smart grid by Master Paisatge

Energy / Smart Grid. Energy / Smart Grid Impact on Montgri Plain landscape

Pep Salas Prat psalas@smartgrid.cat

1st October, 2012

1. ENERGY, society and science 2 Current 2. C t situation it ti and d global l b l ttrends d 3 Energy impact on Montgrí landscape 3. 4. CO2 emissions in Montgrí Area – Baix Empordà 5. Conclusions: Smart Grids, a driver to shape the landscape

psalas@smartgrid.cat

0. Presentation  Agronomist and PhD candidate (a technologic and humanistic approach to smart grids)  Entrepreneur -

WATTPIC (2004-2010) – photovoltaic technology ENERBYTE (2012- ) – energy efficiency & consumer behaviour

 Divulgation at www.smartgrid.cat (conferences, papers, speeches, books, …)

psalas@smartgrid.cat

1. ENERGY, society and science Civilization – Landscape ‐ Civilization Landscape ‐ Energy

 The availability of “Energy” Energy define the society  Each civilization has modified its landscape for a better access of resources and drain  B Before f “ il era”, “oil ” the h iimpacts were llocal. l L Last 200 years, has become global.  After “oil era”, the impacts will be local again. Which are the trade-off between landscape protection and local resources exploitation? psalas@smartgrid.cat

1. ENERGY, society and science Basics: Energy Laws Basics: Energy Laws

 1st Law, Energy Conservation: Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be neither created nor destroyed. Energy, in an isolated system system, remains constant over time time.

 2nd Law, Entropy: In all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state state.

 3rd Law,, Entropy py production: p In an isolated system, entropy production only can increase.

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1. ENERGY, society and science Basics: Typology of systems (thermodynamically) Basics: Typology of systems (thermodynamically)

Energy transfer

Mass transfer

Open

Isolated

A landscape is, thermodynamically, an OPEN

SYSTEM

A first question is is, then then, which is the scope of our “energy & landscape” analysis ? The piece of land itself, or also the surroundings?

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1. ENERGY, society and science

Montgrí area Montgrí area 1

3 2

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1. ENERGY, society and science Should we consider Montgrí as an isolated area ? Should we consider Montgrí as an isolated area …?

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1. ENERGY, society and science … or in its socieconomic and geographic context? or in its socieconomic and geographic context?

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1. ENERGY, society and science Energy sustainability criteria Energy sustainability criteria  Concept: maximum consumption of energy is fixed by potential of “local” (and renewable) energy resources.  From the concept to the reality: (is not only technology!) 

Consumer behaviour: being part of the energy chain, mobility…



Efficiency revolution: decrease energy consumption and processes



Demand managing (peak savings, …). Local storage facilities.



Local energy production (renewables, CHP, …)



Matching demand curve with local energy resources & storage



Managing g g of energy gy exchanges g with the surrenders ((supra-network) p )

This could be a good approach of Smart Grid! psalas@smartgrid.cat

1. ENERGY, society and science Energy sustainability criteria – consequences on the landscape Energy sustainability criteria consequences on the landscape  We have to consider: 

Maximum capacity of local energy resources ( production)



Maximum M i capacity it off socioeconomic i i activities ti iti (i (industry, d t residential, tourism, …) in terms of energy usage per region (or other unit of land). Is it a new limit? (is it “The” limit?)



Social constraints: impact on the landscape, scope of analysis (local, regional, national wide), governance and regulation, life model model…



Other infrastructures and services to the area: Power distribution network, IT (fibre…), roads…

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1. ENERGY, society and science Energy sustainability criteria – consequences in the landscape Energy sustainability criteria consequences in the landscape  Scenarios (Hypothesis) 2050: 

Medium term (<40 years): oil still available, despite high costs and global l b l warming i o



A trade-off could be achieved. It is a question of cost and a socio-politic socio politic agreement agreement.

Long term (>40 years): oil collapse o

Maybe we (as a whole society) cannot afford to produce less renewable than its maximum potential

This transition point is not known when it will happen (but it will). An energy transition can not be delayed delayed. psalas@smartgrid.cat

1. ENERGY, society and science 2 Current 2. C t situation it ti and d global l b l ttrends d 3 Energy impact on Montgrí landscapeCO2 3. 4. Emissions in Montgrí Area – Baix Empordà 5. Conclusions: Smart Grids, a driver to shape the landscape

psalas@smartgrid.cat

2. Current situation and global trends

Centralized Vs Decentralized energy system Centralized Vs Decentralized energy system

• Centralized Generation (CG) √ Few and large energy power plants √ Huge number of consumers and far away from energy generating points √ Unidirectional power networks √√ Without any flexibility in energy Wi h fl ibili i demand (peak consumption, …) √P i √ Passive role of the consumers l f h

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2. Current situation and global trends

Limitations of Centralized model according to European Commission Limitations of Centralized model according to European Commission

Source: European Commission

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2. Current situation and global trends

Limitations of Centralized model according to European Commission Limitations of Centralized model according to European Commission • The European Internal Market: This market evolution, associated with an efficient regulatory framework, will promote economic growth and play a key role in the EU’s competitiveness strategy. Increasing competition will encourage efficiency and spur on technological progress and innovation. As a result, the internal market is expected to provide benefits to the European citizens such as a wider choice of services and downward pressure on electricity prices.

