Lighting Journal July Aug 2016 by Matrix Print

LIGHTING

JOURNAL The publication for all lighting professionals

NIGHTS OF OUR LIVES: Inside the Campaign to Protect Rural England’s new light pollution maps CODE SETTING: Unpicking the new ELEXON generic LED charge codes FUTURE PROOF? Smart cities, light in the era of driverless cars, Brexit – the ILP debate

July/August 2016

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LIGHTING JOURNAL

Contents

July/August 2016

EDITORIAL

CODE SETTING

In what is probably the most important change since the introduction of 13-digit charge codes eight years ago, ELEXON last month introduced a new range of generic LED charge codes. James Everley explains how they will work

FUTURE PROOF?

PEOPLE POWER

‘WHERE ARE THE LIGHTING DESIGNERS?’

FIVE-PART CHALLENGE

This year saw the long-awaited introduction of BS EN13201:2015. Nick Smith explains what’s changed, how the five parts work together and what the standard means for lighting professionals

10 EFFICIENCY SAVINGS

Westminster City Council has used BS EN13201-5:2015 to develop a new energy efficiency rating approach. As Allan Howard outlines, this has enabled it to assess existing and new public ream lighting installations more effectively

14 NIGHTS OF OUR LIVES

The Campaign to Protect Rural England has published new, interactive maps showing the extent of light pollution across the UK. The maps also reveal some surprising findings about the effect (or not) LED street lighting is having, as Nic Paton finds out

Smart cities, Brexit, lighting in the era of the autonomous vehicle and even whether citizens should have a ‘right’ to street lighting were among the complex topics grappled with by members in an ILP debate at this year’s Professional Lighting Summit. Nic Paton sat in

Kevin Grigg was appointed President of the ILP at last month’s Professional Lighting Summit in Brighton, taking over from Elizabeth Thomas, who has had to step down because of ill-health. Kevin put education and standards at the heart of his address to members

What is otherwise a readable and wellresearched history of the use of light in architecture is let down by the fact it ignores the value, and contribution, of lighting designers and skims over lighting in the 21st Century, writes Emma Cogswell

CONSULTANTS

LIGHTING DIRECTORY

DIARY

20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Becoming a STEM ‘ambassador’ can be a great way for lighting professionals to inspire children of all ages about lighting and careers within lighting. New SLL president Jeff Shaw explains why this will be a key message of his presidency

24 PROTECTION PROTOCOLS

Last month’s discussion around the danger to our infrastructure from electrical surge prompted some debate among lighting professionals. Lawrence Baynham looks at the interaction between the surge suppression components within a luminaire

30 THREAT MANAGEMENT

Electrical surge can be a threat both to interior and exterior lighting schemes, meaning surge protection devices should be a critical part of any LED project specification, explains Robin Earl

Cover picture: The night sky over Bath – the south west has the lowest light pollution in England, according to the Campaign to Protect Rural England’s latest maps

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Editorial Volume 81 No 7 July/August 2016 President Kevin Grigg, Eng Tech, AMILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA(Cantab) DPA HonFIAM Editor Nic Paton Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng MILP Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Designed by Julie Bland Email: julie@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

I have to confess to making something of a tactical error at the ILP Professional Lighting Summit last month. I foolishly took the opportunity of the break before the celebration dinner to head down to the iconic Brighton Pier where I shelled out on some seriously over-priced confectionary for the family. It was only on the way back, wallet considerably lighter, that I noticed the parade of cut-price ‘rock shops’ but a few steps up from the Jurys Inn Waterfront. The fact, however, that I’ve had to scratch around to find something as superficial and irrelevant as Brighton’s tourist ‘tat’ to complain about simply serves to illustrate just how successful, in reality, this year’s Professional Lighting Summit was. The resounding feedback I heard from members was that the decision to move the Summit from the autumn to the summer was a positive one. There was also a sense that this year’s CPD presentations were generally weighty and valuable. In this edition, we pick up on James Everley’s presentation explaining the new ELEXON codes, Nick Smith on BS EN13201:2015 and, not least, what was a thoughtful address from new President Kevin Grigg. As ever, I will over the coming months endeavour to use the Journal to bring you a further selection of some of the Summit’s fascinating presentations. We also highlight in this edition the Scott Pengelly-chaired Question Time-style debate on the future of lighting. This was a wide-ranging and engaging discussion, bringing together both ILP members from the floor and an authoritative, eclectic panel. It roamed around topics as diverse as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, a citizen’s ‘right’ to street lighting and, albeit somewhat tentatively (given that it was happening in the shadow of last month’s referendum), our now deeply uncertain future within the European Union. Unfortunately, we ran out of time to discuss what I thought was one of the most intriguing questions on Scott’s list: ‘What will come after LED?’. If any members have a view on this – personal, professional, empirical, left-field or otherwise – I’d love to hear from you. If nothing else, I’ll be lobbying for it to be on the list for next year’s Summit. Nic Paton Editor

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2016 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

4 ELEXON LED charge codes

CODE SETTING In what is probably the most important change since the introduction of 13-digit charge codes eight years ago, ELEXON last month introduced a new range of generic LED charge codes. James Everley explains how they will work

anaging unmetered inventories is vital to ensuring an accurate unmetered energy invoice. A common issue raised by local authorities in recent years has been the ‘explosion’ of ELEXON charge codes, also referred to as ‘UMSUG codes’. In the past, charge codes were seven digits long and for a 250W SON lamp with standard (magnetic) control gear, the same generic charge code could be used, regardless of who the manufacturer was. This made inputting charge codes into the asset management system fairly straightforward. For example, from a drop-down list you could pick the lamp type (SON is always 14), then the wattage (250W = 0250) and finally the control gear (standard = 1). This resulted in the seven-digit charge code: 1402501. This worked well enough until the street lighting technological revolution, with the introduction of electronic control gear, variable lighting levels and LED luminaires. Therefore, in order for local authorities to benefit from the energy reductions made possible by this new technology, in the summer of 2008 ELEXON introduced 13digit charge codes. Under this new system, the above charge code would now become: 14 0250 1000 100. Electronic control gear led to differences in circuit wattages between manufacturers and a desire for individual, manufacturerspecific charge codes. These were a selling point for manufacturers, which were able to

demonstrate additional savings potentially compared to rival manufacturers. This was manageable for a while but, with the development of LEDs and one watt increments being available (with or without dimming and/or constant light output), this has once again meant that the charge code list has grown rapidly. Currently (at the time of writing in May 2016) the ELEXON charge code spreadsheet stands at 8,331 active charge codes (some codes are amended or become obsolete). Of these some 6,315 (76%) are for LED lamps. GENERIC LED CHARGE CODES ELEXON published an industry consultation and sought responses from as many participants as possible. The key customer desire was a reduction in what was termed ‘charge code proliferation’. It was generally understood that using the ELEXON charge code spreadsheet itself and filtering on a specific manufacturer was not the issue per se. However, setting up the charge codes in the asset management system was a real issue. In the discussions within the industry it was recognised that, ultimately, using the same generic charge codes for different manufacturers was not an issue. In other words, ‘60 watts is 60 watts’ irrespective of who sells it. There was some concern over how, if you moved to a system of generic codes, you’d be able to check the manufacturer had ELEXON approval. The risk or worry was that by publishing

generic charge codes a disreputable manufacturer could falsely claim their equipment had ELEXON approval, and then simply quote a generic charge code. This issue has been addressed through the publication of an additional list of approved manufacturers. IMPLEMENTATION As of 30 June, 2016 ELEXON has therefore implemented the following changes: • A new range of generic LED charge codes created, beginning ‘42…’ • Each code is the 100% power version; in other words, the charge code always ends “…100” • A new range of variable power switch regimes has been created to declare dimming • Dimming is in 5% bandings (although this is not applicable for CMS users) • A separate spreadsheet for checking a manufacturer’s approval has been created • Existing charge codes will remain valid, so there is no need to change these • No new LED codes will be published outside the generic range • The generic charge code for a new 60W LED lamp therefore would be: 42 0060 0000 100 SWITCH REGIMES AND DIMMING There are two key components to calculating energy usage. The first is the circuit watts of the lamp, and this is captured in the new generic LED charge code. The second is the hours of operation, and this is defined by the switch regime. However, if you are varying the power of the luminaire during the night, there are some changes, and we will refer to this as part-night dimming for simplicity’s sake. Single-Step Dimming. Previously for a single-step part-night dimming regime, you would declare a dimmed charge code with a 500 series switch regime. Let’s take as an example a 136W LED lamp with on/off at 35 lux, dimmed part-night

from midnight to 5am at 75% of full power (dimmed by 25%). Therefore, the switch regime would be as follows: 529 – lamp is dimming from 00:00 to 05:00 (GMT) @ 35/18 lux. The old charge code would therefore be as follows: 41 0136 0000 075 – in other words operating at 75% power (dimmed by 25%). Multi-Level Static Dimming (MLSD). For more than one dimmed level through the night, MLSD regimes were used with a 100% power charge code. Again, this would therefore be the switch regime: D51 – on at 100% power, dimmed to 70% power at 10pm, 50% power at midnight, 70% power at 5am and 100% power at 6:30am, off with the photocell (@35/18 lux GMT). The old charge code would therefore be: 41 0136 0000 100. New – Variable Power Switch Regimes (VPSR). The generic LED charge codes will, as already highlighted, all be the 100% version of the charge code. This means you can no longer use the 500 series switch regime. You can, however, use existing MLSD codes if ones exist that meet your requirements. The VPSR will be replacing MLSD in name and will be a three-digit alphanumeric switch regime. It is this regime that will detail the times the dimming applies and all the % powers at those times. This can either be one single step of dimming or multiple levels of dimming. The dimming is in 5% bandings. Therefore, if you operate the lamp at 62% of full power, for example, this will be rounded down to 60%. If you operate the lamp at 63%, this will be rounded up to 65% (and please see the below for note on CMS operation). The generic charge code in this example would be: 42 0136 0000 100. However – and it is a big however – do note that in this example no VPSR has been applied for yet. The VSPR could be F01, X01, etc… It could in fact be any three-digit letter or

number combination issued by ELEXON! Therefore, you will need to look at the time(s) and percentage power(s) and pick the right VPSR for your desired dimming regime. You can request any combination you need. All night lighting. If the LED luminaire is operating all night, the switch regimes remain exactly the same as before (in other words, no change). In this context, the switch regime would be: 808 – electronic photocell at 35/18 lux.In turn, the generic charge code would be: 42 0136 0000 100. NO CHANGES FOR CMS If you are using a Central Management System (CMS), then with generic LEDs nothing changes for dimming/part-night switch-off. You continue to use a switch regime of 999 and the new generic LED charge code. All of the dimming regimes you set up on the CMS are captured in the daily CMS event log file that is generated. You can continue to dim to any % power that the driver/lamp supports and benefit from this, and you do not need to use 5% bandings. For more questions on this please refer to your meter administrator and/or CMS provider. CHECKING ELEXON APPROVAL Finally, when it comes to checking ELEXON approval, the ELEXON manufacturer’s approval list will list the name of the manufacturer, its product designation and an upper and lower wattage it is approved for. It is important manufacturers are not overly explicit with designations or the list will grow unnecessarily. The below table is an example of currently approved LED products (all with charge codes beginning ‘41…’) along with a hypothetical upper and lower limit that would be given if they applied for a new generic LED charge code. James Everley is national account manager at Power Data Associates

