Lighting Journal May 2015

LIGHTING

JOURNAL The publication for all lighting professionals

LEDs: what happens next?

Why sports lighting guidance has to catch up

May 2015

Editorial Volume 80 No 5 May 2015 President Mark Cooper IEng MILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA FIAM Editor Jill Entwistle Email: jillentwistle@yahoo.com Editorial Board Tom Baynham Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Eddie Henry MILP MCMI MBA Alan Jaques IEng MILP Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Advertising Manager Julie Bland Email: julie@matrixprint.com

I

will fess up now that when I was told that sports lighting was the topic of the latest ILP Professionals in Partnership (PIP) Forum, I wasn’t exactly overjoyed. The prospect of sitting taking notes for three hours

on how to floodlight a school gym or local stadium wasn’t my idea of a good time. It actually turned out to be one of the most fascinating that the ILP has organised so far (Lights, cameras, action, p28).

What made it more interesting, of course, was that it centred on lighting for broadcasting. This has been an area of weakness where guidance is concerned as was made painfully obvious by the Olympics in 2012. The evolution of TV and camera technology had left guidelines on the starting blocks, and fittings had to be rethought to resolve problems such as flicker that were arising throughout the design process. As lighting consultants and manufacturers listened to the television consultants and representatives of Sky and the BBC, it was clear that there was a whole realm of concerns and considerations that were revelatory to them. There was even a

Published by Matrix Print Consultants on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk

new and apparently more appropriate metric for colour rendering (Why TCLI measures up, p31) that it seems no one had even come across before. Probably the key message that came out was the need for more communication and consultation with the people working in the sports broadcasting arena when it comes to formulating and improving guidelines.

Design, after all, is a team effort.

Produced by Jill Entwistle Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com

Editor

© ILP 2015 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal May 2015

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LIGHTING JOURNAL May 2015 01 EDITORIAL 04 NEWS 08 ENLIGHTEN

33 CONSTRUCTIVE

36 IN THE BLUE CORNER

10

DEVELOPMENT

Kathryn Gilbertson discusses

Have lighting engineers had their chips? Tom Baynham picks up on a theme raised in the March issue

10 FINE TUNING

From WiFi to LiFi and beyond: Francis Pearce looks at likely developments in LED lighting over the next five to 10 years

16 REFLECTIONS ON

A GENIUS

Peter Phillipson examines the life and discoveries of Augustin- Jean Fresnel, whose theories shaped lighting as we know it

20 LEONARDO’S RENAISSANCE

Jill Entwistle looks at how the relighting of Da Vinci’s The Last Supper has resulted in an artistic feast for the eyes

24 NET RESULTS

20

Contents

Jonathon Porritt et al look at the growth of e-commerce and its impact on lighting

28 LIGHTS, CAMERAS, ACTION

The latest ILP PIP Forum

the new CDM 2015 regulations and highlights their relevance to lighting professionals In the second of his occasional columns, Ivan Perre looks at light in the 400-500nm range

38 WHEN IS A MEMBER

NOT A MEMBER?

VPs’ column: Guy Harding, VP membership, spells out the differences

40 PRODUCTS 43 DRIVING

FORWARD

Nigel Parry reports on Road

Lighting 2015 in Auckland

44 TEACH YOURSELF...

YLP column: Lawrence Baynham looks at self-learning

45 CONSULTANTS 46 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 48 DIARY

discussed how broadcast lighting standards can keep pace with evolving TV techniques

31 WHY TLCI

MEASURES UP

Alan Roberts outlines an alternative metric for colour rendering which he argues is far superior to CRI and CQS for broadcast lighting

COVER PICTURE

Why lighting for sports broadcasting is a whole new ball game (see Lights, camera, action, p28) Photo collage: Rick Fraterrigo

24

Lighting Journal May 2015

4

News

EC DELAYS HALOGEN LAMP BAN The European Commission has postponed its D-class halogen lamp ban until 1 September 2018. The delay will allow ‘more time for the cost of LEDs to drop, saving consumers up to 100 a lamp,’ said the EC, as well as allowing the technology to develop further.

The decision has been controversial.

