錙港
Mariya-Anna Bykova
|
Supervisor: Ivan Kucina | Second adviser: Esteban Lamm
Emancipating hindrance Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Imagining Collaborative World, July 2020
Dessau International Architecture School Anhalt University Departament 3 Master of Arts Supervisor: Ivan Kucina Second adviser: Esteban Lamm Student : Mariya-Anna Bykova July 2020
Contents
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
1
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
CONTENTS
01.
Preface.......................................................................................3-4
02.
Citizen participation...................................................................5-10
03.
The City of Hong Kong. ‘One Country, Two Systems’..................11-14
04.
03.1
Identification of problems.......................15-18
Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity...................................19-20
04.1
Unran informality...................................21-24
04.2
Urban ‘aformality’.................................25-26
04.3
Urban creativity.....................................27-30
05.
Location for Open Urban Agency.............................................31-42
06.
Participants.............................................................................43-54
07.
Program diagram....................................................................55-58
08.
The Hong Kong Urban Agency .............................................59-122
09.
Conclusion.........................................................................123-124
10.
References..........................................................................125-128
2
Preface
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
3
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
PREFACE
Instead of simply reproducing acquired during the historical path of architecture constructs, architect of today should try to go beyond the traditional framework to truly respond to the ever-changing world. As modern surrounding, both physical and abstract, is rich with fluidity, our discipline cannot stick to the traditional approach anymore. The architect should position himself in the middle of the complexity created by our age, trying to grasp as much as possible to form comprehensive view of the context he is working in. But on the contrary, architecture often tends to be deprived of any socially or politically driven force and reduced to formalism, or even fully dictated by profit making. Thus, the city, the epicentrum of modern life, does not respond to the needs of its citizens. This raises the question is there an alternative for a more democratic urban development, which will involve and empower citizen both in decision making and direct formation of space? This research imagines an alternative to urban development in Hong Kong involving citizen participation. It envisions the potential in imagining the open urban agency in city suffering from “democratic deficit� (Kaminer 2017) to draw the attention to existing issues and create the catalyst for social and political change in Hong Kong. While the major task is to investigate in which form democratic will can be directed through citizen participation towards humanistic urban development in selected location of Hong Kong, in parallel, with more global approach, research questions the position of architecture discipline inside the field of user involvement and empowerment, addressing that architectural practices should rethink their approach to respond more sensitively to the processes undergoing in modern world. 4
Citizen Participation
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5
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
While architecture has all means to deal with social issues like inequality and poverty, it often fails to do so. Nevertheless, social and political consciousness is getting more prominent among the modern practices. The idea of citizen participation in the process of city-making is not a novelty and has been developing and revisited since the 1960s, when theorists like Jane Jacobs and Sherry Arnstein brought the discussion about the importance of humanism and citizen involvement in urbanism (Kaminer, 2018). Nowadays, many buzz words can be associated with this socially and politically active direction chosen by some of the architectural practices. This broadens the spectrum to those working in participatory urbanism, tactical urbanism, bottom-up urbanism, Guerrilla architecture, DIY architecture, ect. Among one of the most eminent ones are practices like Raumlabor and atelier d’architecture autogÊrÊe who react to contingent conditions and tailor their projects and methodologies to the situations they encounter. Diverse forms of participation, different types of representative or participatory institutions, different protocols for deliberation, will-formation and decision-making, necessarily correspond to diverse democratic political theories. Multiple exhibitions also have raised the problem in question, like the seminal exhibition Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement in 2010, 2015 exhibition Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities, or the most recent ones like Critical Care. Architecture and urbanism for a broken planet which took place in 2019. It becomes apparent that citizen participation might be a feasible response to some of the social issues today.
6
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1969
1968
Citizen Participation
The Right to the City (Droit à la ville) by Henri Lefebvre has been taken by some social movements as a call to deal with urban inequalities to transform city into a place for collective life organized by citizens themselves.
1961
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by writer and activist Jane Jacobs.
7
Special issue of New Society ‘Non-Plan: An Experiment in Freedom’ written by Banham, Paul Barker, Peter Hall, and Cedric Price. The ‘NonPlan’ were advocates for free-market capitalism as a way to achieve personal freedom. Arnstein, Sherry R.‘A Ladder Of Citizen Participation’, Journal of the American Planning Association
1994-...
Stalker/Osservatorio Nomade It is a collective of architects and researchers connected to the Roma Tre University. In 2002 Stalker founded the research network Osservatorio Nomade (ON), which consists of architects, artists, activists and researchers working experimentally and engaging in actions to create self-organised spaces and situations.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
2010
Exhibition Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement (MoMA).
2015
Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities
2019
Critical Care. Architecture and urbanism for a broken planet
2020 1999-...
Raumlabor Collaboration is a key part of their strategy with specialists including engineers, sociologists, local experts, ethnographers and citizens, being brought together around specific projects.
2001-...
atelier d’architecture autogÊrÊe / studio for self-managed architecture (aaa) is a collective platform which conducts explorations, actions and research concerning urban mutations and cultural, social and political emerging practices in the contemporary city.