Manufacturer’s designation

Generic LED codes – lower Limit

Generic LED codes – upper Limit

RD12 Lantern – CLO

42 0030 0000 100

42 0040 0000 100

CU Phosco

P850 700mA

42 0280 0000 100

42 0320 0000 100

OrangeTek

TERRALED Mini 12

42 0010 0000 100

42 0015 0000 100

Philips Lighting

LEDGine 32 LED Economy Line (Cool White 5600k)

42 0055 0000 100

42 0065 0000 100

Urbis Schréder

24 LED 350mA V6 CLO

42 0025 0000 100

42 0030 0000 100

MANUFACTURER INDO

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

This year saw the long-awaited introduction of BS EN13201:2015. Nick Smith explains what’s changed, how the five parts work together and what the standard means for lighting professionals

anuary was something of a red-letter month for lighting standards. We saw BS EN13201-2:2015 being released in the first week of that month, closely followed by Part 3 in the __third week. In fact, as many lighting professionals will already undoubtedly be aware – but it is nevertheless worth reiterating – BS EN13201:2015 now comes in five parts, with a sixth in preparation for release possibly in 2018, depending on editorial updates and committee debates. This article will explain what is in the standard (so far), and what’s changed. Even if much of it will by now be familiar, the fact this is such an important new standard means it is well worth outlining how it all fits together in some detail.

experienced engineers who have had an opportunity to adopt BS5489-1:2013. The principal changes are that ME classes are now M classes. CE classes are now C classes. S classes are now P classes. Other classes, such as semi-cylindrical, have had name changes to SC (previously Esc). M CLASSES M classes have had the most significant change. M1 and M2 classes are largely unchanged; ME3 classes are now consolidated from ME3a, ME3b and ME3c to M3. In the same way, ME4a and ME4b are now just a single class – M4. Classes M5 and M6 are also largely unchanged. The most significant change sees ‘Surround Ratio’ changed to ‘Edge Illuminance Ratio’ and the values have been modified. As many designs now utilise LED-based lighting rather than HID, the more controlled output of the LED lantern could lead to the Edge illuminance Ratio being the dictating criteria. Hence the values have been lowered with this in mind. The calculation has also changed, which I will come back to.

EN13201-2:2014 To understand BS EN13201-2:2015 it is important, first, to outline a bit of context. PD CEN/TR13201-1 was released on the 31 December, 2014. Part 1 covers the section of lighting classes based upon certain criteria experienced on the road or street. While this document is largely not used in the UK because of the section process in BS54891:2013 being preferred, Part 1 was Class Luminance of the road surface heavily used by the committee to prepare the selection process in BS5489. Dry conditions Wet TR13201 is largely based on CIE115:2010 methodology, Uo UI a Uo b cd/m2 starting with a ‘6’ and then using a [min] [min] [min] series of questions, each adding, M1 2,00 0,40 0,70 0,15 maintaining or reducing the class, so ultimately the lighting class M2 1,50 0,40 0,70 0,15 based upon the usage is arrived at. EN13210-2:2015 EN13201-2:2015 was, as already highlighted, released in the first week of January 2016. Much of its content will be familiar to more

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

Disability glare

Lighting of surround

Dry conditions TI in % c [max]

EIR d [min]

0,35

1,00

0,40

0,60

0,15

0,30

0,75

0,40

0,60

0,15

0,30

0,50

0,35

0,40

0,15

0,30

0,35

0,15

0,30

Fig 1. M classes under BS EN13201-2:2015

Lighting standards 7

C CLASSES Class lighting levels and uniformity remain unchanged for C classes. However, a new methodology has been introduced allowing threshold increment (fTI) to be calculated. This should allow the problem of glary installation to be designed out. The fTI applies to P classes too. While it is optional, why would you not want to calculate quality figures that tells the lighting engineer something about the installation? P CLASSES The lighting levels for the P class were introduced within BS5489-1:2013, so many will be familiar and will have already adopted the new levels. Under the new standard, only the values for P1, P2 and P6 are changed. This has been done so the minimum is 20% of the average. The additional requirement when facial recognition is important has been given more prominence into the table, although I have to say it is difficult to achieve because of the calculation methodology. As mentioned above, the fTI applies to P classes too as an optional requirement although, in reality, will be of selfevident benefit. After all, glare from LED fittings particularly in residential roads has been one of the criticised parts of their introduction, although some lanterns are worse than others. EN13201-3:2015 EN13201 Part 3 was released in the third week of January. This, it has to be said, is not a document most lighting professionals would often refer to. But it is one you will use every time you do a lighting calculation. One of the areas I had a problem with the previous edition of Part 3 was the lack of clarity on the number of decimal places results that should be calculated to or reported, and whether values should be round or cut. The mathematical convention we all learnt at school is the method of rounding a value, so a value of 0.395 to two decimal places is 0.40. The good news is that section four of EN13201 Part 3 clarifies this. Another significant change that many may not be aware of is the dropping of quadratic interpolation, with linear interpolation now to be adopted for all situations. Previously, either quadratic or linear interpolation was used depending on the angular intervals the fitting is photometered at. The minimum angular intervals that the lantern is photometered at is detailed in Part 3. Interpolation is a process used to determine the output of the fitting at the angle between the luminaire and the downward vertical. As an example, trigonometry is used to determine that the angle between the fitting and the downward vertical is 53.24 degrees. The luminaire is measured at 50 and 55 degrees, and so interpolation is used to work out the output of the luminaire at 53.24 using known values either side of the calculated angle. The other most significant change to the calculation we do is the changes to what was Surround Ratio. Surround Ratio has been renamed as Edge Illuminance Ratio (Rei). When we do luminance calculations to the M classes, the grid is set out between face of kerb on both sides of the road; we do not specifically set points out on the footpath. We must now use Edge Illuminance Ratio to check the lighting level on the footpath is not less than 0.35 or 0.30, depending on the class. In other words, we are checking that the lighting on the footpath is now never less than a third of that on the carriageway.

Fig 2. How to calculate Edge Illuminance Ratio, what was formerly Surround Ratio

EN13201-4:2015 If I am being honest, Part 4 of BS EN13201 is likely to be the least-used document or suite, mostly because of the presence of ILP Technical Report no 28 which covers the same topic. Part 4 is centred on site measurement and the verification of lighting levels once. There are four specific times when the road lighting may need to be measured: 1. As part of an initial verification such as a PFI where the lighting level is measured as part of a performance criteria to ensure the luminaires are delivering the anticipated levels. 2. Measurement during the lifetime of the installation at a specific point in the installation lifetime, to see how the lighting levels have depreciated because of dirt build-up or source lumen depreciation. An example may be for the lighting levels to be measured once a year at the same location using the same grid. 3. Measurement to check the levels of adaptive lighting. While authorities use adaptive lighting as a way of saving money, does anyone ever check the appropriate lighting levels are being maintained? 4. Measurement of investigation discrepancies. For example, to investigate discrepancies between measures and design expectations or environment influence or possible as part of road death to ensure lighting was adequate for the task. Part 4 also identifies the measurement procedure, static versus dynamic and the use of image luminance measuring device where a calibrated camera is used to record the scene and then analysed to determine the results. Other areas covered are advice on the types of photometric instruments used. The most important area covered is the influencing factors at the time of measurement. Voltage has an influence on the lamp or source lumen output. Conditions such as a wet road will significant affect the measured values specifically for luminance but, when measuring illuminance, wet conditions will result in more reflected light. Also there can be issues around lamp stabilisation after switch-on and any extraneous light affecting the measured area. EN13201-5:2015 EN13201 Part 5 is a new part of this series, having not previously been part of this suite of documents. Part 5 is entitled ‘Energy Performance Indicators’ and provides new methods to review the suitability of a proposed design. This is a subject I have presented papers on around the ILP regions as well as at last year’s Professional Lighting Summit. In days gone by, we would compare the performance of a number of luminaires to check the suitability of a design. Issues such as spacing may influence the choice of a luminaire for a project, but energy consumption would be the same, as they would all use a 70w SON or a 60w CosmoPolis with the same gear or ballast. However, with the application of LED – which most local

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

8 Lighting standards

Fig 3. Calculating the Power Density Indicator

Fig 4. Calculating the Annual Energy Consumption Indicator

authorities now have adopted – the choice of products is vast and the lumen package, associated wattage plus other variables varies between products as well as manufacturers. EN13201-5:2015 therefore now allows the designer to consider the ‘Power Density Indicator’ as well as the Annual Energy Consumption Indicator. Both of these allow the designer to consider the luminaire in different ways. Overleaf, Allan Howard of WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff outlines how Westminster City Council has been using this part of the standard to develop an energy efficiency rating approach for its public realm lighting. The Power Density Indicator (PDI or DP) allows the designer to consider the watts per lux per sq m. In many cases, engineers or managers will be choosing a product solely on the basis of the luminaire with the lowest energy consumption, which may of course not be the most economical solution. Journal Ad Octindicator 14_Journal 14/10/2014 Page 1 of an area, This willAdpenalise the 12:27 over-lighting while recognising that the wattage and distribution can have an impact on the power density. The calculation can be considered

over multiple areas which may be lit to different classes. For example, a road may be lit to an M class while a footpath may be lit to a P class or even a C class should it perhaps be a combined footway and cycleway. As a concluding point, it has to be remembered the luminaire, LED, source, driver or ballast are not the only items that will consume energy. The photocell CMS node and the like also need to be included in these calculations, as I show in Figure 3. The Annual Energy Consumption Indicator (AECI or DE)) allow the design to assess the impact of different switching regimes using variable switching and or trimming. This is because the calculation (shown in Figure 4 above) considers the annual burning hours the fitting consumes. Finally, all of the revised EN13201 standard is available in version 1.8 of Lighting Reality. This can be found at: lightingreality.com/NewinV18/tabid/3577/Default.aspx Nick Smith is managing director of Nick Smith Associates and technical director of Lighting Reality

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Lighting Journal July/August 2016

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Westminster City Council has established a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Street Light Energy Efficiency Criterionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, which can be used for various types of road, lighting class and mounting height

EFFICIENCY SAVINGS Westminster City Council has used BS EN13201-5:2015 to develop a new energy efficiency rating approach. As Allan Howard outlines, this has enabled it to assess existing and new public ream lighting installations more effectively

Lighting standards 11

n efficient and sustainable approach to the use of energy is high on the priority list for Westminster City Council, as it is for many organisations. The problem, of course, when considering the efficiency of public lighting installations is that a lighting scheme is made up of a range of components and equipment that can be used in differing combinations to light an area. So, how do we look to consider which may be the most efficient in terms of lighting level provided and energy consumed? Westminster’s approach has been to look at the application of BS EN13201-5:2015 Road Lighting: Part 5, Performance Requirements as well as work undertaken by the Spanish, Netherlands and New Zealand authorities to determine an energy efficiency rating process based upon the standard A to G energy rating index – and this is discussed within this paper. BS EN13201-5:2015 establishes a ‘Power Density Indicator’ (Dp), which is an assessment of the lighting installation at any given state of operation. The aim is for the indicator to be light source neutral and demonstrate the energy used for the lighting installation whilst meeting the relevant lighting class required, as defined within BS5489-1:2013 and BS EN13201-2. The Dp value is the system power divided by the value of the product of the surface area to be lit and the calculated maintained average illuminance value on this area according to EN 13201-3 (unit: W/lx/m2). Power density is calculated with the following formula: In the case of M class installations, the maintained horizontal illuminance used can be replaced by the maintained luminance (unit W/cd/m2/m2). EFFICIENCY VERSUS PERFORMANCE Whilst the application of the Power Density Indicator can be used to compare two comparable designs, we need to consider how it can usefully be used to consider the efficiency of lighting installations against their performance requirements. The task, therefore, was how to Standard energy efficiency rating use this indicator in terms of an indicator energy efficiency rating A to G indicator and establish minimum energy efficiency performance requirements into Westminster’s lighting strategy? Research indicated that several countries, including Spain, the Netherlands and New Zealand have considered this, ensuring the onus is placed upon the lighting designer to choose efficient technologies which, in conjunction with the luminaire optics and installation geometry, provide installations that satisfy