Member States originally agreed in 2009 that inefficient halogen lamps should be phased out from 1 September 2016.

The latest vote, last month, was preceded by a review process open to the public.

Members of the European Parliament, Member States authorities, the lighting industry, consumer organisations and environmental NGOs were all consulted.

The move means that from 1 September 2018, some non-directional mains voltage halogen lamps will no longer be available.

This ban will not affect directional halogen lamps used in spotlights or those used in desk lamps and floodlights.

Although it has lobbied for an even longer

delay, the new phase-out date was broadly welcomed by LightingEurope, the industry association which represents 31 European lighting manufacturers, national associations and companies producing materials.

‘Additional time would be helpful in assuring a smooth transition to new technologies, though the industry strongly supports – and has for years – the changeover to more energy efficient lighting solutions,’ said secretary general Diederik de Stoppelaar.

‘While 2020 was the ideal date for a phase-out of the popular domestic halogens, 2018 is an acceptable compromise. What consumers must realise is that alternative developing technologies take time to be fully realised, and then to subsequently be widely available on the market.’

The EC estimates that the switch to LED sources in 2018 will bring yearly energy savings equal to the annual electricity consumption of Portugal (48 TWh of electricity) and will save 15.2m tonnes of CO2 emissions by 2025. This

Light arted in Paris Lumières: The Play of Brilliants runs until the end of this month at the Eléphant Paname Art and Dance Centre in Paris.

Sponsored by Concord, which also equipped the arts centre with 80 Beacon projectors, the exhibition features a collection of artists working with light. Concord’s parent, Havells Sylvania, is a Gold sponsor of the International Year of Light.

The show, which features a total of 11 installations, was organised by Eléphant Paname, managed by lighting design studio Temeloy and curated by UKbased creative consultancy Light Collective.

Lighting Journal May 2015

It explores one of the key concepts of light art, the ‘play of brilliants’, a phrase that was coined by a pioneer of architectural lighting design, Richard Kelly, to describe the magic of light when it adds sparkle and vivacity to a space.

‘We’ve crafted a show which not only demonstrates the basic physics of light – such as refraction and diffusion – but also pushes boundaries and explores how light can be a source of information,’ said Florence Chollet, secretary-general at Eléphant Paname. www.elephantpaname.com

translates to reducing the EU’s oil imports by 73.8m barrels. According to the EU it pays more than 1bn for its energy imports.

Compared with a phase-out in 2016, as was previously planned, EU consumers would have lost 1bn of these savings.

There is a consensus that a maximum of around 6800 job losses in halogen lamp production are inevitable and will happen irrespective of any policy intervention due to the introduction of LEDs. ‘Deferring the phase-out to 1 September 2018 gives manufacturers the time to create replacement jobs in these areas, while supporting innovative companies in the EU providing novel lighting solutions based on LEDs,’ said the EC statement.

Airport pays only for lighting not the lights Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam has entered into an agreement with Philips so that it pays for the light it uses but not for the fittings themselves.

Philips remains the owner of all fixtures and installations.

Together with energy services company Cofely it will be jointly responsible for the performance and durability of the system, and ultimately its reuse and recycling at end of life.

The participants say that ‘by applying circular economy principles, [they] have created a new standard in the transition to sustainable lighting’.

In association with architect Kossmann.dejong and Philips Design, lighting fixtures that

will last 75 per cent longer than other conventional fixtures were specially developed for the airport as part of an extensive renovation.

Fixture components can be individually replaced, reducing maintenance costs, and means that the entire fixture does not have to be recycled, reducing raw material consumption.

‘It is Schiphol’s ambition to become one of the most sustainable airports in the world,’ said Jos Nijhuis, CEO and president of the Schiphol Group. ‘The collaboration with Philips and Cofely marks a good step in this direction.

Together we left the beaten path to develop an innovative, out-of-the-box solution.’

News

ILP joins forces with other lighting bodies for Stem initiative The ILP, SLL and IALD have joined forces with the Lighting Industry Association to develop a series of workshops for those of their members interested in being involved with the Stem initiative. Stem (science, technology, engineering, maths) is designed to inspire and educate schoolchildren about these subjects.

