Master dissertation Martijn Verfaillie

Shenzhen The adaptive city

A framework for an integrated design of public, common and private space

Martijn Verfaillie // Master dissertation Docent: Martine De Maeseneer International Master of Science in Architecture, 2014 KULeuven, Faculty of Architecture, Luca Gent

Preface The design process and the writing of this master dissertation was in the first place an educative and challenging experience.

During the theoretical research lots of new apprehensions were obtained, that have contributed a lot in the development of the project.

This Master dissertation has become a project that I loved working on, which I will continue to do so in the future, to really get all the potential out of it.

Especially important during this period are following persons.

Most importantly my docent Martine De Maeseneer. Not only for her guidance during the studio time, but mostly for the many new insights.

And her passion for architecture that inspired me.

Off course I also want to thank Laure Vandenbroucke for enthusiastic assisting Martine, certainly in Shenzhen, but also in Gent.

I would also like to thank my team members Laure Decaigny, Inse Vaneuville and Stefanie Verhoeyen for the good collaboration during the drafting of the masterplan.

At last I want to thank my family, boyfriend and friends for their support and understanding.

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Content

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00. Preface 004 01. Content 005 02. Concept note 007 03. Context 010 04. Climate 016 05. Living in Shenzhen 019 06. Urban Villages 024 07. Space syntax 031 08. Connecting urban space 035 09. Permeability 042 10. The masterplan 045 11. The influence of entrances 051 12. Public / Private / Common 054 13. Typologies 062 14. Framework 076 15. Public functions 085 16. Common functions 095 17. Value factory 103 18. Figure list 110 19. Reference list 113

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Concept note

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// A framework for an integrated design of public, common and private space

To redevelop an area like Shekou there is a need for good balance between public, common and private space. Public space not only needs to be versatile, open, accessible for everyone, etc., but most of all it needs to be well spread throughout the whole city.

Entering common space is coming closer to the private space, therefore one needs to take into account that there are boundaries here: common space means shared space, shared by a selection of people. It could be called private public space or public private space: it provides a buffer between public and private. The private space has boundaries, and can only become common or even public by choice of the owner, in other words: its approachability is bound.

To get from public to private, whether you first go through a common space or not, you need to enter it; you need to go through an entrance, through a door, a gate, a hole, a line, etc. Entering a space is crossing a boundary. Entrance is a main factor in defining space.

An urban square is an important public space of which the significance is defined by open area and more importantly by the entrances facing the square. An urban square

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without entrances to other spaces would only be open space, not public space. The influence of the urban square diminishes, as the distance from it increases. To counter the diminishing influence of the urban square, the need for more entrances raises. There is no need for a back entrance, but for one or more equally accessible entrances at the back, at the front or on the sides. The whole ground level becomes more permeable and there are not only more possibilities to enter the private space, but even more to enter the urban square and even to re-enter the other public spaces.

An urban square, the public space, is mainly located on ground level. Creating more entrances on this level makes a city even more permeable, but in section almost nothing changes. Having public space only on the ground level limits the accessibility of the buildings or even space as a whole. It is important to see public space not only on the ground level and not to see an entrance solely divided by a threshold from public space. To create a permeable city it is important to generate public space and entrances on every level. There is a need for a good balance between public, common and private space, not only in plan, but also in section.

To create this, a good gradient between the

common, public and private space is needed: not only a gradient in plan, but also in section. Public space is not only provided by parts of the ground level, but by the ground level as a whole. Going up there is still need of public space, in which case we speak of public space translated into a stair, a passage, a bench, a room, etc.

The common spaces need to be located at a smaller distance from private space to give it that kind of ownership it needs. The common space is a shattered space; it can lie between two private spaces, between a public and a private, two public spaces or even between two other common ones. The common space is that in-between zone that can easily transform from a private to a public space and vice versa. The common space is a closed public space of which opening the door can make it public.

The private space is the most enclosed space.

Where the entrance is the only element that directly relates the interior space to the outdoor space. Mainly private spaces have one main entrance and one back entrance.

This makes the private space and its participation with the common and public space limited. Adding a second entrance makes the relationship between the private space and the public and common more versatile

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Context

Location

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Shenzhen is located in the southern portion of the Guangdong Province, on the eastern shore of the Pearl River Delta. Neighbouring the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, Shenzhen’s location gives it a geographical advantage for economic development. In 1980, the first Special Economic Zone of China was built in this city.

