............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 .................................................................................... 4 ..................................................................................... 4 ........................................................................... 5 ...................................... 8 ............................................................................................................. 8 ......................................................................................................... 14 ........................................................................................................ 15 ........................................................................................... 17 ....................................................................................................... 17 ......................................................................................... 18 ....................................................................................................................... 21 ......................................................................................................................................... 24 ........................... 26 ........................................................................................ 26 ........................................................................................................ 28 .......................................................................................................................................... 30 ............................................................................................................................................................... 32 .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
1
Von Humboldt, A. (1811). Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (1st ed.). Paris: F. Schoell. 1
2
Snir A, Nadel D, Groman-Yaroslavski I, Melamed Y, Sternberg M, Bar-Yosef O, et al. (2015) The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131422. 2
3
4
5
𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3 ∆𝐻° = 0𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻° = −91,8𝑘𝐽 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
6
7
EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA
28.124.800 30.422.240 31.483.800 34.163.280 33.990.010
SOUTH AMERICA
3
8 AFRICA
17.131.512 17.091.811 18.895.301 20.875.289 21.017.055
24.932.148 24.248.256 29.594.491 31.960.451 37.696.999
15.605.941 17.703.915 17.361.691 19.057.637 23.431.424
8.978.574 8.758.969 8.221.028 8.973.798 8.990.326
12.990.573 13.426.281 13.775.811 14.030.730 17.824.901
SURFACE
MAIZE (HECTARES)
1990
2000
2005
2010
2015
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
USDA. (2019). Interagency Commodity Estimates Committee Forecasts. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/Secretary_Briefing/Archive/2019/April_2019_WASDE_Locku p_Briefing.pdf
EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
4
9 AFRICA
17.725.284 24.172.861 40.234.600 46.181.719 57.796.041
23.352.608 30.363.490 29.999.770 32.509.200 35.320.870
4.569.945 7.805.114 9.094.652 10.923.153 12.821.063
1.034.300 898.457 1.208.843 1.099.910 2.031.862
309.996 85.984 114.626 173.313 275.742
1.858.304 1.077.034 1.718.124 2.736.401 5.364.821
SURFACE
SOYBEANS (HECTARES)
1990
2000
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
FAO. (2006). Livestock’s long shadow, environmental issues and options. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf 2005
2010
2015
EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
10
75.531.873 55.223.496 59.610.384 55.811.391 61.475.512
40.528.003 44.657.080 45.390.030 47.777.461 49.816.272
42.062.500 32.328.864 29.680.388 27.567.030 28.635.870
8.567.236 8.145.050 9.784.490 9.274.589 10.261.288
9.213.872 8.319.437 9.708.014 7.080.978 8.965.977
950.093 714.318 637.961 681.318 822.400
SURFACE
WHEAT (HECTARES)
AFRICA SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
1990
2000
2005
2010
2015
CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
11
6.034.413 7.558.570 8.946.142 10.689.720 13.039.628
5.515.631 5.655.109 6.074.065 5.010.624 4.556.824
1.142.400 1.229.850 1.361.380 1.462.950 1.042.080
EUROPE
349.814 370.213 326.167 342.652 264.546
1.063.346 605.898 577.216 713.567 652.839
SURFACE
AFRICA
94.863.640 104.001.638 104.790.881 109.481.077 108.144.866
RICE (HECTARES)
1990
2000
2005
2010
2015
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
12
AFRICA
2.528.087 5.650.042 8.104.594 11.234.375 14.211.849
3.222.002 4.107.375 4.565.861 4.590.311 4.523.675
210.906 378.590 448.368 571.584 837.825
57.197 111.390 179.701 263.354 428.916
SURFACE
OIL PALM (HECTARES)
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
1990
2000
2005
2010
2015
13
5
Bar-On, Y., Phillips, R. & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/25/6506.full.pdf 14
6
Walker, B., Salt, D., & Reid, W. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World (Rev. ed.). Washington DC, United States: Island Press. 15
7 IPBES. (2018). The assessment report on LAND DEGRADATION AND RESTORATION. Retrieved from https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/2018_ldr_full_report_book_v4_pages.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=29395 16
8
Hidalgo, A., & Rosenstiehl, A. (2018). Capital agricole: Chantiers pour une ville cultivĂŠe (Rev. ed.). Paris: Editions du Pavillon de l'Arsenal. 17
18
19
20
9
Arvor, D., Meirelles, M., Dubreuil, V., BĂŠguĂŠ, A., & E. Shimabukuro, Y. (2012). Analyzing the agricultural transition in Mato Grosso, Brazil, using satellite-derived indices. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622811001603 21
22
EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
23 AFRICA
930.813.647 890.817.056 868.611.396 852.133.176 842.010.616
720.486.620 719.197.420 719.419.220 722.523.120 723.207.020
994.270.882 1.002.301.581 1.004.147.015 1.013.572.025 1.015.482.476
705.740.099 670.372.149 654.678.904 638.282.158 624.102.627 319.614.964 298.645.342 296.599.707 295.958.201 292.803.695
26.995.027 23.448.301 22.192.530 21.010.391 20.250.300
SURFACE
FOREST AREA (HECTARES)
1990
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
2000
2005
2010
2015
10
Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, Yale University, & Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University. (2018). 2018 Environmental Performance Index. Retrieved from https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/downloads/epi2018policymakerssummaryv01.pdf 24
25
11
Proksch, G. (2017). Creating Urban Agricultural Systems: An Integrated Approach to Design. New York: Routledge. 26
27
.
12
Jacobs, J. (1961). Death and life of great American cities (1. ed). New York, USA: Random House. 28
29
13
Arosemena, G. (2012). Agricultura urbana: espacios de cultivos para una ciudad sostenible. Barcelona: GG. 30
31
32
33