Line Dividing Us by mary_carnes

Mary Carnes The Line Dividing Us - Capstone Book 580b Spring 2019 Professor Daniel Warner

CONTENTS 5

Research

Concept Development

Design Process

Design Solution

Sources

RESEARCH

D ING

U 6

THE LINE DIVIDG

US 7

Introduction

When asked "When people in this city hear, ‘Troost Avenue’, what do they think?" the mayor replied, "Dividing line", a college professor who studies urban geography replied, "This boundary between the haves and have-nots." (Salzman, Eric). Troost has symbolized division since it began. Why has this happened and how do we change this? Our culture and communities are constantly divided by lines, both figurative and physical. In Kansas City, many communities have been physically split by streets through a series of decisions which reflected and perpetuated structural racism and division. The most notable street dividing the community in Kansas City is Troost Avenue, one of the longest streets running north/south. Troost represents a stark physical and symbolic division between race, income, education and opportunity. The originally Osage land, turned plantation trail, then vibrant hub of Kansas City culture, had been devastated after the phenomenon of white flight in the 50’s and is now viewed as the most significant dividing line in Kansas City. Walt Bodine, noted broadcaster for KCUR, the flagship NPR station for the Kansas City area, once called Troost Avenue, the "Berlin Wall of Kansas City." (Resolution no. 130307). To the average individual, Troost Avenue holds no more meaning than any other street, but to those who are from Kansas City, it’s recognized instantly as a source and symbol of division. The city struggles with the reality that Troost is still a lingering boundary. Individuals, activists, city leaders and organizations have been grappling with the problem for years. The process of searching for a solution is not simple or quick, but the because of the efforts of the city and citizens, the once blunt line, is slowly beginning to blur.

For the purpose of this paper, I will only focus my attention on the dividing lines in

More Than a Line

Kansas City and mainly on Troost Avenue. Though the most prominent and dramatic, Troost is not the only dividing line in Kansas City. The state line dividing Kansas and Missouri is one of political significance dating all the way back to the Civil War, when Kansas was a Union state, and Missouri was a hotly divided state, populated by both Union and Confederate sympathizers (Civil War). The state line has also become a source of economic division, with the so-called "Border Wars" which involve poaching business from one state to the next. (Ziegler, Laura). The line dividing Wyandotte County and Johnson County is one marked with income differences, health and education disparities. The differences between the two counties could not be more extreme. Johnson County is known as wealthy, white, suburbia and Wyandotte County is known as the hub of Kansas City, culture, crime and all (Klibanoff, Eleanor). Like every city, there are divisions caused by landscape, zoning laws, history and government. Although the effects surrounding Troost Avenue are partially caused by these somewhat natural catalysts, the root of the issue is uniquely tied to systematic racism.

Don’t go East of Troost... I heard many times growing up in the suburbs of Kansas City, "Don’t go East of Troost." This mentality held by the middle to upper class white residents of Kansas City and the surrounding suburban neighborhoods perpetuates the power of division that the line has. The saying "You were born on the wrong side of the tracks," wrong as it is, couldn’t be more applicable. Even this saying was born out of division and discrimination. "The soot from the locomotives would get blown primarily to one side of the tracks and cover that side in black dust" (Badger, Emily). The side with dust would become inhabited by the poorer households because they couldn’t afford to move away. Because of the health risks, and dirty environment, no one stayed if they had enough money to move out. The opposite side of the tracks was where people would move to escape the soot from the trains. After a couple of years of this going on, the railroad tracks became dividing lines between the poor and rich and eventually held the symbolic meaning it still does today. In the same way, Troost Avenue holds symbolic meaning for a line of division in our city.

Dividing What?

In Dutch, the word "Troost" means comfort. The name of the street is tied with home, connection and safety. Trust. Unfortunately, there is a radical shift from its namesake. Currently the West side of Troost is dominated by white households and the East side is predominantly populated by black households. Troost and the many other dividing lines in Kansas City are not only dividing lines of race, but also wealth, income, education and opportunity, these interconnected defining characteristics of a community are all at risk when geographic lines are so clearly drawn. Racial barriers have always existed and will continue to exist for a long time before they can be dissolved. The disparity between the neighborhoods East and West of Troost is dramatic. Troost is possibly one of the most dramatic lines of division in a modern city. The median household income in 2012 East of Troost was $25,500 and West of Troost was $38,900 compared with the higher median income of the entire Kansas City Metropolitan Area at $60,400. This means that a household one block east of Troost the average income is $13,400 less than a household one block west of Troost. Brent Never, University of Missouri Kansas City Professor, says "There are zip codes east of Troost where average life expectancy is 15 years less than zip codes west of Troost." (Salzman, Eric).