From then on, the city became a highlight of China, one known for its rapid economic growth.

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History Shenzhen is connected with the northern part of Hong Kong and forms one of the most successful Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of China. A SEZ is a geographical region that is designed to export goods and provides employment. In this Special Economic Zone there are special laws about taxes to make the region as competitive as possible in the global market.

Before 1979, when the SEZ was installed, Shenzhen was just a small village with a small harbour. In only thirty years the city grew exponentially and became one of the fastest growing cities in the world. In the beginning billions were invested by Chinese and foreign investors, first in manufacturing but nowadays more and more in service industries.

Geography and climate Shenzhen is located in the Pearl River Delta. Shenzhen is neighbouring Hong Kong in the south, Huizhou in the northwest and Dongguan in the northeast. It has a total population of 14 million citizens.

After becoming a SEZ Shenzhen went through a tremendous change of landscape. At first it was a rather hilly area, but due to the real estate developments the city lost its natural hilly appearance and became mostly fat ground. With the influx of migrant workers from all over the China, Shenzhen is experiencing a second stage boom. So more hilly areas need to be levelled to make place for more development, the natural surroundings of Shenzhen are really threatened by the expanding of the city.

Shenzhen has a humid subtropical climate. Winters are mild mostly dry and frost is very rare. Early spring is the cloudiest time of the year and rainfall starts to increase in April. The raining season lasts until September to early October. The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer month

Economy In 2001, the working population reached 3,3 million. The tertiary sector is smaller than the secondary sector, but is growing faster.

Shenzhen is a major manufacturing centre in China. The Shenzhen’s rapidly growing skyline is regarded as one of the best in the world; it currently has 26 buildings at over 200 meters tall.

Shenzhen is the home of China’s most successful high-tech companies and also foreign high-tech companies are represented in the city.

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Administration Shenzhen is a sub-provincial city and it has jurisdiction over eight districts.

The Luohu district is the financial and trading centre of Shenzhen. Futian is the seat of the Municipal Government; Nanshan is the centre of high-tech industries. The second busiest container terminal in China lies in The Yantian District and the main port, Shekou port, of the SEZ is situated in the Nanshan district.

Shekou port

Shekou port is located in the southern part of the Nanshan district. In the 1980s Shekou port started exploiting oil, with big majors like Agip, Chevron, Texaco and Shell, the future looked bright. But due to a lack of qualified people the main activity of the port changed into catering for mainly western companies. Today Shekou port is one of the biggest in the Pearl River Delta and is especially know for having one of the biggest container terminals.

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Social context Throughout the history of China we can detect six mayor shifts in the social context.

The first is the shift from a mass to a class society. Under communism, lifestyles were undifferentiated, shaped and guided by the political elite and by popular media. Now, 30 years later, a growing middle class has emerged exemplifying a class society in which every generation is affected by change.

The second shift concerns the rapidly older growing older population. The shift from a young society to an aging society. In 1949, China’s average lifespan was 42 years, and most women gave birth to more than five children. Mao Zedong’s dramatic socioeconomic reforms later in the century raised the life expectancy to more than 70 years. As a result, the country’s aged population will double in less than 30 years.

Thirdly there is the shift from a communist economy towards market socialism. Beginning in 1980, Deng Xiaoping’s open-door policy encouraged economic production and business development. Gradually, innovation, competition, risk, efficiency, and profit are becoming part of people’s lives in China.

Cultural attitudes toward money are changing from scorn and debasement to pragmatism and demand from certain cohorts in each generation and have created an elite wealthy class.

The forth shift is going from a social welfare to an individual social responsibility. China’s communist government was traditionally responsible for the people’s total welfare. Social reforms under the market economy shifted the economic burden to individuals. Privatization is still largely mistrusted in China, yet these fast-moving reforms will radically change people’s expectations of future economic security, as well as their spending and saving patterns.

Moving from a bipolar rural/urban society to an urban society is the fifth shift. Approximately 49 per cent of China’s population lives in rural areas, with about half of that group living in transitional rural communities that are urbanizing. The rural urban population distribution when Mao lead the revolution in 1949 was about 90% rural to 10% urban. Today China has about double the number of urban dwellers as the total U.S. population. Urbanization always creates more social classes as a by product and drives economic growth, the ultimate goal of the Chinese government.

