Lighting Journal June 2015

LIGHTING

JOURNAL The publication for all lighting professionals

Heathcare lighting: what’s the diagnosis?

The latest buzz from World Expo 2015

June 2015

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Editorial Volume 80 No 6 June 2015 President Mark Cooper IEng MILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA FIAM Editor Jill Entwistle Email: jillentwistle@yahoo.com Editorial Board Tom Baynham Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Eddie Henry MILP MCMI MBA Alan Jaques IEng MILP Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Advertising Manager Julie Bland Email: julie@matrixprint.com

T

he first thought that occurs after a few hours wandering around the latest, and my first, World Expo in Milan is, why? The second thought, given that it is the first to be given certification for event

sustainability, is how can all this possibly be green?

(Even those pavilions that will be used again after the six-month duration of the event will have had all the bits flown in and then flown back out again, never mind anything else). The third thought is how creative, imaginative, considered and just generally bloody marvellous the Brits can be when it comes to design and lighting design. This after my visit to the UK pavilion, designed by Nottingham-based Wolfgang Buttress and with lighting design by BDP (see Creating a buzz, p16). While, for instance, the UAE’s Foster-designed pavilion is predictably flashy (with, incidentally, some very impressive lighting by another UK lighting designer, David Atkinson), it was achieved with around 10 times the UK budget of £6m. If we could only allow some of that creative aptitude and ingenuity loose in areas such as the NHS (Health benefits,

Published by Matrix Print Consultants on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk

p10) rather than them being suppressed by tired precedent and box ticking – it’s not all down to cost – we might have more curative and conducive lit environments in hospitals.

Jill Entwistle Editor

Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2015 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal June 2015

THE ILP INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT LECTURE Light, time and health: biology to architecture Circadian science is of enormous importance to lighting professionals. Since the discovery of the third receptor by Professor Berson in 2002, there has been increased research and discussions both within and outside of the lighting industry about the increasing importance of light and health.

The results of this research now forms an important addition to the European lighting guide EN 12464-1.

Here is your opportunity to hear from an established, non biased expert. Russell Foster is Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and the Head of the Department of Opthalmology at the University of Oxford. His research spans circadian, visual and behavioural neuroscience and addresses the implications for human performance, productivity and health.

The discovery of a third class of photo receptor within the eye has not only transformed our understanding of ocular biology, but has raised critically important issues relating to the importance of being exposed to the natural cycle of light and dark. This presentation will consider the discovery, biology and clinical relevance of pRGC photoreceptors and how we might use this information in building design.

Join us, in this the International Year of Light, at the Royal Institution for a CPD talk lasting around an hour followed by the chance to discuss the subject, network with your peers, and meet new faces.

When: Wednesday 10th June 2015, 6:30pm Where: Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W1S 4BS

THE ILP IS A COLLABORATING PARTNER OF THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT

For more information call us on 01788 576492 FREE to attend. All welcome – register now at www.theilp.org.uk/events/professor-russell-foster

Contents

LIGHTING JOURNAL June 2015 01 EDITORIAL 04 NEWS 08 ENLIGHTEN

34 CHANGE

10 HEALTH BENEFITS

10

Opinion and letters column

Good illumination is an important factor in patient wellbeing and recovery rates. Andrew Brister takes the pulse of lighting in healthcare facilities

16 CREATING A BUZZ

The design and lighting of the UK pavilion at the 2015 World Expo in Milan stood out as creativity of a different stripe, says Jill Entwistle

20 A SIGHT MORE

COMPLEX?

David Loe reassesses the interaction between light, illumination and vision

24 COLOURING OUR

16

VISION

Erez Ribak and Amichai Labin outline their recent research that appears to confirm that Muller cells on the retina filter colours to improve vision

26 SOMETHING OF AN

UNDERSTATEMENT

Jill Entwistle looks at three of the Excellence award winners at this year’s IALD International Lighting Design Awards

FOR THE BETTER

Future concept: video and lighting combine to create virtual reality for retail customers

35 ONLY CONNECT

Eindhoven reprises the Smart City Lighting Event

36 FORWARD THINKING

Education and cooperation were key themes in ILP president Mark Cooper’s address at the 2015 regional AGMs

38 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

VPs’ column: Keith Henry, VP technical, on the new guidance documents currently being developed in the regions

40 PRODUCTS 43 THE PANEL GAME

Are we nearly there yet? Alan Tulla reviews the fifth edition of The OLED Handbook

44 DATA BASED FUTURE...

ILD column: How secure is the smart city? Emma Cogswell, IALD UK projects manager, looks to both fact and fiction

45 CONSULTANTS 46 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 48 DIARY

30 MATERIAL

DIFFERENCE

Chris Fordham picks out some shining examples from this year’s Euroluce exhibition in Milan

COVER PICTURE

Inside the Hive, the UK’s pavilion at the World Expo in Milan (Creating a buzz, p16)

26

Lighting Journal June 2015

4

News

PAVING ENERGY GENERATOR STEPS UP THE PACE Pavegen, a startup company specialising in generating electricity from a form of paving, has launched a campaign on Crowdcube to raise £750,000 or more to allow expansion. To publicise the move it put up a temporary installation outside London’s Canary Wharf station powering two street lights.

The 600mm x 450mm x 68mm ‘paving slab’ generates electricity from pedestrian footfall using an electromagnetic induction process.

It can generate enough energy to power street lights and even buildings by harnessing kinetic energy from pedestrians walking on it.

‘If we put around 20m of Pavegen on Oxford Street in London we would generate more than enough power that’s needed for all the street lighting along that stretch,’ founder and CEO Laurence Kemball-Cook told TechCrunch.com. ‘So a 20m array could kick out in the region of 1500W. And we have systems that can do megawatts, so we’re getting into that space of what solar can do.’

A combination of electromagnetic induction and flywheel energy storage technology maximises the energy generated. ‘Storing energy within the inertia of a flywheel is a highly efficient way to take maximum power out of

Calculated move Power management company Eaton has introduced an energy calculator to help businesses find out what cost savings can be achieved on their energy bills by switching to more efficient lighting.

The online calculator takes users through a short series of questions about their existing lighting installation.

Based on these answers, it calculates the amount of energy currently used within the facility and provides the user with an estimated cost savings figure if the business were to switch to a more efficient solution. A full detailed lighting report is also made available.

Lighting Journal June 2015

‘A report by the Carbon Trust suggests that lighting alone consumes around 20 per cent of all electricity generated in the UK and 75 per cent of all lighting installations are thought to be out of date and unable to meet current design standards,’ said John Robb, Eaton’s marketing director.

things,’ according to Kemball-Cook, who says the system generates up to 7W a footstep.

‘We’ve combined several engineering principles in a way that’s never been done before. That allows us to capture all the energy from a footstep and then to maintain momentum in a flywheel through the duration of the footsteps.’

The technology is patented and the company has recently completed its 100th installation. Sites have included outside West Ham station during the Olympics, a French railway station in northern France (pictured), Federation Square in Melbourne, Australia, and at Heathrow Terminal 3.

Pavegen was founded in 2009, and has been generating revenue since 2012, earning more than £2.5m to date and generating profit in 2013. It has a team of 25 in the UK, operations in nine different regions in the world and has installed the system in 30 countries.

The plan now is to scale up the operation and cut the cost of the product. The goal is to reduce the cost of the kinetic flooring until it’s the same price as ‘normal flooring’, as KemballCook puts it.

The current price is approximately the same as high-end train station flooring at around £300 a unit.

New lamps for old Local authorities looking to drum up some extra cash for lighting programmes might do well to follow the example of Copenhagen City Council, which is auctioning off 7000 of the city’s old street lamps to the public.

These will include the iconic dome-shaped Copenhagen lamps designed by the municipal architect’s office in 1977. Restored versions have apparently now become fashionable as indoor lighting in private residences.

The lamps have inevitably suffered after decades of Danish winters, says auction house Lauritz, but it reckons that each one is worth €200.

The move is part of an upgrade project that will see around 20,000 street lights replaced across the Danish capital, giving estimated energy savings of 57 per cent by 2016, according to the council.

Copenhagen has ambitions to become the world’s first carbon neutral capital city by the year 2025.

News

5

LAs ‘locked in’ by The way forward lies in collaboration and lack of funding for openness, says new new technologies SLL president Two-thirds of local authorities want to deploy new technologies but feel ‘locked in’ by the lack of funding, according to a new report conducted by the Carbon Trust and GE Lighting. The study, which involved 164 stakeholders across the public sector, found that 87 per cent have begun to use smart technologies, the most common being building efficiency (77 per cent), LED lighting (57 per cent) and water and waste technologies (24 per cent).

When asked which actions they were most likely to take over the next five years to reduce carbon emissions, 69 per cent said more energy-efficient lighting and 66 per cent said more renewable energy. Where lighting is concerned, nearly three quarters of the sustainability professionals surveyed (71 per cent) were planning to invest in lighting systems within the next five years. The largest proportion of those aiming to upgrade lighting (25 per cent) planned to replace lamps using LEDs, and to install control systems.

However, 64 per cent of respondents said the lack of funds was the biggest barrier to further investment, despite the introduction of a range of government and private capital funding schemes.

‘A lot of carbon reduction projects can deliver very attractive paybacks through both operational and energy cost saving, but there are a number of barriers that prevent public sector bodies from moving forward,’ said Tim Pryce, head of public sector, Carbon Trust.

‘Technology is no longer the key barrier for adoption of smart technologies, the barriers are now related to procurement and skills,’ said Agostino Renna, president and CEO of GE Lighting Europe, Middle East and Africa. ‘The good news is that innovative business models exist, such as self-financing, allowing estates to de-risk procurement, prevent lock-in and benefit from major efficiencies – for example, from intelligent lighting.’

The drive for further budget reductions and greater productivity under the new government required new thinking, Renna told BusinessGreen website. ‘The types of productivity improvements that we’re after, meaning we need to do more with less, won’t come the old-fashioned way of just continuing to cut, cut, cut, cut,’ he said.

‘If we’re looking for exponential productivity gains or cost reductions, you have to embrace technologies so that you’re not just doing things a little better, you’re doing things fundamentally better.’

Liz Peck, the new president of the SLL, chose the twin themes of technology and collaboration in her inaugural speech at the SLL AGM and Awards at RIBA last month. In many ways the two are interdependent, she said.

Citing all the examples of what were apparently crazy inventions in the film Back to the Future, set in 2015, she said that many were now a reality, from video-conferencing and flying cameras to LEDs in clothing. And like smartphones and online banking, they were also examples of advanced lighting technology in action.

‘Most of these have come to fruition principally through the application of light and lighting technologies,’ she said. ‘Crucially, they’ve all been borne out of collaboration of expertise to make the ridiculous, not just possible, but a way of life.’

It was important as a society to be open to anyone with an interest in lighting, and the SLL welcomed ‘all those interested in any aspect of the world of light, lighting and its application,’ she said, using the metaphor of a ‘lighting tree’ with many branches.

‘The SLL is, of course, just one tree in the lighting forest and our relationships with many of our sister lighting organisations are already healthy,’ she continued.

‘Those relationships can always be strengthened and I believe my lighting family tree is for the greater good of lighting, so those organisations will benefit too.

Rochdale signs up for latest hi-tech survey vehicle Rochdale Borough Council will be one of the first customers for the latest highway survey vehicle from asset management technology company Yotta. It will use it to video survey 130km of principal and classified roads.

The YAV02 has the highest specification in Yotta’s range with a state-of-the-art positioning system and multiple, very high resolution video cameras (Prosilica GC2450 from Allied Imaging). All are driven by an onboard, integrated power system.

It has been designed to capture a

geographically accurate asset inventory at normal traffic speeds.

‘We previously had a video survey from Yotta back in 2009, so the time had come to update the data,’ said Peter O’Gorman, team leader for highway maintenance at Rochdale Council.

‘The new YAV02 will allow for greater efficiencies in data capture, as well as improved quality and accuracy.’

The data, together with the raw video images, will be used in the council’s Horizon visualised asset management platform also supplied by Yotta.

Lighting Journal June 2015

6 News

ENLIGHTENED TIMES Somewhat ironically, given its previous policy on homosexuality and its history with codebreaker Alan Turing, GCHQ was lit up in rainbow colours on 17 May to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia.

The intelligence agency refused to employ openly gay people until the early 1990s. The Cheltenham centre of the agency previously operated as Bletchley Park, where Turing was famously responsible for developing the machine that broke the German Enigma code. However, he had to conceal his homosexuality. In 1952 he was convicted of gross indecency and killed himself two years later.

GCHQ has had a Pride network for LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) issues since 1996. Speaking of the lighting installation, GCHQ director Robert Hannigan said he was proud of the organisation’s ‘diverse and creative workforce’.

‘World-leading innovation in technology absolutely requires diversity. That was true for GCHQ when Alan Turing tackled Enigma for us and it is just as true today.’

Meanwhile Austria may have scored nul points in the Eurovision Song Contest last month, despite being the host country, but presumably it did get the vote of the gay community for changing dozens of traffic lights in its capital city to show gay couples crossing the road instead of the traditional solitary figure.

Vienna changed the signal images at 120 pedestrian crossings – which also showed heterosexual couples – in preparation for the songfest. The signals, which show couples holding hands and with love hearts above them, should also improve safety, said a spokeswoman for Vienna’s city lighting department. ‘The unusual symbols are attracting the attention of drivers and pedestrians,’ she said.

Water colour in Amsterdam

Last month Dutch artist and innovator Daan Roosegaarde, he of Smart Highway fame, used a light installation in an inner city square in Amsterdam to convey what the Netherlands, with its history of flood defence, would look like underwater. The artwork, Waterlicht, in the three-hectare Museumplein, home of three major Dutch museums including the Rijksmuseum, was first created for the Dutch Waterboard Rijn and IJssel in Westervoort.