Troost is not only a dividing line of race, but also wealth, income, education and opportunity.

The census tract between 55th and 58th street, West of Troost is currently 80% white, and the same plot on the East of Troost is almost 88% black. The tract West of Troost has a much higher rate of higher education than the East. The west side has twice the median property value and nearly twice the median income. (McGee, Jared). The small span between 63rd st. and E Gregory Blvd, West of Troost, has an average income of $84,180 and 88.1% of the population is White, while that same span East of Troost has an average income of $26,004 and is 86.9% of the population is Black. Schools East of Troost struggle to keep superintendents and accreditation. In 2010, 20 schools were closed by the district because enrollment declined, and the district couldn’t justify keeping the buildings open. Because of the unsuccessful magnet school experiment of the 80s and 90s, there are dozens of charter schools to choose from as an alternative to traditional public school. There are now, better educational options, but white families are often in a better position, literally and figuratively to make decisions for their children’s education. A report by the Thomas B. Fordham institute revealed that in Kansas City, charter schools tend to appear in the wealthier, whiter areas of Kansas City. Amber Northern, senior vice president for Fordham said, "You’ve got an 8.1 percent poverty rate in one census tract and three charter schools in it. You’ve got one with a 45 percent poverty rate and no charters in it," (Moxley, Elle). These are just a couple examples of small blocks of land around Troost that are severely divided, but it reflects a larger trend. Why does this dramatic segregation still exist? No one can scientifically or economically put their finger on it. We do know that this disparity is a result of systematic racism. Wealth and income are major factors in the ability to move away from the poverty and crime and seek better education and opportunity. Structural racism is a highly complex organism. The effect that racial prejudice throughout many generations has profound impact on the structural systems that we all live within. Unfortunately, it benefits those born into privilege, and often crushes the others.

Dividing lines are not only a problem in Kansas City. This phenomenon is seen everywhere in the United States. Taking a look at a census map in which a colored dot represents an individual of a certain race, the evidence is clear. Every major city, heavily populated town, has their own "Troost" dividing black from white, Hispanic from Asian. For example, Washington D.C. is divided by Rock Creek Park; Buffalo, New York, is divided by their Main Street, and perhaps a few more well-known dividing lines, Delmar Boulevard in St. Louis, Missouri; the Eight Mile Road in Detroit, Michigan, just to name a few. In order to fully understand the divisive effect of Troost, one must first understand the history of how Troost Avenue was founded, and each trauma and victory, division and union that ensued. From the beginning, the land that Troost rests on has been fraught with racial injustice. The land that was to become Troost Avenue began as an Osage hunting trail (history). In 1840, physician, Dr. Benoist Troost took up residence in Kansas City. Immigrant from Holland, he is said to be the first physician in Kansas City. Dr. Troost was an entrepreneur and one of the founding fathers of Kansas City. "At the sale of lots of the Town Company of Kansas in 1846, he bought five" In 1849, Troost built the town’s first hotel, in 1950 he began to serve as the trustee of our town and was elected councilman (Dr. Benoit Troost). Benoit and his wife Mary Gillis Troost were, "movers and shakers during the 1840’s and 1850’s in the area of what would become Kansas City" (history). After leaving such a prominent mark on the area, the street we know today was named "Troost Avenue."

A Brief History of Troost

The once native land was sold by Dr. Benoist Troost to Reverand James Porter in 1833. The reverend started a 365-acre Plantation on which he owned 40-100 slaves who he forced to clear the woods, create pastures and farm corn until 1865. The porter plantation was the start of the process of development on the land. After the Civil War, porter began to sell lots of the land. The large expanse of land at 2700 Troost was purchased by William A. Wilson who led the development of what became "Millionaire’s Row," between 26th and 32nd streets along Troost. Millionaire’s Row consisted of huge mansions, high society. "The corridor became home to elaborate mansions and arts venues: jazz, the Isis Theater and Walt Disney’s Laugh-O-Gram animation studio at 31st and Forest Avenue" ("Long considered KC’s racial dividing line, Troost Avenue is diversifying"). For years, Troost remained a popular commercial and residential district. The 1880’s were a period of intense economic boom in the Kansas City area and many moderately priced homes were being built on the east side of Troost in hopes that the affluent community would continue to grow. However, with the economic decline of the 1890’s bankers and contractors panicked, affluent white buyers weren’t buying, and prices dropped. African American homeowners were now able to move into the area. The 1920’s brought along concern for property value among the affluent white homeowners in Kansas City. Because of this fear, zoning ordinances were passed in 1923 in efforts to keep Black families on the East side of Troost. This action was not directly related to blatant racism, but was a result of structural racism (O’Higgins, Briana). Real Estate Developer, J.C. Nichols, who was influential in the development of the still famous and thriving Country Club Plaza, was a major component to the way the neighborhoods of Kansas City were shaped. Nichols created racially restrictive covenants for the neighborhoods he sold ensuring that Jews and African American families could not move into the areas he was developing, namely the areas that became the white, affluent neighborhoods around the plaza. Barred from entry to these areas of Kansas City, minority families were moving East of Troost. The same time that African Americans were having to find real-estate within the confines-