And the last shift is from a local context to a global context. After 30 years of development, China is poised to play a significant role in the global economy: its coasts are no longer isolated, its imports and exports constitute the world’s ninth-largest trading economy, it is increasingly attracting foreign capital and it finds many international companies relocating their firms to within its borders.

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Climate

Land expansion

During time the Shekou area grew. There was a big need of new land to ensure the growth of the harbour. The surface of the area grew with about 50 per cent.

Sea water level rise

Due to global warming the sea water level will rise dramatically. Within the first 20 years the water will rise by 0,5m and over 50 years even by 1,5m.

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Shoreline protection Offshore wind farms are claimed to be the future solutions against the damages of hurricanes. If we increase trhe amount af windmills up to ten thousand and more.

The wind farms can decrease the power of the hurricane dramatically and while doing that it produces lots of clean energy (up to 2,65 Terawatt). It can prevent significant damage to cities during hurricanes.

Building these wind farms would be a big investment, 12.000-milliard euro, but on the mong term the net cost would be lower then building dikes instead.

Alterbative approach: super levee urban farm

Winner ONE prize 2011

The super levee urban farm is an economical, architectural en infrastructural intervention.

It protects the cities shoreline and it develops new emerging urban settlements. It helps restoring the natural ecologies of the coastline and it ensures a sustainable growth of crops and a natural energy harvesting system.

The levee is a productive urban green space that also integrates walking and cycling paths. And in that way doesn’t form a border between water and land but a connection.

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Living in Shenzhen

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Patterns

This map shows an abstract representation of Shenzhen and its most recurring patterns. The city is build up out of six patterns that are irregularly patched together.

First there is the irregular pattern of the industry. It is characteristic by its big halls, cranes and lots of silos. This pattern is widely spread in the western area of the city, the Shekou port region.

Also in the Shekou region we can find the pattern of the containers. It is characterised by its cranes, straightness and rigidness. The surrounding area consists out of concrete, when you take the containers away only a big concrete slab remains.

Moving towards eastern part of Shenzhen there is a third pattern, a linear curvy pattern with ribbon development, the villas.

The pattern of the dens high- and low-rise is stretched out over the whole city. It is a rather dens rigid pattern with variable heights. The pattern of the high-rise buildings is also a rigid pattern but is distinctive by its non-relating forms and lots of open space between the buildings.

The last pattern is the one of the urban villages. This is the oldest pattern in the city and only few remain. Many of them have been demolished through time for the development of new high-rise buildings. The urban villages are very dens and consist out of low-rise similar buildings.

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The high-rise buildings lack of identity. The spaces in-be-

tween are to big so there is no sense of ownership. The public space is desolated and isn’t used for leisure, meeting, etc. But merely as a transfer place, space you just need to pas to get from A to B. In the high-rise itself there is not much of social contact, everybody lives just behind a door in the hallway, known by number, not by person.

The total opposite are the urban villages. Here the buildings are almost stacked upon each other. There isn’t that much of public space, but this space is used for meeting, eating, markets, etc. These spaces are small and create a more intimate and private atmosphere.

The villas have e very low density and are very low-rise.

There is a lot of open space but mostly private. There is almost no social contact and the public space merely exists out of roads. The dens high-rise buildings have, just like the urban villages, small public space. Only this public space doesn’t work as in the urban villages, due to the oversized buildings. The inhabitants have no contact with the street; there is a lack of social interaction.

Urban villages // Highrise

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Impressions

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All images Š John Joseph Burns

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Urban villages

Migrant city

Shenzhen has seen its population and activity develop rapidly since the establishment of the SEZ. Shenzhen’s population is roughly ten million. About six million of these people are migrant workers who return home on the weekend and live in factory dormitories during the week. Shenzhen is the largest migrant city in China.

Young city // young people The low age in the city is due to the age of the city itself. When Shenzhen became a special economic zone, the city boomed. There was a high and urgent need of offices and dwellings. Big real estate projects pop out everywhere and the city grew in thirty years exponentially. The economy attracted lots of young people who came to live there.