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Citizen Participation
Besides initially obviously positive outcome of citizen participation, the concept often meets a lot of critic. And it is necessary to point out that participation does not have any true meaning without real empowerment of those who are not in power. The phenomenon of democratic deficit multiple time resulted in public unrest, forcing city governments to introduce participatory programs, later considered as a form of tokenism. Thus, it becomes apparent that citizen participation should be applied in a meaningful way, and not only to dial down social tensions. For instance, in a form of partnership as one of the highest steps on Arnstein’s ‘ladder of citizen participation’.
[1]
[1] Poster from arcticle ‘A Ladder Of Citizen Participation’ by Sherry R. Arnstein (1969) Journal of the American Planning Association, 35: 4, 216 — 224. Researchgate accessed January 21, 2020 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/French-student-poster-I-participate-you-participate-he-partici-
9
pates-we-participate_fig2_308139965
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Citizen control
Delegated power
Degrees of citizen power
Partnership
Placation Degrees of tokenism Consultation
Informing
Therapy
Nonparticipation
Manipulation
[1]
[1] Eight Rungs on a Ladder of Citizen Participation from arcticle ‘A Ladder Of Citizen Participation’ by Sherry R. Arnstein (1969) Journal of the American Planning Association, 35: 4, 216 — 224.
10
The City of HK | ‘One Country, Two Systems’ EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
‘ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS’ Hong Kong has a special history, starting being developed as a city as a colony of the British Empire. After the British government ceded their possession in 1997 Hong Kong was returned to China’s rule under an interim “One Country, Two Systems” policy, which applies till 2047. This means that the city is under a unique constitutional principle in which it can continue to have its own political, legal and economic systems, including external relations with foreign countries while under the sovereignty of the People’s Republic of China. Since Hong Kong became a part of China, citizens developed strong resistance to the growing influence of mainland. This resulted in series of unrests starting from 2003 till the latest, still ongoing one, which started in June 2019.
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The City of HK | ‘One Country, Two Systems’
1860
13
The Kowloon peninsula became a part of Britain after the second Opium War.
1841
1898
After the First Opium War China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.
The rural New Territories were leased to Britain for 99 years.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
1997 The lease on the New Territories expired and the entire city was handed back to China as a “Special Administrative Region”
2020
1898 The rural New Territories were leased to Britain for 99 years.
2003
2012
Protests against national security reform
2014
2016
2019-...
The Umbrella Revolution for universal suffrage
Protests against ‘Moral and National Education’
Protests against extradition to mainland China
The first pro-independence protest
14
The City of HK | Identification of problems EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS Today, the city, formed under specific geopolitical circumstances, witnesses an inner conflict between original identity and cultural influence prompted by China, at the same creating gap between younger pro-democratic and older pro-Beijing generations. Moreover, realities like housing scarcity, and subsequently high density, the dominance of profit-driven decisions within urban planning, and, in general, top-down city management make the idea of Lefebvre’s ‘’right to the city’’ especially relevant in the context of Hong Kong.
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The City of HK | Identification of problems
DISSAPEARING URBAN IDENTITY
17
As was previously stated, the combination of all the mentioned problems results in the process of disapearing of urban identity. Nevertheless, it is neccessary not to overlook the unique nature of Hong Kong with the sense of dissapearance rooted in a very core of city’s culture itself. One of the most prominent writers on Hong Kong culture, Ackbar Abbas in his book ‘Hong Kong: Culture and the Politics of Disappearance’ compares the city with the strong ‘sense of temporality’ and colonial past to the transitional points like a doorway, port, stop. Possessing this uncommon quality, Hong Kong bounces between it’s ‘floating’ identity and necessity to establish identity to counteract the current political situation. Focus solely towards economical growth brings ‘decadence’ of other spheres of social reality. The question is how both ‘floating’ timeless and placeless urban character and the need to find cultural identity before the 2047 expiry date can be directed towards the more humanistic city development.As Ackbar Abbas distinguishes the architecture of Hong Kong to be ‘merely’ local, ‘placeless’, and ‘anonymous’, then valuable traces of identity can be found in ‘spaces of power’ with appropriation by citizens and in products of hyperdensity represented by ‘anonymous’ architecture and ‘illegal and semi-legal structures’ described by Ackbar Abbas as having ‘aesthetic pleasures of baroque space’.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
HOUSING
GROWING
DECISION
MAINLAND
MAKING
INFLUENCE
Dis-balanced usage of land
SCARCITY
TOP-DOWN
GAP BETWEEN GENERATIONS
30% of government revenue | the real estate market 13m2 per person in 2018 | the average living space cage housing
Green space Urban non-residential Urban residential - 7% DISAPPEARING URBAN IDENTITY
18
Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
URBAN ARTEFACTS AS A TRACES OF CITY IDENTITY As this research explores in which form can be established the basis for democratic city-shaping in Hong Kong, there is a necessity to find traces of city identity in manifestations of urban creativity and social activism, those urban artefacts like street art, commercial vernacular, signs, barricades, etc. The question is how the process of democratization through participation can be applied to this specific case and how the energy created by long-existing activism and resistance can be accumulated and directed towards democratic city development?