0.015 (0.075 – 0.224)

0.03

(0.025 – 0.044)

0.45

0.04

Luminance-based designs Power SLEEC / Density (Dp) (W/cd/m2/m2)

(0.005 – 0.014)

0.02

ELIMINATING OVER-LIGHTING Whilst the application of the energy rating based upon the SLEEC helps indicate the efficiency of the installation, it does not fully consider how efficiently the lighting installation achieves the required performance. We can therefore look to how we can take this further, to effectively punish over-lighting. Within the design standards each lighting class has a window of performance. For example, a road lit to P4 requires a minimum maintained illuminance of 5 lux and the next higher

0.01

B C

the technical requirements. The energy efficiency component contingent on the lighting design must, of course, first meet relevant minimum illuminance/luminance requirements of the road lighting class. The approach taken was to establish a ‘Street Light Energy Efficiency Criterion’ (SLEEC) which is the same as the Power Density Indicator. Practical values for the SLEEC standard were then calculated for various types of road, lighting class and mounting height to simplify choice of lighting energy efficiency label. An upper limit was made in order to stimulate the market, set to 0.01 W/lux/m² for illuminance-based road lighting designs and 0.015 W/cd/m2/m2 for luminance-based designs. A lower limit (less efficient than level G) is set at 0.07 W/lux/m² and 10.5 W/(cd/ m²)/m² for illuminance- and luminance-based designs respectively. The assigned energy label classifications against the relevant SLEEC values are shown in the table Figure 1 below. The merit of using a rating system is that it affords an opportunity for the comparison of lighting solutions and incremental improvement.

Illuminance-based designs Power SLEEC / Density (Dp) (W/lux/m2)

Energy rating A

The approach taken was to establish a ‘Street Light Energy Efficiency Criterion’ (SLEEC). Practical values for the SLEEC standard were then calculated for various types of road, lighting class and mounting height to simplify choice of lighting energy efficiency label

0.05 0.06 0.07

(0.015 – 0.024) (0.045 – 0.054) (0.055 – 0.064) (0.065 – 0.064) (0.065 – 0.074)

0.3

(0.225 – 0.374)

0.6

(0.525 – 0.674)

0.9

(0.825 – 0.974)

0.75 1.05

(0.375 – 0.524) (0.675 – 0.824) (0.975 – 0.124)

Figure 1: energy label classification table

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

12 Lighting standards class of P3 requires 7.5 lux. The designer can provide a design that lies within this range, but their task is to look to achieve as closely as possible the lower limit minimum maintained level for the class. This can be assessed by normalising the SLEEC, which is achieved by substituting the required minimum maintained level for each class within the Dp calculation rather than the achieved/existing lighting level. This provides a ‘norm-SLEEC’ and as a result any overlighting achieves a higher energy efficacy rating value. The requirements for an A-rated installation have been set to challenge the industry to further develop lighting products for the future and, at present, it is a target to be aspired to. This approach, and to conclude, is being taken forward within Westminster in a number of ways: 1. To give a stronger position to Westminster in setting energy performance targets for new lighting installations, and 2. To consider its existing lighting stock on an asset management basis, identifying the most energy inefficient streets for priority attention in its energy reduction programme.

Soho at night: efficient and sustainable use of energy is high on the priority list for Westminster City Council

Allan Howard is technical director for lighting at WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff References: Energy Labels and LED Solutions Change Public Lighting, Boudewijn Huenges Wajer, Theo Mackaay & Jans Ottens http:// www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_ Studies/2009/Panel_2/2.325 EU Green Public Procurement, ‘Street Lighting & Traffic Signs’, technical background report http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/ pdf/tbr/street_lighting_tbr.pdf Energy Efficiency Performance Requirements for Road Lighting Designs and Luminaires, Light Naturally

Victoria Embankment: Westminster’s approach has been to look at the application of BS EN13201-5:2015 Road Lighting: Part 5, Performance Requirements as well as work undertaken by authorities in Spain, the Netherlands and New Zealand

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

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14 Light pollution

I OF

NIGHTS OUR LIVES

t’s 13 years since the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) last published its ‘Night Blight’ mapping project on light pollution and Britain’s nighttime skies, and that was based on data gathered from 1993 to 2000. Given the continuing growth in, and spread of, urbanisation during the past 16 years, not to mention the vast improvements we’ve seen in mapping technology in that time, CPRE’s latest maps – published last month – are a timely reminder of the extent and scale of the light now spilling into our night skies.

HOW THE MAPS WERE CREATED The latest Night Blight: mapping England’s light pollution and dark skies report and interactive maps show both where light pollution is greatest, but also where the darkest skies still are. The maps detail England’s districts, counties, national parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty as well as England’s 159 ‘National Character Areas’. The maps were created by the consultancy LUC using data captured by a satellite during sweeps across the UK at 1.30am every night throughout September 2015. They are based on data gathered by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration in the US, using the Suomi NPP weather satellite. The satellite has a ‘Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite’, which can capture visible and infrared imagery, including the amount of light spilling up into the night sky, through a day/night band sensor.

Light pollution 15 Figure 1. How the maps have been split into colour bandings to show levels of brightness

Categories Colour band 1 (Darkest)

Brightness values (in nw/cm2/sr)12 <0.25

Colour band 2

0.25-0.5

Colour band 3

0.5-1

Colour band 4

1-2

Colour band 5

2-4

Colour band 6

4-8

Colour band 7

8-16

Colour band 8

16-32

Colour band 9 (Brightest)

>32

The maps were divided into pixels, 400m x 400m, to show the amount of light shining up into the night sky from that area. This was measured by the satellite in nanowatts, which was then used to create a measure of night-time brightness. Nine colour bands (Fig 1) were applied to a national map of Great Britain (Fig 2), identifying the main concentrations of night-time lights. The highest levels of light pollution, unsurprisingly, were to be found around towns and cities, with the highest densities around London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham and Newcastle. Heavily-lit transport infrastructure, such as major roads, ports and airports, can also be seen clearly on the map.

Figure 2. National map of light pollution and dark skies

16 Light CPREpollution Figure 3. Light levels in England, Wales and Scotland

England

Wales

Scotland

Colour band 1 (Darkest)

Categories

21.7%

56.9%

76.8%

46.2%

Colour band 2

27.3%

18.0%

10.7%

20.1%

Colour band 3

19.1%

9.3%

4.6%

12.6%

Colour band 4

11.0%

5.8%

2.8%

7.3%

Colour band 5

6.8%

3.8%

1.7%

4.6%

Colour band 6

5.0%

2.9%

1.2%

3.3%

Colour band 7

4.3%

2.1%

1.0%

2.8%

Colour band 8

3.2%

1.0%

0.9%

2.1%

Colour band 9 (Brightest)

1.6%

0.2%

0.3%

1.0%

WHAT THE MAPS SHOW The primary aim of the maps was to show a) the extent of light pollution across the UK and b) how light pollution varied across the country. The results showed (Fig 3) that just a fifth (21.7%) of England still had pristine night skies – in other words a sky completely free from light pollution – at the time of being imaged. This compared with over half (56.9%) of Wales and more than three quarters (76.8%) of Scotland.

Local highway authorities should identify areas with severe light pollution and target action to reduce it, such as investing in dimming technology, running part-night lighting schemes (in consultation with the local community) or replacing street lighting with less light polluting types

The amount of the most severe light pollution was five times higher in England than in Scotland and six times higher than in Wales. The different levels of light pollution were, CPRE argued, linked to the varying population densities of the three countries. In other words, where there were higher population densities, there were higher levels of light pollution. When it came to the UK’s roads network, although Highways England is installing more efficient lighting and switching off lights on some parts of the strategic road network, light pollution from motorways and trunk roads showed up prominently on the national map, given that the images were all taken at 1.30am.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

The M25, for example, is clearly visible around London. In Surrey, the majority of the M25 is causing upward light pollution that falls within the three brightest categories. In Hertfordshire, it’s the M25, M1 and the A1(M), while the A1(M) is prominent in Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire. A large section of the M62 crossing between Manchester and Leeds shows high levels of upward light pollution. CPRE through the maps also analysed the nine English regions to investigate the distribution of light pollution and dark skies. The average (mean) brightness value for each of the regions was worked out by the average brightness values of all the 400m x 400m squares in the region. This suggested that the south west was, on average, the darkest region, followed by the east of England, the East Midlands and the south east. London had the highest level of light pollution and was 24 times brighter than the darkest region of the south west. It was also eight times brighter than the next brightest region, the north west (Fig 4). Figure 4. Darkest to brightest regions, on average

Rank of average brightness value (mean)

Average brightness value (linked to colour band)

South West

1.25

East of England

2.01

East Midlands

2.35

South East

2.75

Yorkshire and the Humber

3.16

North East

3.22

West Midlands

3.26

North West

3.86

London

30.53

Region

STREET LIGHTING CHANGES The top five darkest counties were Herefordshire, Northumberland, Cumbria, Devon and North Yorkshire. Intriguingly for an ILP readership, the CPRE research concluded the switch-off debate – although, clearly, a wider debate than just light pollution – is playing a part in

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18 Light CPREpollution this. These top five counties, CPRE pointed out, were also in the process of making changes to their street lighting. For example, Herefordshire County Council, which, according to the CPRE map has the third highest proportion of the darkest skies in England, started a street light improvement programme in 2008. In early 2016, a project to replace the majority of the 12,000 council-owned lights with LED was completed, with around 9,000 streetlights included in a dimming programme. The project has cost £7 million, and it is estimated will save £16 million in energy and maintenance costs over 20 years. Equally, in Devon (the fourth darkest county, according to the CPRE), the county council is introducing part-night lighting across the county. In residential areas, the times some street lights are on are being changed from all night to between dusk and about 12.30am, and again from about 5.30am until dawn. In Norfolk, the eighth darkest county, the council is implementing an ‘Environmental Lighting Zones’ policy where the county is divided into zones, where there are strict requirements for the type of exterior lighting used in an area. Equally intriguingly, however, the maps reveal that renewing, upgrading and switching to LED does not automatically mean a reduction in light pollution, as shown through the example of the five brightest counties (Fig 5). In South Yorkshire, the second brightest county, Doncaster District Council has invested in a street light replacement programme, which involves dimming lights in residential areas and Sheffield, Barnsley and Rotherham councils are also investing in LED.

invested in new lighting technology this has reduced the amount of light spilling up into the night sky. ‘The darkest counties have all made changes to street lighting in their areas, resulting in less upward light pollution. Government must do more to ensure that local authorities are doing all they can to control light pollution. ‘Despite recent efforts to improve lighting on motorways and trunk roads, there is still action needed by Highways England to reduce the amount of light pollution that is evident around its network. The technology is available to have well-designed lighting where and when it is needed, which will save Highways England money, reduce energy consumption and reduce light pollution too,’ it added. It then outlined a set of key recommendations (see panel opposite). FIND OUT MORE For those who are interested, you can search for a location via postcode and generate a printable map. The detailed mapping can be accessed via the CPRE’s dedicated ‘Night Blight’ website nightblight.cpre.org.uk.