of racial covenants, and restrictive contracts, Nichols seemed to be organizing a

Racially Restrictive Covenants

"white flight" from the areas East of Troost by "panic – selling" and "blockbusting" These actions proved to be devastating to the community surrounding Troost. Many banks refused to loan to Black individuals who tried to move away from Troost, and real estate agents wouldn’t show any white buyers homes that were around Troost Avenue. The only people who ended up living there, were people who couldn’t afford to move away, and the majority of those people were African Americans. "According to a four-part series on Troost in the Kansas City African-American newspaper, The Call, panic selling, and blockbusting were common in Kansas City up until at least 1970." (O’Higgins, Briana).

Panic selling and blockbusting were common in Kansas City up until at least 1970.

Desegregation

Desegregation in Kansas City, seemingly a good development, ended up being a major player in the segregation along Troost. Prior to desegregation, the schooling system forced all African Americans into the area east of Troost, because the only schools providing education for African Americans were located there. "Lincoln High School and its feeder junior high schools east of Troost offered the only post-elementary education to blacks, further growing the population of African-American residents in jazz district now known as 18th and Vine" (O’Higgins). African-Americans were forced to move east of Troost, because there was nowhere else for their children to get an education past elementary school. The "white schools" were spread across the city, far away from the east side of Troost, so there was no reason for any white residents to move to the east side of Troost. As time went on, more and more black families moved there, and less and less white families were seen on the east side of Troost. "The only time white people had to think about east of Troost was to remind themselves not to go there" (U-News Staff). Troost became a place where most white people didn’t go near, which just led to more segregation between the two sides of Troost. It created a geographical barrier that was nearly impossible to break. In 1955, just after Nichol’s death, the major changes in the school system in Kansas City and across the entire nation, gave an excuse to use Troost, the line that was slowly being drawn, to further divide the city. Briana O’Higgins in her article, How Troost Became a Major Divide in Kansas City writes, "Although the all-white, Kansas City, Missouri school board didn’t resist the supreme court ruling that ordered the desegregation of public schools, the members did manipulate boundaries of the school districts in order to ensure that the white schools remained separate from the black schools." (O’Higgins, Briana) This division of the school districts noticed the already divided Troost, the amount of African American families that lived on the East side, and the income disparity and chose to draw the line there for the school districts. This decision "protected" the white, affluent schools in the West and permanently damaged the unity of the city.

Fig. 3 A map of school boundaries drawn in 1951. The green lines indicate schools set aside for African American children.

Although Brown v. Board of Education took place in 1954, Kansas City didn’t have a desegregation case until 20 years later because they had segregated the schools via the districts. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled that de facto segregation was wrong as well as mandated segregation. Because of this ruling, Kansas City Missouri School District (KCMSD) school board sued the white suburban districts, the federal agency and the state of Missouri in 1977 in which KCMSD asked for a metropolitan plan for students to be given access to public transit in order to access the better "white" schools. The court instead, began to focus on improving KCMSD’s facilities and educational programs. (O’Higgins, Briana. How School).

The twisted fact of the matter, was that in the period between the 1950s through the 70’s, neighborhoods with black families in them are valued less than all white neighborhoods

The supreme court ruling for Missouri v. Jenkins in 1995 changed a lot about the educational system around Troost. The court overruled the original rulings from district court that had started in 1977 and had been requiring Missouri to fund salary increases and educational programs in order to correct de facto segregation in the KCMSD schools. This government seems to have given up on repairing the ills of the past discrimination and the marks it’s left in our communities.