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Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity | Urban informality
URBAN INFORMALITY
21
In a city like Hong Kong with deeply inherited top-down decision-making, it is not surprising that the urban tissue is significantly penetrated my outcomes of informality. To survive in this concrete jungle citizens will find their ways to adapt the setting to their necessities. Rooftop communities are one of the major examples of urban informality in Hong Kong, being a slum-like makeshift housing on top of existing buildings. The book ‘Portraits from Above’ by Rufina Wu and Stefan Canham claims that rooftop self-built structures became an indigenous component of the Hong Kong cityscape. Due to high density, high housing prices, and a seven-year probation period to obtain public housing, Rooftop communities became a living alternative for many (Wu and Canham, 2009).
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[2]
[1] Cover of the book ‘Portraits from Above’ by Rufina Wu and Stefan Canham (2009). From Web Urbanist . https://weburbanist.com/2013/12/28/secret-slums-ramshacklerooftop-villages-of-hong-kong/ [2] Illusration from the book ‘Portraits from Above’ by Rufina Wu and Stefan Canham (2009). From Pop-up City . https://popupcity.net/observations/portraits-fromabove/
22
Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity | Urban informality EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
“
The rooftop settlements are an urban legacy, telling the story of Hong Kong, of political upheavals in Mainland China, of urban redevelopment, of people’s hopes and their needs in the city.
”
Portraits from Above: Hong Kong’s Informal Rooftop Communities (2009) Rufina Wu, Stefan Canham 24
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Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity | Urban ‘aformality’
URBAN ‘AFORMALITY’
25
Another type of urban artifacts can be urban ‘aformality’, a concept introduced by Jonathan Solomon in his article “Hong Kong ‘aformal urbanism’ for book Shaping the City: Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design. Shopping malls in HK serve both pedestrian connection and place for ‘civic culture’. Here, a shopping mall located on important transit hubs and directly connected to the office and hotel lobbies extends the model of American mall into the 3rd-dimensional system. In this way, ‘’city without ground’’ works as an interconnected organism, mega-structure, if we will discount barriers created by ownerships. In Hong Kong we can see how footbridges being a necessity are creating specific environment citizens are accommodating through informality, instead of obeying this vertical alienation.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
FORMALITY + INFORMALITY = ‘AFORMALITY’
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Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity |urban creativity
URBAN CREATIVITY
While because of the growing financial power of mainland and emergency of creative industries there is no lack of investments aimed to develop Hong Kong as a ‘creative’ city, not without the intention to change its urban identity. The counterforce to this phenomenon represented by local creative agencies including artists, architects, designers, and etc. are expressing their apprehension through manifestations of urban creativity such as street art, exhibitions, art interventions, urban gardening, performances, and media art. And, due to geopolitical situation and recent social unrests, those initially non-political manifestations with rising social awareness are gaining more and more political character (Valjakka, 2017). Thus, for instance, Lennon Wall created during the Umbrella Movement became a collective artwork which helped people to show their political view in a creative and peaceful way. Moreover, besides stimulating the new occurrences of urban creativity, it is important to preserve already existing artifacts signifying traces of creativity that ones formed the identity of the city. The example can be neon signs - an extension of the urban built structure, which creates the image of the Hong Kong cityscape (Tam, 2014).
27
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[2]
[1] Lennon Wall in Hong Kong. [2] Neon sign in Causway Bay. 28
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
Urban artifacts as a traces of city identity |urban creativity
Urban artifacts emerging during social unrests like barricades often are the results of collective craftsmanship. Barricades can be compared to traditional bamboo scaffolding used on construction sites in Hong Kong.
[1]
[1] ‘A technique known as ‘riding the bamboo’ involves keeping an ankle wrapped around the pole at all times -- allowing workers to keep their hands free while remaining safe.’ From CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/hong-kong-bamboo-spidermen/ index.html 29
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[1] Urban elements produced by urests. 30
Location for Open Urban Agency EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
LOCATION FOR OPEN URBAN AGENCY
Russell Street located Causeway Bay, commercial district of Hong Kong, is the world’s most expensive retail street by rental value. Luxury shopping provided by this street is mainly targeted toward tourism and, especially, tourist from mainland China. One side of Russell Street consists of the Times Square shopping mall (one of Hong Kong’s most famous shopping malls) and office towers. Times Square is served by Causeway Bay Station of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system. There is an underground passage which directly links the building, and an exit, coined “A1” opens into the ground floor podium level. It is also accessible by tram in the direction to Happy Valley or Shau Kei Wan. Lastly it is served by various bus and minibus routes. On the other side of the street is spread retail strip with high-end shopping brands. Since the recent protests , which started in 2019, and decrease of consumers Causeway Bay has suffered along with the retail sector across Hong Kong. Specifically on Russell street such brands as Prada, Bonjour, Louis Vuitton already are terminating their lease. What if we imagine that all of the excessive luxury retail points moved out of the Russell street? It leaves the highly developed infrastructure in the middle of the city fabric empty, unused. It opens up space for innovation, for spontaneous decision making, for creativity.