Shenzhen’s population is young, with an average age of about thirty years. More then 88 per cent of teh population is aged between 15 and 59 years, including 20 per cent aged between 20 and 24 years.

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Urbanisation

China has been increasingly industrialized and urbanized in the last 50 years. That much that the urban built area has been tripled in the last two decades.

Former farmland has been turned into urban villages because of that urbanization. The farmers didn’t go to the city, the city came to them. To handle with the rapidly growing city, the farmers started to build on their field property. Former rice fields with narrow streets in-between were turned into five till seven story high housing blocks. The peasants became real estate developers.

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Case study by Yushi Uehara Yushi Uehara visited several urban villages in Shenzhen and this was her first reaction.

“Upon my first visit to a Village in the City, I saw a dense structure abruptly interrupting the cityscapes of Chinese urbanity. This anomalous fabric consisted of tiny towers, mostly seven floors high, in an extremely compressed layout, as if it were zipped up electronically. The impression was one of human scale, a feeling of place and space that was missing in the surrounding make-believe city. I was told that this settlement had previously been a farming village.�

Yushi Uehara, Guangzhou, 2004

Her first impression ties in wath everyone’s think. You really need to visit an urban village to experience the human scale and the liveability of the villages.

Yushi Uehara also stated 25 urban actions to describe and understand the evolution of the urban villages.

These urban actions are based upon the research conducted by the Berlage institute in 2005. Here you can find five of them.

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// Extrusion: The villagers ‘extrude’ their house in order to achieve a profit. The farmer sets his sights on the expanding city and extrudes his home just before the construction of infrastructure. Extrusion also often occurs when a farmer aims to optimise rents to meet the demand for accommodation from the floating population of migrant workers. // Hospitality: The ground-floor areas are often rented out to house small commercial activities, which transform the urban village into a more self-sustainable urban unit. // Neighbourhoods: The Urban village installs temples, schools and crèches that enable the floating population to become an even more productive labour force. // Implosion: After the purchase of the farmland, the villager inserts houses for new family members in the small open terrains. This consequentially increases the overall density of the whole urban village. // Education: The now-wealthy businessmen-villagers send their children to Western universities, in the hope they will develop skills to become politically influential.

Urban villages aren’t slums but compared to the brand new ‘fully planed’ developments around them, which consist of gated residential high-rises and commercial shopping malls, they don’t appear far off. Instead of considering them slums they should be considered as unregulated assets. They are vital to the overall housing needs of the city and they provide small-scale economic opportunities which are not catered for in the larger developments. In fact it is because these areas have not been planned that they are valuable. The local villagers weren’t developers and were taking a pragmatic approach to their own survival; they went from ‘growing crops to growing homes’ (Song, Zenou & Ding 2003).

Not much of the physical history is kept standing until these days in the urban villages. Only a few temples and some built fragments, but that isn’t what is important to survive. The real importance of the heritage is embedded in the spatial dynamic. Not vertically, but more in terms of scale and the relation from building to building. Just as the original villages, these urban villages are built in clustered grids. The true trace has been ingrained into the pragmatic urban response to surviving forced urbanisation. So this is why urban villages aren’t just slums packed upon each other. They have an urban form that has been tried, tested and accepted by its inhabitants.

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Possitive // negative

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The urban villages lack of proper infrastructre. There are no good pathways; there is thrash on the streets. The intensive use of space results in very narrow pathways and extremely narrow spaces between buildings. Because of this intensive use of space the streets lack natural lightening. They become unpleasant and feel unsafe.

The main roads are wider and have lots of daylight. This results in an intensive use of the public space.

There are commercial functions, restaurants, leisure, etc.

In addition many inhabitants eat and live in these streets. The importance of the social interaction on the streets is more important then the private dwelling. The narrowness between the streets are used to dry clothes, in that way the buildings get some kind of identity.

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Space syntax

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Town of Apt

Every little piece of the open space can be described as enclosed: All open spaces are shaped and defined by their relation to the building entrances, but, equally, all parts are related by lines of sights and access to the larger scale space structure. // Shape comprising (including) all the space of the square, plus all the space that can be seen and gone directly to from any point in the square. // Locally enclosed squares are related to the global pattern of space, approximately in pro portion to their scale. // The town also differs from the modern environment: there is virtually no morphological repetition anywhere.