The effect of water is evoked with wavy lines of blue and green light created with LEDs, lasers, control software and lenses. Studio Roosegaarde remains tight-lipped about further technical details.

The installation was inspired by the recent acquisition by the Rijksmuseum of the 17th-century painting

by Jan Asselijn of the Amsterdam flood in 1651.

For a video of the installation, go to: www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/waterlicht-1/

Lighting Journal June 2015

NEWS IN BRIEF Rob Robinson, social secretary of the North Eastern Region, has been given a national special recognition award for his service to the region. The award, approved by the executive board, was presented to him by Elizabeth Thomas who will take over from Mark Cooper as president of the ILP in September.

Speirs and Major has won the Scottish Design Award in the lighting category for its scheme for Maggie’s Centre in Lanarkshire (pictured below). Edinburgh Napier University was commended for Botanic Lights: Nights in the Garden at the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Kevan Shaw Lighting Design (KSLD) was shortlisted for its lighting scheme for the Main Hall of the Scottish Parliament.

Public London: Ten Years of Transforming Spaces (23 June11 July) is an exhibition of public space projects and initiatives in the capital in the past decade. Organised by New London Architecture (NLA), the event is part of a programme of exhibitions, talks and conferences focusing on the design of London’s public spaces. www.newlondonarchitecture.org/programme/exhibitions/2015/ public-london-10-years-of-transforming-spaces Lucy Zodion has appointed Moataz Tamman regional sales manager for the Middle East and North African Region.

Prior to joining Lucy Zodion, Tamman worked for Tridonic, and has also worked for Pioneer Energy and Siemens.

Stuart Wilson has just joined DW Windsor in the newly created position of commercial director. He will be responsible for the bidding process and delivery of large-scale street lighting projects across the UK. Previously head of lighting at FM Conway, with responsibility for the formation and growth of the street lighting division, Wilson has spent more than 20 years in the industry James Carswell has joined multiservices company Piggotts to head up its street lighting division. Carswell started his career in street lighting in 1995 when he worked in West Sussex, contracting for Southern Electric. He subsequently gained exterior lighting qualifications through the the ILP, and has worked in a number of areas, including quality assurance for Dorset PFI, and clerk of works on Highways Agency installations..

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8 Opinion

LIGHT

Share your experiences, opinions and thoughts

I write regarding the article Hidden Consequences (Lighting Journal April). From experience, part-night lighting, which has been implemented in Suffolk, is a very emotive subject and one that I am often put in a position to debate and defend. Suffolk’s lighting team was first approached in 2009 to examine part-night lighting and with some trepidation started to examine the feasibility of such an approach. Fast forward nearly six years and there is a completely different landscape with regards to how the asset is operated and managed, and my position on a part-night lighting approach has changed somewhat from initial scepticism to embracing it in areas where it is suitable.

Prior to implementing part-night settings, we received enquiries from concerned members of the public expressing concern over what would happen during the lights-out period. However, Suffolk has seen a complete cultural change. For example, when the central management system is used to override settings out of hours, invariably there are complaints the following day from members of the public concerned that the lights will stay on; we now rarely get any negative feedback.

My personal view is that there are some areas where the part-night approach could be well received (Suffolk, for example, is a rural county with many parishes having no lights at all. As mentioned frequently on a recent radio phone-in, ‘we’re not all falling over in the dark and benefit from a beautiful sky at night’).

However, I am aware that there are some areas where this approach may not be feasible. It is easy to criticise those authorities taking a different view, but unless you are fully conversant with the area and involved with a particular approach on a day-to-day basis, it is difficult to make an informed judgement.

Currently my team of engineers and I support the part-night lighting approach wholeheartedly and value the benefits we have realised. These include a reduction in crime, between the hours of midnight and 5:30am, of nearly 20 per cent in areas that have part-night control, as well as no discernible difference in the number of road accidents.

Incidentally, I have been to court numerous times on unrelated lighting subjects and it is not something I enjoy or would like to do again. Since the introduction of part-night lighting we have found ourselves in a situation where an incident occurred after midnight, in an area that was lit all night, and court proceedings were threatened as the lights hadn’t been turned off.

By implementing part-night lighting, we have made energy savings equating to in excess of £15 per unit – by installing LEDs to units that operate all night, an additional saving of £600,000 a year is envisaged.

This brings me on to the article by Nigel Parry, Outsmarted by Technology (Lighting Journal March).

As a result of the energy-saving measures Suffolk has introduced, the annual energy charge of £2.1m has reduced by around 67 per cent. The challenge is that we have implemented part-night lighting in certain areas, adapted lighting levels where feasible, trimmed the on/off times and installed energy-efficient compliant lighting schemes; there isn’t a lot more that we can do to cost effectively save more energy; the energy savings cupboard is becoming bare.

We are starting to investigate whether traffic signal flows can be linked into the CMS and whether we can diversify into areas that support a smart cities approach. We are also looking at whether we can increase the asset to include lighting owned by the council in areas such as schools and other council properties where the engineer’s experience and skills can be used. In short, we are not planning for any demise soon.

(The views expressed are my own and do represent any policy or approval of my employer).

Richard Webster Electrical services manager Suffolk County Council

Lighting Journal June 2015

LETTER

Opinion

In response to comments from Rod Mainstone (Enlighten, Lighting Journal May), I do accept it was a big leap as to whether this case (Enlighten, Lighting Journal April) may or may not be setting a legal precedent by associating it with part-night lighting. However, it should be noted that once any case has come before the Crown it can be considered and used as an indication of precedent by the prosecution or defence in a way that suits the case they have. Therefore I do not see why this case cannot be considered a precedent.

In my view, whether the area has equipment that is not working, equipment that is switched off or the area is not lit at all, the problem is still the same. There is an obstacle that a member of the public has to navigate, and a possible injury that could result to that person if they cannot negotiate it or the area. Before switching off the lighting the council must have considered the risks associated with the switch-off under the CDM regulations and appropriate documentation of the risks should also have been carried out.

The case that I originally outlined was about inadequate lighting (not switch-off) in an area directly adjacent to a road that was very well lit – because of the topography of the site, the subway wall masked that good lighting in some areas. It should be noted that switch-off has been carried out in parts of this authority although this was not in place at the time of incident.

I will never be convinced that part-night lighting is an acceptable solution where the area is still being used even by just one person. Variable lighting I will endorse for the rest of my career. We have always based lighting levels on usage and some light is better than no light. If the area is not used at night (at all) remove the lighting and then the equipment does not need to be maintained either.

As lighting engineers our job (I accept in slightly different roles) is to provide lighting so that an area can be used after daylight has diminished. To make a case on the basis of cost is a very weak argument in my view. I accept that if you cannot afford something then you cannot buy it but good quality street lighting is a critical part of the way that we (as a nation) now live our lives in a 24-hour society.

We need street lighting to make people feel safer so that they will go out of their homes and contribute to the economy, so that crime can be brought to justice both through CCTV and visual evidence from witnesses, and so that users can get home safely after an evening of either leisure or work activities.

Since the original article was published I have received many positive comments on social media, through email, in person and over the phone. People have commented that the article was useful in bringing the potential outcome of switch-off and poor maintenance practices to the attention of the more senior members of their council, helping to bring new funding to the table to improve the street lighting. That was why I wrote it. If it helps then great, if you don’t agree then that is your right, but don’t bury your head in the sand and use Section 97 of the Highways Act as a means of defence. The best defence is offence, as they say in the NFL. Nick Smith Nick Smith Associates

LETTER

I will never be convinced that part-night lighting is an acceptable solution where the area is still being used even by just one person

Lighting Journal June 2015

9

10

Lighting in healthcare

HEALTH BENEFITS There is much research to suggest that good lighting design in healthcare facilities can play a crucial role in wellbeing and patient recovery rates. But what is the best lighting approach and is the industry delivering?

Andrew Brister reports

T

he NHS was, unsurprisingly, one of the major battlegrounds in the recent General Election.

All of the parties were falling over themselves to try and convince the public that this venerable institution was safe in their hands. Vote for us and we’ll deliver on better services, more doctors and nurses, and improved patient throughput times.

The politicians could do worse than look at the latest thinking on lighting design if they want to speed up recovery times and free up much-needed hospital

Lighting Journal June 2015

beds. Numerous studies have pointed to the therapeutic effects of high doses of daylight, suggesting that lighting schemes that reflect the natural rhythms of both the day and the body can aid health and wellbeing, and help patients recover more quickly.

Despite a convincing body of evidence, many Trusts prefer to fall back on tried and tested lux levels as the arbiter of quality in healthcare facilities.

‘Where we struggle is that everything has to be so contractual,’ explains Andrew Bissell, director of Light4, Cundall. ‘Healthcare projects tend to be PFI contracts, with each party having tough targets to meet. The contracts are so onerous that everyone tries to de-risk their elements of the work, so it becomes easier to go to a guide that says you should provide 300 lux here and 100 lux there. If the guide said: “Have you created an environment that improves health, wellbeing and helps recovery” then that is too woolly and hard to prove contractually.’

Light4 currently has 12 healthcare projects on its books. In only three has the consultancy managed to convince the Trust to go beyond CIBSE’s Lighting Guide 2. ‘Trusts don’t want to be the one that spends £2m on something new,’ says Bissell. ‘If it goes right, you might

get a pat on the back and an article in the lighting journals; if it goes wrong it’s all over the Daily Mail.’

‘The more people that start adopting this kind of approach, the more it starts to become accepted good practice and then it enters into design guidance,’ says Brian Charman, head of Philips Lighting’s Lighting University. ‘This has happened with BS 12464 – the standard for lighting of indoor workplaces – which acknowledges the fact that daylight plays an important part in health and wellbeing. Everyone in the lighting industry knows this, but we are still in the education phase, getting the message across to end users.’

Kevan Shaw, design director at Kevan Shaw Lighting Design (KSLD), cites another reason why healthcare projects don’t always get the best lighting solutions: the age-old problem of spec-busting. ‘The majority of projects are big PFI schemes and, compared to many projects, you don’t have the degree of control you might like,’ says Shaw. ‘You start with a good design, but things change further down the line to save costs.’

Lighting professionals are all very clear about what constitutes a good design approach for healthcare buildings. ‘The first step is to look at

Lighting in healthcare orientation, the facade and where people are placed in the building to give patients and staff access to daylight and sunlight,’ says Bissell. ‘Glarefree sunlight is very important, so the orientation of rooms needs to ensure that daylight is coming in, but is still comfortable, so that patients are not just pulling the blinds down.’

Installation of just such an approach is currently underway at the £90m, 300-bed Ulster Hospital, with a second phase currently on the Light4 drawing board. Bissell believes this is the first 100 per cent LED hospital of its size in the UK. The daylighting approach is accompanied by a subtle lighting scheme, designed to make patients feel at home. ‘This is not just 600mm x 600mm ceiling units pumping out lots of light,’ says Bissell. ‘We’ve got table lamps and spotlights on the wall; appropriate lighting to calm people down in the evenings and assist sleep.

We’ve provided a number of different scenes – reading, medical, relaxing and sleep – and patients have a simpleto-use controller.

‘We’ve tried to put flexibility into the design rather than tailor beds to specific patient groups,’ he continues.

‘For example, the elderly can ramp up the lighting levels if they are struggling with their vision.’ Lux levels are aimed to comply with LG2 and fittings have two available colour temperatures: a cool 4000K and a warmer 2700K. In the bathroom, there is low level warm orange and red lighting to allow people to find their way around without fully waking. This is complemented by lots of little elements which make up the whole: a high level 9W strip, a 1W lamp over the soap dish, a 3W source above the sink and another 1W lamp to highlight the toilet paper.

KSLD is currently in the middle of a project for the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The £150m project will redevelop services from the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences in a single building.

‘We are carrying out an enhancement programme, using light, colour and other artistic interventions in the major atrium space to give more humanity and interest to the space,’ says Kevan Shaw. ‘We expected we would have to do something different to satisfy varying patient groups, but in reality all groups tend to want the same sort of things. We are looking to use colour, not on people but on the surfaces. Where people are, you need to think very carefully about

what the lighting should be to enable people to feel healthy, and we are looking at a diurnal scheme there.’

Helen Loomes, business development director, international projects, at Trilux believes that lighting that reflects the body’s natural circadian rhythms is set to be the biggest debate in lighting design over the next five years. ‘Ideally, we would like a low intensity of light with a warm colour temperature to start the day gently, then an increase in intensity and a transition to a cooler colour temperature, where the blue wavelength is especially important, to energise us,’ she says.

‘That process then needs to be reversed in the evening and we need to make sure we have a truly dark environment during the night for sound sleep.’

At Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, three

11

At the Maria-Hilf Hospital in Brilon, Germany, human-centric lighting has been installed in the geriatric department in all patient rooms and corridors.

The LED lighting is controlled to provide 600 lux at eye level and 300 lux at floor level in corridors, and between 600 to 1500 lux during the day in patient rooms. The control system also varies the colour temperature between warm and cool: 3000K and 6000K. Philips’ HealWell system uses a networked control system to automatically manage a rhythm of dynamic daylight, as well as allowing patients and staff to control the settings individually.

A field study was carried out at the Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC) in the Netherlands, with impressive results:

Above: Light4’s scheme provides several scenes for patients at the new Ulster Hospital, including carefully controlled daylight. Below: changing colour temperatures at Maria-Hilf Hospital, Germany

dementia wards have been improved by introducing daylight wherever possible and exposing people to the 24-hour cycle of light and dark. Luminaires are programmed to provide warmer, lower intensity light in the morning and evening, but also much higher levels of cooler white light during the day, with 600 lux in many rooms.

• Improved patient and staff satisfaction • Longer sleep duration for patients • Shorter time to fall asleep for patients • Enhanced mood of patients, as shown in the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) depression scores

Lighting Journal June 2015

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Lighting in healthcare THE CALYX – PHASE 2 LIGHTING CONCEPT IMAGES

‘Several scientific studies and discoveries over the past few years have made awareness of the need for human-centric lit environments far more mainstream than it has ever been,’ says Mary Ruston-Beales, managing director of Lighting Design House.