32
Location for Open Urban Agency
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
33
Russell Street in Causeway Bay
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[1] Times Square. From Culture Trip. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/hongkong/articles/top-10-things-to-see-and-do-in-causeway-bay-hong-kong/ 34
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
MISUSED PLACE The weakening identity of Hong Kong can be also explained by the prevalence of commercial urban spaces compared to public space, in typical understanding. Shopping malls play an important role in the development of city tissue with a unique interconnectedness between shopping malls and the rest of the infrastructure. The Times Square shopping mall on Location for Open Urban Agency
Russell street serves as a linkage within attached to it high-rise, public transportation hub and remaining ‘public’ space of the Russell Street. In this way, each of before mentioned components is providing suitable conditions for each other: shopping mall provides additional exposure and subsequently entrances from the street to the Times Square high-rise building, and, in return, high-rise works as an advertisement for the shopping mall marked on the city skyline (Al, 2017). This creates the famous effect of ‘city without ground’, where it is possible to move around the city mostly only using elevated passages connecting points of urban infrastructure (Frampton, 2018). As writes Tan Lam in ‘Hong Kong: The Cosmopolitan City. An Architectural Documentation of the Unstable Identity of Hong Kong’ (2008) Times Square relates to ‘misused’ places: ‘The collective habits of a majority of people can add new meanings to original intentions. In the beginning, it is the misuse of a place. Once the activity is repeatedly performed by a large group of people, or even the whole of the public, however, the collective habit normalizes the misuse of the place. This represents an interesting urbanism, mainly in public spaces, because the use is always unexpected.’ 35
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Illustration from book ‘Hong Kong: The Cosmopolitan City. An Architectural Documentation of the Unstable Identity of Hong Kong’ by Tan Lam, 2008. 36
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
Location for Open Urban Agency
MAPPING OF BUSINESSES This mapping was produced with the help of WhatsGap app. Businesses are marked depending on political views they express, blue ones - pro-China, yellow - pro-democratic. Surprisingly, we can see that they are more or less evenly distributed. While it’s not necessary to eliminate all of the retail points and restaurants in the area, this mapping shows which businesses are more likely to survive and benefit to the city. Moreover, it allows to identify which businesses are local rather than the ones that are part of a chain.
發
夢
地
圖 Wh
at
sG
ap
*
*WhatsGap is a mapping app for locating pro-democratic retail businesses like restaurants, cafes and shops in Hong Kong.
37
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Pro-democratic retail points Pro-democratic restaurants Pro-China retail points Pro-China restaurants High-end retail points
38
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
Location for Open Urban Agency
SOCIAL MAPPING This map is expandable complex system that shows traces of urban identity manifested in social actions, expression of urban creativity, and etc. It marks the neon signs located in the area, urbanism created during 2014 Umbrella movement, peaceful protest in Times Square plaza in 2008, main local educational sources, and routes of unrests in June 2019.
2008
39
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
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2008
Tsang Tak Ping with friends at Times Square plaza protesting peacefully, by reading books, to reclaim the plaza as a public space (March 2008).
Neon signs can be consideres the traces of urban identity. ‘...architecture of styles and signs is antispatial; it is an architecture of communication over space; communication dominates space as an element in the architecture and in the landscape.’(Venturi, Brown and Izenour, 1972)
One of three sites of 2014 protests mapped by Parallel Lab as a part of research and exhibition. Mapping shows how protesters transformed 8-lane road and retail area into complex public system.
40
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
In 2014 Parallel Lab founded by Caroline Wüthrich and Géraldine Borio created exhibition ‘Umbrella Movement’ mapped three sites showing how protesters during the unrests transformed 8-lane road and retail area into complex public system.
Location for Open Urban Agency
Authors of the exhibition write: ‘Now the three sites have been wiped out but this work stands as a physical testimony of “traces” the protest has inscribed in everyone’s memory and metaphorically into its sites.’
[1]
[1] Mapping of Causeway bay. From Parallel Lab. https://www.parallellab.com/works/umbrella-movement-mapping/
41
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[2]
[1] Photo from exhibition ‘Umbrella Movement’ . From Parallel Lab. https://www.parallellab.com/works/umbrella-movement-mapping/ [2] Mapping of three protest sites. From Parallel Lab. https://www.parallellab.com/works/umbrella-movement-mapping/
42
Participants
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
43
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
PARTICIPANTS Top-down management in Hong Kong deprives the younger generation, who mostly don’t have access to power, from the process of decision making within the city. Nevertheless, millennials growing up with challenge of the status quo, potentially, are the future force for the social change. Andrea Ng in ‘My Freedom: Millennials in Hong Kong’ (2017) describes them: ‘Not all are sympathetic to the disruptions, and it is undeniable that this is a watershed for Hong Kong’s society, balancing rising discontentment and unrest against the desire for the restoration of peace in the city.’ To envision future program I developed profiles and depending on the main traits intrinsic to each actor they represent the combination of profiles with one dominant profile to determine their major role. Most of the characters are within the range of millennial generation. This helps to underline existing gap between generation and the struggle of youngsters to be heard and to have power in decisions making in the city.