It has been acknowledged that while there are many members of these organisations who have wanted to assist schoolchildren with their understanding and development of Stem skills and how they can relate to the world of lighting, there has been a knowledge and experience barrier that has inhibited them from pursuing it.

Current ILP president Mark Cooper (above) has made it a pledge for his year in office to

develop the workshops and encourage as many of the lighting community to join up as Stem Ambassadors as possible.

The programme has four main steps: • Develop the workshops • Source and gather equipment required • Have the workshops accredited by Stemnet • Roll out across the UK The workshops will provide all the useful information, presentation materials and tips to provide an interactive one-hour long session aimed at different age groups and learning outcomes. The aim of the programme is to assist schools in raising interest and standards in Stem subjects and highlight the varied careers available in the lighting industry.

The initiative also dovetails into a Department for Business, Initiative and Skills (BIS) programme called the Skills Ladder, which will provide a planned career path for those entering the hi-tech world of lighting

5

Stem contacts Mark Cooper, president ILP (markc@theilp.org.uk) Jeff Shaw, chairman SLL education committee (jeff.shaw@arup.com) Emma Cogswell, UK projects manager IALD (emma@iald.org) Julie Humphreys, education and commercial manager LIA (julieh@thelia.org.uk) and electronics. Anthony Howells, senior policy advisor for the Construction Manufacturing, Services and Electronics Unit at BIS has provided his full support for the Stem workshop programme and sees this as an important industry initiative.

The first of these workshops/presentations will be ready for use this month.

Anyone interested in helping as an individual can sign up as a Stem Ambassador at https://db.stemnet.org.uk/register/ ambassador. Any companies that would like to offer support should contact the individuals listed above for details of the equipment that might be required.

JANET TURNER DIES LA OPTS FOR CLOUD-BASED Janet Turner, former design director of Concord Lighting, died last month.

A service was held for her at Golders Green Crematorium in north London.

Turner began her career as an interior designer before turning to lighting design. She literally blazed a trail in the early days of

its development as a profession, becoming a flamboyant and much-respected figure in the lighting industry.

She knew and worked with leading architects, including her friend Will Alsop, with whom she collaborated on several occasions including Peckham Library.

An honorary fellow of the SLL, Turner was the author of several books on lighting. She was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and the Chartered Society of Designers.

She continued to design and lecture internationally after stepping down from her role at Concord, where she spent 25 years as a director.

CONTROL TECHNOLOGY Los Angeles has become the first city in the world to control its street lighting through mobile and cloud-based technologies from Philips, says the company.

While CityTouch has already been installed in 31 countries, the LA solution is the first connecting directly to each light point using a connector node, which can connect street lights from any manufacturer.

The CityTouch system allows the LA Bureau of Street Lighting to remotely control lighting fixtures, as well as monitor energy use and the status of each light. Using mobile chip technology

embedded into each fixture, the street lights are able to identify themselves and the network instantly.

The technology also supports Mayor Garcetti’s Great Streets initiative, promoting the revitalisation of neighbourhoods through more pedestrian-friendly streets.

‘Los Angeles has more LED street lights than any other city in America, with about 7500 centerline miles,’ said Ed Ebrahimian, director of the LA Bureau (pictured).

As well as needing a solution for remote control and monitoring of energy use, the system also needed to be ‘easy to install and flexible enough to adapt to broader smart city plans,’ he said.

‘We piloted several solutions over the last year and decided to implement CityTouch as it required no further investment or intervention in our infrastructure,’ he added.

Lighting Journal May 2015

6 News

SPRAY AND GLOW

NEWS IN BRIEF

The prevailing wisdom is that a Chieftain tank is likely to come off worse from an encounter with a Volvo, such is the Swedish car maker’s reputation for robustness and safety. Now they are extending that ethos to other road users with a light-reflective spray for cyclists. It would seem like a less than hi-tech solution to the road safety issue but has the merit of simplicity.

Life Paint consists of a liquid material made up of light-reflective particles. Fabrics and surfaces coated with the spray become high-visibility objects in the glare of a vehicle’s headlights. The sprayable material lasts for up to one week after application and can be washed off without damaging the fabrics and surfaces it was applied to.