Rushton-Beales designed one of the first bio-dynamic lighting schemes using coloured light in the UK, for the Pines Calyx conference centre in St Margaret’s Bay, Kent. ‘It’s a beautiful space in a beautiful setting, which combines best practice sustainability with the healthiest possible environment,’ says Rushton-Beales.

‘The building was always intended to be a healing space and phase two of this project will take this intention further.’

Clearly, lighting designers are ahead of the standards, going beyond LG2 to incorporate lighting that promotes health and recovery. Things are changing as more and more case studies influence good practice and standards. Loomes points to the new WELL Building Standard, an evidence-based system for measuring, certifying, and monitoring the performance of building features that impact health and wellbeing, which is beginning to gain traction in the USA. It’s not just the politicians that are taking an interest in health.

SOFT INDIRECT BACKGROUND WHITE / COLOUR CHANGE

Above right and right: concept renders for phase two of the Pines Calyx conference centre in St Margaret’s Bay, Kent: ‘The building was always intended to be a healing space and phase two of this project will take this intention further,’ says Mary Rushton-Beales of Lighting Design House

HIGH DAYLIGHT INGRESS

INDIRECT GLARE FREE LIGHT WITH COLOUR CHANGE WHITE LIGHT OPTION

HUMAN SCALE GLARE FREE LIGHT – OPTION FOR COLOUR CHANGE

LINEAR ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL CONCEALS USEFUL LIGHT

LIGHTING FOR HEALTHCARE CONFERENCE The ILP is collaborating with the Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management to deliver a oneday conference on Lighting for Healthcare at the Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel on Wednesday 15 July. Topics covered range from use of control systems, energy saving and current best practice recommendations through to subjects such as the potential benefits of coloured lighting in health buildings and the therapeutic uses of light.

Programme 9.30-10.20: Coffee and registration 10.20-11.00: Lighting Guide 2: Then, Now and Change for Change’s Sake Speaker: Nicholas Bukorovic, head of consultants, MEP Engineering (East Africa) and author of CIBSE’s LG2: Hospitals and Healthcare Buildings 11.00-11.40: Lighting Controls and Energy Savings in Healthcare Buildings Speaker: Graham White, technical manager at Eaton and a member of the Task Group for LG2

Lighting Journal June 2015

11.40-12.20: The IMI Pod Concept: the Future of Lighting in Hospitals?

Speaker: Andrew Bissell, director of Light4, Cundall 12.20-12.40: Discussion/Q&A involving the morning’s three speakers 12.40-1.30: Lunch 1.30-2.10: Coloured Light in the Hospital Environment Speaker: Kevan Shaw, design director, Kevan Shaw Lighting Design (KSLD) 2.50-3.30: The Circadian System and How Light Governs Our Health and Wellbeing Speaker: Carl Gardner, lighting consultant and former editor of Lighting Journal 3.30-4.10: Light Therapies: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Speaker: Mary Rushton-Beales, founder and principal, Lighting Design House 4.10-4.30: Discussion/Q&A involving the afternoon’s three speakers

Energy efficient lighting without compromise

Energy efficient lighting enhances the overall working and healing environment, creating a brighter, fresh and modern ambience for staff and patients.

Ealing Hospital, North London

+44 (0)1747 858100 | dextragroup.co.uk

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Lighting in healthcare: project

OLD SEE HOUSE, BELFAST: BREAKING THE MOULD

Designed by Belfast-based RPP Architects working with Edinburghbased architect Richard Murphy Architects, the Old See House is a new mental health facility. The former 1960s nurses’ home is owned by the Belfast HSC Trust, which embraced the ambition of both architectural practices for an exemplary facility, which broke the mould of traditional healthcare institutions. The lighting scheme, designed by Light Bureau, also aspired to break away from the utilitarian norm.

‘It’s rare that healthcare is so progressive,’ says Paul Traynor of Light Bureau. ‘The client actively persuaded us to seek new solutions and we could not have hoped for a better reception to our ideas.’

The aim was to produce a more comfortable, calm lit environment with a more homely atmosphere.

However, that meant that Light Bureau had to challenge legislative norms for illuminance levels and uniformity. It also meant reviewing standard antiligature equipment and devising ways of reconciling practical requirements with the overall brief.

Lighting Journal June 2015

‘Nothing says “we don’t trust you” more than the standard palette of such luminaires, and the quality of light they give, as can be imagined, is featureless and bland,’ says Traynor. ‘To try to create a homely space using such fittings is impossible.’

The following were just some of the measures that have helped create infinitely more conducive spaces than the average institution: l Wherever possible, lighting was placed at human level – floor, table and wall level. Excessive downlighting was avoided. Ceiling sources were also included, but wherever possible, these were to provide indirect light rather than too much flat, overhead light. l Light colour was considered, following the well-understood precepts that cool colours are good for active environments such as office spaces and that warm lighting is better for relaxing spaces and homes. ‘We also thought about the control gear that would be used in the lighting equipment – what is less understood is that the flicker associated with low-frequency control gear can cause disturbance to particularly sensitive individuals,’ explains Traynor. l Table lights (above right) were based on floor-recessed uplights, robust enough to drive over. The concept was completed with a polycarbonate diffuse cylinder placed over the uplight to create a domestic glow. l The dining space was double height and to try and reinforce a domestic feel, the designers wanted to suspend a pendant above the table, counter to the

accepted approach because of ligature risk. A suite of domestic products was created that placed the light source outside of the lit object. The pendant (top) was realised by a diffuse shape, suspended from the ceiling using low tension nylon wire, which would break easily with any weight placed on it.

The shape is soft and unbreakable.

The light source consisted of a ceilingrecessed downlight with a low voltage LED source, fixed with anti-tamper screws, in turn concealed by a plant-on magnetic bezel. l In bedrooms (above left) lighting was integrated into fixed furniture, including wardrobes and headboards. In this way, reading and general lighting could be achieved by low level sources where everyone would expect to find them in any typical bedroom setting. l In bathrooms, linear LED lighting was integrated into mirrors for practical and flattering light, rather than the customary overhead aluminium bulkhead with fluorescent lamps.

IHEEM & ILP Lighting Seminar

www.iheem.org.uk/issues-in-lighting-for-healthcare www.theilp.org.uk/events/issues-in-lighting-for-healthcare The Institution of Lighting Professionals has teamed up with the Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management (IHEEM) to put on a unique event for Healthcare Design Professionals regarding the ‘Issues in lighting for healthcare facilities’.

This first-time collaboration is aimed at raising awareness about energy-saving issues, quality lighting and the beneficial effects of natural and artificial light in healthcare facilities. The subjects will range from technical issues, such as control systems, energy saving and current ‘best practice’ recommendations through to less immediate, but no less important, subjects such as the potential benefits of coloured lighting in health buildings and the therapeutic uses of light.

Confirmed speakers Nicholas Bukorovic – Lighting Guide 2: Then, Now and Change for Change’s Sake - Author of Lighting Guide 2: Hospitals and Health Care Buildings (CIBSE, 2008) Graham White – Lighting Controls and Energy Savings in Healthcare Buildings -Technical Manager at Eaton and a member of the Task Group for Lighting Guide 2 Andrew Bissell – The IMI Pod Concept: the Future of Lighting in Hospitals? - Director of Light4, Cundall, Kevan Shaw – Coloured Light in the Hospital Environment -Design Director, Kevan Shaw Lighting Design Carl Gardner – The Circadian System and How Light Governs Our Health and Well-being - Lighting consultant and former Editor of the ILP’s Lighting Journal Mary Rushton-Beales – Light Therapies: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow - Founder and Principal, Lighting Design House

The partnership is part of the ILP’s developing programme to engage with other professional groups outside of the lighting profession. This is a great opportunity for the ILP to promote the benefits of good lighting practice in a huge sector of the economy and one where there is a real need for education and training.

Richard Frost - ILP Chief Executive

Wednesday 15th July 2015 – Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel, Birmingham B40 1PP 10:00 - 16:00

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Project

CREATING A BUZZ

The design and lighting of the UK pavilion at the 2015 World Expo in Milan stood out as creativity of a different stripe, says Jill Entwistle

T

he primary aim of the UK pavilion, reflecting the Expo theme of Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, is to highlight the decline of the world’s bee population and the importance of pollination for food production. By looking at how new UK research and technology are helping to address challenges such as food security and biodiversity, it also conveys that aspect of the country’s resources and, of course, stands as a literal metaphor for Britain being a hive of industry and innovation. It also stood out as an exemplar of a clear concept well executed among a deal of architectural excess and extravagance.

Designed by Nottingham-based artist Wolfgang Buttress, every aspect is scrupulously considered. Visitors walk through a shoulder-high meadow of wild flowers, following a path that imitates the bee’s waggle dance, the way it communicates a prime source of pollen to the rest of the hive. The extraordinary steel structure that evokes the hive itself has natural principles in its DNA. The design is based on the Fibonacci sequence, a numerical pattern repeated throughout nature in everything from pine cones to pineapples.

The Hive (background image) pulses, buzzes and glows according to live-streamed signals from a real beehive in Nottingham. Accelerometers

Lighting Journal June 2015

(vibration sensors) are used to measure the activity of the actual bee colony, and algorithms are used to convert the colony vibrations into lighting effects. The concept, also designed by Buttress, consists of LED luminaires (below right) which are individually addressable, allowing the Hive to act as a visual representation of bee activity.

BDP’s lighting designers worked closely with Buttress on all aspects of the pavilion, with a budget of just £25,000. ‘It has various functions and the lighting design ensures that the systems for the bar, dining and conference spaces, together with the wayfinding and emergency lighting, integrate seamlessly into Wolfgang’s vision while maintaining incredibly low levels of light,’ says BDP’s Rhiannon West.

This was because the animated light at the centre of the Hive operates at low levels. ‘We took care to reduce ambient light levels and minimise glare,’ says West. ‘This is achieved through luminaires integrated within details, ensuring that visitors’ eyes adapt as soon as they arrive.’

A major decision that was taken early on was to light all details in a consistent, very warm white light to support the honey metaphor associated with the Hive – 2700K in the walkways,

Project

Fresnel used his biprism to modify Thomas Young’s double-slit experiment producing two bright virtual images of the source instead of two real images

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for instance, and 2200K in the conference suite (below). ‘This also ensures that the light and tones of the space are reinforced and not countered by colour opposition,’ says West.

Entering the Pavilion, the orchard’s pathways glow gently leading to the meadow where a series of trees are uplit and visitors are guided past a busy wood ‘swarm wall’ (left) emanating a slight sparkle. Housing various pull-out information points, it features a myriad holes all backlit with LEDs. Moving through the meadow, the pathways are all uplit from a linear, low level LED skirting detail.

Vibration sensors are used to measure the activity of the colony, and algorithms are used to convert the bee colony vibrations into lighting effects

Lighting Journal June 2015

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Project

Below the hive, deep-recessed, lowglare adjustable spotlights provide pools of light to help visitors when reading brochures, and offsetting the drama of the animated Hive overhead.

An integrated LED handrail leads up the stairs to the bar area (right).

The detail continues around the upper terrace space to provide a low level background ambient illumination.

Recessed within the floor of the bar is a glowing honeycomb feature motif.

Inside the heart of the building is the conference suite for government-hosted fine dining and events. This features a decorative, beehive-inspired lighting installation, an array of hexagonal aluminium extrusions scattered in small clusters over the ceiling, each providing a warm white glow with a slight sparkle.

The dynamic LED lighting in the void of the Hive (below right, with Buttress right) was designed and constructed by Stage One, which was responsible for manufacturing and producing the entire Hive structure. To simulate the activity of the Nottingham hive required an entirely bespoke solution involving the manufacture of circuitboards, diffusers, housings and heatsinks. The company also developed the software to control the array of almost 1000 LED fittings.

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE Lighting design: BDP Lighting (Rhiannon West, Chris Lowe, Colin Ball) Design: artist Wolfgang Buttress with engineer Simmonds Studio and BDP Manchester Construction and manufacture: Stage One Immersive visitor journey with graphic design and animation: Squint Opera LIGHTING SUPPLIERS Honeycomb Hex feature lighting: Mike Stoane Lighting Shadow gap lighting: Lumenal and LEDFlex Downlights: Lumenpulse AlphaLED Tree uplights/below the Hive: Light Projects Office/back of house: Luxonic Lighting EXPO FACTS • • • •

The Expo site covers 110 hectares on the outskirts of Milan Opened on 1 May, the Expo runs until 31 October with 145 nations taking part Costs so far have been estimated at €13bn The UK pavilion had a total of 169,300 individual components and involved more than 4500 CAD hours to develop workshop drawings before machining, finishing and packaging each component in specific batches, each item etched with its own reference number

Lighting Journal June 2015

Non Destructive Structural Testing Of Lighting Columns ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION AT KEYPOINTS The Problem:

The Solution:

Four positions identified by ILP Technical Report N°22. where undetected corrosion can result in sudden catastrophic failure.

Kiwa CMT Testing’s unique Relative Loss of Section (RLS) and Swage Joint Analyser (SJA) techniques designed to assess the extent of corrosion in the four danger zones including the column root below ground without excavation.

• • • •

Internal Corrosion at the Hot Swaged Joint Internal Corrosion at base of the door opening Internal or External Corrosion from the base of the door to ground level Corrosion of the root below ground

Supported by Geographical Information Systems to capture, store, analyse and manage data.

Kiwa CMT Testing is UKAS* accredited for the use of the RLS™ system and is also a Highway Electrical Registration Scheme (HERS) registered organisation.