Figure 5. Top five brightest counties, based on average light levels

In the brightest county, West Yorkshire, Calderdale District Council is renewing its street lighting in a fouryear project to replace 11,000 lighting columns and 19,000 ‘lanterns’, although admittedly this is only set to begin next year. CONCLUSIONS So, what has the CPRE concluded from all this? It said in its report: ‘It is vital that local authorities adopt policies to control light pollution. Our evidence suggests that few are implementing national planning guidance – but where they do it is effective and that where they have

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

Night over the Millennium Bridge in Newcastle upon Tyne: the north east of England is ranked sixth in terms of light pollution by the CPRE

Light pollution 19

THE CPRE’S RECOMMENDATIONS

LOCAL AUTHORITIES Local authorities should, the CPRE argued, ‘develop policies to control light pollution in local plans which will ensure that existing dark skies are protected, and that new developments do not increase local light pollution’. The maps, it suggested, should be used as evidence to inform on local planning decisions. Furthermore, ‘local

highway authorities should identify areas with severe light pollution and target action to reduce it, such as investing in dimming technology, running part-night lighting schemes (in consultation with the local community) or replacing street lighting with less light polluting types.’ Here, too, the maps could be used to identify existing dark skies that needed to be protected or enhanced, such as large tracts of Herefordshire, Devon and Yorkshire. Local highway authorities, the CPRE recommended, ‘should develop a street lighting policy, which could include Environmental Lighting Zones to ensure that appropriate lighting is used in each area.’ HIGHWAYS ENGLAND Highways England was urged to ‘use the maps to identify sections of motorways and trunk roads that need urgent attention to reduce light pollution.’ The CPRE added: ‘Any new lighting should

be well designed and be the minimum required to meet its purpose.’ Highways England should also ‘use the opportunity of the review of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges to specify ambitious performance-based standards for lighting that minimise light pollution’, it added.

OTHERS

There were a range of further recommendations for national park authorities and for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and for landscape specialists. There were then, in turn, recommendations for businesses and large facility owners, including, again, ensuring new lighting schemes are well designed, incorporate dimming and switch-off technologies and reduce light pollution. Finally, there were recommendations for developers, parish councils, community groups, and schools. All of these can be viewed in the full report.

CASE STUDY – NORTHUMBERLAND In early 2015, Northumberland County Council began an ambitious £25 million project to modernise all the street lights in the county over the next three years. In early 2015, Northumberland County Council began an ambitious £25 million project to modernise all the street lights in the county over the next three years. Around 44,500 street lights will be replaced with LED technology, and nearly 17,000 of the existing lighting columns will be replaced. The council is hoping to cut energy consumption by street lighting by more than 60%, which will lead to savings in the region of £300,000 per year, after dealing with the loan repayment, and reduce the carbon footprint of the street lighting stock by more than 5,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The programme is due to be completed in early 2018. The renewal programme started in Ashington and so the CPRE, as part of the mapping project, examined how upward light pollution had changed in the town between 2014 and September 2015, when the new lights were installed (with the same satellite passing over at 1.30am). The images show a clear change in the distribution of light around Ashington since the switch to LED. In 2014, a large amount of the upward light pollution from the town fell in the second brightest category (red) but this appeared to have changed by September 2015. There were also more blue (darker) pixels in September 2015, showing areas with less light pollution spilling up into the night sky.

Picture credit: LUC

GOVERNMENT Government should ensure local authorities are implementing policy to control light pollution, as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework and associated guidance. ‘In the absence of resources for the relevant departments (DEFRA and DCLG) to pursue rigorous monitoring, we call on ministers to issue a clear statement that local authorities should take action to control light pollution and protect dark skies in their areas,’ the CPRE said.

Taking lighting into schools 21

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Becoming a STEM ‘ambassador’ can be a great way for lighting professionals to inspire children of all ages about lighting and careers within lighting. New SLL president

Jeff Shaw explains why he wants to make this one of the key messages of his presidency

want to encourage as many lighting professionals as possible to go back to school. When I think back to when I was at school, I was keen on both art and science, and I now realise I was actually always interested in light. I used to play with different lighting effects at home in my bedroom; I was passionate about photography; and I have always been a film buff – captivated by the stories, the cinematography and the play of light and shadows. These and many other clues were there that lighting was for me, but what I didn’t know as a child was that I could have a career in lighting. Or that anyone had a career in lighting. Like me, most lighting professionals only come to appreciate lighting and learn about the industry as adults, after they have left school and often only after they have completed further education. Most come from other allied fields – architecture, interior design, electrical engineering, product design, electronics, theatre and more. Very few make an informed career decision to become professionals within the lighting industry whilst still at school.

LACK OF AWARENESS This lack of awareness also affects our recognition as an industry. Outside of those who work in the built environment, few people know what we do. My wife is a doctor – when she meets someone new, all she has to say is ‘I’m a doctor’, and immediately people understand broadly what she does. As a lighting designer, I usually have to spend a lot more time and effort describing what I do. Lighting as a profession continues to grow. But without public recognition and engagement, and without the next generation of schoolchildren knowing that lighting is a career choice that they can make, how do we sustain our future? I have made addressing this my mission as the new president of the Society of Light and Lighting (SLL). In primary school now are the lighting professionals who will enrich our industry in two decades’ time. I believe we can inspire a different experience for these children and for future generations, and that we can help to show their teachers and parents that a respectable career lies ahead for those who want to join our industry. How do we do this? By going back to school.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

The education consultancy STEMNET works with schools, colleges and employers to inspire young people in STEM – science, technology, engineering and maths. A STEM ‘ambassador’ is a professional in any related industry who volunteers their time to contribute to activities in schools to inspire these young people, and to support teachers in the classroom by explaining current applications of STEM in industry or research. STEM ambassadors work with schoolchildren of all ages, from aged five to 18, and activities range from creating fun practical exercises to giving robust career advice. INSPIRING THROUGH LIGHT Light can be a wonderful educational tool – what else so well encompasses creative design, science, maths and practical engineering skills, and also architecture and visual arts? The context of light can be used to inspire young people, and to teach them valuable skills. And, along the way, we can also show them what we do for a living and build recognition of lighting as a career. Last year, the SLL and the ILP, working with the Lighting Industry

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

Association, the International Association of Lighting Designers and the Lighting Education Trust, together launched a project to develop structured advice and tools for lighting-related STEM ambassadors. In my presidential address in May, I pledged to rebuild momentum around this and to push this agenda forwards with the aim to have the first of these tools in place in time for the start of the 2016/17 academic year. Our vision is to support and encourage the lighting community in delivering STEM to their local schools and colleges by producing sample presentations, workshops and ‘kits’ as well as guidance and training for STEM ambassadors and instructions on how to become one. These tools will cover STEM topics appropriate for all age groups and the material will be available to be used by any lighting professional who wants to become a STEM ambassador, regardless of professional affiliation. We want to make that process as easy as possible. STEM MATERIALS The materials will be framed to offer schools what they need in terms of STEM – addressing the requirements of the National Curriculum while still

helping inspire schoolchildren with light. The National Curriculum divides education into five ‘key stages’. During Key Stage 1 (years one and two), pupils are encouraged in science to explore materials and to discuss seasonal changes and day length. In Key Stage 2 (years three to six), the objectives are developed further, with more discussion, observation, tests and drawing of conclusions, all leading to real scientific exploration as the children get older. During this stage, the National Curriculum has specific goals in science to do with light and electricity, as well as looking at earth and space. How could children not be inspired by some of the magical things we can do with light? We can make lanterns with jars and tissue paper – looking at the difference between direct light that creates shadows and diffuse light that glows. We can make rainbows with light – showing how white light is in fact made up of all colours. And we can show how you can add those colours together to make white light. PHYSICS OF LIGHT For Key Stage 3 (years seven to nine) the curriculum for science delves deeper into the physics of light. When

Taking lighting into schools 23 engaging with children of this age it should be remembered they need highly interactive and hands-on talks on lighting to keep them fully engaged – and there are a wide range of things we can still do to inspire. For example, we can demonstrate optical effects – we can make a pencil bend with a glass of water, demonstrating refraction, and we can use water to bend light itself, demonstrating the principles of fibre optics. And we can link to biology and nature by creating iridescence from clear nail varnish remover on water, mimicking butterfly wings and sea shells. During these stages we can also look at where light comes from – the source of all our light and energy is the sun. How do we harness this in architecture and for energy? How does the use of daylight help us toward a more sustainable future? And talking about the sun and the moon can inspire and teach, and can incorporate mathematics as we explain the relative sizes and distances, question why we only ever see one side of the moon and consider whether the ‘dark side of the moon’ is always dark. In all of this it is also important in my view to remember that light is not just about science, engineering and mathematics. Lighting also has a close alliance with art and design – not technically STEM, but never far removed from what we do. Any school would welcome elements of this within their STEM courses and this can be explored with the study of light in fine art, and by helping children to explore light by making, observing, sculpting and sketching.

Without public recognition and engagement, and without the next generation of schoolchildren knowing that lighting is a career choice that they can make, how do we sustain our future? I have made addressing this my mission as the new president of the Society of Light and Lighting

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ART AND LIGHT We can exploit this strong relationship between art and light. For centuries, artists have been capturing light in their works – giving life to their paintings, creating atmosphere with light at the heart of many paintings. Light helps to tell the story. As in real life, the portrayal of light in a painting can tell you the weather, time of day, time of year often intrinsic to the work. This can all provide rich material to capture the imagination of schoolchildren

and to make them think. As the children get older – Key Stage 4 (years ten and 11) – students can benefit from well-illustrated, engaging careers talks and presentations, talks that demonstrate the art and excitement of what we do. This is also a good age for truly interactive immersive workshops such as the SLL’s ‘Junior Ready Steady Light’ and similar events. Finally, during Sixth Form (Key Stage 5), students need to understand career profiles, qualifications and prospects. STEM activities for this age group usually take the form of careers’ fairs and school/college events and presentations about what we do. HOW TO GET INVOLVED How can you, as a lighting professional, help and get involved? At SLL we are looking for volunteers to help to collect and develop STEM materials. Many of you reading this article may already be STEM ambassadors or otherwise engage with schools – please share what you use and what works well for you. And as we move forwards, we need as many of you as possible to volunteer to go back to school, as STEM ambassadors. What is outlined here only touches the surface. With our lighting STEM materials and guidance, encompassing much of the above and more, I hope to convince the younger generation and the public as a whole to consider the importance of lighting, and thus to promote lighting as a career and as a key element of the design of the built environment. The STEM ambassador logo already says ‘Illuminating Futures’ and includes a picture of a prism. Our marketing is already in place! All we need now is you. Jeff Shaw is associate director at Arup and in May became president of the Society of Light and Lighting

To find out more about SLL’s STEM activities or to get involved in developing resources and materials, feel free to email the SLL at sll@cibse.org

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

PROTECTION PROTOCOLS Last monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s discussion around the danger to our infrastructure from electrical surge prompted some debate among lighting professionals. Here Lawrence Baynham looks at the interaction between the surge suppression components within a luminaire while, on page 30, Robin Earl looks at surge protection in LED lighting applications