The plans of apt lack intelligible from the air but has a natural intelligibility in plan.

From the air it appears disordered, it lacks a kind of regularity. But on the ground, it has a degree of natural intelligibility: we do not need signs to tell us where we are traditional towns had forms of order built into them great majority of historical towns built are deformed grids: grid made up of a series of islands of outward-facing buildings, each surrounded by a ring of open space which forms part of an interconnected net.

Deformed can be seen in one or two dimensions: // One dimensionally: in terms of its lines of sight and access // Two dimensionally: in terms of changing ‘fatness’ of its spaces

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Convex // concave

CONVEX SPACE This is a space in which all points can be joined to each other by lines which do not pass outside the boundary of the space.

CONCAVE SPACE This is a space which falls outside this boundary.

Convexity 1. Almost every convex space has building entrances opening directly onto it. // Social & spatial property // Every space from which all points can see all other points is also a space in which en trances participate in this ‘all-play-all’ // Wherever you are in urban space, you are always under potential surveillance of entrances 2. Convex spaces are also related to each other by lines of sights and access. // It is the linking of convex spaces through lines of sight that give the deformed grid its sense of operating at wo scales at once: wherever you are, you are aware of the local space you are in through the convex organisation

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Isovist

The environment is defined as a collection of visible real surfaces in space. An isovist is the set of all points visible from a given vantage point in space and with respect to an environment. The shape and size of an isovist is liable to change with position. Numerical measures are proposed that quantify some salient size and shape features. These measures in turn create a set of scalar isovist fields. Sets of isovists and isovist fields form an alternative description of environments. The method seems relevant to behavioural and perceptual studies in architecture, especially in the areas of view control, privacy, ‘defensibility’, and in dynamic complexity and spaciousness judgements. Isovists and isovist fields also shed light on the meaning of prevalent architectural notions about space. // Benedikt M L, 1979, “To take hold of space: isovists and isovist fields” Environment and Planning B 6(1) 47 – 65

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Connecting urban space

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Morphology of paths

Going from point A to B // When a person walks from point A to point B, the shortest path will be taken. // Obstacles or distracion in the urban space will lead people in another direction. // They have tot take a different route so new places will be discovered. // People explore the city and its hidden places.

Those distraction or attractions can be many kind of things.

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Structural principles

// Linking different nodes reinforces human activity. These links are crucial in the development of a good working city. // The urban web self-organizes on different levels of scale by creating ordered hierarchy of connections. It becomes multiple connected but not chaotic.

On site there are some potential existing nodes. The mountains and the sea form a big node, attraction or distraction node. These elements should be integrated into to design of the masterplan.

Some old industrial buildings can also be implemented in the masterplan. they can function as nodes.

In that way the history of the site remains and the industry becomes an activator for the future city.

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Nodes on site Archietcural and industrial elements

Natural elements

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Visual // physical

Visual connections Discovering the city trying to reach the goal. Creating a coherent picture of an urban setting.

The goals are a guideline in the discovery of the city. They give orientation.

Physical connections The physical connections are automatically visual connections. The physical ones are the main axis of the urban fabric and form the backbone. They give clear directions.

This connections automatically are the busier axis, therefore disconnection are necessary to protect pedestrian. There is a physical barrier but not a visual.

For planning the main axes of the new masterplan the theory about connectivity and nodes is taking into account.

In the Shekou area we already have many existing nodes like the mountains, the water, the industrial heritage, the temple... These nodes form the basis for the design of the masterplan, but of course not the only nodes, there will be a need of more nodes.

The idea of connectivity has two parts.

First there is the visual connectivity. Here you can see your end point but the way to it isn’t clear, you need discover your way through the city.

Secondly there are the physical connections. Here you can see the end point and the route towards it.

But this physical connectivity also requires caution. It is important to make a disconnection between different players in the city.

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Connections

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Daily routines

The distance and time a person wants to walk to a certain point/function in the city is limited. This is why it is important to implement different principal functions (library, school, supermarket, work, living...) in the city by using circular diagrams to control if there are enough functions in an area to keep it activated.

By making sure those principal functions are well distributed across the city, no part will be left out. Social interaction will be ensured.