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Direct Cost Effective Testing : WHERE IT REALLY COUNTS Kiwa CMT Testing Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

THE WORD ON THE STREET IS THE LIGHTING JOURNAL NOW REACHES MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER

TO ADVERTISE IN THE JOURNAL CALL ANDY ON 01536 527297

20

Light and vision

A SIGHT MORE COMPLEX? Should we open our eyes to greater possibilities? In an article based on a recent paper published in LR&T, David Loe reassesses the interaction between light, illumination and vision

W

ithout light we cannot see.

It seems trite, but it is nonetheless true. However, we base illumination, either from daylight or electric light, on a limited understanding of the human relationship with it. Yet as lighting professionals we need to understand the interaction as precisely as possible to provide the best lighting for any particular application, including architectural integration and optimum energy efficiency. Also we need to be able to quantify it in terms of the user’s function and the appearance of the lit environment.

So far the basis of illumination design has relied heavily on function, but it seems likely that the brain will respond subconsciously to many more factors that could enhance performance. However, this still needs to be proven beyond the hints that some

Lighting Journal June 2015

research has already indicated for it to be properly understood and accepted.

VISION AND ILLUMINATION Man has evolved over many thousands of years under daylight with the addition of flame sources much later (Figs 1 and 2). The early part of the 20th century saw the emergence of the electric lighting industry and, with a need to quantify and standardise illumination metrology, the international adoption of the photopic spectral distribution was agreed in 1914.

This is the CIE standard of photopic photometry, the Vλ curve (Fig 3). The distribution was measured by observers comparing monochromatic radiation with tungsten lamp light over a very narrow field of view – typically a cone of less than five degrees and in terms of the eye’s anatomy described as

the fovea, the area of critical sight.

Further, because of the cost of lighting equipment and electricity it became necessary to measure visual performance relative to the level of task illumination (illuminance). This resulted in the traditional curves of performance increasing with increased illuminance until a stable level was reached for a particular task; hence the recommendations used today.

However, the tasks used to measure performance again occupied the fovea.

This seems odd since the field of view of a single human eye is a cone of approximately 100 degrees.

Try holding a pencil vertically against the eyebrow and fixate on the pencil – it will approximately mask the foveal region of the eye and you will see a fuzzy, but coloured image of the surrounding field of view.

Light and vision COLOUR VISION AND LIGHT SOURCE COLOUR These are clearly another important part of illumination. The spectral range of the eye is around 400-700nm, which encompasses the range of spectral radiation that triggers the visual experience of colour. To experience a full range of colours accurately, the illumination will also need to have a full range visual response distribution, for example, daylight. This is borne out when a prudent shopper takes items to the window to assess a colour match.

This problem arose particularly with the emergence of discharge lamps with erratic spectral distributions. The industry responded by developing a measurement system for the Colour Rendering Index (CRI) of a light source and of the colour appearance of its radiation – Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT).

In the second half of the 20th century experiments were conducted to assess human visual performance with a range of different light sources to see whether a high CRI had any benefit.

The results, using foveal type tasks, both monochromatic and coloured, didn’t show any benefit. But non-foveal tasks and those of a ‘quality’ nature did. In other words, it suggests that when carrying out a critical task it is the luminance difference between elements that is of importance in discrimination, for example, black print on white paper.

This is perhaps not surprising since the foveal spectral response is limited. But clearly, if the task is of a critical colourmatching nature, all colours would need to be experienced accurately but perhaps not all at the same time?

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Fig 1: Daylight spectral power distribution (courtesy of NPL, UK)

LIT APPEARANCE AND TASK Vision and illumination are clearly linked but illumination is about more than completing tasks efficiently. Whenever light is introduced into any environment, for whatever purpose, it will affect the appearance of that environment in either a positive or negative way. If the light pattern is very even and diffuse it will be neither.

Early experiments in illumination design attempted to determine whether a particular lit environment was appropriate for office tasks. Observers were asked to make a subjective assessment of the adequacy of the illumination in a small office lit with a regular array of ceiling-mounted diffuser type luminaires under different desk top illuminances. The results varied

Fig 2: Spectral power distribution of candlelight and incandescent lamp (courtesy of NPL, UK)

widely but the preferred solution was for a pattern of light giving a much higher task illuminance than those found using traditional visual task experiments, and typically by a factor of two or more.

This suggested that lit appearance had some effect on human acceptance, or not, of a lit environment for a particular task. Is this a case of the observers using a wider field of view?

This is not surprising; note how people will describe a room, in a positive way, as ‘light’ in appearance, or ‘gloomy’, implying an inadequate amount of light and unacceptable illumination.

Also people will respond well to light patterns with a degree of variation to provide visual interest – note the human response to dappled sunlight or the sparkle from candlelight.

Theatre and film lighting designers have known this for some time; this was probably developed through experience where the lit scene needed to support the production narrative.

But does it apply to everyday situations and does it provide a benefit worth paying for? If nothing else the limited research evidence suggests a degree of non-uniformity in the illuminance pattern can at least provide better energy efficiency compared with a uniform task illuminance that has a bland appearance.

Most of the research results in this area have been based on human subjective response studies, though other studies in schools, retail outlets and hospitals have indicated positive results where lighting appearance has been considered beyond normal task illumination. But these are limited and more evidence is needed.

Lighting Journal June 2015

Light and vision

ILLUMINATION AND THE BRAIN Illumination and the brain are clearly linked in the process of vision. The illumination provides a luminance pattern that is projected on to the retina, situated at the back of the eye, and behind a web of nerve cells that transmit retinal signals to the brain enabling critical sight for action or storage.

There are other sensors, for example, ganglion cells, and again these are in front of the retina, which is odd since it would seem that they would reduce the quality of the light image reaching the retina and therefore critical sight.

Is it possible that they respond in a subconscious way to luminance patterns, not in a detailed way as is required for critical sight, but indicating degrees of visual interest?

Perhaps they also relate to the experience of visual lightness and gloominess? If that is the case, these additional signals would contribute to the overall experience of a lit environment rather than just the information for critical sight.

So far the lighting community has concentrated on the functional process, which is limited to the region of the retina described as the fovea. I describe it as the micro field of view covering a cone of around five degrees.

However, as mentioned above, the full field of view of the eye is much larger and covers a cone of view of around 100 degrees and it would seem reasonable to presume that it is there for some purpose. Is it to process the wider field of view which conveys subsidiary information to foveal vision?

Research evidence indicates that this might be covered by a cone of view of 40 degrees, which I have labelled the macro field of view, and operates in parallel with foveal vision (Fig 4).

This might be providing subsidiary information and subconscious signals that activate a chemical process in the brain, initiating a feeling of wellbeing, pleasantness or boredom, which turns into a condition of alertness or drowsiness. In which case it could have a value in performance.

Since the macro field covers a much wider spectral range it would enable good colour vision, particularly if the illuminant was daylight or similar, which human beings have evolved under for many thousands of years.

Yet we base so much of our understanding of illumination on so little of the eye’s potential field of view, as well as the purpose of what seem to be subsidiary elements.

Lighting Journal June 2015

Ccourtesy R Norman and M Hershenson, The Psychology of Visual Perception, 1973, Holt, Rinehart and Winston

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Fig 3: Human foveal spectral distribution – CIE Vλ distribution

ILLUMINATION METROLOGY This is made using photo-electric light sensors with a Vλ distribution which, since it covers a limited part of the eye’s spectral response, is likely to be of limited value. My suggestion is that we need to use two different spectral distributions – in other words, the Vλ distribution for task lighting and a distribution similar to daylight for the wider field of view, either combined or independently.

A possible tool is the digital camera which has a daylight-type spectral response distribution. Interestingly, some lighting practitioners have used digital cameras to measure luminance values apparently with some success. However, for them to be accurate they would need to have the same spectral distribution response as the Vλ distribution which clearly they do not.

But there seems to be little doubt that the digital camera process with an adapted spectral response to reflect human response, taking in both the micro and macro fields of view, would be required. This could also be used to examine the luminance pattern of a lighting scheme for a particular situation, considering both function and appearance.

Past research into the appearance of a lit environment has indicated that a combination of two parameters would be effective – one that appears suitable for that of Visual Lightness, defined by the average luminance of the macro field, together with that of Visual Interest, as defined by the luminance variation, again within the macro field, which can be described by the standard deviation of the luminance distribution (Fig 5).

Fig 4: Distribution of rod and cone receptors across the retina with suggested zones of micro and macro fields (adapted from MH Pirenne, Vision and the Eye, 2nd edition, London, Chapman and Hall 1967)

Light and vision

Fig 5: Schematic diagram indicating the relationship between Visual Lightness and Visual Interest for three different application types (task and appearance) – A, B and C

To continue to rely on a limited understanding of human response to illumination is likely to be a failing of the lighting community

Again the evidence is limited but nonetheless there seems to be a degree of logic in these parameters.

This is not to say that there needs to be strict numerical conditions for different environments, but it would serve to indicate degrees of variation.

WHERE NEXT 1 To determine the human spectral response/s for the definition of illumination measurements, considering illumination for both function and appearance. In my view this will need the spectral response of both the micro and macro fields, and a decision as to how they can best be combined for practical use.

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2 To devise a way to determine more accurately the brain’s response to different lit scenes or patterns of light – considering a range of applications and architecture. In the past this has been conducted using subjective response experiments that appear to satisfactorily indicate human response to different light patterns, but this needs to be extended for a range of different situations and applications. However, if different light patterns do determine different subconscious conditions then it may be possible to compare the visual observation of different light patterns to brain activity obtained from brain scan information.

3 Overall we need to have a better understanding of human response to lit environments to achieve the best conditions for human function, comfort and wellbeing for both human and energy efficiency.

This will require the expertise of ophthalmologists, neurologists and illumination practitioners for the purpose of providing the best lighting design for a particular purpose – not to determine rigid rules but to enable designers to understand the requirement and perhaps the cost benefit.

4 With the rapid development of the LED which can encompass a number of individual elements it will be possible to provide a light source with a spectral radiation covering the full visual range, but we need to be clear what is required and what degree of deviation from the ideal can be accepted.

5 Further research will be costly but to continue to rely on a limited understanding of human response to illumination is likely to be a failing of the lighting community. Realistically it will only be governments, large institutions and industry that can fund any new research but they will need to be convinced of the potential value – hence pilot experiments would be helpful and here the universities can help.

This article is a summary of a more extensive paper recently published online in Lighting Research and Technology: Loe DL, Lighting Vision and Illumination: the interaction revisited. First published on 16 March 2015. DOI 10.1177/1477153515572240.

Lighting Journal June 2015

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Light and vision

COLOURING OUR VISION

Erez Ribak and Amichai Labin outline their recent research that appears to confirm that the pipe-shaped Muller cells on the retina filter colours to improve vision

T

he Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded in 1906 to Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi ‘in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system’. Among many other discoveries, Ramon y Cajal and Golgi discovered the structure, shape and organisation of the various neural cells.

In particular, they studied a very interesting neural tissue, the retina of the eye, responsible for detecting the images that we see, colourful at daytime and grey at night-time.

A very interesting question that immediately emerged was: why are the retinal neurons located in front of the photoreceptors instead of being behind them, as was expected from a standard camera?

We know that the neurons form layers totalling a quarter of a millimetre in thickness, and that these layers process the visual information and send it to the brain.

Only after light crosses the neural layers does it arrive at the photoreceptors which sense the light. The photoreceptors come in two flavours, cones and rods. The cones detect mainly three colours, red, green and blue, and are more concentrated near the centre of the eye.

Further out, in the periphery of the retina, more rods can be found, which are saturated during the day, and can detect very low levels of light, allowing vision at night-time.

Rods are not colour-sensitive, and they make up most of the photoreceptors, tiling the retina in between the cones.

But the perplexing question raised, and which has remained unsolved until now, was how can the photoreceptors still detect light efficiently to form our excellent vision, despite this back-to-front structure?

In more primitive animals, such as the squid and octopus,

The perplexing question raised, unsolved until now, was how can the photoreceptors still detect light efficiently to form our excellent vision, despite this back-tofront structure?

Lighting Journal June 2015

3D scans reveal the structure of the Muller cells (red) sitting above the photoreceptor cells (blue)

Left: light intensity impinging on glial cell array, at entrance to the funnel. Green light hits at 6 degrees to the right. Right: after propagation and concentration along the glial cells, light arrives at the cones at the bottom of the retina. Some of the light leaks and is scattered to the nearby rods.

Light and vision the neural layers fall behind the photoreceptors as was expected. But in all vertebrates the retina is ‘inverted’, such that the light must first cross neural layers to reach the photoreceptors. This is like inserting a matte glass in front of the CCD detector in a camera, degrading and blurring the image. Such an evolutionary stable design, which only varies marginally between different vertebrates, must have smart answers to this situation, but what are they?

A step towards the solution of the enigma came from Professor Andreas Reichenbach’s lab in Leipzig, where his focus has been on Muller (or glial) cells. Muller cells are essential for the retina: they mainly perform as metabolic channels which pass nutrients to the photoreceptors and remove toxic waste material. These glial cells also support the soft retina, running from the cones to the vitreous humour (the fluid of the eye).

It was discovered that glial cells have a higher refractive index than their nerve surrounding. This physical-optical property allows these cells to also serve as light guides, crossing the retina along the path of light. In addition to their light guiding, these cells have a funnel shape facing the pupil of the eye, which helps them collect more light.

Following this discovery, we have developed a computer model, mimicking the passage of light through these glial cells, and indeed showed that they can guide light, just like fibre optics, into the cones. Moreover, by limiting the light to the glial cells, we showed that they help us reject scattered light from outside our field of view. In other words, since glial cells face the iris, they mostly pass light that arrives from the pupil, but not from the periphery of our field of view.

Muller cells are very hard to see in the live eye: they are clear, as are the neural layers across which they pass, and the claims that they could lead light in addition to their metabolic function were not easily accepted. But then we noticed something interesting in our computer simulation: that the colours best passed by these cells are green to red, while blue light, and far red light, rather easily scatter out.