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EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
of true compassion
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Participants
C
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To envision future program I developed profiles and depending on the main traits intrinsic to each S UPP ORT actor they represent ER the combination of profiles with one dominant profile to determine their major role. Most of the characters are within the range of millennial generation. This helps to underline existing gap between generBY SER PAS ation and the struggle of youngsters to be heard and to have power in decisions making in the city.
MENTOR
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
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46
Participants
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
“You might ask me why I’m here,
Oh yeah, back to the ques-
is it purely an act of mercy or
tion...One day I realized that
empathy, or anything else? My
sacrificing my small business
store, I own it for the last 8
with banned literature is not
years, has almost closed three
enough to feel accomplished as
times. Perhaps, it would have
a true member of HK. Then I
been easier just to through
decided that while books might
away the books causing me trou-
be silent, I have a voice and
ble. But for me, it’s not an
have to speak up...Speak up
option. Everyone should have
not only by words but by ac-
the right to access the infor-
tions, by helping others, by
mation they need, especially
making other voices heard.
in such a globalized world.
”
SAM, 33 | CURATOR /supporter/activist/learner/mentor Language: Cantonese/Mandarin/English Occupation: Local book store keeper. 47
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
EMILY, 24 | ARTISAN /learner/mentor/activist Language: Cantonese, English Occupation: Art student. 48
Participants
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
MELISSA, 30 | MENTOR /learner/curator/activist Language: English Occupation: A Research Assistant Professor of Design at the Hong Kong POLYTECHNIC 49
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
“
When I first came to Hong Kong I fell in love with its vibrancy. As an urban researcher, I found the city like no other places, almost breaking all the rules usually inherent to any urban development. Somewhere it seemed like a place where you have been before, but at the same time so uniquely different. The place so saturated, the place where everything clashes into one unity. Where limits no longer exist and rigid urban structures are penetrated by informality. Exactly from there, from this informality, from people’s desire to create an environment for themselves within the concrete jungle, thrives the identity of Hong Kong. I find city ‘haking’ an extremely powerful tool when it comes to making the city liveable. It’s in my conscience to show citizens they can have the power to change the city, in my capacity to guide them throughout this arduous journey.
”
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EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
Participants
[1]
[2]
[1]
JOHN, 27 | LEARNER /mentor/curator/activist Language: English, Cantonese Occupation: freelance writer, photographer.
[2]
NANCY, 24 | HELPEE /activist/learner/mentor Language: Cantonese/Mandarin/English Occupation: Former Flight Attendant
51
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
[1]
[2]
[1]
LOUIS, 37 | CYNIC /passerby Language: English/Mandarin Occupation: Executive Council Member.
[2]
ROY, 28 | SUPPORTER /curator/learner/activist Language: Cantonese/Mandarin/English Occupation: Lawmaker. 52
Participants
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
ANNE, 25 | PASSERBY/learner/helpee Language: Cantonese/English Occupation: Finance worker. 53
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
“
I think we, Cantonese speak-
the comments thanking me for
ing vloggers, are significantly
promoting
helping to keep the language
and showing our traditions to
alive. I mean, we are making
people overseas. You won’t be-
it available for bigger mass-
lieve how huge is Cantonese
es. In the beginning, making
speaking audience. Since then
videos was just for fun, and
it’s my main goal to nourish
Cantonese happened to be the
our culture not only through
language I used in my daily
platforms available online but
life. So I was really surprised
also going on the streets to
when I gained so many sub-
experience real-life communi-
scribers in such a short time.
cation.
People started reaching me in
Hong
Kong
culture
”
JANE, 21 | ACTIVIST /artisan/learner/mentor Language: Cantonese, English Occupation: Youtube content creator, vlogger. 54
Program diagram
EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
55
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
PROGRAM DIAGRAM To visualize future format for the Open Urban Agency and establish relation between the main components, I developed program diagram that distinguishes activities and connections between them.
