

situation, not just the relocation of older

the proverbial “When life gives you lemons,

residents to respond to “positive cognition”

adults. With more than 20 published or

make lemonade,” what makes some people

statements, such as “I am hopeful about

accepted articles about positive cognition

able to adjust to changes and adversity

my future” and “I am in control of my life”

and resourcefulness, and funding from the

better than others?

to measure how well residents were able

nursing honor society, she next plans to

Dr. Abir Bekhet, assistant professor of

to think positively. Then she assessed

broaden her research. “I would like to

nursing, is finding out why. She studies

the effectiveness of what she taught

expand my resourcefulness intervention

older adults who have relocated to assisted

the residents by asking them which

studies to other high-risk populations, such

or independent living facilities, evaluating

aspects were most helpful and what

as caregivers of individuals with dementia,”

how well new residents might adjust to that

could be improved. And for residents

she says. — TO

life-altering change.

who lacked strong positive thinking and

TALES OF THE APOCALYPSE Dr. Andrei Orlov, associate professor of theology, was born in the former Soviet Union in 1960 — the height of the Cold War.

Bibles. Enoch, for instance, is referenced in the Book of Genesis.

During the next 30 years, Orlov watched the country crumble from

The story Orlov studies depicts visions of heaven and hell revealed

a military and scientific juggernaut that launched Sputnik to a country

to Enoch, who was taken to heaven and then sent back to earth to

with a shattered economy and political structure.

share with his sons ethical laws God wishes men to live by. These

“Growing up in the Soviet Union as a child you thought everything was great,” Orlov recalls. “Then you watch as the ideological framework of your world collapses into darkness.” Whether things

revelations alter reality for Enoch, his sons and their followers, causing them to rethink their morals and question their past beliefs.

Found among writings like the Dead Sea Scrolls, these supple-

were good or bad, Orlov says, beliefs were destroyed. “Both the

mental stories provide additional context and understanding to

spiritual and physical world we knew completely changed.”

Biblical texts, along with the culture and religious environment they

Orlov thinks that experience might have inspired his fascination with apocalyptic stories, the focus of his scholarly work. He is now

were written in, Orlov says.

This spring and summer, Orlov will hold a prestigious fellowship

a world-renowned expert on pseudepigrapha — ancient Jewish

at the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of

religious writings with disputed authorship written between 200 B.C.

Jerusalem. He will work with other leading scholars from Russia,

and 200 A.D. that are not included in the Hebrew or Catholic Bibles.

Israel, Sweden and the United States on how the traditions and

The apocalyptic stories he studies include the Second Book of Enoch (2 Enoch) and the Apocalypse of Abraham. Both books

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expand on characters and stories found in the Hebrew and Catholic

Discover

beliefs of Jewish and Slavic cultures influenced and interacted with the one other. — AB

WADING THROUGH THE SMOKE: LIMITING TOBACCO USE IN AFRICA In Ghana, a working-class laborer will spend half a day’s salary to purchase a single pack of cigarettes. In Kenya, that same pack will keep more than two pounds of fish off the dinner table of a

cites the challenges in Kenya, which passed smoke-free laws but has been challenged with monitoring and enforcing the new law.

“If current trends continue, by the mid-2020s, 85 percent of

growing family. As the economies grow in many African countries,

tobacco deaths will be concentrated in Africa, Asia and Latin

so has the popularity of smoking.

America,” Drope says. “The book is meant to help lay the framework

For the past three years Dr. Jeffrey Drope, assistant professor of political science, has worked with health officials and advocates in

for other countries and help avoid unnecessary deaths in the future.”

The publisher, Anthem Press, has agreed to make the book

12 African countries to develop and analyze the results of tobacco

available online for free so it is accessible to scholars, policymakers

control policies. The work was part of the Africa Tobacco Situational

and practitioners in developing countries who might otherwise not

Analysis project, sponsored by a Canadian government agency and

be able to afford the book.

funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

As an international politics professor, Drope focuses on the

The program’s success in these first 12 countries prompted the Gates Foundation to

impact and variation in economic policy used by different countries.

support its expansion to 17 additional countries.

His earlier work focused on non-tariff trade policies. Since starting

This effort will be led by a new coalition, the

on the tobacco project in 2008, he has become increasingly involved

Africa Tobacco Control Consortium, and

and now is summarizing his results in a book, which is due out this

headed by the American Cancer Society.

spring. The book, Tobacco Control in Africa: People, Politics and

Drope was appointed to the consortium’s

Policies, for which Drope is editor and contributor, will include a

research committee, charged with guiding

chapter on each country.

development and implementation of

Each country has unique challenges and varying results but

research initiatives. — AB

provides examples for future success, says Drope. For example, he

Marquette University

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IN BRIEF Marquette Research IN BRIEF

CLOSING THE WEALTH GAP After more than six years leading Marquette Law School’s Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program and decades of

not helping many people put some of this money away.”