That scattered light does not reach the cone photoreceptors to which the glial cells are connected, but rather leaks on to the nearby rod photoreceptors.

The preference for guiding green to red light seemed to match the sensitivity of two types of cones; the green and red, which might be more than a coincidence. Moreover, this colour preference could be measured in the retina. Coming from the faculty of physics, we found cooperation in the Technion’s faculty of medicine to show this phenomenon in real retinas.

We used the retinas of guinea pigs, diurnal rodents, known to resemble human retinas in many ways. We injected white light into these retinas, and scanned them in three dimensions through a microscope. By this we were able to build a model of light passing the volume of the retina. We repeated this measurement for 27 separate colours to construct 27 such measured ‘data-cubes’ of light pathways through the retina.

What we found out was indeed very close to our computer simulations, when light would not pass the retina uniformly, and as it crossed it towards the photoreceptors, it formed patches of green-red light.

These patches continued from layer to layer of the measured retinal volume, forming streaks of light across the retina. Their colour spectrum matched nearly perfectly the colour spectrum of the green and red cone photoreceptors into which they led. If we wish to compare to a uniform retina, and uniform light transmission, then with the light concentration of the glial cells, the green and red cones were measured to receive up to 10 times more light. In contrast, blue light was not retained in the glial cells but scattered

25

Section through retina: except for grey absorbing layers at the bottom, all parts are transparent. Neurons are represented in blue, their nuclei in pink, brown and red. Light arrives from the eye’s pupil (top) and guided along the glia cells (green). Each such cell is attached to a colour-sensitive cone (violet), surrounded by many light-sensitive rods (orange)

outside the cones, on to the neighbouring rod photoreceptors.

This makes sense, since our eyes accept too much of the blue colour, and excess light is not useful for the few blue cone photoreceptors. The picture changes significantly at night, when the rods kick into action. Rods produce fuzzier images, but they can use the scattered light that falls on them more efficiently than cones.

To summarise, we found that the fact that the retina is ‘inverted’, has its benefits: if the photoreceptors came before the neural layers, than we would get less green-red light, besides losing vision acuity. Muller (glial) cells, which support metabolism, also play an optical role, helping concentrate the right colours on to their adjacent cones. In other words, Muller cells are optimised, in a beautiful fashion, to gather light where it is needed most: in the cones. Moreover, this process is most efficient for very specific colours, determined by the light receptor sensitivity.

Now we can ask a new question: did evolution find a way to solve and compensate for the inverted retina problem, or did the inverted retina develop to solve both the metabolic and optical problems at the same time?

The research was carried out by graduate students Amichai Labin and Shadi Safuri, and researchers Prof Ido Perlman and Dr Erez Ribak, at the departments of physics and medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa. http://physics.technion.ac.il/~eribak/ Light%20Propagation%20in%20the%20Retina.html

Lighting Journal June 2015

26

Awards

SOMETHING OF AN UNDERSTATEMENT Jill Entwistle looks at three of the Excellence award winners at this year’s IALD International Lighting Design Awards, including the scheme that took top honours, the Radiance award

W

hat are the chances of two cultural centres, both more or less cylindrical in shape, both in China, both scooping Excellence awards for their striking facade lighting?

Although both schemes rely on colour and dynamism, they are disciplined and restrained, qualities also exhibited by the other two winners, King’s Cross Square* and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, both white light schemes that rely on subtlety, sensitivity and simplicity.

*The fourth Excellence winner was King’s Cross Square by Studio Fractal. Please see Lighting Journal October 2014 for full coverage of the scheme

Lighting Journal June 2015

Awards

27

Radiance Award Project: The Han Show Theatre, Wuhan City, Hubei, China Lighting design: Bume Perfect Illumination Design and Engineering Company

The lantern technique, the idea of letting a building glow from the inside, is now a familiar one, but the analogy here extends even further, as the lighting is appropriately inspired by the structure and luminescence of traditional red Chinese lanterns.

Perched on the edge of East Lake, against the dramatic backdrop of Wuhan City, in central eastern China, the massive cylindrical building has a plane diameter of 110m and a height of just over 60m. The building facade is complex, composed of 18,665 individual red aluminium alloy roundels.

To achieve the subtle lantern effect, the team installed 2500K LED floodlights in the internal aluminium curtain; the yellow light glows from the lantern ‘wick’, forming a gradation of light and shadow. Underneath, 3000K LED floodlights are used to balance the rhythm of the lantern ‘fringe’.

The whole scheme relies on reflection. The LED sources reflect light from the centre on to the roundels themselves, forming four gentle light spots. Each ray pixel can be controlled by a single DMX system. The video images created in this way either move vividly and flexibly across the manyfaceted surface of the lantern, or remain static to allow the lantern to emit an understated glow.

‘Poetry is the gift light brings to this dense urban area,’ said one judge. ‘By using only reflected light, each calotte works as a small lantern. The observer can either see 1000 lanterns as in a magic ensemble, one huge glowing lantern, or even an animated lantern

with the use of preprogrammed effects.’

The design team carried out repeated optical simulations, tests and multiple rounds of design; the technical parameters of each roundel lamp and the overall illuminance of the structure conform strictly to Chinese illumination standards. The red LED sources are a specific wavelength of 620-635nm, organically overlaying the coloured roundels to create the evocative, traditional Chinese colour.

‘The lighting of this civic theatre is well integrated into the iconic building design and truly transforms it into a 21st-century Chinese lantern, making it a centerpiece of the city,’ another judge said. ‘The dynamic exterior lighting creates a theatre within a theatre, and an illuminated billboard for the venue.’

Another judge called it ‘a very unique

take on the common “building facade as digital display” concept. In this case the details are what make the design so compelling and appropriate. Every elevation and architectural component is thoughtful and considerate. The culturally relevant lantern theme works at every scale.’

Programme planner: Wanda Cultural Tourism Planning and Research Institute Theatre builder: Stufish Building concept: Steven Chilton Studio Performance space designer: Mark Fisher Production and installation: Dalian Luming Optoelectronics Engineering Animation: Qianbaihui Lighting Engineering Photography: Zhou Li

Lighting Journal June 2015

28

Awards

Project: Zhenhai Culture and Art Centre of each diamond shape. Each LED Lighting design: has a seven-degree lens and is tilted Ningbo Yongqi Lighting 60 degrees upwards to light the upper frames of the diamond while avoiding Located in Zhenhai, a district and town almost all reflections on to the glazing. in Ningbo, eastern China, the Zhenhai ‘The light sources are so carefully Cultural and Arts Centre is a landmark integrated that the architecture project. Connected by corridors, the seems to glow by itself,’ commented centre comprises three buildings, which one of the judges. ‘This incredibly are designed to evoke the structure clever solution creates an even and of a water molecule. balanced luminosity.’

The lighting designers worked Variable light is applied on to the closely with the architect to develop facade’s 1000 diamond shapes to the facade design which allowed two complement its striking geometry, while completely concealed LEDs to be static light illuminates the roof and corridor. installed into custom slots at the bottom The colours of the facade morph

from lake blue to white, creating a sense of depth and calm.

The scheme involved a powerful three-dimensional control system that allow each of the 50,000 RGBW LEDs to be individually controlled, producing refined lighting effects in a wide spectrum of colours, or creating graphical effects.

A power-saving mode lights the roof, while the facade light is turned off and the gallery light reduced to 50 per cent.

Architect: Tjad, Shanghai Photography: Xing Kaiqun

THE WINNERS IN FULL AWARD

PROJECT NAME

PRINCIPAL DESIGNER

LOCATION

Radiance Award

The Han Show Theatre

Bume Perfect Illumination Design and Engineering Company

Wuhan City, Hubei, China

Excellence

The National September 11 Memorial Museum at the World Trade Center

Fisher Marantz Stone

New York

Excellence

Zhenhai Cultural and Art Centre

Ningbo Yongqi Lighting

Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

Excellence

King’s Cross Square

StudioFRACTAL

London

Merit

Stapleton Library

Cline Bettridge Bernstein

New York

Merit

Kyobashi Child Institution

Lighting M Inc

Tokyo

Merit

California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Salon Dore

Auerbach Glasow French

San Francisco

Merit

Art Museum, Ahrenshoop

Licht Kunst Licht

Osteseebad Ahrenshoop, Germany

Merit

The Brown Institute for Media Innovation, Columbia University School of Journalism

Buro Happold

New York

Merit

Knightsbridge Estate

GIA Equation

London

Merit

US National Library Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom

Available Light

Washington DC

Merit

Queen Elizabeth Park

Speirs and Major

London

Merit

Das Gerber

Pfarré Lighting Design

Stuttgart, Germany

Merit

Northrop Auditorium Renovation

HGA Architects and Engineers; Arup

Minneapolis, MN

Citation (1)

Light Garden

Claudia Paz Lighting Studio

Lima, Peru

Lighting Journal June 2015

Awards The National September 11 Memorial Museum at the World Trade Center, New York Lighting design: Fisher Marantz Stone With such an emotive site, which commemorates the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the aim of both architecture and lighting was to avoid melodrama, and instead allow visitors to the memorial to develop their own responses and emotions.

‘This powerful interior design was advanced by equally powerful lighting,’ observed one judge. ‘The scheme created a contemplative and solemn atmosphere for this unique memorial.’

In a scheme that has been described as ‘design in a minor key’, the aim of the lighting was ‘to preserve a balance between rational and emotional, light and dark, hot and cold’. Primarily designed in 2007 and 2008, the scheme uses only metal halide and fluorescent sources. All exposed fixtures are organised in linear slots aligned with the visitor routes.

The torqued entrance pavilion frames wrecked steel, providing views and daylight to the museum entry.

The long entrance allows the visitor

to both adapt to the museum’s light levels and confront the museum’s subject matter at a personal pace.

On entering the museum itself, the visitor travels down a twisting, dark wood ramp with pre-9/11 views on one side and a brilliantly lighted silver wall on the other.

At this point it becomes apparent how the museum is organised: two metal volumes precisely the size of and in the location of the original twin towers.

Light reflected by these volumes is the main source of general light for the space, recalling the reflections of the sun lighting the towers.

‘The vibrant and glowing walls enhance the message of hope of this emblematic memorial,’ said another judge.

Finally, visitors reach a point where they can look down below to see for the first time the immense West Chamber with surviving slurry wall, a bulwark against the water of the Hudson on their left, and one of the glowing silver volumes on their right.

The ramp ends at ground zero, the bedrock on which the towers were built. The silver volumes provide all of the general light for the space, while careful accent lighting illuminates the objects on display.

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‘All the textures and surfaces are enhanced by lighting,’ said a third judge.

‘The architecture becomes radiant, and feels absolutely natural.’

Architect: Davis Brody Bond Exhibition: Thinc Design M&E: JB&B Structural engineering: WSP Global Photography: Jeff Goldberg/Esto, Davis Brody Bond, James E Wing, Charles Stone

Lighting Journal June 2015

30

Exhibition review

MATERIAL DIFFERENCE Moving beyond conventional polymers and fabrics was one theme at this year’s Euroluce lighting exhibition in Milan, says Chris Fordham

With Milan Expo directly following this year’s Euroluce light fair, there was an undercurrent of anticipation for something new and innovative, following the creative collaboration which surrounds the event.

This was evident before even entering the fair, at an art and design exhibition on the theme of fasting, A Stomaco Vuoto (On an Empty Stomach).

One piece in particular, by Francesca Perani of FP Enterprise, gave an interesting take on how light can mimic and stimulate emotion. A table was set with food that is definitely absent and at the same time present. A light source linked to a dedicated app allowed the visitor to express the sense of frustration determined by food deprivation, through light intensity and colour.

Perhaps a similar system could be devised for rating the products on offer at the fair itself. Maybe as a consequence of the ubiqiuity and greater general understanding of LED technology (and its pitfalls), there were fewer manufacturers overemphasising the numerous benefits of LEDs per se. Compared to the last fair in 2013, this year’s Euroluce was more about the product’s form, miniaturisation and innovative use of materials.

Targetti’s Diva is a good example.

Available as a direct, indirect or direct/ indirect office light, with differentiated dimming circuits for each emission, it uses an interesting material called Cristalplant. This is made from a high percentage of natural, extremely pure polyester polymers, and is therefore an inert, hypoallergenic and non-toxic material, making it very sustainable.

Due to the fact that the product is moulded by gravity into one single sinuous piece, there are no visible lines, which gives the luminaire a very clean, organic feel, and soft, silky surface texture. Pessimistically but practically, it

Lighting Journal June 2015

also comes with a self-repair kit in case of any scratches that may occur over time. The luminaire has an LOR of 98.5 per cent, an output of 5620lm, is 55.4W and available with Dali dimming.

Another innovative product shown for the first time at Euroluce was Silenzio, from Luceplan. A suspended pendant fitting, available in 3 x 20W/23W/27W versions, the fitting was developed in conjunction with the Danish textile firm Kvadrat to fulfil a dual purpose: first to ‘visually warm up the space’ and, second, to provide sound absorption.

Silenzio is made with layers of different sound-absorbing materials. The inner expanded polyethylene is bonded to the external fabric, while the covering in polyurethane foam boosts the level of acoustic performance.

Aimed at public and private spaces, the product can be customised in different fabric finishes from the Remix colour collection. The pendant is part of a family of textile wall products, the idea being that they can be used in conjunction with each other.

Due to its technical acoustic nature, it is aimed as much at the sound engineer as the lighting design fraternity, with all the sound absorption data made available for use in room acoustic software. Designers using the luminaire are encouraged to seek collaboration with acoustic engineers for greatest allround benefits.

Colour metrics A new product – so new it didn’t have a name at time of going to press – from Ingo Maurer was a paper thin aluminium wall/table light. Suitable for high-end offices, boardrooms and corridors, the delight lies not only in the simplicity of its aesthetic, which enables it to fade into the visual scene, but also how beautifully balanced the product is in terms of its adjustability, due to a patented ball joint mechanism attached to the wall. Made from a 6mm aluminium sheet and giving out 1600lm, it uses a Xicato chip and is Zhaga compliant. It will be available with different lens options.