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EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
PROGRAM DIAGRAM
DEVELOPING NARRATIVE jointly creatively expressively willingly systematically
WRITING ARTICLES attentively critically passionately knowledgeably purposely
FUTURE PROBING enable
s unconv
eas tes id
creatively strategically curiously innovatively intelligently purposely
ention
satura
al thi nking
ng
er
ro
rs
vv
mi
zi
TAKING|INTERVIEWS
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COLLECTING|DATA
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MAKE PRESENTATIONS
PARTICIPATING|IN|WORKSHOP ds
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jointly cheerfully willingly didactically creatively
single-handedly collectively jointly smartly sensitively purposely
excitedly interestedly willingly jointly enjoyingly
PLAYING GAMES y
systematically thoroughly collectively methodically variously process tion of creatively nota
innovatively knowledgeably educatively jointly methodically
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SCIENTIFICALLY|EXPERIMENTING
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opinions provides pluralism of
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com
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DISCUSSING
jointly engagedly passionately constructionally critically sensitively
comp onen t
collectively knowledgeably conceptually carefully creatively innovatively
ivity
object
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enthusiastically occasionally enjoyingly purposely conscientiously critically
jointly awarely collectively knowledgeably effectively
ng ki d ma ar he
READING|BOOKS
sensitively sympathetically passionately awarely jointly
DECISION|MAKING
CONDUCTING|RESEARCH excitedly interestedly willingly jointly cheerfully collectively
URBAN MAPPING
PARTICIPATING|IN|DEBATES
ni
sensitively sympathetically appreciatively passionately organisationally
CREATING COLLAGES
LISTENING|TO|LECTURES
creatively effortlessly freely jointly enjoyingly
MEASURING|
attentively critically passionately interestedly occasionally
TAKING SOCIAL ACTION
ea
ORGANIZING EXHIBITIONS
VR
attentively critically educatively effectively randomly
purposly critically attentively consciously interestedly
expr
ORGANIZING FESTIVALS
jointly productively innovatively creatively spontaneously effortlessly
SCROLLING|SOCIAL|MEDIA
creatively freely enjoyingly passionately conceptually productively
passionately freely enjoyingly expressively intensionally
CRAFTING
BROWSING|THE|INTERNET
DRAW PAINTINGS
PERFORMANCE
g errors
minimizin
creatively innovatively collectively knowledgeably awarely purposely
essi
es pr ex
productively innovatively creatively skillfully educatively jointly
sufciency
MODELING|PROTOTYPES
Program diagram
BUILD STRUCTURES
VIRTUAL|3D|MODELING creatively innovatvively knowledgeably educatively purposefully
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knowledgeably creatively educatively innovatively scrupulously
attentively creatively purposely single-handedly intelligently
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jointly collectively creatively effectively informatively
DRAFTING
CODING
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ti
ve
ND ACTIVISM
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passionately genuinely smartly purposely jointly collectively
ART A
environmental|conditions systematically jointly purposely innovatively educatively
jointly collectively creatively purposely enthusiastically
CREATING
3D|SPACIAL|NSTALLATIONS informatively creatively innovatively awarely jointly
POSTING|ON|SOCIAL|MEDIA
infomatively consciously intensionally awarely sensitively
TAKING|PHOTOS
DESIGNING
games|tools|structures
interestedly willingly jointly patiently understandingly infomatively
resourcefully productively excitedly enjoyingly frequently habitually
FILMING
LAYING ON A SOFA YUM CHA
candidly enjoyingly mannerly jointly communicatively
COFFEE BREAK MAINTAINING SPACE habitually systematically sustainingly responsibly jointly collectively
ADDIT ION
jointly collectively amateurishly productively favorably
enjoyingly communicatively jointly briefly frequently
enjoyingly relaxingly occasionally briefly cautiously
HAVING A MEAL relaxingly enjoyingly jointly communicatively habitually
COOKING
communicatively jointly productively enjoyingly engagedly
PULLING ALL-NIGHTERS STAYING OVERNIGHT/LIVE ocasionally moderately needwise productively cautiously
GARDENING
RECYCLING
collectively jointly productively purposely educatively innovatively
collectively intensionally responsibly effectively habitually
occasionally briefly needwise enjoyingly relaxingly
jointly healthily actively habitually enjoyingly
jointly enjoyingly productively educatively critically
PRODUCING GOODS
NAPPING
PHYSICAL EXERCISING
WATCH|MOVIES
professionally amateurishly skillfully purposely expressively creatively
occasionally temporally needwise comfortably safely
EP LE
enthusiastically enjoingly expressively creatively critically informatively
unintentionally awarely randomly occasionally moderately
relaxingly enlighteningly inspiringly peacefully freely
S
VLOGGING
PROCRASTINATING
MEDITATING
LISTEN|TO|MUSIC
ICS
collectively engagedly educatively innovatively variously
TALKING|IN|GROUPS
S BA
spontaneously creatively professionally amateurishly intensionally
57 DEVELOPING NARRATIVE jointly creatively expressively willingly systematically
}
ACTIVITIES ATTRIBUTES OF ACTIVITIES
FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES are showing proximity between them. Each color indicates affiliation to each of six categories of activities: Intelligence; Art and Activism; Virtual reality; Basics; Addition Sleep.
Defines if activity is done together or apart Relates to qualitative aspect of activity
MARKERS OF ACTIVITIES
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES
depending of level of collaboration
0*
1
2
Connection between main activities and sub-activities Direct connection within field Connection outside the field
amateurishly actively habitually productively enjoyingly favorably
responsibly relaxingly jointly collectively
N
LAYING ON A SOFA enjoyingly relaxingly
RECYCLING occasionally
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
GARDENING collectively jointly productively purposely educatively innovatively
collectively briefly intensionally cautiously responsibly effectively habitually
DEVELOPIN
FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES are showing proximity between them. Each color indicates affiliation to each of six categories of activities: Intelligence; Art and Activism; Virtual reality; Basics; Addition Sleep. Overlapping of semi-transperent fields creates areas with higher density, thus, marking interrelation withing and outside different categoties.
PULLING ALL-NIGHTERS The size of the field signifies the importance of activity. ocasionally STAYING OVERNIGHT/LIVE moderately occasionally temporally needwise comfortably safely
EP LE
needwise productively cautiously
DEVELOPING NARRATIVE jointly creatively expressively willingly systematically
S
en them. Each es: ddition Sleep. higher density, egoties.