• Security S it and d Quality Q lit off Supply: S l Modern society depends critically on a secure supply of energy. Countries without adequate reserves of fossil fuels are facing increasing concerns for primary energy availability. Furthermore, the ageing infrastructure of Europe's electricity transmission and distribution networks is increasingly threatening security, reliability and quality of supply. It is time to redesign electricity grids which take account of new roles and challenges challenges. Significant investment will be required to develop and renew these infrastructures: the most efficient way to achieve this is by incorporating innovative solutions, technologies and grid architectures.

• The Environment: Besides issues of primary energy supply supply, the major disadvantage of fossil fuels is that they emit CO2, SO2, NOx and other pollutants when burnt to generate electricity. The greenhouse gases contribute to climate change, which is recognised to be one of the greatest environmental and economic challenges facing humanity. Research is needed to help identify the most cost-effective technologies and measures that will enable the EU to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol and beyond.

Source: European Commission

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2. Current situation and global trends

Centralized Vs Decentralized energy system Centralized Vs Decentralized energy system

• Decentralized Generation (DG) ece t a ed Ge e at o ( G) √ Demand priority: what, how and when it happens √ Energy efficiency √ Energy production near where the consumption √ Priority of local resources √ Bidirectional power networks √ Peak savings √ Consumer engagement √ Bi D t √ Big Data

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2. Current situation and global trends

Pace of Smart Grid deployment Pace of Smart Grid deployment SMARTGRID (>2018) - Power network meshed - Combination of DG and CG - Electric vehicle - Automatization of power network

- Self-healing power network - Microgrids - Demand response - New N services i ffor th the consumers - consumer engagement - Smart Metering

SMART METERING (2012 - 2018) (2020 in UE) - Digital meters roll out - Dynamic D i energy contracts t t - Signals of energy prices - Remote meter set up

- Incident detection - Telemetry and monitoring

TELEMETRY ((today) y)

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2. Current situation and global trends

20‐20‐20 targets 20‐20‐20 targets  a 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;  a 20% improvement in the EU's EU s energy efficiency. raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%; Source: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm (september 2012)

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Energy production & consumption in Catalonia (2009) Energy production & consumption in Catalonia (2009) Primary energy consumption (2009)

Final energy consumption by sector (2009)

Source: ICAEN, Generalitat de Catalunya

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Energy consumption & Production by region Energy consumption & Production by region Electric mix (2009)

Renewable:

17,6 % (cat)

Electric mix (2010)

35 % (esp)

Source: www.elpuntavui.cat/asco/mes/2-societat.html?start=40

Total ota renewable: e e ab e 18,5 8,5 % (cat) Source: ICAEN, Generalitat de Catalunya

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Energy consumption & Production by region Energy consumption & Production by region

Without energy production d ti ffacilities iliti

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Energy consumption & Production by region Energy consumption & Production by region Production

Consumption

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Transmission & Distribution Networks Transmission & Distribution Networks

Without energy gy transportation network. Poor distribution network (single circuit)

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Transmission & Distribution Networks Transmission & Distribution Networks

New infrastructure forecasting 2015

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Wind Local renewable energy available. Wind

spring

summer

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Wind Local renewable energy available. Wind

autumn

winter

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Wind Local renewable energy available. Wind RED: Incompatible areas YELLOW: implantation sites subject to the environmental impact statement WHITE: Compatible areas

Map of wind potential based on environmental criteria Catalan Goverment

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Wind Local renewable energy available. Wind

Windiest areas (such as Montgrí) are excluded! psalas@smartgrid.cat

3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Type yp of solar p projects: j

 Distributed solar (small installations at the same point of the consumption): allowed everywhere

M MJ/m2

 Solar Farms (<3MW ≈ 15H ) similar 15Ha): i il criteria it i th than wind farms

psalas@smartgrid.cat

3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of distributed photovoltaic potential in residential areas:

Single-family first home

Roof integration

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of distributed photovoltaic potential in residential areas (188 houses): 1 2

9 12

10 3

14 13

6 7

17 18

15 5

30 33

35 36

23 26 28

31 34

24 21

40 41

psalas@smartgrid.cat

3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of distributed photovoltaic potential in residential areas (188 houses): Parametre First residence homes (single‐family) m2 equivalent 2 i l t PV module efficiency kW peak kWn in average by house

Value 188 10 486 76 10,486.76 15.0% 1,573.01 8.4

PV production (kWh/kWn) PV d ti (kWh/kW ) PV‐MWh/year Production by house (PV‐kWh/year) Consumption by house/year

1,100.00 1 100 00 1,730.32 9,203.806 4,979.162

PV coverage

184.8% psalas@smartgrid.cat

3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of distributed photovoltaic potential in residential areas. Balance per month: 4,5587