Many people argue that one of the most influential causes of the racial divide is the

White Flight

depreciation of property on the East side of Troost. From an economic perspective, this is completely correct. However, the cultural and societal reasons for the depreciation are disturbing. As soon homes in the East side of Troost began to be purchased by African-Americans, the homes and buildings started to lose their value on the housing market. In a study done to determine the differences in housing value and selling rates surrounding Troost Avenue, it was found that "A few blocks to the west of Troost, homes often sell for upwards of $300,000 in coveted Brookside and Hyde Park. A few blocks east, homes often sell for less than $20,000" (Zoschke). The difference of just a few blocks is unbelievable. I have seen it myself. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible to drive through neighborhoods seeing luxurious mansions, then turn the corner and see a decrepit shack.

Fig. 2 density of black population along Troost. Light yellow is 0-1% and dark red is 79-100%.

As soon as neighborhoods East of Troost began to have black families move in, the white families would move out as quickly as possible. "In 1950, Kansas Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s east side was 75 percent white and 25 percent black. In 1970, the population percentages had completely reversed" (Zoschke). It only took only 20 years for the racial population to change completely. Richard Moye found in a study about neighborhood change and home valuing due to ethnicity that "White homebuyers avoid integrated neighborhoods out of fear that the integrated neighborhood will soon become a majority Black neighborhood. They choose to avoid Black neighborhoods because they believe them to be dangerous areas with poorer-quality schools" ("Neighborhood racialâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;ethnic change and home value appreciation: evidence from Philadelphia"). This would have been true forty years ago, when racial discrimination was more prominent. As the White families moved out, the neighborhoods were filled with Black families, which depreciated the value of the property because the average Black family tended to have significantly less resources than the average White family. Laura Shin states in an article published on Forbes website that "The typical black household now has just 6% of the wealth of the typical white household" ("The Racial Wealth Gap: Why A Typical White Household Has 16 Times the Wealth of a Black One"). This problem has persisted for many years and we are culturally feeling the impact of it still. Because black families have been barred from owning valuable property, there was a lack of opportunity for families to build generational wealth. The perfect storm of white families moving to the "nicer areas," racial covenants barring entry to black families from these same areas. The racism of the period causing economic depreciation on the property that was owned by black individuals or the property that was near black individuals and the "white flight" that ensued, left the neighborhoods East of Troost decaying, economically drained and grasping for value.

Fig. 1 median income visualized in Kansas City from >28,000 (dark red) to <93,000 (dark blue). Can you spot Troost Avenue?

What do we do next?

Although many people are trying to help the issue, there is a lot of concern for gentrification efforts that are taking place. Economic development from the East has been spreading West for a couple recent years and developers have high hopes for the area. The plan for revitalization includes 800 new apartments, a hotel and a shopping area. Sounds great right? Most individuals in the area can’t afford the kind of property that’s promised to sit on the land they already live in. Thousands will be pushed out of their homes and the area will be gentrified. Sociologist Ruth Glass, who coined the term "gentrification" says of the process, "Once this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed." (UCL Urban Laboratory). Father Justin Mathews, executive director of Reconciliation Services, the 30-year-old community development nonprofit at 31st and Troost said about the development, "Let’s be honest. It’s not a bad thing to build more expensive housing for people who can afford it, the rub is that we’re doing that without having provided for the thousands of families struggling to survive and succeed on the east side." Locals are upset about the updates, "We’re building up Troost. We’re building up all these nice condos and stuff, but who are we really building them up for?" asked Linda Benson, 71, who has lived in the east side over 50 years. "You know minority people can’t pay $1,200 for rent. That’s ridiculous. So who are you building it up for?" (Turque, Bill). The generations of discrimination and disinvestment has made Troost Avenue into the dividing line of Kansas City. Because of this divide, there are thousands of individuals who are struggling to survive, to escape the cycle of poverty and trauma that they’ve been born into. Because of this division at Troost, the strength of Kansas City is divided. I believe it’s necessary for our community to desegregate such extreme division and introduce change into the area East of Troost. Troost has the possibility of becoming a symbol of desegregation and unity in Kansas City. We could remember this famous avenue as a warning for what happens in the face of repetitive segregation and discrimination, as well as a place that represents victory and freedom for the residents.

Troost has the possibility of becoming a symbol of desegregation and unity in Kansas City. We could remember this famous avenue as a warning for what happens in the face of repetitive segregation and discrimination, as well as a place that represents victory and freedom for the residents.