Surge protection 25

t’s commonly known that electronic devices tend to have surge suppression built in. Within a street lighting luminaire, there’s potentially three sets of surge suppression: the surge suppression device itself, inside the photocell and within the driver. What’s less well known is the interaction between the surge suppression components, and that, by incorrect specification of any one luminaire component, it’s possible to weaken the overall system life. LED streetlights are particularly susceptible to damage during a surge event, with such damage requiring costly maintenance visits or even full luminaire replacement. There are two primary reasons why special care must be taken. Firstly, luminaires are often located in areas that make them vulnerable to damage during lightning events or from industrial switching. Secondly, because the luminaires are expected to last for more than 20 years the statistical probability of a surge event on the network is higher than for products with a shorter lifetime. The damage from surges can manifest itself as an out-of-light unit, day burning, or partial loss of functionality. The solution to these is the selection of adequately protected equipment; and of course to do this it is essential to understand the underlying issues. WHAT IS A SURGE? An electrical surge is a short-term transient overvoltage which occurs over micro second (µs) time scales. These overvoltages are capable of driving large currents through equipment connected to the electricity network, potentially causing catastrophic failures. Even the most exceptionally designed luminaire, if it does not have adequate surge protection, will be as useful as a chocolate teapot once connected to the outdoor mains supply. There are several causes of supply surges, some atmospheric based (such as lightning) and some from man-made sources (such as inductive spikes from industrial loads). Briefly, let’s look at them. Lightning. Lightning, as most of us will be well aware, is a sudden electrostatic discharge involving charged regions within a cloud. This can be between two parts of the same cloud, two separate clouds, or the cloud and ground (CG) – and it is this latter one that is of most importance when the effect of surges on electrical equipment. According to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, around 300,000 such events occur in the UK annually. In fact, just this summer we’ve had a number of high-

profile lightning strike events, including at a school in Northern Ireland (which left a father and son badly injured) and across France, Poland and Germany, which, again, left dozens injured and, in some cases, even led to fatalities.

A cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strike

The discharge current will seek the path of least resistance to earth, with structures and trees being typical routes that offer lower resistance paths than air. The point at which the charge will connect to ground is dependent on the local environment. A method known as ‘rolling spheres’ can be used as a guide to understand the vulnerability of certain structures to a direct strike. Secondary lightning strikes are also dangerous, however. An example of such would be a human standing near a tree which is hit by a direct lightning strike. As the large amounts of current flow through the tree, the moisture can evaporate, causing the trunk to explode and increase the resistance to earth for the strike. The human would then be a more preferable path for the electricity than the exploded trunk, so part-way through the strike the current will start flowing through the human to earth. This is in part why sheltering beneath tall or isolated trees is not recommended. The story isn’t over once the bolt reaches the ground. The earth is resistive, so a potential gradient will be established from the point of entry to the surrounding earth, which can be in the region of thousands of volts per metre. This forms a ‘ground potential rise’ locally. If there are metallic pipes located beneath the ground, then the potential of these will rise too. In addition to direct or indirect strikes and ground potential rises, the lightning can cause surges from induced current in nearby power lines to the strike event.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

26 Surge protection

COMMON MODE AND DIFFERENTIAL MODE SURGES Regardless as to the cause of the event, there are two types of surge that can occur – common mode (CM) where live and neutral both rise with respect to ground, and differential mode (DM) where live rises with respect to neutral and earth.

Figure 1. Common mode surges see live and neutral both rise relative to earth, while differential mode surges see live rise relative to neutral and earth

Common mode surges can stress the insulation material within a circuit, while differential mode surges can cause catastrophic damage to circuits by blowing up components if not properly protected. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROTECTION – MOVS, SPDS, AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) are effective components for primary protection for circuits. They have a particular V-I characteristic curve which enables them to absorb fault energy from a surge, but allowing them to remain passive during normal operation. Surge Protection Devices (SPD) are devices that contain MOVs to provide protection to another circuit. The MOV’s ability to conduct large amounts of current will have the effect of clamping the voltage that the equipment is exposed to. This clamped voltage can still be in the region of 1,000V. A secondary protection circuit, made from silicon based components, should then be used within the equipment to protect the vulnerable parts, ensuring they are not exposed to levels higher than specified.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

MOV selection. MOV selection should be based on the requirements of the application (in terms of its ability to withstand surges), but must also be selected to ensure the clamped voltage is suitable for the secondary protection. For example, if the secondary protection is able to withstand 1,500V, then a MOV or SPD must be selected that will never let through more than 1,500V, in other words the maximum clamped voltage must be 1.5kV. If the clamped voltage exceeds the allowable let-through voltage for the secondary protection, then the equipment being protected will be destroyed, but the MOV/SPD may be fully operational. This scenario would be analogous to installing an intruder alarm with the sensors pointing in the wrong direction. kV or kA? Coupling networks. Surge waveforms will vary depending on the event that has caused them and the conditions for that event. IEC 61000-4-5 defines a standard surge waveform that should be used to determine the protective properties of an SPD. This is a 1.2/50µs double exponential voltage wave – a wave that rises to its peak exponentially over a 1.2µs period, and which drops to 50% of this peak value over a period of 50µs.

additional series resistance required to model the equipment set up. For differential mode surges, the IEC surge generator’s internal 2ohm source impedance is used, creating an effective circuit, as shown below:

Front Time = 1.2 µs 1.0 +V

0.8

V(t)/Vp

Surges from industrial equipment. Tripped circuit breakers, short circuits and inductive spikes are other causes of electrical surges. Inductive spikes are commonly caused by heavy machinery being switched on and off, and the vulnerability of a circuit to this type of surge will depend on the type of equipment connected locally.

EUT

0.6 Duration = 50µs

0.4 0.2 0

time(µs)

100

Figure 2. Graph showing a double exponential waveform

This surge voltage will drive an 8/20µs current waveform. The ability to absorb such current waveforms will be found on datasheets for MOVs and SPDs. The amplitude of the voltage and current waveform are linked, and can be calculated using the defined coupling network for the type of surge. The coupling network is the source impedance plus any

Figure 3. Effective circuit for the IEC surge generator

For a given surge voltage, we can look up the clamp voltage from the SPD datasheet. We can then use V=I*R, considering the surge current on the 2 ohm resistor. For example: Surge voltage = 6kV Clamp voltage = 1.4kV Potential difference across Ro = 4.6kV Surge current = 4.6kV / 2 ohm = 2.3kA

IEC 61000-4-5 defines a 12 ohm coupling network for common mode sources, which in the case of the above surge voltage would only

Surge protection 27 result in a 0.4kA surge. In reality, the coupling network will depend on how closely the neutral line is bonded to earth; if it is very close then a 2 ohm coupling network would be suitable. But where it is remote, then a figure of 12 ohm could be more suitable. To ensure specifiers are comparing like for like, surge immunity should be in kA for an 8/20Âľs waveform, or in kV with a defined coupling network. MOV matching â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the process. The above calculation is simple when there is a single MOV in the circuit. When there are multiple MOVs locally connected to provide protection, it is necessary to calculate how the surge current will be shared between the MOVs. This is extremely important, as if the matching is not correct then you could find the smallest MOV in the circuit will take a large share of the surge current, so causing the system to fail much earlier than if only the larger MOV was present. This is calculated using the V-I curve for each MOV. For a given voltage across the MOV, check the current conduction for each MOV, and Lawrence Baynham: MOVs are an excellent way to provide surge protection, but equipment designers need to ensure secondary protection is well matched to prevent damage from the clamped voltage

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

28 Surge protection Component Photocell

LED driver

MOV disc size (mm) 7

Operating voltage 275VAC

320VAC

Single hit withstand (8/20us)

1.2kA

4.5kA

Figure 4: MOVs for common photocell and LED drivers

this is the ratio in which current will be shared for a surge of that voltage. A common photocell and LED driver from prominent manufacturers in the street lighting industry were disassembled for the following calculation. The MOVs in each are detailed in the table above (Figure 4). As can be seen, the LED driver has a much greater current capacity than the MOV in the photocell. To make full use of this, it is important to be sure the MOV in the LED driver is taking most of the current from a surge. The V-I curves below are taken from the MOVs found in each of the sample devices, with annotations at the points of interest, as shown in the two figures below. Since both MOVs are connected in identical positions within the circuit,

we know that the voltage across each MOV must be the same. In the event of a 5kV 1.2/50µs surge, we see that a 1950A 8/20µs current is driven through the system. At 1,100V we see that the photocell MOV will be conducting around 1,050A, while the LED driver MOV will be conducting around 900A.This is found by drawing a horizontal line on the V-I graphs at the clamp voltage and finding the current conduction at this point. This means the photocell has almost been destroyed, yet the

Figure 5. LED driver MOV (left) and photocell MOV (right)

LED driver MOV is well within its parameters. In this example, the photocell may fail, leaving the asset day burning or out of light. A difficulty associated with MOV matching is that performance of individual devices can vary significantly between manufacturers and batches, so any calculation will be indicative and in reality there may be a ‘weakest link’ that causes the system to fail sooner than we would expect. System modification and the effect on matching. An important outcome of the above is that, if any one of the above components is replaced, it is necessary to ensure the matching is adequate. It is not simply the case that a MOV can be replaced with a higher value component (in fact, as highlighted earlier, doing so can result in a poorer protected system). The voltage rating and clamping voltages must be considered in any upgrade scenario to check compatibility. Removing the need for matching. An LED lantern with a single SPD selected to complement the system secondary protection is a simpler approach. Through integrated system design the need for complex and potentially inaccurate matching is removed, therefore providing greater value to end users. SUMMARY Surges in the electricity network can cause luminaires to fail far earlier than their ever-increasing expected lives. While MOVs are an excellent way to provide protection, designers of equipment need to ensure secondary protection is well matched to prevent damage from the clamped voltage. For instances where there are multiple MOVs in the luminaire, a matching exercise must be carried out to assess the robustness of the primary protection system, and ensure there is no hidden weakest link in the system. Given the importance of such matching exercises, it is essential that luminaire manufacturers design on a holistic level for product longevity and effective surge protection. Lawrence Baynham is technical director at INDO Lighting

Figure 6 (top): V-I curve for the MOV present in the photocell Figure 7 (bottom): V-I curve for the MOV present in the LED driver

www.Orangetek.co.uk Tel:01283 716 690

sales@orangetek.co.uk

30 Surge protection

THREAT MANAGEMENT Electrical surge can be a threat both to interior and exterior lighting schemes, meaning surge protection devices should be a critical part of any LED project specification, explains Robin Earl market development manager at DEHN (UK)

sk yourself, ‘why do I have to fit surge protection?’. The answer lies in BS7671, edition 17 of the wiring regulations. Section 443.2.4 mentions five different consequential levels of protection. If the installation has anything to do with human safety, public service or any form of commercial/industrial activity, then surge protection shall be provided. ‘For levels of consequences (i) to (iii) protection against overvoltage shall be provided’, it states. The regulations further add that there is no need to perform a risk assessment, as the result is that surge protection will always be required for levels of consequence ‘i’ to ‘iii’. In the case of retail or commercial interior lighting we are often seeing premature failures of the LED driver units because of the effects of inductive local loads, for example lifts, motors/ VSDs, roadworks and other man-made transients that happen all the time. These surges degrade the electronics within the driver circuit and cause them to break down over time, certainly not delivering the long life you had been expecting. We have also seen a few applications of flat-panel modular LED lights suffering damage from the frequent impulses generated by very old lift motors within the installation. Such damages are not covered under warranty. THE THREAT TO INTERIOR LIGHTING In interior lighting the threat is mainly from these man-made events. However, we also have to consider the effects of any external lightning protection system fitted to the structure. The ‘Lightning Protection Zone’ (LPZ) concept outlined in BS EN62305 (and referenced in section 534.1 of BS7671) identifies the locations where co-ordinated surge protection is required. Each incoming service to the structure should have Type 1 lightning current arresters installed on them as a minimum; further surge protection devices (SPDs) on sub-distribution boards and sensitive equipment all come under the scope of the LPZ concept to achieve a fully co-ordinated surge protection solution. The LPZ concept also requires the designer to look at SPDs installed closer to the equipment to be protected, particularly for sensitive equipment. Type 2 or 3 SPDs are often installed on internal lighting circuits. The image on the next page, for example, shows the location of SPDs protecting LED display lights within a retail site.