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Permeabillity

Defenitions Permeability is the number of alternative ways through an environment.

A permeable environment allows people to move around with greater ease and with more choice of route.

Increase permeability:

// Provide an essentially democratic setting.

// Enriching the opportunities.

// Maximizing the available choices.

Permeable

// Lots of available choices

of route

The advantages of smaller city blocks:

// More choices of route

// More permeable

// Shorter length of route Physical permeability

// Depends on the number of routes

from A to B Visual permeability

// Alternative routes need to be visible

// Smaller blocks help increase visibility

Not permeable

// Less choices because of

dead ends

Hierarchy of public roads

// Strict hierarchy if roads will

reduce permeability

// Only one way from A to B

// Creates lot of dead ends

// Not permeable

// No choice of route

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Desigin tool

1. Best connections between the site, public transport and facilities.` 2. Typical dead ends introverted layout that doesn’t integrate with the surroundings.

3. Integration with the surroundings. Linking the existing with the new site.

4. Buildings contribute positively to public realm; they are integrated with the surroundings.

When redeveloping an area, it is very important to take permeability into account. Superblocks, deadend roads, big car lanes... are all-harmful for the choice of route. it is necessary that there are many alternative routes from point A to B. Giving the people many opportunities.

Superblocks with a big inner court: There is only a high activity around the entrance toward the inner court. By increasing the amount of entrances the activity will be divided over the whole block. By making more, but smaller entrances the privacy of the inner court will remain and the edges on all sides of the block will be more actively involved. Front becomes back and vice versa.

Creating new superblocks is damaging for the surrounding; these blocks are orientated to the inner courtyard and not to the street. Which creates a lack of identity and sense of living on the street.

Opening one side isn’t enough; there is a need of many entrances to the courtyard. Making the city more permeable and the courtyard more public.

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The masterplan

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Main princibles

The visual and the physical connections form the main axis for the whole area. They are the backbone that ties it all together. Where the axis meet there is a main node, a node with place for an activity, which can ensure vibrancies in the city.

Using the pattern of the urban villages as starting point, the masterplan can be developed in more detail. By adjusting the width of the streets it all becomes more liveable. By rotating the secondary streets, more visual permeability is ensured.

Where the wider streets meet an urban square is created. These square need to be tested trough isovist, to ensure they have a positive effect on the urban space.

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Isovist // testing

Implementing the main princibles on site

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V Testing the squares using isovist

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Taking a walk

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It is important when walking in a city, the people get guidance from iconic things. This can be a building, a mountain, the sea, a square. These items give guidance and are important to orientate themselves.

Equally important is the facet of attraction and surprise. Many sights are needed to create this. For example seeing a crane far awy can trigger persons to go there or the sound of the market can do the same. It is important that the city has enough triggers to make it more explorative.

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The influence of entrances

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Looking to a square in an urban village you can see that the influence of the square doesn’t reach that far. The first row of buildings profits the most benefits of the square. The second row also benefits of the square because many people need to pass here to enter the square. The profits for these buildings are way less then the buildings surrounding the square. Important to notice is the other buildings. The further away from the square the less influence the square has on these buildings. Only people who really have to be there will wander those streets. So these streets could become abandoned.

A major factor in this are the entrances. The main entrances of buildings surrounding a square are always facing the square. Which means you get a straight linear and simple circulation. You enter the square en go straight to your destination.

If the buildings surrounding a square would have an equal important front entrance and back entrances. Actually not a front and back entrance anymore, two main front entrances. The influence of the square expands and the second row of buildings becomes equally important. By having two entrances not only the circulation in the public space changes, the circulation in the interior spaces also is changed. Entrances are main factors in the forming of circulation patterns in a city.

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Expanding this idea of more entrance throughout the whole city would mean that the previous straight and direct circulation would change. The abandoned streets would relive because the urban square is as important as all the other streets. The whole city block becomes part of the urban square. The urban realm and the buildings itself become that permeably that there are no boundaries anymore on ground level. You could see this urban block as a building where the boundaries of the city are reinterpreted and rescaled to become a building where all spaces are equally important and where

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Public / private / common

Reference projects

House with empty lot // ON design partners Common space can be an indoor space, connecting two private spaces together. These private spaces can be from two different users or could be part of one and the same dwelling.