Working Toward a Solution

Thankfully, there are many individuals and organizations in Kansas City which are attempting to remedy the wounds of the past and rebuild Troost. Not by throwing money into the situation, gentrifying the area, further forcing low income individuals to move out, but rather, encouraging the conversation to be brought to the surface, advocating for job creation, subsidized safe housing and educational opportunities. I cannot pretend that I know the solution to this highly complex effect of deep rooted inequality and injustice. Below I’ve outlined and elaborated on many different organizations that are trying to help. I’m proud to be from a city where people notice the prejudices and try to make it right. Reconcilliation Services, run by Father David Paisius Altschul, the organization is focused on restorative conversations about Troost’s divided and troubled history. (Szcsepanszi, Carolyn) "We can’t create the sense of village, if we’ve not faced the traumas of the past." Says Father Altschul about Troost’s reconciliation. In 2009 Altschul presented his research of many years in a show titled "200 years on Troost." The exhibit featured information and memories from the dark days of Troost as well as the hey-day when it was still titled "Millionaire’s Row.”

Reocnciliation Services has worked toward unity through various efforts such as Thelma’s Kitchen, a "donate what you can" café in the heart of Troost. Thelma’s Kitchen offers a safe space to come and enjoy community that crosses the unseen but very real barriers of the surrounding area (Thelma’s Kitchen). KCUR, Kansas City’s flagship NPR broadcasting base also joined the conversation in 2015 when they started an extensive reporting project called "Beyond our Borders" which aimed to "understand how these borders affect the current Kansas City experience and what’s being done to bridge or dissolve critical divides" (Special Project). This collection of articles and interviews was one of the first times that this conversation had been approached in the press. Opening up the conversation and hearing from the afflicted, is the first step to healing the city. "Troostapalooza" and "Troost Rising Day" are efforts to unify the city and bring life into the area surrounding Troost through festivals, celebration and conversation. The mayor and city council declared April, 20th to be "Troost Rising Day" as a token of support from the city for "the bringing together of both sides of Troost Avenue into a beloved community."

Conclusion

Although there are many valiant efforts to unite the area surrounding Troost Avenue, Kansas City decision makers must first be able to acknowledge and think ahead towards the impact that will be made on the people who currently live there. In my opinion, reparations must be made for past injustices and affordability, education, job opportunities and safety should be of the highest concern for the area. There needs to be acknowledgement and education of the past mistakes made by white men, for the benefit of white men, stepping on the backs of black individuals, in order to ensure that the systematic racism that has taken place for the last 100 years will never happen again. Kansas City residents on either side of Troost should understand the history and complexity of the structural and social issue. I want to live in a Kansas City that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t declare one area good or bad based on the type of people who live there or the opportunities theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve had. I want to live in a Kansas City in which residents from all background, rich, poor, white, black, educated or not, can live together in community and unity.

I want to live in a Kansas City that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t declare one area good or bad based on the type of people who live there or the opportunities theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve had. I want to live in a Kansas City in which residents from all background, rich, poor, white, black, educated or not, can live together in community and unity.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

PROBLEM

High - Level Problem Statement

How might I eradicate the idea that Troost is a dividing line so that there is freedom & equality for all.

Problem Statement for my Scope of Work

How might I inform, empower & unify Kansas Citians about their role in the Troost Division so that the line blurs a little bit.

SOLUTION

In response to the defined problem, I chose to:

Create a website that tells the story of Troost Avenue, inspires action & hope, and provides resources & direction to help Kansas Citians actively participate in the unification of our community.

AUDIENCE

1. Individuals who are affected by this specific division 2. Everyone in Kansas City 3. Everyone in the US

CONTENT

1. Educate Tell the story of Troost and the individuals effected. What is the History? How did we get here?

2. Empower Excite the viewer to action. Visualize how bad it really is.

3. Unify Connect the user to resources to: 1. more information 2. businesses to support 3. share your story

PROJECT SCHEDULE

February 13th - April 22nd

Final Deliverable Expressive, immersive website thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s both a resource as well as an emotional, empathy inducing experience for the viewers.