Surge protection 31

Overall view of the lightning protection zone concept, as according to BS EN62305-4 (credit: All images: DEHN + SÖHNE)

THE THREAT TO EXTERIOR LIGHTING What, then, about exterior LED streetlighting or energy-saving electronic ballast/control trays? Whilst the old iron wire wound ballasts had their issues and lack of energy efficiency, they did have more robust properties from the effects of overvoltages compared to LED drivers. As a specialist supplier of components to protect from the effects of overvoltage surges, we at DEHN are more frequently being asked how to ensure the LED lighting assets will last the 20-plus years expected of them. The EMC test standard IEC 61000-4-5 gives standard waveform test values to stress the (EUT) equipment under test, in this case the LED driver unit. We are seeing the values in IEC 61000-4-5 used to promote surge immunity as the important factor. But this is not without some practical problems. The lighting industry has already responded to this with a higher dielectric strength of the LED drivers. An impulse current withstand capability of 2kA and a dielectric strength of 4kV for new LED mast lights. However, the impulse currents and surges occurring in the mains can exceed these values many times over. In order to determine the peak surge value or to quantify the problem you need a mains analyser. Often they suffer from clipping the surge, as they have a peak recording value of 2.5Kv; also some analysers monitor the mains in time intervals, and so the surge will more than likely not be captured within these intervals. The wiring regulations BS7671, section 534.2.3.1.1, state that the SPD shall be selected in accordance with impulse withstand voltage Category II of table 44.3. This means the voltage protection level of the installed SPD should not exceed 2.5Kv in

installations operating at 230/400V. However, by installing SPDs that meet impulse withstand voltage Category I, we can further limit the surges to less than 1.5kV and therefore protect sensitive equipment. Starting at the origin point of a streetlight installation, in other words the feeder pillar, the use of a combined Type 1 and Type 2 SPD, or just a Type 2 SPD, is the most prudent solution. In using SPDs, however, you need to be aware they are all only effective for a certain distance; this is called the ‘protective distance’. The regulations in BS7671 section 534.2.3.1.1 state this should be 10m. So in our streetlight application, all LEDs or the CMS and any other electrical parts within 10m of the installed SPD are protected. On larger installations with circuit lengths longer than 10m, further co-ordinated SPDs may be required depending on the installation. For street lighting applications, we are seeing that the driver and control gear tray are often located at ground level to reduce service and maintenance costs; this is where the surge device would be located to protect the driver in the column base. The SPD can then be easily and safely checked as part of the routine inspection and test reporting procedure without any need to cone off the road or use elevated platforms to work at height. The illustration overpage shows how this would work. It is not possible to protect the actual LED lamp head from a direct lightning strike unless specific lightning protection measures are applied; in any event the frequency of direct lightning strikes in street lighting applications is very low in the UK. For this reason, the surge protection device that gives the most effective protection is either in the column base or preassembled in the lamp head at the luminaire supplier’s factory. What we do not want to see in the lamp head is a non-CE

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

32 Surge protection

approved SPD or a set of MOV (metal oxide varistor) components hard-wired across the mains terminals. Whilst this can be very inexpensive to do, what is actually happening is the unwitting introduction of a fire risk. MOVs can get weakened after a surge, and the resultant leakage current further develops heat and more current until the MOV starts a thermal runaway fire. SPDs sold within the UK must also have CE approval. CE marking is a declaration by the manufacturer that the product meets all the appropriate provisions of the relevant legislation implementing certain European Directives. In order to gain CE approval, SPDs must meet the current test requirements of EN61643-11 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems – requirements and test. The latest EN61643-11 test standard is particularly important now, as it has introduced a 120-minute temporary overvoltage (TOV) test for all SPDs tested to the latest standard. The permitted results for SPDs subjected to the TOV test are either ‘withstand’ or ‘safe failure’. These results should be clearly displayed on the manufacturer’s data sheets for the SPD. A hand-fitted set of MOVs across the mains has no such thermal protection or reassurance of testing to EN61643-11. Not only do our SPDs pass this latest TOV test, they also offer a disconnection option for the LED supply. The customer therefore has the choice of disconnecting the LED lamp should the SPD ever fail, thus protecting the LED from any further surge damage. This feature can be enabled or disabled depending on the installation wiring method. Our DEHNcord SPDs can protect the control circuitry, as well as the supply feed and be linked to the CMS so as to proactively flag up a problem that needs to be investigated.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

In the LED light itself, the SPD can be either a Type 2 or Type 3 as the combined Type 1 and 2 SPD in the feeder pillar has dissipated most of the surge energy. Below is a typical specification for a Type 2 SPD covering the salient points of BS7671, BS EN62305 and BS EN61643-11. • Multipole type 2 surge arrester tested according to BS EN 61643-11 • Protection of the control phase and visual fault indication for every protective circuit. • Load current circuit can be interrupted in case of a fault (optional). • Maximum continuous operating voltage 275V ac • Voltage protection level ≤ 1.5 kV • Nominal discharge current (8/20) 5kA • Total discharge current (8/20) 20kA • Max. mains-side overcurrent protection: 16A gG • Energy coordination with Type 1 and Type 3 arresters of the Red/Line series, according to BS EN 62305-4 and BS7671, 17th edition onwards • CE marked and approved Finally, a very brief, though hopefully still useful, ‘sales pitch’. At DEHN, all our Type 2 and Type 3 SPDs for column bases provide a voltage protection level (Up) of less than 1.5kV in accordance with the Category I equipment, so making them suitable for all categories of equipment sensitivity (Category I equipment is listed as equipment with a reduced impulse voltage). These Type 2 SPDs also meet the minimum nominal discharge current (Inspd) requirements of 5kA, as per 534.2.3.4.1 of BS7671.

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Lighting Journal July/August 2016

Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit 35

FUTURE PROOF? Smart cities, Brexit, lighting in the era of the autonomous vehicle and even whether citizens should have a ‘right’ to street lighting were among the complex topics grappled with by members in an ILP debate at this year’s Professional Lighting Summit. Nic Paton sat in

The panel: from left, Peter Rayham, Pete Lummis, Scott Pengelly and Michael Grubb

PANELLISTS • Pete Lummis, Past President of ILP and project lighting engineer, Huntingdonshire District Council • Michael Grubb, creative director of Michael Grubb Studio • Scott Pengelly, ILP Vice President, Events and product manager, DW Windsor (discussion chair) • Peter Raynham, course director of the MSc in Light and Lighting, UCL

o local authorities have a responsibility to be ‘early adopters’ of smart city technology, or is it more responsible for them to hold fire and see how this brave new technological world evolves and develops? As the technology behind driverless, autonomous cars gathers pace, what will this mean for street lighting? Against the backdrop of the switch-off debate, should citizens or communities still feel they have a ‘right’ to street lighting? These were just some of the challenging questions around the future of light and lighting tackled by ILP members and an expert panel at last month’s Professional Lighting Summit in Brighton. The Question Time-style debate was chaired by Scott Pengelly, ILP Vice President, Events and product manager at DW Windsor, who emphasised, first

off, that the debate and questions from the floor were very much being framed in a personal capacity. Members and panellists were representing themselves rather than their views being representative of their organisations or employers. However, for ease of identification within this article, people’s organisational titles will be given at first reference. SMART CITIES AND EARLY ADOPTION The first question, then, was: ‘Should local authorities be investing in smart city technologies now? Is it something we should be putting our money into right now, or do we wait? What do we do?’ ‘First, I’m so glad I read the Lighting Journal back in January when it did that special section on smart cities, because I learnt a lot from that,’ highlighted Pete Lummis, Past President of

ILP and project lighting engineer at Huntingdonshire District Council. ‘One of the interesting things I found was the comment by [ILP Western Region chairman] Julian Higgins saying that the idea of smart cities is a fantastic concept – you can go in there and work the Wi-Fi, you can work everything, the lighting can be turned on and off, it can do all those things for you – but there are some hard questions. ‘The current climate that we’re in and the money that we haven’t got – who’s going to pay for it, who’s going to maintain it? I’m not trying to come from a negative point of view, but if a lot of this stuff is going to be attached to lighting columns and those are the sorts of things that are going to be used to make the smart city agenda work, then, the fact that the lighting columns stick with the local authority, it’s a bit of a challenge.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

36 Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit ‘I think it’s probably got to be a thing led by public bodies, but whether the impetus is there or the technology is fully there or not is something to debate. The technology is there, but it has still got to go a bit further. I think we’re not quite ready to embrace it. But I think the principle, direction and impetus is that it is going to go forward,’ Pete added. ‘I think the problem we’ve got at the moment is that people are rushing ahead with LED replacement schemes, and I think – I’m in agreement – the technology, the control, it’s a good solution but it’s probably not quite there yet; but the reality is that, by the time it is there, my fear is that all of the LED replacement schemes will have come in, and it’s too late,’ agreed Michael Grubb, creative director of Michael Grubb Studio. ‘In a way it’s a shame that it’s lagging behind LED. It’s natural to have the technology and then work out how you control it; it’s a challenge, I think it is. It’s very simplistic to say, “look at the software and what it can do”, but with the cost of managing it and operating it, it’s only as good as the end user. And there are a lots of issues with that. ‘I am a great believer in stepping back and saying, “what do we actually want?” and then deciding how relevant it is. It might just be doing it in phases or in areas or testing. There are so many ways that something could be implemented. We are technology-driven – we do tend, when something comes out, to jump on it, not just in lighting but in any technology – without really questioning “is it the right thing in the right situation and the right place?”,’ Michael added. ‘You’ve actually got to take a big step back and think “we’ve got all this wonderful kit out there, there is almost an infinite number of possibilities of things we could do, what do we choose to do?”,’ argued Peter Raynham, course director of the MSc in Light and Lighting at UCL. ‘Secondly, I think we also need to think “how much complexity do we want to build into our systems?”. Someday somebody has got to maintain it; it’s probably going to have to fit into a rolling upgrade programme because what we think is a smart city today in five years’ time is going to look pretty dull. So how are we going actually to manage that process, so that we’ve got rolling upgrades, where the complexity of the system is managed and in five years’ time somebody knows how actually to maintain, modify, reconfigure that system,’ he added.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