The paint was developed in partnership with Swedish reflective spray manufacturer Albedo 100, which has apparently previously created a similar product for use on the fur of pets and horses (the raison d’etre for that one is not immediately apparent).

Dig a little deeper and it transpires that the Volvo/Albedo partnership was dreamed up by London-based creative agency Grey London, to develop a series of products highlighting the safety credentials of Volvo’s new XC90 vehicle. However, it’s not just a gimmick. The spray is currently being trialled in six London and Kent-based cycle shops, with plans to expand the project nationally and internationally if it proves popular.

Consumers are unaware of the energy efficiency benefits of LEDs, according to the Energy Saving Trust (EST). EST UK Pulse research found that 38 per cent of consumers were not able to name LEDs as a form of lighting technology. A third (33 per cent) of consumers who had heard of the technology did not use LEDs in their own home, 30 per cent said the sources were too expensive while another third (33 per cent) said they did use them but in only a few fittings. However, only seven per cent of LED users questioned reported a negative experience.

Lutron has announced the death of its chairman, founder and director of research Joel Spira.

Spira formed Lutron Electronics in 1961 to market his invention of the first solid-state dimmer for incandescent lighting. Under his 54-year leadership, US company Lutron has developed products to control all types of sources, as well as shade and temperature control systems.

British dimmer switch and electrical wiring accessory manufacturer Doyle and Tratt Products, better known by its brand name Varilight, has won the Queen’s Award for Enterprise for the second time. The award was made in the Continuous Innovation category in recognition of the company’s technological development in designing dimmer switches for LED lighting.

Paul Nulty Lighting Design (PNLD) has won Philips’ Strand Lighting competition which invited participants to upcycle a vintage Strand fitting. Anamorphosis (left) is a deconstructed chandelier and art piece featuring the classic Strand Pattern 23 II theatrical profile as the focal point.

Recolight, the UK WEEE compliance scheme for the lighting industry, has signed up its 150th producer member. A total of 17 companies have now joined the scheme since the beginning of the year.

Matching light to personality boosts retail sales, says study A recent field study with German fashion retailer Gerry Weber has partially confirmed the findings of a Zumtobel laboratory research project on the effect of light on different personality types in retail stores.

The lab and field studies were based on the Limbic Emotional Assessment (LEA) method, developed by consultant and market researcher Gruppe Nymphenburg, which has been working with Zumtobel.

Using LEA it is possible to register the slightest unconscious physical reactions, including brain activity and heart rate.

The aim has been to analyse to what extent targeted lighting solutions influence the buying behaviour of customers and thereby drive sales.

The original study identitifed three main groups: Balance, people who respond particularly well to moderate accent lighting; Stimulance, who prefer strong contrast lighting, and Dominance who prefer balanced, moderate effects.

The Weber scheme was designed to generate a bright and friendly atmosphere with a warm colour temperature of 3000K, in theory appealing to the Balance group.

Lighting Journal May 2015

General purchasing behaviour before and after the installation of the new lighting solution was then measured and observed over two months, and certain customers were tested using the psychophysiological LEA method.

Tailoring the lighting to reflect the preferences of the typical target customer delivered a 10 per cent increase in turnover compared to the reference store. Further analysis also revealed an even higher average sales increase among the specific target group for which the lighting solution was optimised.

Andrea Sasso, CEO of the Fimag Group (Finanziaria Mariano Guzzini) has officially replaced Antonio Santi, who has reached the end of his contractual mandate, as the CEO of iGuzzini illuminazione. The leadership change had been planned and agreed on for some time by the individuals involved and the board of directors.

Stewart Weaver, who is technical manager at Kingfisher Lighting, has taken over as chair of the ILP Midland Region. He takes over from Lee Burton of Philips. Weaver has promised to encourage ‘healthy debate’ during his tenure.

This year’s joint Traffex and Parkex exhibition at the NEC Birmingham last month showed an increase in visitors of nine per cent compared with 2013 when the biennial event was last held. Total attendance was 11,390 people, who visited more than 400 exhibitors. Steven Norris, president of ITS UK and former Transport Minister, was one of this year’s keynote speakers. The next combined Traffex and Parkex event will be held at Hall 5, NEC Birmingham, from 4-6 April 2017. www.traffex.com or www.parkex.co.uk David Hall has taken over as national sales manager at Lucy Zodion. Most recently Hall was a co-founder of SenseLogix, an energy management company where he ran the sales and marketing team. He also spent eight years at Schneider Electric.