4,3528 5,0000

1,1769 0,0000

‐0,0504

‐5,0000 ,

‐6,9434 ‐10,0000

In summer (high ti period i dd consumption due to tourism) surplus PV production is maximum

‐10,3663 ‐13,5663

‐15,0000

‐15,9771 ‐17,5085 ‐18,0259

‐18,6703 ‐20,5624

‐20,0000 ,

‐25,0000

Gener

Febrer

Març

Abril

Maig

Juny

Juliol

Agost

Setembre

Octubre

Novembre

Desembre

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3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of solar farm (1MW ≈ 6 Ha):

The visual impact is local because of height of the machines (<7m) psalas@smartgrid.cat

3. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

Local renewable energy available Solar Local renewable energy available. Solar Example of solar farm (lower intensity land use):

It is also possible to combine the use of land with traditional activities psalas@smartgrid.cat

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions per capita (2005, revision 2011) emissions per capita (2005 revision 2011)

Catalunya: 8,1 tnCO2 Girona: 6,5 tnCO2 Baix Empordà: 7,3 tnCO2

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions totals (2005, revision 2011) emissions totals (2005 revision 2011)

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions totals (2005, revision 2011) emissions totals (2005 revision 2011) Baix Empordà p

Girona

CO2 emissions per capita: 7,3 tnCO2 Total CO2 emissions : 875.743 tnCO2

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to electricity consumption. Baix Empordà emissions due to electricity consumption Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to natural gas consumption. Baix Empordà emissions due to natural gas consumption Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to oil consumption. Baix Empordà emissions due to oil consumption Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

psalas@smartgrid.cat

4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to GLP consumption. Baix Empordà emissions due to GLP consumption Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to urban transport. Baix Empordà emissions due to urban transport Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 emissions due to solid urban waste management. Baix Empordà emissions due to solid urban waste management Baix Empordà

Source: Inventari de referència d’emissions (2005). CILMA, Diputació Girona, Set. 2012

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4. Energy impact on Montgrí landscape

CO2 Torroella de Montgrí ‐ Torroella de Montgrí ‐ Baix Empordà Baix Empordà

CO2 emission

tn per capita

Total tn/year

Electricity consumption

3,1 – 6

20.000 ‐ 30.000

Natural gas 0,51‐1

0,51 ‐ 1

20.000 ‐ 40.000

Oil consumption

0 – 0,5

2.000 ‐ 3.000

GLP consumption

0 – 0,15

500 – 1.000

Urban transport Urban transport

3,1 ‐ 6 3,1

20.000 – 40.000 20.000

Solid urban waste

0,6 ‐ 1

10.000 – 15.000

TOTAL

73 7,3

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1. ENERGY, society and science 2 E 2. Energy iimpactt on M Montgrí t í landscape l d 3 CO2 emissions in Montgrí Area – Baix Empordà 3. 4. Current situation and global trends 5. Conclusions: Smart Grids, a driver to shape the landscape of Montgrí plain

psalas@smartgrid.cat

5. Conclusions: Smart Grids, a driver to shape the landscape of Montgrí plain

Mid t Mid term scenario: (expensive) oil era and 20‐20‐20 targets i ( i ) il d 20 20 20 t t

Impact on the landscape Goal

Action 1

E Energy Efficiency Effi i

active and passive actions (smart meters, education, …) ti d i ti ( t t d ti )

L Low

Renewables

Decentralized energy generation (PV integrated, micro wind)

Renewables

Renewable energy generation (wind and solar farms)

CO2 reduction

Natural gas distribution network (underground pipes)

CO2 reduction

Urban transport ‐ Public transport, electric vehicles

Low

CO2 reduction

Urban wastes: reuse and recicling. Local treatments

Medium

Network interoperability

bidirecicional power grids (<110kV) and new lines

medium high

medium medium

High

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5. Conclusions: Smart Grids, a driver to shape the landscape of Montgrí plain

L Long term scenario: without‐oil era (*) t i ith t il (*)

Impact on the landscape Goal

Action 1

Energy Efficiency

redefine maximum turism capacity and other activities

Renewables

maximum potential of renewable (wind on‐shore and off‐shore)

Consumer engagement Consumer engagement

Energy consumer fully integrated into energy value chain Energy consumer fully integrated into energy value chain

Transmission grid

export renewables (wind on‐shore and off‐shore) >110kV

Network interoperability

bidirecicional power grids (<110kV) and new lines

Low Very high

High

Low Very high High

medium

6 7

(*) due to Montgrí area is one of the windiest areas in Catalonia, potentially could develop a role as a net energy producer.

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Thanks for your attention www smartgrid cat www.smartgrid.cat

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Solar energy, when interacts with bioelements, and it is driven by a high amount of information, provides the necessary resources for the development of life as we know it. Watching and learning from this process (Biomimetics) will allow us to psalas@smartgrid.cat optimize the electrical systemâ&#x20AC;?. psalas@smartgrid.cat