}
ACTIVITIES ATTRIBUTES OF ACTIVITIES
Defines if activity is done together or apart Relates to qualitative aspect of activity Relates to emotional aspect of activity Shows the attitude of the actor/actors performing activity Identifies activity’s time frames
MARKERS OF ACTIVITIES
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES
depending of level of collaboration
0*
1
2
*0 - mainly doesn’t involve collaboration between actors
Connection between main activities and sub-activities Direct connection within field Connection outside the field Compulsory connection Common connection Specific connection
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The Story of Hong Kong Urban Agency EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
THE STORY OF HONG KONG URBAN AGENCY Since Hong Kong was returned back to China’s rule, young citizens fought for their independence and endeavor to keep alive the city’s ‘disappearing’ identity. During this journey, numerous occurrences marked the expression of urban creativity. Bamboo barricades made using traditional scaffolding techniques, art installations produced as part of protests, makeshift fortresses from all materials you can possibly find. All this power gathered on the street was set to establish a new democratic alternative for Hong Kong. Hindrances added to the city’s tissue, instead of creating barriers, opened new horizons...
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The Story of Hong Kong Urban Agency
Xiaomei Chen
Bloomberg via Getty Images
Kin Cheung
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
AP/KIN CHEUNG
Justin Chin
imgur
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Sequence of images showing changes happening on Russell street.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
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MANIFESTO
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The city, in the first place, belongs to its citizens. We, people of Hong Kong, are the ones who have to make decisions considering our future. We, people of Hong Kong, are the ones who have all rights to speak freely and be heard. The time has finally come to empower the true carrier of Hong Kong identity, its inhabitants, to give an opportunity to the younger generation with eagerness for equity to develop our environment. So let us create a new agency that will become a never-fading source of knowledge, creativity, and innovation, an agency that will become an open institution of experimentation and freedom. Everyone is welcome to join THE HONG KONG URBAN AGENCY and contribute to our collective good. Artisans, musicians, architects, people of different disciplines, and with various beliefs, EVERYONE WHO IS READY TO MAKE A CHANGE.
Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Times Square building is squatted to provide a framework for space of experimentation with added lightweight, makeshift, temporary, and adapting ephemeral architecture. 74
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Participants, engaging urban creativity, local craftsmanship, experience from informal architecture and culture of appropriation, using such sustainable material as bamboo can occupy and adapt the agency according to their needs, thus allowing organic, humanistic growth.
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EMANCIPATING HINDRANCE
App developed to help to navigate the agency. Information about each component is updating in real time providing current image of ever-changing system.
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
With the search engine or just by pressing on a specific component user can find out the way how to get to the point of interest.
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Former escalators.
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Main entrance from Russell street gives a direct access to the Path of Freedom which continues vertically through the entire structure and beyond, without any fixed ending, with a potential to grow endlessly into city’s fabric.
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
Creative Laboratory starts from Times Square plaza, evolving around the Path of Freedom and the set of ‘expresscalators’ accessing directly the second floor. It performs as the kernel with all creative activities taking place on it’s periphery and uniting intersection in the middle for collaborative work, game play, and collective experimentation. The Path of Freedom goes along the system of ‘expresscalators’ which stretch for two levels, sometimes overlapping to provide connection. Here, ‘expresscalators’ work as kind of boosters, giving an option to reach a necessary point with the higher speed. Mentioned elements of ‘verticality’ are accelerating the physical movement in building stimulating dialog between elements and participants.
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Drones-scanners and series of hologram projectors are enabling the experience of augmented reality. Information received from scanners is updating the digital system, which allows to make changes in projected virtual reality according to the physical one. Moreover, scanners are used to assist in maintenance of the structure, locating fragments needed to be repaired of strengthened.
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Bamboo workshop uses Virtual Reality technologies to recreate models constructed in digital software. Craftsmen equipped with VR glasses are following holographic guidelines to achieve accuracy. Bamboo bending machine is operated with virtual instruction translated in form of hologram.
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Drones-scanners for diagnostic purposes can analise hardto-reach construction details and evaluate the level of visible damage. In addition, built in scanners censors can check moisture contents and other the physical qualities of construction material.
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The Garden is set to sustain user’s need in organic food. Together combined with a communal kitchen and dinning area it produces a space for communication and collaboration.
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Some of the supporting structures are made following traditional in Hong Kong scaffolding techniques. This engages the local craftsmanship and creates a dialogue between experienced artisan, who are sharing their knowledge, and their students.
Traditional brunch Yum cha involving tea and dim sum.
The Garden is equipped with the systems of rainwater collection, aquaponic system and water tower with the pump powered by a wind turbine.
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The Neon Lab specializes in the production of neon signs and in restoration and replication of demolished ones. It is a place where the knowledge is shared to preserve the tradition of calligraphy and neon sigs making.