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8 Opinion

LIGHT

Share your experiences, opinions and thoughts

Have lighting engineers had their chips?

Tom Baynham continues the theme raised by Nigel Parry in the March issue on the future role of the local authority engineer

A

s many of us know, low-maintenance lighting technologies are paving the way to installations that are expected to last 15 years or more. Once an installation is completed, there is indeed a degree of ongoing activities such as development work, Christmas decorations and maintenance, including electrical/ structural testing and cleaning. But in terms of core day-to-day activities, will the role of the lighting engineer within the council remain recognisable?

With large-scale investment making it possible to tender and replace the whole lighting stock of a local authority within a matter of years, what will the street lighting department of a typical council look like once this is complete?

One line of thought is that with the rapid improvement of LED efficacy, or even a new disruptive technology, LED lanterns being installed today will be replaced within a much shorter period than their design life.

This could be the case if the products on the market in five years or so can offer lower energy or improved features that justify a business case for upgrade. It is difficult to draw parallels with previous lighting technologies, as while there have been leaps in efficacy and maintenance, only recent technologies have promised a maintenancefree solution for such a period of time.

However, having spoken to a number of sources, there are already cases of local authorities that have completed LED rollouts, and which have subsequently made redundancies within the street lighting department. One source, who is near to completion of a roll-out tender, has reported being approached by management with a view to making their role part-time within the coming years.

Clearly the operations of each local authority within the UK vary widely, partly depending on the size of the road network, and partly depending on the contractual set-up within the authority. While some authorities might be structured in a way that means redundancies will be unlikely, what

Lighting Journal May 2015

Local authorities that have completed LED roll-outs have already made redundancies within the street lighting department is it about others that could mean they are unknowingly heading on this course?

In order to answer these questions it is first necessary to understand what the current workload of a lighting engineer looks like, and what it could look like in the future.

Data collected from a group of lighting engineers working at local authorities suggests that around 18 per cent of a typical engineer’s total time is spent on designing replacement lighting schemes and 14 per cent is spent on managing maintenance issues such as routine lamp replacements.

Interestingly, a fairly large proportion of the total annual work (around 20 per cent) is associated with Christmas decorations and event-related activities. This covers the specification, installation, maintenance, and take-down of decorations, signs, banners and so on. Unless the council chooses not to keep these up year round, there is no getting away from this base work load.

Furthermore, new developments will continue to require an element of lighting design and planning. While the electrical and structural maintenance requirements might change, there will continue to be a requirement to attend to these issues.

It follows that street lighting engineers

who are focused on designing replacement schemes within a large department, and who have a high level of job segmentation and specialisation, are more likely to be impacted. The reason for this is that once these replacement design schemes are completed there will be little more to do.

Engineers whose responsibilities mainly cover new developments, section 38s, Christmas decorations and electrical/ structural maintenance are unlikely to be impacted as there will be an ongoing requirement for these activities. But unless these responsibilities are enough to justify a full-time position, it’s likely that a council will be looking to make savings once installations have been completed.

One way in which councils might choose to make savings is to combine the ongoing requirement into a smaller number of positions, which could then be pooled and shared between different councils.

Alternatively, this work could be outsourced to the private sector.

Based on the split of workload from those questioned, it can be seen that removing the need for ongoing general luminaire maintenance and replacement schemes (which is what would result from a totally maintenance-free LED solution) will leave a hole of around one third of the total work. Evidently within a team of three lighting engineers this could equate to a reduction of one full-time position.

While on the one hand this ‘extra capacity’ in terms of a lighting engineer’s time could be used to think of new ideas, schemes and programmes that could add value to local residents, it could alternatively be a target area for cost savings to be made.

The outcome will ultimately depend on the particular authority, but with the current pressures on council budgets, one could ask the question, while helping their employers realise savings, are lighting engineers inadvertently writing their own P45?