In an article, “Encouraging

experience as a tax attorney, Vada Lindsey,

Savings Under the Earned

associate professor of law, became con-

Income Tax Credit: A Nudge in

vinced that the Earned Income Tax Credit

the Right Direction,” published in the

was not incentivizing low-income people to

University of Michigan Journal of Law

save and, therefore, create wealth.

and Reform last fall, Lindsey proposes

The EITC was created as a refundable

several key changes to encourage long-term

would be symmetrical with IRAs to

tax credit to encourage low-income people

saving. First, 10 percent of the individual’s

encourage long-term savings resulting in

to work. However, Lindsey noticed that

tax refund should automatically be put into

forfeiture of the government match upon

because the credit is refunded as a lump sum,

an IRA or a retirement plan. People can opt

premature withdrawals. The maximum

many people spent it on non-necessities.

out, but Lindsey notes that research shows

amount of the governmental contribution

And because many did not have bank

far higher participation if a program is

would be capped at $1,000 for individuals.

accounts, none of these funds went into

automatic. Second, if a person contributes his

savings. “There are many barriers to savings

or her own money in addition to the 10

Lindsey says. She targets retirement savings

for poor people, including lack of access

percent, the government would match those

as a critical need because empirical

to 401(k)s and the fact that they may be

additional funds. “The individual can always

evidence shows more elderly individuals

receiving other means-tested benefits like

pull out his or her original 10 percent if it is

live below the poverty level. She hopes

food stamps that limit eligibility based on

needed without penalty,” says Lindsey. “But

lawmakers in Congress will review her plan

assets,” Lindsey says. “But giving them a

he or she will pay a penalty for pulling out

and that more can be done to help close

relatively large check once a year was also

matched funds.” Vesting requirements

the wealth gap. — BM

“We want people to have a nest egg,”

OUT OF THE ER AND INTO THE DENTIST’S OFFICE For most people with private dental insurance, toothaches and cavities typically prove to be little more than a minor inconvenience.

provided to patients using emergency depart-

non-traumatic dental conditions in emergency

ments for non-traumatic dental conditions.

departments nationwide and more accurately

“Just as with non-urgent medical visits, non-traumatic dental condition visits to

dental care in emergency departments. He

emergency departments can pose significant

also will examine if racial and ethnic

inadequate access to dental care or an

cost, practice and programming implications

disparities exist in prescribing practices.

inability to navigate the system, these non-

and may contribute to emergency department

traumatic dental conditions can turn into

overcrowding,” says Okunseri. “In most

eliminate visits to emergency departments

months of pain and recurrent visits to an

cases, patients will receive only a temporary

for non-traumatic dental conditions, we can

emergency department or physician’s office.

treatment of antibiotics and/or analgesics

reduce them and redirect resources toward

and will still require follow-up care with a

helping these individuals receive access to

dental provider.”

quality dental services,” Okunseri says.

But for many Medicaid patients who have

Dr. Christopher Okunseri, associate professor of dental public health at Marquette’s School of Dentistry, has been

According to Okunseri, reducing dental-

“While it would be difficult to completely

He hopes the results of his research

awarded more than $300,000 from the

related emergency department visits by 1

will initiate discussions between health care

National Institutes of Health to study the

percent in Wisconsin alone could save

professionals and policymakers on how

Medicaid millions of dollars.

to address these issues and lead to the

different treatments

In addition, he says not enough is known

and medication guidelines for these

to patients across different demographics.

conditions. — ALB

medications are being prescribed for Discover

development of improved access to care

about which treatments are being provided His study aims to more fully explore which

22

identify the population groups that seek

THE MOLECULAR MYSTERIES OF ALCOHOL It likely started with rotting fruit falling on the ground, as ancient humans observed unsuspecting birds and critters becoming intoxicated as they feasted on the fermenting juices.

“Alcohol is one of the oldest drugs — it’s been around since the dawn of time,” says Dr. Robert Peoples, an associate professor of biomedical sciences who is one of the leading experts on the molecular mechanisms through which alcohol produces its effects. “People have been drinking wine and beer for millennia, but it’s a hard drug to study because it acts at high concentrations.”

Yet what we still don’t know about this drug’s impact on the brain is of critical importance: Nearly 18 million Americans abuse or are dependent upon alcohol, and excessive alcohol use leads to more than 75,000 deaths each year, making it the third-leading preventable cause of death, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Peoples has spent 20 years studying the molecular mysteries of alcohol use. A prolific researcher, he frequently publishes in journals such as Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, The Journal of Biological Chemistry and Neuropharmacology.