Scott then took questions or observations from the floor, with Allan Howard, technical director for lighting at WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff, pointing out that one of the challenges around smart cities was simply ensuring the infrastructure to facilitate smart cities was in place, with the main infrastructure, of course, being public lighting. ‘You’ve then got to look at what aspects you want and the commercial awareness and get the departments within local authorities to join up,’ he added, citing a parking trial using sensors in the road taking place within Westminster. ‘It has changed the whole dynamic of parking in those areas. Some streets had 85% occupancy, some had 20% – they’re now running at 75-80% each. Revenue has gone through the roof because of that system, and that’s what you’ve got to look at, doing it in bite-sized chunks and seeing what the local authority wants and what it terms as being smart cities. ‘Also, [there’s the question of] how you sell the data. There’s a lot of data you collect and local authorities can own that data and they can sell it to generate income, but authorities are not looking at this in commercial senses. Don’t just allow someone else to come along, plug it in and then sell the data themselves and you get nothing in return from it. It’s your infrastructure, you’ve got to return the business,’ he said. Peter Phillipson, senior lighting designer and principal at Future Group Lighting Design, added: ‘I think the lighting industry is quite small compared to the data communication industry across the world and I’m a bit worried that, if we don’t watch out, it will be pushed to one side so that street lights will be data communications hubs with a little LED shoved on them. ‘You’ll find new companies that want to make street lights where they’re not really interested in the lighting at all; and I think that’s something we have to make sure doesn’t happen.’ But Peter Raynham also pointed out there could be downsides to the sale and ownership of data in this context. ‘Would you go to a town centre on a given night if you knew the following day you were going to get ten spams because you were there, from local shops advertising back to you? Would you do that; would that change your choice?’ However, Michael Grubb argued that, especially for younger generations, this might be less of an issue. ‘We all

The lighting industry is quite small compared to the data communication industry across the world and I’m a bit worried that, if we don’t watch out, it will be pushed to one side so that street lights will be data communications hubs with a little LED shoved on them click on the “read and accept” tab on Facebook and iTunes and no one reads any of it. I think the younger generation will be prepared to sacrifice some privacy in return for something for free. And I think as time moves on I think that will become less of an issue.’ DRIVERLESS CARS The discussion then moved on to the second question: ‘Will street lighting become redundant when driverless cars are mainstream? Will we still need street lights?’ For Peter Raynham the answer, at least to the second part of the question, was a very simple and resounding ‘yes’. ‘How are you going to find the way from your house to the car? How are you going to walk places? The thing we can get rid of is the dim-dip beam – the real disaster of street lighting. If we get rid of the dim-dip beam streetlights would be so much easier – that one glare source destroys more vision on the streets at night than anything else. If you got rid of the dim-dip beam we could probably drop one lighting class everywhere and still have similar levels of visual performance,’ he argued. ‘I agree, I think we will still need them,’ said Michael Grubb. ‘I’d like to think that, with the claim culture, the reality is that the fear of not having light will probably overrule in the end. But no one really knows do they? It’s like the whole anniversary of Back to the Future where they reviewed what they got right

Photography: John Deehan

Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit 37

The debate saw questions taken from the floor, with Mark Ridler (top) addressing the question of lighting our streets in the era of driverless cars, and Peter Phillipson discussing the impact of smart cities, especially the ownership of data

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

38 Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit and what they got wrong. We can guess to some extent. I think it’s very unlikely.’ ‘I wouldn’t want to be in a driverless car if it was going along at 60mph and I couldn’t see where it was going, because I would feel very uncomfortable,’ highlighted Pete Lummis. ‘I know when I drive down a motorway it is so much nicer when it’s lit. In terms of the comfort to the eye and the way it works, we’ve got all that going on. We spend our days showing how important lighting is, and I cannot envisage a point where we’re not going to have lighting because you and I as human beings, we need lighting. The machines might not need it, but I need it. And if I need it, we’re therefore going to keep it.’ From the floor, Mark Ridler, head of lighting at BDP, said: ‘I just think it will change what we’re trying to do. It might mean we have to take a step back and think “what do we want?” and I think the opportunity of driverless is that, rather than lighting streets for cars, you’ll light streets for people. ‘And I think cars have the opportunity for using different bits of the spectrum to guide them; the machines can guide themselves with infra-red or radio or various other technologies. And then the quality of light for people to navigate in their environment can change,’ he added. ‘So perhaps it’ll just mean a shift in the environment that we’re lighting?’ suggested Scott Pengelly. ‘It becomes more lighting for pedestrians rather than lighting for someone having to drive down the road. But the other thing, of course, is you still have people driving classic cars nowadays, so in 50-60 years’ time someone is going to be out in VW Golf as a “classic” car and they’re still going to be driving it.’ A ‘RIGHT’ TO STREET LIGHTING? The next question was: ‘Do residents have a “right” to have a street light?’ ‘I think it depends where you live,’ said Pete Lummis. ‘I live in a cottage between two villages and there are no lights outside. I think it’s what you’re used to. You go to some areas, like Norfolk, and they’re used to walking along the street with a torch and the idea of putting a streetlight outside their house would horrify them, as they like to be able to see the night sky. ‘But someone in an urban area where maybe they are a bit nervous when they’re out at night, they want to see and they’re used to street lighting, and therefore they expect street lighting. And I do think there’s a sense where you need to have sensitivity in the way you look at the area and what the local

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

history is, and what people want, what the expectation is; that is one of the key answers for those people providing lighting. If you get the expectation right, you’ll get the lighting right.’ ‘I agree 100%,’ said Peter Raynham. ‘It is equally right to ask: do people have a right to darkness? It is two sides of the same question. There are places where one is appropriate and the other is appropriate.’ ‘I agree,’ added Michael Grubb. ‘Everyone has the right for someone to adopt common sense and protect them. Some people need light and other people don’t. But we do get used to things far too quickly and I’d have thought it works in both directions. If

You need to have sensitivity in the way you look at the area and what the local history is, and what people want, what the expectation is; that is one of the key answers for those people providing lighting. If you get the expectation right, you’ll get the lighting right. you’re used to a light in a rural area and you didn’t need it, it wouldn’t take long, I am sure, and you’d just get used to it.’ From the floor, Nick Smith, managing director of Nick Smith Associates and technical director of Lighting Reality, said: ‘I think part of the problem is principally when lighting in the road is changed; and obviously we’re talking about doing LED conversions and so on. From a council’s perspective, lighting that goes beyond the highway is effectively waste light. ‘But residents don’t see it that way because they think they’re entitled to some of that light into their gardens. And it’s the same situation, you can’t please everybody all of the time. And I think you

have to qualify the question a bit more and say “are people entitled to light in their front garden so that they can unload without having to put the lights on?”.’ Baljit Sahota, exterior lighting consultant with Atkins and former street lighting project leader at Birmingham City Council, added: ‘The issue I have, working in the city lighting streets, is you light a street, one person will complain, go to the councillor or MP, and all of a sudden they have to react. ‘I have actually taken the stance in the past where I’ve asked for a petition, in fairness to the other residents, because, when you’re lighting a road, you’re lighting for the wider community as well. It’s a challenge because am I lighting for that one individual and their opinion, or am I lighting for the wider community? That’s the challenge I find; it is often reactive to whoever shouts the loudest.’ THE EUROPEAN QUESTION With the Summit happening just a week before June’s EU referendum vote, the final question was: ‘What would it mean to the world of lighting if the UK were to exit the EU?’. ‘What would happen if we exit the SN agreement so we no longer adopted SN standards? Would we all start cheering tomorrow?’ said Peter Raynham. ‘We could adopt the CIE standards, but that wouldn’t make a lot of difference because they’re actually the same,’ pointed out Nick Smith from the floor. ‘If we want to go alone as a country, would we have to withdraw from the CIE as well?’ replied Peter. ‘BS EN13201, BS5489 there isn’t an EN bit in there,’ highlighted Pete Lummis. ‘We do some of the best stuff in the world, and we manufacture some of the best stuff in the world. So you can look at it whichever way you like. But I think there are companies and products and systems and things that we do that are so good that you could argue, yep, we could stand alone. But you could also argue it the other way. You can get a bit annoyed when it has to be BS EN all the time and it might be nice sometimes for it just to be BS.’ ‘I think “no” is a good answer,’ said Michael Grubb. ‘We’ll find out, if it happens. There are advantages and possibly disadvantages. We’re talking about changing guides and standards and I’d hope we could do that when we were in, and common sense would prevail and the right people asking the right questions.’ And, bringing the debate to a lighthearted conclusion, Scott Pengelly added: ‘I’m firmly sitting on the fence in front of everyone!’

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Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit

PEOPLE POWER Kevin Grigg was appointed President of the ILP at last month’s Professional Lighting Summit in Brighton, taking over from Elizabeth Thomas, who has had to step down because of ill-health. Kevin put education and professional standards at the heart of his address

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

in this great industry and institution. Everyone has asked me for my theme of this year. Well, I don’t have one as such. I believe that the choice is yours, the members. I will deliver whatever is required, to the best of my ability. The executive board has set out a five-year strategic and operational plan, and it is my responsibility to direct the operational running of the institution to deliver the targets in the plan. How will I do this? The board has regular meetings where vice-presidents submit their reports, achievements and any information from the regions, both for our strategic and operating plan, and the VP key

performance indicators are available on the ILP website. So what are the key points of the strategic plan? It has become apparent that we need to develop membership upgrade training. This will assist members and help to encourage members to increase their Engineering Council grades. This in turn will help our members to ensure we have fully trained, qualified lighting designers in place. The board has been tasked with re-evaluating the Lighting Diploma. Plans are developing and it is looking for different modules to be included, covering not just exterior and road lighting. Delivering this will help us to increase our membership and offer a

Photography: John Deehan

t is a privilege to be stood here as your President today. I feel honoured that the institution is giving me the opportunity to represent you, the members, for the next 12 months. It’s also great to be back here in Brighton since our last visit here in 2012. After leaving the Royal Signals, I joined Dudley MBC in 1991 as a street lighting operative. This was my first insight into the lighting industry; as I stand here I cannot believe that was over 25 years ago. During those early years I rose to supervisor of the street lighting department, gaining more extensive knowledge. I then progressed into contracting, where I became a contracts manager. The remainder of the time I worked in the sales environment, working for a numerous amount of companies. I currently hold the position of northern regional manager for Urbis Schréder. In 1993 I completed Parts 1, 2 and 3 and the following year completed The Project. That is what is now known as the ILP Diploma. I am a firm believer that training gives you the potential for further development within any chosen career path; anyone starting a career within any sector of the lighting industry, I would implore you to encourage them to become a member of the Institution of Lighting Professionals. I know its training set the foundation for where I am today. This industry is unique and I, for one, am glad I joined it. I’ve never had to look back; there are always opportunities available and we need to ensure that we need to develop the younger generation to continue