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Glass tubes are bent using different types of burners. The ability to recreate the complex calligraphy takes a lot of experience and skillfulness. The variety of colors is achieved by coating tubes with powder or paint in combination with subsequently filling them with gases such as neon or argon.Â
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Temporary living units - easily assembled, can be added if there is need for ‘residential’ reserves in the urban agency, for instance,for individuals working on certain projects.Might be used for testing alternative informal residential models in Hong Kong.
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Suspended path can be assembled in stages and endlessly extended.
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Working retreat - remote space for content creators like vloggers, etc. Sleeping / napping capsules with self-maintaining self-cleaning environment. Escape makeshift capsules for working/ relaxation/ concentration - space where millennials lacking their personal space can enjoy solitude.
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Conclusion
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Hong Kong Urban Agency as a participatory alternative for democratic city development
CONCLUSION
Given an opportunity to choose my own topic within the theme of collaboration in the modern world, I thought about the scope to which this collaboration can be applied and where my future utopian concept can be emphasized in contrast to reality. At this very time events unfolding in the city of Hong Kong brought my attention to the situation, where this utopian collaborative notion was already present. People, specifically the younger generation of Hong Kong, got together and developed the network of both material and abstract elements to fight for their independence, for their rights, for their freedom. Furthermore, Hong Kong seemed to be a perfect setting to introduce an urban participatory model that will clash with the existing top-down decision making mainly driven by commercial profit and political views imposed by the mainland government. I imagined a democratic citizen system with absolute unity and equity in the city where in real life a regular member can hardly be heard unless by means of protests with thousands of supporters. The Hong Kong Urban Agency story touches upon the question of potential in human resources as a force for social change in the city’s life. Researching seminal literature about Hong Kong I investigated the notion of the city’s identity and came to the conclusion that in such a place with fluid and always transforming culture, true identity can only be found in people, in their expressions of creativity, appropriation, and informality. Thus, I created a utopian alternative, where everything is centered around the human, the key unit of the city where man-made hindrances are not separating but emancipating.
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References
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“Businesses in Crossfire as New Phone Apps Put Protest Politics on the Menu.” South China Morning Post, August 11, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/hongkong/politics/article/3022287/hong-kong-businesses-caught-crossfire-protestcrisis-new. Frampton, Adam, Clara Wong, and Jonathan D. Solomon. Cities without Ground: a Hong Kong Guidebook. Novato, CA: ORO, 2018. “Hacking Hong Kong. Urban Creativity as Dissidence and Participation.” IIAS. Accessed January 21, 2020. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/hacking-hong-kong-urban-creativity-dissidence-participation. Harvey, David. Rebel Cities: from the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso, 2019. “Hong Kong Protest: Bonjour Exits Causeway Bay as Retail Sales Stall.” South China Morning Post, October 30, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/property/hongkong-china/article/3035576/bonjour-says-au-revoir-second-major-retailer-leaveworlds. Hughes, Jonathan, and Simon Sadler. Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism. London: Routledge, 2015. Hui, Mary. “From Sidewalks to Shopfronts, Hong Kong’s Protests Have Rearranged Its Urban Landscape.” Quartz. Quartz, December 18, 2019. https:// qz.com/1755827/protests-remake-hong-kongs-urban-design-and-public-spaces/. Lab, Parallel. “Parallel Lab.” Parallel Lab. Accessed February 9, 2020. https://www. parallellab.com/works/umbrella-movement-mapping/.
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Lam, Tat. Hong Kong: The Cosmopolitan City. 2008 Kaminer, Tahl. The Efficacy of Architecture: Political Contestation and Agency. London: Routledge, 2017. Karim, Farhan. The Routledge Companion to Architecture and Social Engagement. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. “Raumlaborberlin.” raumlabor. Accessed February 9, 2020. https://raumlabor. net/. “Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement.” The Museum of Modern Art. Accessed February 9, 2020. https://www.moma.org/calendar/
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exhibitions/1061. “180Spatial Agency.” Spatial Agency: Stalker/Osservatorio Nomade. Accessed February 8, 2020. https://www.spatialagency.net/database/stalkerosservatorio. nomade. “Stalker/Osservatorionomade.net.” Stalker/Osservatorionomade.net. Accessed February 8, 2020. http://www.osservatorionomade.net/. “Top Luxury Brand Plans to Shut Protest-Hit Hong Kong Store.” South China Morning Post, January 3, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3044433/top-luxury-brand-plans-close-protest-hit-hong-kong-store. Watson, Ivan, Vivian Kam, and Pamela Boykoff. “Hong Kong’s Incredible Bamboo Spidermen.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 25, 2016. https://edition.cnn. com/style/article/hong-kong-bamboo-spidermen/index.html.
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World, Research. “My Freedom: Millennials in Hong Kong.� Research World, October 20, 2017. https://www.researchworld.com/my-freedom-millennials-inhong-kong/. Wu, Rufina, Stefan Canham, and Eric Wong. Portraits from above: Hong Kongs Informal Rooftop Communities. Berlin: Peperoni Books, 2009.
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DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work. All sources used, direct and indirect, are acknowledged as references. This work has not been previously published and submitted to another university to obtain academic qualification.
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Dessau International Architecture School Anhalt University Departament 3 Š 2019/20