Peoples’ lab focuses on the NMDA receptor, which is a protein on the surface of nerve cells that allows ions such as sodium and calcium to enter the cells. The protein binds glutamate, one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain, and when it’s blocked by alcohol, it can cause problems with physical coordination, learning, memory and other brain functions.

“The question is: How does alcohol work on this protein in the brain?” Peoples says. “Where exactly is it binding, and how is it acting?”

Drugs act by binding to molecular targets. For neuroscientists, it helps if a drug binds tightly — but alcohol does not, which is why it’s difficult to study.

Only in the past couple of decades have researchers realized that alcohol affects nerve cells by binding to molecular targets on proteins instead of dissolving in cell membranes. Peoples’ research has revealed important insights into how alcohol interacts with the NMDA receptor. His lab has shown that alcohol affects NMDA receptors by inhibiting the opening and closing of the channel in the protein that allows ions to enter or exit the cell. Peoples has zeroed in on a handful of specific sites on the protein, and his ultimate goal is to identify new therapeutic targets.

“It’s going from the biophysics of this ion channel to how it will have an impact on human health,” he says. “It may be possible to design drugs that would be helpful in treating alcohol abuse.” — NSE

Marquette University

23

MARQUETTE BOOKSHELF Looking for new reading material? Check out some of the latest works written and edited by Marquette faculty.

The American Journalism History Reader

By Dr. Bonnie Brennen, Nieman Professor of Journalism Research and essays about journalism from all stages of the history of the American press — alongside key works of journalism history and criticism.

Christian Ethics: A Very Short Introduction

By Dr. D. Stephen Long, professor of theology A discussion of the relationship between Christian ethics and modern and postmodern ethics using practical examples of sex, money and power.

Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.: A Model Theologian

By Dr. Patrick Carey, professor of theology A biography of Cardinal Dulles focusing on his distinctive personal journey of faith and theology, as well as the representative nature of his experiences and his thinking within the American Catholic community.

Essays on family relationships, community, economy, geography and the environment, education, life cycle, the state, faith and religion, health and science, and world contexts during the Enlightenment.

Investment Ethics

By Dr. Diane Hoeveler, professor of English

By Dr. Sarah Peck, chair and associate professor of finance

A study of what are called “collateral gothic” genres — opera, ballads, chapbooks, dramas and melodramas — that emerged out of the gothic novel tradition.

A textbook that provides readers with tools, examples and exercises to understand ethical concepts and consequences in the practice of investments.

Jonathan Swift in Print and Manuscript

Epistemology, Archaeology, Ethics: Current Investigations of Husserl’s Corpus

An analysis of manuscript versions of Swift poetry, suggesting new ways of interpreting the different choices Swift made to circulate his texts in print or manuscript form.

Shaping Our Struggles: Nigerian Women in History, Culture and Social Change Co-edited by Dr. Chima Korieh, assistant professor of history A critical reconsideration of women’s positions in Nigeria by exploring their historical, developmental and sociocultural experiences across Nigeria’s cultures.

Discover

Co-edited by Dr. James Marten, professor and chair of history

Gothic Riffs: Secularizing the Uncanny in the European Imaginary, 1780–1820

By Dr. Stephen Karian, associate professor of English

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In the Age of Enlightenment

By Dr. Pol Vandevelde, professor of philosophy Thirteen original essays from contributors representing a cross-section of Husserl studies, manifesting the extent to which single themes in Husserl’s corpus cannot be viewed in isolation, but in relation to each other.

RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP AT MARQUETTE • Marquette’s overall research award volume in fiscal year 2010

• Marquette faculty edit a number of scholarly journals, from the

reached a record high in the university’s history, with faculty

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy to the

receiving more than $28 million in award dollars. Federal

International Journal of Systematic Theology.

research award dollars increased by 81 percent, and the average award size rose by 45 percent.

• Marquette continues to play a critical role in the Clinical and

• The Department of Special Collections and University Archives houses more than 17,000 cubic feet of archival material and 11,000 volumes, including approximately

Translational Science Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin, a

7,000 titles in the rare book collection. The J.R.R. Tolkien

collaborative effort between eight major institutions that is

Collection features many of the author’s original manu-

supported by a $20 million grant from the National Institutes

scripts, including The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

of Health.

• The university supports research through several programs:

• Marquette has more than 20 academic centers and institutes that foster research in the areas of end-of-life care, ethics,

three-year Way Klingler fellowships, sabbaticals for junior

neuroscience, rehabilitation engineering, transnational justice,

faculty and the Lawrence G. Haggerty Faculty Award for

water quality, sports law and other areas.

Research Excellence.

For more, go to marquette.edu/research.

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