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Luceplan’s sound-absorbing Silenzio (and opposite)

Targetti’s Diva made from Cristalplant, a sustainable compound material

Ingo Maurer wall light

Delta Light’s iMax with warm dim technology

For its recessed downlight concept iMax, Delta Light has joined companies such as Lucent and XAL in using warm dim technology that avoids the LED ‘cooling’ in temperature as levels are lowered. Available with three different chip options, Xicato, Bridgelux and Cree, it is specifically aimed at lighting designers, and offered in adjustable or fixed versions, with honeycomb louvre, spreader lenses and so on.

A simple offering from Artemide called Discovery plays on the now you see it, now you don’t principle that LED edgelighting makes possible, and which a number of companies have used for office fittings. Discovery consists of an ultra-round aluminium ring, which while unlit is transparent, but when turned on gives a pleasing direct/indirect light.

The completely homogeneous finish to the large circular surface is very pleasing to the eye, with very low luminance. It uses a well-known optical principle, with the application of micro dot technology to the PMMA surface, where in this case the micro grains have been carefully calculated to achieve the constant emission. Light output is 4334lm, and it is available in both Dali and DMX. Discovery is part of a family of products, which includes a table and suspended version.

Discovery by Artemide

Lighting Journal June 2015

GET READY FOR

THE

SUMMIT Vice President Events, Scott Pengelly, and Senior Vice President, Elizabeth Thomas, invite you to the Professional Lighting Summit, the event to address your lighting needs and professional development.

WHEN: 23 and 24 September 2015 This event is always designed with the audience in mind: today’s hard working lighting professional, short on time, with a busy demanding role. Last year, 100% of delegate feedback forms told us they had achieved their objectives for attending.

Scott and Elizabeth are equally determined to create a 2015 programme that is worth two days of your valuable time to attend.

VISIT www.theilp.org.uk/summit TO...

Download a Learn about training request for accommodation your employer options See the exhibitors and and BOOK sponsors YOUR PLACE!

WHERE: The Queen Hotel, Chester GREAT VALUE The treasurers have set the fees for this event.

Full time places include all daytime sessions for the two days of the Summit, including lunch and refreshments, PLUS Celebration Dinner AND one night bed and breakfast at the Queen Hotel.

Full time attendee - ILP member = £398 Full time attendee - non member = £697 One day tickets include daytime sessions, lunch and refreshments, for the date stated. They do not include accommodation or an evening meal.

One day ticket - ILP member = £133 One day ticket - non member = £233 Celebration Dinner tickets include a place at the black tie dinner on Wednesday 23 September. They do not include accommodation.

Celebration Dinner ticket = £92 All prices are exclusive of VAT.

Thank you to the organisations taking stands at the Professional Lighting Summit

Any queries? Please call the events team on 01788 576492 or via www.theilp.org.uk

DON’T MISS THE EVENT OF THE YEAR

e u s Is 5 1 0 2 g u -A ly u J r fo s Feature The Humble Lamppost scheme

What is it and will it be helpful?

And then there was (white LED) light An interview with Nobel Laureate Shuji Nakamura

Seasonal flare

A look at festive lighting

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Future concept

T

he average high street retail changing room is, by and large the dreariest, dingiest bit of the shop. Either that, or there are are downlights drilling down on to the top of the customer’s head producing a spectacularly unflattering image in the mirror. Not the way to go if you want to sell your gear one would have thought.

However, at the top end of the scale things are getting quite snazzy.

One of the latest developments is from Osram. Debut is a virtual reality shopping experience, a mixture of video and lighting simulation, which involves the retailer installing video projection equipment in the changing room.

Retailers can select and project realistic everyday scenes on to the touchscreen user interface with a PC and software. Real images and film, along with static and dynamic lighting, are measured and then recreated in the changing room. Additional lighting using Cove Light AC HO RGBW from Traxon Technologies, an Osram subsidiary, ensures dynamic effects and seamless mixing of colours.

The changing room ‘is brought to life by adding real environmental data – video recordings and photometric measurements – to a lighting and media system,’ says Osram. ‘Scenes in the Debut system are played in the dressing room based on a subscription. This makes it very easy for you to change the scenes so that your customers can experience the latest fashion trends firsthand and on location.’

As well as securing customer loyalty and making them linger longer in your store, there are cross-marketing possibilities, according to Osram. ‘For example, when selecting a restaurant scene, an actual restaurant in the near vicinity can be filmed in advance and then played back in the dressing room – the contact information for the restaurant will then appear directly on the screen as well. This means that customers can reserve a table and wear their new outfit right then and there.’

It’s a bit of a leap from the current ill-fitting curtain scenario so it might be a while before it catches on in the likes of Dorothy Perkins. www.osram.com/osram_com/ tools-and-services/services/events/ euroshop-2014/highlight-products/ index.jsp

Lighting Journal June 2015

CHANGE FOR THE BETTER

Video and lighting combine to create virtual reality for retail customers

Future IYL concept Event

35

ONLY CONNECT Following the inaugural event last year, Eindhoven is again hosting the Smart City Lighting Event

Circle, a knowledge and networking initiative for smart technologies. ‘To become more affordable, cities need to start investigating the wide range of benefits of switching from a traditional professional field of city lighting to the far more complex network of smart lighting technology,’ Around 90 delegates attended last year’s conference, representing local government, businesses, universities and R&D centres.

The event programme will involve ollowing on from its 2014 event, a mix of keynote speakers, round table later this month Eindhoven is again discussions and ‘inspiring lab’ sessions. hosting a conference examining Chair will be Jacqueline Cramer, director lighting issues in smart cities. of the Utrecht Sustainability Institute and Billed as an International Year of professor in sustainable innovation at Light event, the Smart City Lighting Utrecht University.

Event is supported by LUCI (Lighting Among the speakers will be Urban Community International) and Frederic Durand, project manager partnered by various organisations, public lighting for Lyons, who will look including Dutch green energy company at smart lighting in the French city; Alliander and Philips. award-winning Mexican lighting designer ‘Cities all over the world are facing Gustavo Avilés, director and founder of revolutionary changes in city lighting Lightteam, who will look at lighting and and consequently huge investments legacy, and Graham Colclough, partner in the replacement of conventional of UrbanDNA, who will explain The street lighting into highly intelligent Humble Lamppost initiative (see next lighting systems,’ says organiser Smart issue of Lighting Journal).

F

Cities need to start investigating the wide range of benefits of switching from a traditional professional field of city lighting to the far more complex network of smart lighting technology Proceedings start on the evening of 24 June, with registration, opening speech, dinner and lighting event, with the conference proper on 25 June. Full details at: www.smart-circle.org/lighting/

Lighting Journal June 2015

36

President’s address

FORWARD THINKING T

Education and cooperation were key to future stability and success, ILP president Mark Cooper told members at the 2015 regional AGMs

he lighting industry has been held up as an exemplar for training and development by government bodies such as the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), ILP president Mark Cooper told members at the regional AGMs. ‘This is attracting more finance and assistance to highlight this fastchanging and technological sector and the opportunities it offers,’ he said.

The recent Stem initiative (see News, Lighting Journal May), which

Switch-off During his visits to the regions in April, Mark Cooper announced the launch of the ILP’s advisory document on switch-off. It provides an auditable risk-based approach. ‘Failure to follow this guidance may leave an authority’s approach open to question,’ says the document. The following is a summary of key points: Preliminary works If lights are to be switched off, additional safety works are likely to be required including improving the condition of the white lining, signage and road studs.

These works must meet the standards required for an unlit road. The principles of good lighting design still apply.

This is especially important in conflict areas (see PLG 02) and

Lighting Journal June 2015

authorities must also consider the recommended safe length of any unlit section of highway between adjacent lit sections (see Highways Agency document TD34).

Risk-based appraisal process The ILP recommends that anyone switching off public lighting follows the principles of the Highways Agency document IAN 167/12.

The following is a summary of the 10-stage process: Stage 1: A high-level review to determine areas that are most likely to be better candidates for switch-off. The aim is to identify sites where this approach will affect safety the least (including road safety, crime and disorder), be most easily implemented and provide a reasonable reduction in running costs.

Stage 2: Review the site to

has seen the ILP cooperating with other lighting bodies to promote science, technology, engineering and maths in schools, was the type of activity that the BIS was applauding, said Cooper.

The initiative, which involves the IALD and SLL, as well as the BIS, centres on developing a series of workshops providing information, presentation materials and tips for those interested in becoming Stem ambassadors. It will also dovetail into a BIS programme called the Skills Ladder. ‘This will help provide a proposed career ladder for those leaving school, or in further education and looking for apprenticeships, graduate programmes or just the next step in their lighting career, and how they can make use of all of the training and education opportunities that the lighting industry offers.’

When elected president, he had made a commitment to

determine that no obvious sitespecific issues will make switchoff inappropriate. Essentially, the application of common sense in the assessment of road layout, conflict areas, CCTV provision, pedestrian use and levels and perception of street crime.

Stage 3: Determine the safety benefits derived over the past five years of operation. Where switch-off or part-night is being considered then a Personal Injury Accidents (PIA) dataset should be generated for each location and this should include the time and date of accident and severity of accidents. PIAs should be rationalised to exclude incidents where driver gross negligence was a significant or contributory factor.

Stage 4: A road safety report to provide a detailed risk assessment of the level of utility of the road at

the selected site, addressing such questions as: What hazards is the road lighting currently eliminating or mitigating? Could these hazards be managed in other ways? Are the hazards only relevant at certain times such as during peak traffic flows?

Stage 5: A lighting design report should be produced by a competent lighting professional providing an accurate costing of all aspects. For instance, the increase in PIAs must be taken into account relevant to the period for which the switch-off is proposed.

Consideration must be given to the requirements for signage, as existing lit or unlit signs may require changing to ‘retroreflective’ material.

Profiling the costs should be considered on a whole-life costing basis.

President’s address

Stage 6: Determine the running costs accrued over the past five years of operation of the existing installation. As with Stage 5 this should be based on a whole-life costing approach and include past reactive maintenance work.

Stage 7: Determine a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), essentially comparing Stages 3 and 6 above.

Stage 8: Evaluate the decision based on the following: • Is the site appropriate for the switch-off approach being considered?

• Does a comparison of costs and effect on safety/crime indicate the measure is practicable and acceptable to stakeholders?

• Can the benefits be realised?

provide better education opportunities for members and also to start engaging more with the wider and associated lighting industries, said Cooper. The Stem initiative was ‘a complete industry offer, not an ILP offer,’ he said. ‘We must continue to work with our trade partners and ensure that our messages to the outside world are as an industry not as competing bodies.’

Turning to the ILP itself, Cooper said that membership had increased by more than 25 per cent over the past year and there were now more than 2000 members, making it the largest single UK lighting body. ‘This is great news and testament to the hard work put in by our members and staff, and the vision to move from ILE to ILP, when the industry was just starting to look at itself and assess how we could react to changing technology and drivers in lighting.’

The number of lighting designers and associated lighting professionals had also grown within the membership and the aim was to increase this further with targeted events and training, said Cooper. This year there would be additional focus on the transportation sector, with particular emphasis on rail lighting, where the ILP hoped to add additional membership, as well as provide training courses for existing members working in this area.

However, he said, there were a number of issues and concerns within the street lighting industry that needed addressing. He had recently spoken at the APSE (Association of Public Service Excellence) conference on highways and street lighting, which was attended by the lead officer from the Department of Transport responsible for funding proposals for the Challenge Fund.

‘In his presentation he said that of all the bids he received for evaluation more than a third of those were for replacement LED street lighting. They recognise that they could do so much more, but were very conscious that skills and experience had either left or were due to leave the industry, and that these

• Is the reputation of the authority being placed at risk?

The study and decision (even if it is to do nothing) must be recorded for future reference.

Stage 9: Communications plan.

The decision should be made known to stakeholders, including councillors, emergency services, area forum groups and residents.

were not being replaced quickly enough.’

Cooper said that as part of his own presentation, he had appealed to the delegates to ensure that they are employing competent lighting professionals, as outlined by the ILP, to ensure that they were spending their

My challenge is to take the institution and the industry from looking inwards to facing out, and ensuring that government is aware of us and making use of our resources as an industry budgets in the correct area. ‘This is not just on technical innovation but also on training for their staff to replace the skills that are being lost,’ he said.

‘The pace of technological change within lighting over the past 10 years has been huge, and the expected change over the next 10 years will be at least the same if not more. For this reason more emphasis must be placed on continuing education and more resources placed in this area.’

Cooper said that the institution is producing documentation that can be sent to local authority chief executives and HR personnel to show the merits of joining and staying as a member of the ILP, along with the training that the institution and its partner bodies could provide, a great deal of which is free.

Turning to younger members,

37

Stage 10: Implementation with monitoring and resultant action plans that may include the lighting being switched back on again.

Decisions on public lighting should be made only by qualified, competent lighting professionals. www.theilp.org.uk/documents/ switch-off-2015/

Cooper said the growth of the YLP and its importance within the industry could not be underestimated. ‘We have made positive steps in promoting this body and will continue to support its growth.’

He also reported on recent and forthcoming publications produced by the ILP. PLG08 Variable Lighting, PLG01 CMS and the update of TR22 are all due in the coming months.

Cooper also used the AGM meetings to launch a technical guidance document providing advice on Switch Off, free of charge to members and available to download from the website (see box).

Returning to the theme of cooperation, he said that this had also applied to guidance. The ILP has been working with the LIA and BIS among other bodies to produce a new street lighting toolkit that can be downloaded from the Local Partnerships website. ‘This toolkit will provide guidance and whole-life costings and business case proposals for new LED lighting replacement schemes, and is based on best practice sourced from across the UK.’ In his conclusion, Cooper said that the challenge for previous presidents had been to get the ILP membership to understand the change from ILE to ILP and convince the industry that it is more than a name change.