Tom Baynham is a member of the YLP committee, responsible for editorial

Opinion

9

Following Nigel Parry’s look at the impact the smart city is likely to have on the profession (Enlighten, Lighting Journal March) the other side of the coin would be that this is an opportunity for the lighting professional to take the lead in an exciting new development. Historically, it has often felt as if the street lighting service is overlooked by councillors and senior management and this could be the opportunity that they’ve been waiting for.

By using the street lighting central management system network to allow the council to carry out other services more efficiently, or generate a revenue stream, it could finally put the street lighting section at the centre of many diverse council services. The primary connection between all of these services would be the street lighting CMS and therefore if the street lighting manager is seen to drive these innovations forward then they are best placed to manage this aspect.

Yes, it may require some compromises to be made and the street lighting team will need to be adaptable.

However, it’s likely to happen in large numbers across the country no matter whether the street lighting manager is in favour or not. I would therefore suggest that it’s better to be at the centre of this development and drive the change rather than be a naysayer and be left behind.

Alan Jaques MILP IEng ILP VP highways and infrastructure

LETTER

I refer to the article Hidden Consequences by Nick Smith (Enlighten, Lighting Journal April). While the article was well written and the author has a good technical knowledge of his subject I cannot agree with the conclusions drawn. In his article Nick links a single court case to an almost totally unrelated subject. His declaring that a precedent has been set, that switch-offs are financially pointless and foolhardy, I believe is unreasonable.

The case he describes appears to be mostly about placing an obstacle in the middle of an unlit path, not about switching off lighting. The authority in question might also be criticised for ending a lit pedestrian route at a junction of a subway on to its access ramp. The judgement in this case appears sound and reasonable, but from it I do not infer that all public highways must somehow be lit at all times.

From another (more relevant) court case, McCabe v Cheshire West and Cheshire Council 2014, a very different conclusion can instead be drawn. In this case an individual fell down a flight of steps when the street light, which was supposed to illuminate the steps, was not working. This claim was aimed primarily at the supposed duty of care the local authority owes users of the highway, to repair and maintain lighting, but the judgement instead found in favour of the defendants.

The court decided that this failure to maintain the lighting was a failure to exercise a power (provided by section 97 of the Highways Act 1980) rather than any breach of duty. If the local authority had taken a decision to switch the light off or even to remove it, it would still not have been liable but merely exercising its discretion under a statutory power.

From this precedent it seems that liability should only be established if the authority performs some positive act that created a danger – in the case Nick uses this appears to have been the act of placing the bollard in the highway. The absence of any lighting or presence of lighting, if that lighting were unlit, would not cause anyone to rely on it. It is obvious when lighting is not present or not working, hence obvious that it is not possible to see what is ahead. The presence of lighting can reduce dangers that may be present on the highway, but its absence does nothing to increase them. Failure to provide or maintain lighting is not an active step – it is nonfeasance, not misfeasance, and no duty of care is owed.

Part-night lighting saves my employer an annual average of £15 per unit in energy alone. With 30,000 units on quiet residential streets now switched off for several years, the savings have helped offset a decade of energy price increases, in a time of steadily shrinking budgets, while not increasing risk to users of the highway.

(The views expressed above are my own and do not represent any policy or approval of my employer.)

Rod Mainstone MILP IEng County lighting engineer Dorset County Council

LETTER

Lighting Journal May 2015

10

Technology

FINE TUNING

From WiFi to LiFi and beyond: Francis Pearce looks at likely developments in LED lighting over the next five to 10 years

L

ED lighting is characterised as a disruptive innovation: a new development that not only displaces an existing technology but also creates a new industry. It is well on its way to achieving the former, with LEDs finding new applications and being retrofitted into old ones.

The new industry it is spawning is sometimes called Lighting 2.0, borrowing a naming convention from the world of information technology because it is where lighting and data communications overlap. If the two domains were represented in a Venn diagram, the space where they currently merge would be tiny, but in 10 years or so, it could represent a fifth or more of all lighting applications, with profound implications both for the lighting industry and for us as citizens.