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Yokohama apartment // ON design partners There is a gradient going upwards, from public space towards private space.

Social interaction is stretched to the maximum.

Even when the public space would be totally empty, the visible stairs gives a sense movement.

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Sakura apartment // Hitoshi Wakamatsu The open space on the ground level is totaly dedicated to public space.

From level one on, the public space becomes more common space. Only people who live their can enter this space, it’s a (restricted) shared space.

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Seijo townhouse // Mirushin architects The private and the public space are separated by the common space.

The use of bricks and glass gives the impression that the common spaces are a part of the public space.

The relationship between the common and the public is necessary for both to work properly.

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Superblock vs Gifu Kitgata apartment // SANAA The entrance is the only element that directly relates the interior space to the outdoor space.

More entrances per living unit will create a different circulation pattern, not only indoors but also outdoors. Exactly the same dwellings will have a different circulation pattern. This pattern depends on the users.

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Superblock vs pattern urban villages Same plot Same build space Same open space // different open space Defragmentation of the open space // explorative

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// Ground level is public space // Defragmented public/open space // Variable height of the public space // Public space can be indoor space // Indoor and outdoor common space on every level // Visible circulation // Several entrances // Different neighbours means different typologies

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Typologies

Neighbours

It is important to have a mix of neighbours in one building. Not in terms of rich or poor, but in terms of family size. Families with children need to be balanced with elderly people and singles. In that way all of them can interact with one another and no one gets left out thanks to the many common spaces.

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First princible

The typologies are build up out of a grid from 2,5 m to 2,5 m. Combining these togheter to get a perfect fit for al sorts of inahbitants (singles, families, elderely, etc.). It is important to have a common space on each level, so inhabitants can interact. These common spaces can be small and more private, or big and more public.

Here the idea was to also have a private outdoor space for every apartment on one side and the public circulation on the other side.

Possibilities

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Possibilities

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Impression

An impression of how the buildings could look like. You can see the private outdoor space and the public circulation.

The ground level is public space, but the heights should variate depending on the program.

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Configuration

It is important that all typologies have a technical space on the same space. In that way they can be stacked easier onto each other. Around this technical space all ‘wet’ techniques are situated; as there are kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

All typologies have at least two entrances, as stated before this is important for a divergent circulation.

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Possibilities

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Changing the typologies

Introducing one piece of furniture that solves al problems.

The closet contains all ‘wet’ techniques and some storage.

All doors can disappear in the closet so it becomes a space (a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet).

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Final typologies

Only three measurements for the typologies remain.

By placing the closet in such a way the apartment gets divided into different rooms.

No walls needed, just a curtain to obtain the wanted privacy.

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The facade

The framework for the facade exists out of a wooden framework on the inside and mirrored glass on the outside. But that is not all...

The inside framework is wide enough to function as shelves or even a bench or a table.

This framework is filled with windows, from which some of them can slide open.

The outer skin, mirrored glass, is attached with spiders onto the wooden framework. // The mirrored glass reflects lots of the incoming sun. // A double facade is created, which profitable for energetic reasons. // The shading on the inside depends on how the users fill the shelves.

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Impressions

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14

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Framework

There is a need of a framework. A structure where it is possible to fit the different typologies, make sure the circulation is visible, where there is place for different configurations and where the ground level is public. this framework is a necessity in organizing space, not only the public, but also the private and the commen spaces. The framework forms a guideline for the implementation of the different function.

The choice has been made to create lots of structure, but a light structure. This gives it lighter apperance and gives lots of possibilities for the infill of space.

The whole frame work is based on a grid, but it is also off grid. This makes it more explorative and interristing and gives more varieties for the infill of the same function.

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Layers

The fitst layer of the framework are the colmuns, who difine the configuration of the ground level. Next we have the beams, they define the infiltration of the sun and are off course important for structural reasons...