Feb. 13th

Feb. 25th

March 1st

Begin Capstone Project

Communicate / gather content

Start Build

map out design process gather research gather inspiration & sketch

get access to the audio files

create moodboard

gather all website content

gather feedback about my idea create problem and solution statement

get domain and register hosting for site

gather stories gather resources

Wireframes sketch out UX of site wireframe using Sketch test out/ get feedback on structure

have all pages started Branding/design direction clear Select Typefaces

March 12th

March 27th

April 15th

Typography Exploration

Animate

Finalize Site

animation explorations

infographics

interactive type

audio tour visual exploration

Build interactive timeline photo gallery

interactive type (wave/glitch when scroll) Design Capstone Book

audit usability Design & Implement Portfolio showFormat for Mobile Usage Print and Bind Capstone Book

Nav menu and interaction

April 22nd Capstone Project Completed

MOOD BOARD

SKETCHING

WIREFRAMES

HERO

QUOTE

Educate Yourself

2019 2019

Blur the Line

2019

Share Your Story

DESIGN PROCESS

TYPOGRAPHY

HARBOUR Drawn, human, conflicting, both medieval & modern ALL CAPS - SHOUTS ELEGANTLY AND EXPRESSIVELY

NEUE HAAS GROTESK BOLD classic, modern, bold and plain A canvas

NEUE HAAS GROTESK ROMAN Simple, Web-friendly, Boring Neue Haas Grotesk works wonderfully on web, body copy

COLOR

Dove HEX #EBE5E5

Cloud HEX #FFFFFF

Black and white in contrast to each other represent race, oposites and division. Red for energy, to charge the situation and increase impact, bold and violent. Finally, a soft dove grey to provide a muted peaceful rest amidst the chaos.

Midnight HEX #231E21

Crimson HEX #DE3826 45

ICONOGRAPHY AND VISUALS

Falling Pixels

Lines

The falling pixel animation represents a dissipation or creation of a line. They surround the timeline section of the site in order to seperate the users attention and draw them into a story through movement and then back out again.

The line is a main character of this story. Troost has always been called a line, it IS a line. It is used to divide, trap, and in some cases, turn the concept on its head and unify.

Hand Drawn Elements

Glitch Movement

Textured hand drawn scribbles represent human emotion, confusion, surprise, anger, sadness. These elements also communicate the human nature of this large-scale problem, bringing a sense of scale and individuality to the impact of the Troost Division.

The focus on movement throughout the site immerses the user in the experience. Glitching the text indicates an unsettled, uneasy feeling. Making the user slightly uncomfortable sets them up to recieve the uncomfortable truth.

These lines also communicate the non-linear nature of this division. Troost Avenue is a line, but the systematic racism and oppression is not a straight line. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a twisted, organic, tangle.

INFOGRAPHICS

PHOTOGRAPHY Photography series “Seperation on Troost Avenue” by Nate Bush. Nate graciously offered usage because of the nature of this project.

DESIGN SOLUTION

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McGee, Jared. “Demographics of Troost Avenue from 55th Street to 58th Street.” UMKC Womens Center, 16 Nov. 2017, info.umkc.edu/upd260/2017/11/16/ demographics-of-troost-avenue-55th-st-to-58th-st/.

“Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).” Department of Housing and Urban Development | Performance.gov. N.p., 16 Nov. 2016. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.

Moye, R. (2014). Neighborhood racial–ethnic change and home value appreciation: Evidence From Philadelphia. Urban Geography, 35(2), 236-263

“Dr. Benoist Troost.” Find A Grave, www.findagrave. com/memorial/21451.

Moxley, Elle. “How Kansas City’s Complex Racial History Is Still Influencing Education Choices.” KCUR, 9 May 2018, www.kcur.org/post/how-kansas-citys-complex-racial-history-still-influencing-educationchoices#stream/0.

“History.” Troost Village Community Assoc. Aka The Troost Folks, www.troostvillage.org/about/history/. Justice Map, Aaron Kreider, Dec. 13 2016. http://www. justicemap.org/index.php#intro Klibanoff, Eleanor. “Two Counties In Three Maps: Johnson And Wyandotte.” KCUR, 5 Mar. 2015, www. kcur.org/post/two-counties-three-maps-johnson-andwyandotte#stream/0 “Long Considered KC’s Racial Dividing Line, Troost Avenue is Diversitying - CCO.” Long Considered KC’s Racial Dividing Line, Troost Avenue Is Diversifying - CCO. Kansas City Star, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.

Matthews, Justin. “Why We’re Here.” Reconciliation Services, www.rs3101.org/about/.

O’Higgins, Briana. “How Troost Became A Major Divide In Kansas City.” KCUR. N.p., 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.’ O’Higgins, Briana. “How School And District Boundaries Shaped Education In Kansas City.” KCUR, www.kcur. org/post/how-school-and-district-boundaries-shapededucation-kansas-city#stream/0.

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