‘My challenge is to take the institution and the industry from looking inwards to facing out, and ensuring that government is aware of us and making use of our resources as an industry,’ he said. ‘To this end we are restructuring our education programmes, aligning ourselves with the LIA and refocusing our marketing and PR to ensure we can meet the challenges ahead.’

Changes in technology and energy reduction will provide more challenges, he concluded. ‘We must continue to evolve to embrace them, to ensure that as an industry, and as an institution, we stand at the front and lead those alongside us – this will ensure our survival and provide a challenging and rewarding career for those following us.’

Lighting Journal June 2015

38

VPs’ column

LOCAL KNOWLEDGE Keith Henry, VP technical, reports on the new guidance documents currently being developed in the regions

I

n line with many institutions the ILP has evolved to meet the diverse and growing demands of both its members and the public for up-todate information and advice. With this thought in mind I recently asked HQ for a list of the most commonly downloaded items from the website.

The list, while only a snapshot in time, did contain a few surprises. The top five downloads did not include any of the current PLGs, for instance, although I would like to think members have already made use of this membership benefit and downloaded these already.

The top five were: 1 2

LP: Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light ILP: Guidance on Current and Forthcoming Legislation within the Lighting Sector CSS SL1: Class and Quality of Street Lighting CSS SL5b: Guidance on the Lighting Requirements for Signs and Bollards ILP: Example Competency Statement for CEng and MILP

The regions have been active in promoting and championing the development and preparation of these new documents and taken a lead role in selecting the chair for each panel

as it demonstrates the interest the membership committee has generated 3 in encouraging members to upgrade their membership.

4 The reason I requested the information on downloads stems from a need to better understand our members’ 5 needs at a time when the lighting industry continues to evolve at a rapid rate. The use of LED technology for all It is no surprise to see Guidance forms of public realm lighting continues Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive to expand and some of the funding Light at the top of the list as this issue available to local authorities to upgrade continues to dominate, especially as their lighting stock only permits the use existing lighting is replaced with LED of LEDs to achieve these savings. and the directional control of the lighting In order for the technical committee improves. It is also the most downloaded to deliver relevant and useful technical item by non-members of the ILP as advice and guidance for members the public demand for a better quality we need full engagement with those environment continues to grow. members at all levels.

The Guidance on Current and The RTLO network is a great starting Forthcoming Legislation within the point in the regions for members to Lighting Sector also demonstrates seek advice and guidance from their people’s desire to stay up to date with peers. The majority of regions now have current legislation and understanding of technical groups within them, which their responsibilities. meet to discuss relevant technical The two CSS documents, while topics. It is through the feedback slightly older than the others in the received from individuals, the regions top five, are from the volume of and the RTLOs that the future priorities downloads still considered valuable for technical guidance and advice sources of information. documents are prioritised.

It is encouraging to see that the The regions have been active Example Competency Statement for in promoting and championing the CEng and MILP has made the top five development and preparation of these

Lighting Journal June 2015

new documents and taken a lead role in selecting the chair for each panel. The panels currently developing documents include L&SE region who are working on the revision of TR22: Managing a Vital Asset under the chairmanship of Alptekin Tanriverdi. This panel has held workshops across the country in an effort to encourage members to express their views on the document, and actively get involved in the review of the existing content and identify the areas that need inclusion and review, such as passive safety columns.

L&SE, under the chairmanship of Dave Franks, have also taken on the writing of a new document covering electrical street furniture. This has been prompted by the growth in several areas of the need for on-street electrical supplies such as electrical vehicle charging points.

The Midlands region has also been proactive and, under the chairmanship of Nigel Monaghan, is involved in a document being developed on car park lighting, which aims to bring together the various standards and recommendations already available. In addition to this Haydn Yeo is working on a document covering the illumination of traffic signs.

In concluding, I would like to commend the chair of each region on the quality of the speakers they continue to ‘find’ every year for their technical meetings. One area that has been raised by the technical committee is the sharing of information between regions with regards to good speakers and topics. There are always times during the year when a speaker needs to cancel and a replacement needs to be found quickly.

I would appeal to all members and guests who attend technical meetings that if the speaker and content are of interest and worthwhile for other members to be made aware of please inform your chair, secretary or RTLO, and ask them to let their equivalents in other regions know about the speaker and content. vp.technical@theilp.org.uk

Simply enhance life in the city with light Lighting has the power to bring the city to life, especially at night.

Used imaginatively, architectural illumination can enhance a sense of space, and enrich people’s experience of a place. The depth and breadth of the Philips portfolio can support you in developing a distinctive identity and inviting atmosphere, whilst achieving significant energy and maintenance savings.

The Philips Lighting Difference Philips is at the forefront of lighting innovation, so in today’s rapidly changing world you can depend on us to have the very latest and best product solutions. With over 120 years of lighting experience, you can feel safe in the knowledge that your investment is in the hands of one of the most recognisable, trusted and admired names in lighting.

Project Location Customer

Brighton Pavilion Brighton, East Sussex The Royal Pavilion & Museums

Philips Architectural Lighting Solutions www.philips.co.uk/outdoorlighting

40 Products

What’s new Ateljé Lyktan

Eagle Swedish architects Tham and Videgård originally designed the Eagle pendant as a special for the wellpublicised Treehotel in the village of Harads, near the Arctic Circle. A glazed box, or Mirrorcube, clad round a tree trunk, it reflects the surrounding forest.

The cube shape was the inspiration for the luminaire, an unfolded cube resembling an origami bird, which Ateljé Lyktan, part of the Fagerhult group, is now putting into general production. Made of moulded aluminium, it is available as a pendant (820mm x 319mm), ceiling fitting (820mm x 185mm) and wall version (300mm x 590mm x 190mm). www.atelje-lyktan.se/en

Xicato

XTM 9mm module The XTM 9mm is Xicato’s latest crack at narrow beam accent lighting applications. Designed for interchangeability with the XTM 19mm module, it enables narrow beams with a high centre beam intensity for tall ceilings. The 50mm-diameter optic can achieve 15,000cd and the 111mm-diameter optic more than 70,000cd. It uses an existing system of accessories including heatsinks, drivers and reflectors. With outputs ranging from 700lm to 2000lm (up to 90lm/W) and colour temperatures 2700K, 3000K, 3500K and 4000K, it will be available in the Standard, Artist and Vibrant Series (V80, V95). Zhaga compatible, it has a five-year colour and lumen maintenance warranty. www.xicato.com

Zumtobel

Slotlight infinity

Linear luminaires that draw lines of light in interiors are now de rigueur in many companies’ ranges.

The trick is to get the light as homogeneous and pure as possible. Zumtobel has revisited its own product, available as surface-mounted, recessed and pendant luminaire, and introduced a few refinements in the latest version. Luminous L connectors arranged in 90-degree angles are part of the luminaire, to avoid shadowing both on the butt joints and in the corners. It also has an opal optic supplied with a continuous diffuser that can be up to 20m metres long to create a consistent continuous-row system without any shadows or overlapping. Smaller lighting modules with LED lighting points that can have any spacing pitch and luminaire lengths, in multiples of 250mm, allow more precision and custom-fit configuration. Installation of the new generation’s recessed version has also been simplified with the introduction of prefabricated frames and spacers for improved uniformity.The separation of luminaire body and frame allows installers or drywall builders to perfectly integrate the continuous-row system in suspended ceilings. Slotlight Infinity comes in 3000K and 4000K versions (Ra>80)with an efficiency of 92lm/W and 1200lm a running metre. www.zumtobel.com

Lighting Journal June 2015

Products

41

LEDEurope

Polaris Modular High Bay Designed for factory, warehouse and other high-ceiling applications (it can be effectively mounted at 30m), the Polaris modular range is available in six wattages, starting at 80W (output 8500lm) through to 450W (46,500lm). Efficiency is up to 106lm/W. Rated IP65 and wire hung, it comes in 1-10V and Dali versions. The range has a seven-year warranty. www.ledeurope.co.uk

Thorn

Zoar Thorn and leading architect Daniel Libeskind might seem an unlikely duo but the result is Zoar, a textured black architectural lantern with a tiltable LED engine.

Bearing the stamp of Libeskind’s angular geometry, Zoar has a customisable optic with a choice of 11 light distributions and two enclosures. It comes as standard in 3330lm (40W) and 5833lm (59W) packages but others are available on request. ‘I wanted an architectural luminaire that would work harmoniously with the design of the projects my studio undertakes worldwide, but which would also work in many other diverse settings,’ says Libeskind, who designed the Jewish Museum in Berlin, London’s Metropolitan University Graduate Centre and is responsible for masterplanning the World Trade Center site in New York. www.thornlighting.com/ZOAR

Artemide

Empatia Among a crop of new fittings shown first at Euroluce and then London Design Week in May, the Empatia pendant is designed by Carlotta de Bevilacqua and Paola di Arianello.

Made of hand-blown Murano glass – Artemide apparently worked closely with Venetian master glass blowers to create a craft object, each entirely unique – the pendant comprises a high-performance LED in a smooth glass dome, which plays with the subtle effects created by the densities and transparencies of the glass. www.artemide.com

Lighting Journal June 2015

ILP’S NEWLY RELAUNCHED JOB VACANCY SERVICE Talent hits a target no-one else can hit; genius hits a target no-one else can see Arthur Schopenhauer

Recruiting talent is one of the biggest challenges for companies in the lighting sector. Finding candidates with the relevant skills, experience and aptitude requires careful strategy and here at the ILP we care passionately about raising the bar of professionalism in lighting; and helping you secure talented individuals for the future.

We are relaunching our job vacancy service to ensure the best opportunities for profiling your company and position in front of top lighting professionals – over 2000 individuals.

We have extended the platforms available to showcase your vacancy; from the bi-weekly newsletter, the ILP website, and now also our twitter site with over 1200 followers – members and lighting industry affiliates.

We also include an opportunity to place the advert in the Lighting Journal in an introductory offer for a 3 month period.

Option 1 £350 + VAT • 2 consecutive job links in the ILP biweekly e-newsletter • Full page advert on the ILP website for one month, including your logo and a link to your website.

• Multiple postings on the ILP Twitter site using hashtags #lightingjobs and #ILPjobseeker.

• No quibble extension of 2 weeks on the website if there are no responses.

Option 2 £550 + VAT As option 1 plus: • Quarter page job advert in the ILP Lighting Journal, saving you £200 on the normal rate.

Save £200

Benefits The benefit to Designs for Lighting in using the ILP Job Vacancy service is that it is targeted at the type of recruit that we are looking for. The applicants we do get tend to be of a high quality and I am pleased to say that we have recently recruited a Lighting Designer as a result of the ILP advert.

Alistair Scott – Managing Director, Designs for Lighting

• Exposure to over 2000 lighting professionals on multiple channels both printed and digital.

• Dedicated support from the ILP ‘The Independent Voice of the Lighting Profession’.

• Cost effective targeting of high quality potential candidates.

• A reach of high quality candidates through additional use of social media.

• Quick and straightforward service – complete our simple form and we do the rest.

For further information including a service booking form please call Diane Sterne on 01788 576492 or email diane@theilp.org.uk.

Book review

THE PANEL GAME

43

Title: The OLED Handbook 2015 Author: Ron Mertens Publisher: Metalgrass Pages: 139pp Price: $99/£65 (digital) $149.99 (hard copy) www.oled-info.com/oled-handbook-2015-edition

Are we nearly there yet?

Alan Tulla reviews the fifth edition of The OLED Handbook

I

first worked on a small project using OLEDs around eight years ago and thought that I was being an early adopter.

However, the author of this book, Ron Mertens, first got interested in OLEDs in the late 1990s and in 2004 created OLED-Info.com as an online resource for anyone interested in the topic. In 2011, he published the first OLED Handbook and this is the fifth edition.

This book covers all aspects of OLED production and the various market sectors. The first two chapters describe all the various types of OLED and how they are manufactured.

If you like acronyms, you will love these chapters.

The book then looks at application areas, starting with small displays.

Lighting professionals tend to think of OLEDs in terms of interior lighting or maybe signage, where you want a large area source, but by far the biggest market ($10bn in 2014) is small displays. Most smartphones such as Samsung, Motorola, Nokia/Microsoft and HTC have AMOLED displays as does the latest iWatch. AMOLED is a more energy efficient, expensive and higher resolution version than a standard OLED. Small displays are also used in tablets and cameras. This chapter also covers OLED displays used in cars and OLED gadgets.

There are then just three pages devoted to OLED TVs. In essence, LG is the only company making large panels that are commercially viable. Even so, they are at a premium price.

We then come on to OLED lighting, obviously of most relevance to Lighting Journal readers.

We have most probably all seen small decorative table and floor lamps using OLEDs. One of the earliest was a limited edition using 10 Osram panels and designed by Ingo Maurer in 2008.

At that time it cost a mere $20,000.

Nowadays, they are a lot less but still have designer price tags.

More functional OLED lighting came when Philips launched its Lumiblade brand, offering panels in a range of standard sizes, light output and cost.

Those of you who visited the Philips stand in Frankfurt in 2014 will have seen a large OLED chandelier in the entrance. Note that since this book was written, the Lumiblade division has been sold by Philips to the US-based company OLEDworks.

There is an interesting section in this chapter on OLED efficiency. One of the big issues affecting the light output of a panel is the outcoupling efficiency. This describes how photons escape an OLED panel after they have been generated. Without outcoupling enhancement, 70-80 per cent of the photons produced are trapped inside the panel – the substrate/air interface acts as an internal mirror. There are various technologies, such as internal light extractors or external films/lenses, being developed to improve this efficiency.

There is a brief discussion on colour rendering and the quality of light. Mertens compares the OLED with its main competitors, which he sees as LEDs and CFLs. While he thinks that OLEDs compare favourably with other sources, the limitation of CRI means there is no concrete way of showing that OLEDs are superior. There is no discussion of SQS or Gamut Area Index which might better highlight the differences.