Inside the ILP: 2016 Professional Lighting Summit 41

two-piece solution to all the fields of lighting. If you have any valued input this would be most welcome; now is the time to speak to Rugby. We will review the brand and format of Lightscene events, and we really could do with the input from the regions. Is Lightscene working in the current format, are you a company that exhibits, are you a member who attends for CPD? We want to cater for you all and deliver what you, the members, want. With this information, VP Events will have the tools in his toolbox to deliver. Smart cities and IoT – these are the buzz words at the moment. We had a very successful Lightscene with this topic at Sunderland. What is next? Do you have the technical knowledge and information you need to do your job? If not, then please make us aware through your regional councillors. INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS Infrastructure is a key area that the ILP needs to evolve. We are in the process of developing relationships with the Rail Alliance and Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation. Please note that following Alan Jaques’ promotion to senior Vice President, we will have a vacancy for VP Infrastructure in September. We are looking for people to come and have an interview to get that position. Congratulations, too, to Ian Jones. Ian has been appointed VP Highways recently, well done and best wishes from the board. Ian’s background can only assist us in increasingly our engagement with local authorities. Local government is having to change its budgets; in turn this is affecting our institution. Due to the budget restraints, lighting engineers are delivering larger roles or are even losing their roles to another sector within the local authority. Their availability to attend seminars has been taken from them. I challenge all CEOs and directors of local authorities to allow your staff the time to get involved within exterior lighting; to provide your membership and staff the time required to attend lighting events. If you want your authority to improve its lighting stock,

then invest in your staff and give them the tools to deliver a safe and welldesigned service that complies with British standards. After all, it is your legal and moral responsibility. One aim I do want to address in my year is the lack of communication within the institution. There is room for all of us to improve. I will make efforts to make communication with all

I challenge all CEOs and directors of local authorities to allow your staff the time to get involved within exterior lighting; to provide your membership and staff the time required to attend lighting events. If you want your authority to improve its lighting stock, then invest in your staff and give them to the tools to deliver a safe and welldesigned service

members easier, ensuring the same message reaches everyone. Technical papers need to be current and topical. If you need help to provide papers, please contact Rugby. We now have Premier members offering technical papers – and I personally will arrange for the papers from the summit to be distributed to the seven regions. We have always been looking at working with other bodies, whether it’s the SLL, HTA or LIA. This year we will be looking to develop a better understanding of their institutions and also their facilities to see if we can forge a better alliance, and deliver joint services to the members. Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success. PREMIER MEMBERS Finally, Premier membership has been very successful. Our target for the year was 20 businesses – I am pleased to announce that we have achieved and signed on 19 members. I would like to thank each and every one of those for joining the scheme. This year we will be holding an event with all the Premier members and re-evaluating the scheme. Are you getting what you want from your Premier membership? Let’s make this scheme a success and one that you want to be a part of. Is there something we need to do to add to the scheme, which in turn could encourage you to become a Premier member?

The exhibition stands at this year’s ILP Professional Lighting Summit

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

42 Book review

‘WHERE ARE THE LIGHTING DESIGNERS?’ What is otherwise a readable and well-researched history of the use of light in architecture is let down by the fact it ignores the value, and contribution, of lighting designers and skims over lighting in the 21st Century, writes Emma Cogswell Title: Light in Architecture: The Intangible Material Author: Elisa Valero Ramos Publisher: RIBA Publishing, November 2015 ISBN: 978-1859465967

his book is published by RIBA Publishing, so one would assume it is aimed at architects. Any books written about light promote the notion it is an important medium and its power in the built environment needs to be considered – this is something I personally support. Elisa Valero Ramos is an awardwinning architect who runs a practice from Granada, Spain. She is also the author of several other books including Diccionario da la Lux (2008). She has led various government research projects and has taught at many universities around the world, most recently at the London South Bank and the AA School of Architecture. Valero Ramos is currently based at the University of Granada and is currently undertaking a study into the effects of natural light on human wellbeing. The book is broken down into three sections: the role of light in architecture, working with light in architecture, and light in architecture from past to future. It’s at this point I have to mention this book is an excellent introduction to the basics of lighting and its relationship to building forms. The first 163 pages explain how daylight is free and has been harnessed by architects in the past to bring different qualities to space and structure. Humans are drawn to light and this connection can be used to great purpose. One of the examples given is the Benedictine monastery of Santísima Trinidad de las Condes, Santiago de Chile by M Correa and G Guarda. The sun’s illumination gives different effects inside the building, capitalising on the openings and making a play on light and shadow.

Lighting Journal July/August 2016

QUALITY OF LIGHT Twelve photographs are shown throughout the day to illustrate how the space is perceived. References are also made to geography and the quality of light that is found at different places around the globe, for example explaining how Nordic light renders itself on the landscape and how this differs from Mediterranean light with its intensity allowing sharp shadows to be created. This, of course, is not a new idea and Valero Ramos references the work of German art historian and theorist Wilhelm Worringer who wrote his doctoral thesis Abstraktion und Einfühlung on the artistic differences between northern and Mediterranean countries, using religious buildings as examples of these differences. Valero Ramos goes on to explain how light can be used in abstraction, and how this in turn has been exploited in different building styles. The book is punctuated with quotes from famous architects and which validate her research. For example: ‘Light is the basic, indispensable material of architecture. It has the mysterious but real capacity – the magical capacity – of bringing space into tension with man. The capacity of endowing that space with such quality that people are deeply moved by it. Architecture without light is not architecture’ – Alberto Campo Baeza. Section two largely works on the idea of bringing the outside in and guides the reader through a history lesson on how this has been achieved. There’s discussion about colour and how light exists within architectural heritage.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT It’s only when we get to page 163 that artificial electric light is mentioned, and there are only 27 pages until the end of the book. In this relatively short space the author gives us a history of street and interior gas lighting and the reasons why it was not widely adopted. Then she moves on to the advancements of the electric lightbulb and how it has been adopted by architects to light spaces and even in large-scale installations such as advertising hoardings. Modern examples are given, such as the Turbine Hall at the Tate Modern, London designed by Herzog and De Meuron. Valero Ramos moves on briefly to mention light pollution and sustainability and rounds off with some examples of her own work. But where, I wonder, are the lighting designers? In conclusion, this book is a welcome addition to my bookshelf, as it has collated a lot of history of architecture and would be suitable for a student or person new to the industry to read. However, I was disappointed the lighting design profession has been ignored. All of the research listed is the foundation of the lighting designer’s trade. We are specialists at working with light, both daylight and artificial. We are a mature profession with more than 2,000 practices in the world working in this field. I believe the book could have benefited from some more information and detail on lighting in the 21st Century, and used some of the examples we see winning awards all over the world. Emma Cogswell is IALD UK projects manager

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Lighting Consultants

Go to: www.ilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Carl Ackers

Mark Chandler

Alan Jaques

Built Environment Consulting Ltd

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Atkins

MSc CEng MCIBSE MILP MSLL

Castle Donington DE74 2UH

EngTech AMILP

Reading RG10 9QN

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

T: +44 (0) 1332 811711 M: 07867 784906 E: carlackers@bec-consulting.co.uk

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

With many years’ experience we are able to bring a wealth of knowledge to the design process. Our vision is to deliver class leading sustainable solutions for the built environment, including specialist internal and external lighting design and specification services, record for PFI projects and their indepedent certification.

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Steven Biggs

John Conquest

Tony Price

Skanska Infrastructure Services

4way Consulting Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

www.skanska.co.uk

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

Colin Fish

Ian Runciman

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhof

LED

www.bec-consulting.co.uk

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

Simon Bushell MBA DMS IEng MILP

SSE Enterprise Lighting

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk Professional consultancy from the largest external lighting contractor maintaining 1.5m lights in the UK and Ireland. Exterior lighting/electrical design for Motorways, Highways, Architectural, Car Parks, Public Spaces and Sports lighting. From advice on carbon reduction strategies to delivering the whole installation package.

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

www.4wayconsulting.com

IEng MILP

Hertford SG13 7NN

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

Providing design and technical services for all applications of exterior and interior lighting from architectural to sports, rail, area, highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations on wildlife and the community.

www.atkinsglobal.com

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BEng (Hons) CEng MILP

Cumbernauld G68 9LD

M: 07726 358955 T: 01236 805995 E: ian.runciman@lightandenergy.co.uk

www.lightandenergy.co.uk

Professional lighting consultancy offering technical advice, design and management for exterior and hazardous area lighting, services for architectural lighting using the latest colour changing technologies and advice on energy and asset management, policy and strategy preparation..

Simon Butt

Stephen Halliday

Alistair Scott

Capita

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhof

Designs for Lighting Ltd

BEng(Hons) CEng, MICE, MILP, MAPM Blackburn, BB2 1AU

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

www.capita.co.uk/infrastructure

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

Capita are a market leading design consultant, who specialise in street lighting design, LED retrofit schemes and project management. We also provide budget reducing solutions through technical expertise in products, specifications and procurement. We offer energy reduction advice, funding mechanisms and financial evaluations.

www.wspgroup.com

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Lorraine Calcott

Philip Hawtrey

Anthony Smith

it does lighting ltd

Mouchel

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

T: 01254 273000 E: simon.butt@capita.co.uk

IEng MILP MSLL MIoD

Milton Keynes, MK14 6GD

T: 01908 698869 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

www.itdoes.co.uk

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

BTech IEng MILP MIET

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhof

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies. Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Allan Howard

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

Eng FILP

www.mouchel.com

T: 04489 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com

Euan Clayton IEng MILP

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

www.wspgroup.com

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Nick Smith IEng MILP

Nick Smith Associates Limited Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

www.nicksmithassociates.com Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting. Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Alan Tulla IEng FILP FSLL

Michael Walker

Winchester, SO22 4DS

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff

CMS IEng MILP

Alan Tulla Lighting

Ferrybridge, WF11 8NA, UK

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

T: 0197 7632 502 E: Michael.Walker@pbworld.com

www.pbworld.com

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

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Patented Raised Lamppost Banner System that significantly reduces loading on columns and prevents banners twisting and tearing. Column testing and guarantee service available.

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Kiwa CMT Testing MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative lighting. We also provide custom-built distribution panels, interior and exterior lighting design using CAD. 7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555 email: steve.odonnell@maclean.co.uk

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Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

METER ADMINISTRATION

Meter Administrator Power Data Associates Ltd are the leading meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve accurate energy calculations assuring you of a cost effective quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market developments.

01525 601201

info@PowerDataAssociates.com www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

FESTIVE & DECORATIVE LIGHTING Specialists in supply and installation of high quality decorative and festive lighting for City centres, shopping centres, towns and villages.A full range of equipment is available for purchase or hire including column motifs, cross road displays, IP68 festoon lighting, and various tree lighting systems.Our services range from supply, hire, design, installation, and total management of schemes. More information is available from: Head Office City Illuminations Ltd Griffin House, Ledson Road, Roundthorn Ind Est Manchester M23 9GP

Non-destructive testing at the root, base, swaged joint and full visual inspection of steel lighting columns. Techniques employed include the unique Relative Loss of Section meter and Swaged Joint Analyser in addition to the traditional Magnetic Particle inspection and Ultra Sonics where appropriate.

Web site: www.maclean.co.uk

The most approved system by Highways Engineers

0208 343 2525 baymedia.co.uk

COLUMN INSPECTION & TESTING

Tel: 0161 969 5767 Fax: 0161 945 8697 Email: dave@cityilluminations.co.uk

LIGHTING Designers and manufacturers of street and amenity lighting. 319 Long Acre Nechells Birmingham UK B7 5JT t: +44(0)121 678 6700 f: +44(0)121 678 6701 e: sales@candela.co.uk

candela L I G H T

fresh thinking trusted technology

- Direct LED retrofit lamps - LED gear tray retrofits

TRAINING SERVICES

- Induction Lighting

CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards • Lighting Design Techniques • Light Pollution • Tailored Courses please ring Venues by arrangement Contact Nick Smith

Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com

0203 051 1687 www.indolighting.com

LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality light measuring and photometric equipment. HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD PO Box 210, Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com

www.hagnerlightmeters.com

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