As said before it is important for the social interaction and the sense of ownership that the circulation is visible. The pathways are in grated steel so the circulation is visible and also invisible, or better less present. The staircase are mirrored, so the upper side is the same as the bottom. the reflection in the glass of the typologies gives the illusion that there is even more circulation. (see picture below) The last layer are the typologies that house a variety of neigbours and also have place for common functions. These are necessary to inhance the neighbourly feeling that you normaly don’t have in a big city filled with skyscrapers

Gewad // Atelier Vens Vanbelle // Gent 76

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Horizontal section

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Vertical section

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Energetic concept

Double facade

Natural ventilation

Ventilation // Double facade

Heat mirror glass

Temperature sensors

Green electricity

Ventilation // Heat exchanger

Pre-cooling and -heating

Rainwater management

Motion detectors

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Green sunshading

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Public functions

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Overview

All public funtions are located on the ground floor. This pubic space can be filled following the needs of the inhabitants. The many columns function as guidlines for the implementation of the differnt function. the space inbetween determines what is possible in every specific place.

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Bicylce parking

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Shelfs

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Dinning stand

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Greenery

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Store

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Stage

91

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Common functions

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Overview

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Washing room

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Rentable room

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Projection room

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common garden

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clothesline

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Value factory

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Students cafe

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Library

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Common living room

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Study room

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Figure list

Pages // Title Source 011 – 012 // Maps of Shenzhen Bing.com, (2014). Bing Maps - Driving Directions, Traffic and Road Conditions. [Online] Available at: http://www.bing.com/maps/#Y3A9NTAuODExNjAwfjUuMTg2NjAwJmx2bD00JnN0eT1yJnE9c2hlbnpoZW4=.

014 // Districts of Shenzhen Wqs-china-interpreters.com, (2014). 2011 Universiade Shenzhen: Interactive Map with address, locationa and information - WQS China Interpreters. [online] Available at: http://www.wqs-china-interpreters.com/2011-shenzhen-universiade-venues-stadium-arena-maps-help.html.

018 // Offshore wind farm Ricketts, C. (2014). Offshore wind farm provides shelter for some species | Energy | The Earth Times. [online] Earthtimes.org. Available at: http://www.earthtimes.org/energy/offshore-wind-farm-shelterspecies/1227/.

018 // Super levee urban farm Kripa, E. and Mueller, S. (2011). Super levee, urban farm. [online] oneprize.org. Available at: http:// www.oneprize.org/semifinalistspdf/1103a.pdf.

022 // 023 Photo’s of an urban village Mascontext.com, (2014). SHENZHEN – MAS CONTEXT. [online] Available at: http://www.mascontext.com/tag/shenzhen/.

025-026 // Diagrams migrant workers Hao, P., Geertman, S., Hooimeijer, P. and Sliuzas, R. (2013). 12 Spatial evolution of urban villages in Shenzhen. Rural Migrants in Urban China: Enclaves and Transient Urbanism, 104, p.202.

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027-028 // exploded views urban village Mascontext.com, (2014). SHENZHEN – MAS CONTEXT. [online] Available at: http://www.mascontext.com/tag/shenzhen/ 032-033 // Diagrams about space syntax Hillier B, and J Hanson, 1984, The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 040 // Impressions Sketches by team member Inse Vaneuville.

043-044 // Diagrams about permeability M. El Hosseiny, O. (n.d.). PERMEABILITY A KEY MESURE FOR RESPONSIVENESS IN URBAN DESIGN. Cairo: Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University.

055 // House with empty lot designboom | architecture & design magazine, (2014). ON design partners: house with empty lot designboom | architecture & design magazine. [online] Available at: http://www.designboom.com/ architecture/on-design-partners-house-with-empty-lot/.

056 // Yokohama Apartment HomeDSGN, a daily source for inspiration and fresh ideas on interior design and home decoration., (2014). Yokohama Apartment by ON design partners | HomeDSGN. [online] Available at: http:// www.homedsgn.com/2013/06/02/yokohama-apartment-by-on-design-partners 057 // Sakura apartment Zhan.renren.com, (2014). 建筑中国 - 人人小站. [online] Available at: http://zhan.renren.com/jianzhuzhongguo?gid=3602888498033675721&checked=true.

058 // Seijo Townhouse Archello.com, (2014). Miurashin Architect + Associates - Project - Seijo Townhouse. [online] Available at: http://www.archello.com/en/project/seijo-townhouse.

059 // Gifu Kitgata apartments Anon, (2014). [online] Available at: http://gifuprefecture.blogspot

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ŠMartijn Verfaillie June 18 2014 martijnverfaillie@hotmail.com +32 494 24 57 41