This is a difficult topic in my opinion since the colour quality of LEDs improves almost monthly. A year is a long time in SSL development.

The remainder of this chapter describes the panels available from various suppliers: Lumiblade, LG Chem (one of the biggest players), Konica Minolta (gearing up for mass production), Osram Orbeos, Lumiotec and four other manufacturers whose names I hadn’t come across before (Neoview Kolon, Visionox, First-O-Light and Kaneka).

The author concludes this chapter by saying that the OLED lighting market is still in its infancy. While the production capacity stays low, the prices of large panels will remain high.

It is a chicken and egg situation because developing a high-speed, mass-production factory costs a lot of money (billions of dollars) and manufacturers will only do that if they have a clearly defined market sector to aim for.

There is a chapter on the marketing aspects, value chains and estimates of future market size. Business forecasts are always speculative and these are particularly so depending on which market research company you use.

The author quotes estimates from various companies and it is a matter of choosing the prediction you prefer.

There is a small glossary and then a list of OLED companies which extends to 45 pages, almost a third of the book.

In conclusion, this is a wellresearched and useful book for anyone wanting to know about OLEDs. Apart from small display panels, when the market will take off for large panel applications is anyone’s guess.

Lighting Journal June 2015

44 Independent lighting design

DATA BASED FUTURE How secure is the smart city? Emma Cogswell, IALD UK projects manager, looks to both fact and fiction

S

mart cities are a new phenomenon and just like smartphones they seem to be reinventing themselves – already the term ‘smart cities’ is evolving into ‘future cities’. So what makes a city smart? I’ve been researching the concept recently and this is the clearest definition I’ve found: ‘a smart city uses information combined with technology to improve quality of life, reduce environmental impact, and decrease energy demand’. And with the pace of technological development the future has a tendency to turn into the present more rapidly than ever before.

At the IALD Enlighten Americas conference in New Orleans in 2011 I gave a talk called Through the Looking Glass. It was both a retrospective and a look into the future, questioning what we might expect. The presentation featured a clip from the film Back to the Future 2. It shows the lead character, Marty, in 2015.

That’s now. We are officially living in the future; except I don’t have a hover board.

Obviously technology will be the driver to deliver these cities. Currently, the technology at our fingertips can do more than our imaginations can cope with. The advent of the smartphone and better Wi-Fi connections has undoubtedly shown us already how we can manage simple aspects of our lives.

You can turn on the heating at home in London while boarding a train in Leeds, you can track the delivery of an online purchase almost to the minute, you can top up the school lunch accounts with a swipe across the screen – they can even spend the money in the canteen using fingerprint recognition. It’s all undeniably convenient. Except, it actually makes me feel a little uneasy. Having the options to make decisions and actions so easily must be open to abuse?

There is a computer game called Watch Dogs. Ubisoft’s dark thriller is set in a world where everyone’s data is available to warring tech factions. In the game, every smartphone can be hacked, giving players access to the personal information of other characters, all based on real-life scenarios using Chicago as the backdrop. The lead character can gain access to the city’s infrastructure. According to Alastair Paterson, CEO of Digital Shadows –

Lighting Journal June 2015

a company that works to secure the digital footprints of corporations and individuals – the only discrepancy here is one of convenience. ‘Pretty much all of those hacks would be possible,’ he says. ‘The timeliness and the convenience of performing them with one click on a smartphone is not there yet. But in some cases it could be.’

The US government has taken steps to educate city planners with its own virtual CyberCity, created by US government contractor Counter Hack and designed to train officials in the threats facing our ever more computercontrolled cities. Trainees access the networked devices running the city from a remote location, but there is a physical aspect too: a 180cm x 245cm, 3D model of CyberCity with all the facilities you would expect.

The cyber defenders are genuine US defence personnel, testing their abilities to counter digital attacks on critical urban infrastructure. When they successfully hack into the terrorists’ systems and switch the power back on, the white lights of the model CyberCity turn on again. For an added dose of ‘realism’, the CyberCity Sentinel, the city’s official newspaper, publishes an article on its website explaining that the mysterious power outage has been resolved.

CyberCity should be a wake-up call to city planners the world over, showing that much of today’s systemsmanagement infrastructure is vulnerable to digital attack.

In April 2015, for example, a security expert claimed to have uncovered a major flaw in the traffic system in major cities around the world, including London and New York.

Cesar Cerrudo, an Argentinian security researcher with IoActive,

says he can control traffic lights and even reroute traffic. He discovered that it was possible to control the sensors

used by centralised systems to monitor traffic. He was able to take control of the Sensys Networks VDS240 wireless vehicle detection systems – comprising magnetic sensors, embedded in roadways, that wirelessly collect data – which are installed in 40 US cities, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington DC, as well as in nine other countries.

During my research I have discovered that most industrialised countries are looking at developing the ‘future city’. Newly emerging markets with growing economies and populations such as India and South Korea are boasting the most ambitious plans.

This new combination of integrating all our systems while delivering on the wants and needs of the inhabitants will take some time to perfect. But as Voltaire said, ‘With great power comes great responsibility’.

As we become more embroiled in this computer-controlled culture, it becomes ever more vital that the data of cities and citizens is protected, and the utilities properly designed and maintained to ensure that they are not vulnerable to attack.

It should be an issue of central concern to those of us in the lighting profession. The properly managed usage of energy and the obvious existing network that lighting provides should put lighting at the top of the agenda when it comes to planning the future city.

Lighting Consultants

These pages give details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Go to: www.ilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Carl Ackers

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

Built Environment Consulting Ltd

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

MSc CEng MCIBSE MILP MSLL

Castle Donington DE74 2UH

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: +44 (0) 1332 811711 M: 07867 784906 E: carlackers@bec-consulting.co.uk

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

With many years’ experience we are able to bring a wealth of knowledge to the design process. Our vision is to deliver class leading sustainable solutions for the built environment, including specialist internal and external lighting design and specification services, record for PFI projects and their indepedent certification.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Steven Biggs

Philip Hawtrey

Anthony Smith

Skanska Infrastructure Services

Mouchel

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

T: 04489 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com

www.bec-consulting.co.uk

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

www.wspgroup.com

BTech IEng MILP MIET

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

www.nicksmithassociates.com

Eng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

www.mouchel.com

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

John Conquest

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

4way Consulting Ltd

WSP

Alan Tulla Lighting

www.skanska.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies.

Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Lorraine Calcott

Alan Jaques

Euan Clayton

it does lighting ltd

Atkins

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

www.4wayconsulting.com

IEng MILP MSLL MIoD

Milton Keynes, MK14 6GD

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

IEng MILP

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

www.itdoes.co.uk

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

www.atkinsglobal.com

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

Mark Chandler

Tony Price

Simon Butt

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

Capita

T: 01908 698869 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

EngTech AMILP

Reading RG10 9QN

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com

BEng(Hons) CEng, MICE, MILP, MAPM Blackburn, BB2 1AU

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

Capita are a market leading design consultant, who specialise in street lighting design, LED retrofit schemes and project management. We also provide budget reducing solutions through technical expertise in products, specifications and procurement. We offer energy reduction advice, funding mechanisms and financial evaluations.

Colin Fish

Alistair Scott

Simon Bushell

WSP

Designs for Lighting Ltd

SSE Enterprise Lighting

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

IEng MILP

Hertford SG13 7NN

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE

T: 01254 273000 E: simon.butt@capita.co.uk

www.capita.co.uk/infrastructure

MBA DMS IEng MILP

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Southampton SO30 2LG T: +44 (0)1489771803 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

Providing design and technical services for all applications of exterior and interior lighting from architectural to sports, rail, area, highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations on wildlife and the community.

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Professional consultancy from the largest external lighting contractor maintaining 1.5m lights in the UK and Ireland. Exterior lighting/electrical design for Motorways, Highways, Architectural, Car Parks, Public Spaces and Sports lighting. From advice on carbon reduction strategies to delivering the whole installation package.

www.wspgroup.com

Winchester SO23 7TA

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

www.sseenterprise.co.uk/solutions-for-business/lighting

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING

DIRECTORY EXTERIOR LIGHTING TO RESERVE A PLACE ON THE WAITING LIST FOR THE LIGHTING DIRECTORY PLEASE CONTACT:

Kiwa CMT Testing Non-destructive testing at the root, base, swaged joint and full visual inspection of steel lighting columns.

Techniques employed include the unique Relative Loss of Section meter and Swaged Joint Analyser in addition to the traditional Magnetic Particle inspection and Ultra Sonics where appropriate.

JULIE –01536 527297 JULIE@MATRIXPRINT.COM

FESTIVE & DECORATIVE LIGHTING

Specialist in high quality decorative and festive lighting.

A full range of equipment is available for direct purchase or hire including unique firework lights, column motifs, cross road displays, festoon lighting and various tree lighting systems.

Our services range from supply only of materials, hire, design and or total management of schemes.

More information is available from: Head Office City Illuminations Ltd Griffin House, Ledson Road, Roundthorn Ind Est Manchester M23 9GP Tel: 0161 969 5767 Fax: 0161 945 8697 Email: dave@cityilluminations.co.uk

COLUMN INSPECTION & TESTING

Designers and manufacturers of street and amenity lighting.

319 Long Acre Nechells Birmingham UK B7 5JT t: +44(0)121 678 6700 f: +44(0)121 678 6701 e: sales@candela.co.uk

candela L I G H T

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative lighting. We also provide custom-built distribution panels, interior and exterior lighting design using CAD. 7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555 email: steve.odonnell@maclean.co.uk Web site: www.maclean.co.uk

Unit 5 Prime Park Way Prime Enterprise Park Derby DE1 3QB Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

METER ADMINISTRATION

WIND RELEASING BANNERS

CUT OUTS & ISOLATORS

TRAINING SERVICES

CPD Accredited Training

Meter Administrator Power Data Associates Ltd are the leading meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve accurate energy calculations assuring you of a cost effective quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market developments.

01525 862690

info@PowerDataAssociates.com

www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality

• AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards • Lighting Design Techniques • Light Pollution • Tailored Courses please ring

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk

Venues by arrangement

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

SHATTER RESISTANT LAMP COVERS

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC

Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com www.hagnerlightmeters.com

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com

COLUMNS

equipment.

PO Box 210

Nick Smith Associates Ltd

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

light measuring and photometric

INSTRUMENTS LTD

Contact Nick Smith

Fluorosafe shatter resistant covers – Manufactured from high molecular weight Fluoroplastic material whose lifespan exceeds all maximum quoted lifespans for any fluorescent Lamps.

Holscot supply complete covered lamps or sleeves only for self fitting.

Holscot Fluoroplastics Ltd Alma Park Road, Alma Park Industrial Estate, Grantham, Lincs, NG31 9SE Contact: Martin Daff, Sales Director Tel: 01476 574771 Fax: 01476 563542 Email: martin@holscot.com www.holscot.com

LIGHTING

fresh thinking trusted technology

- Direct LED retrofit lamps - LED gear tray retrofits - Induction Lighting

0203 051 1687 www.indolighting.com

DIARY 10

28

23-24

Light, Time and Health: Biology to Architecture (ILP International Year of Light event) Speaker: Russell Foster, Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and head of the Department of Opthalmology, University of Oxford Venue: Royal Institution www.theilp.org.uk/events/professor-russell-foster

How to be Brilliant with: Paul Traynor, Light Bureau (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

Professional Lighting Summit (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Queen Hotel, Chester jess@theilp.org.uk

June

28

June-4 July

28th CIE Session Venue: University Place, University of Manchester www.cie2015.org

30

June How to be Brilliant with: James Siddle, Ideaworks (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

15

July Lighting in Healthcare (One-day conference organised by the ILP with the Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management) Venue: Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel www.theilp.org.uk/events/diary/issues-inlighting-for-healthcare/

July

29

July Obtrusive Light: navigating the compliance minefield (One-day course organised by the ILP) Venue: BRE, Bucknalls Lane, Watford WF25 9XX www.bre.co.uk/eventdetails.jsp?id=8648

14-18

September Exterior Lighting Diploma Module 1 (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Draycote Hotel, Nr Rugby jean@theilp.org.uk

16-19

September LED Lighting China (Supported by the ILP) Venue: Shanghai New International Expo Centre www.ledlightingchina-sh

22-24

September Fifth International LED professional Symposium and Expo (LpS 2015) Venue: Festspielhaus, Bregenz, Austria www.led-professional-symposium.com

September

29

September How to be Brilliant with: Speaker tbc (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

8-10

October IALD Enlighten Americas 2015 Location: Baltimore, MD www.iald.org/about/events/event.asp?EVENT_ ID=401&

15

October Practical Street Lighting (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Regent House, Rugby jo@theilp.org.uk

19-23 October

Exterior Lighting Diploma Module 1 (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Draycote Hotel, Nr Rugby jean@theilp.org.uk

28-31 October

PLDC 2015 (With SLL as Official Knowledge Partner) Venue: Ergife Palace Hotel, Rome www.pld-c.com

18-19

November LuxLive 2015 (Supported by the ILP) Venue: ExCel, London E16 www.luxlive.co.uk

19

November Lux Awards 2015 Venue: Troxy, Commercial Road, London E1 www.luxawards.co.uk

28 June-4 July: 28th CIE Session, Manchester University

Full details of all regional events can be found at: www.theilp.org.uk/events

fresh thinking trusted technology

The world’s first photosensing PL Lamp The INDO FIT PL Retrofit has just got even better – with the world’s first PL Lamp integrated photosensitive switch.

Features and benefits: Simple solution for upgrading day-burning circuits Direct lamp retrofit Compatible with existing circuitry Typical payback period ~ 1 year 15-20 year replacement period

PL 3.5W LED Tube

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lighting specialists

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info@indolighting.com

+44 (0)20 3051 1687