Lighting 2.0 is arguably a ‘natural’ development in that LEDs are electronic and so slot easily into the digital world in ways that are impossible with ‘analogue’ incandescent lamps, for example.

However, it will not be an easy path and there are clearly many refinements needed along the way.

To bring about the transition to this

Lighting Journal May 2015

One of the biggest challenges for the lighting industry is the security of lighting control.

It’s not just being hacked, its someone taking down your system and stopping you using it new source thus far, LED manufacturers have been forced to improve the power conversion technologies, and thermal mitigation and optical performance of

LEDs, as well as develop new form factors, and begin to embrace controls and networking – all with an eye to cost.

At the component level, LED manufacturers are looking for ways to raise the efficiency and lower the cost of LEDs. One way of improving efficacy is by changing the packaging of the materials, the epitaxy of the LEDs. Soraa, for example, has used a Gallium Nitride (GaN) substrate and GaN active layer to take advantage of the thermal matching process and enabling it to drive significantly more current through its LED dies. This results in smaller point sources that emit brighter light, and enables narrower beam angles and smaller secondary optics.

Manufacturers in the USA, Europe, China and Korea have been investigating GaN on silicon as a cheaper alternative to using sapphire or silicon carbide substrates. In the UK, Plessey Semiconductors uses standard silicon manufacturing techniques to produce its MaGIC (Manufacturered on GaN-on-Si I/C) LEDs. The low cost of GaN-on-Si means that it can create bigger die areas, improving current density and allowing heat to dissipate

Technology

11

Plessey’s MaGIC (Manufactured on GaN-on-Si I/C) chip scale package

Credit S Kelley/Joint Quantum Institute

Rendition of a spherical quantum dot embedded in a semiconductor surface

Soraa has pursued the GaN-on-GaN route which results in brighter light that enables narrower beam angles and smaller secondary optics. Its 3000K Vivid LED lamps (95CRI) were recently used by DHA Designs to light Thomas Heatherwick’s Olympic cauldron at the Museum of London

more easily. The real cost advantage, though, comes from automation without the need for new and expensive equipment or processes. Mass production using equipment whose cost has already been written off could mean the UK competing on a level with overseas makers.

Dr Geoff Archenhold of Integrated Systems Technology predicts that for the next five years, ‘LED companies will still be trying to reach the theoretical maximum [of 330-440lm/W] but the majority of the new technologies will focus on not just the efficacy of the LEDs but also the quality of the light.’

From five to 10 years into the future, we can expect to see a combination of quantum dots and phosphors used to improve efficacy and colour point tuning, he says.

Quantum dots are used in the new generation of QD TV screens to improve colour gamut. QD-LEDS are similar to organic LEDs but the dots have light-emitting centres made of cadmium selenide nano-crystals (there are cadmium-free variants – see box overleaf). By changing the size of the dots, manufacturers can tune them to

produce pure and saturated emission colours with narrow bandwidths.

‘With QDs you can narrow the fullwidth at half maximum [FWHM] of the emission spectra which makes it more efficient and makes the colours purer,’ Archenhold explains. ‘QDs would allow LED manufacturers to fine-tune their products to applications. They will allow more customisation of the light source and personalisation of LED fixtures.’

For example, he suggests adding QDs to an LED emitter to absorb light on the blue spectrum and re-emit it in the red to get a higher colour rendering index, while also reducing blue light hazard, a potential health risk.

‘The majority of the lighting installations in the next five years will demand colour tunability,’ according to Archenhold. However, he expects systems that tune between two whites at, say, 2700K and 6000K, to win out over more advanced but expensive systems that use multiple colours to tune not just the colour temperature but also the colour rendering. ‘The barriers to implementation will be cost and control,’ he explains.

Roger Sexton, vice-president of US

remote phosphor module manufacturer Xicato, says tunable lighting will ‘finally have come of age and be used for real reasons like circadian-aware home lighting,’ in roughly a decade. ‘It will be accepted when the light quality throughout the cycle is good (CRI, natural colour point and so on) and also when there are no part-to-part and through-time colour point deviations at settings in an installation.’

The final piece in the puzzle will be ‘when control is intuitive or automatic,’ Sexton adds. ‘I see lighting control becoming so simplified that it becomes the province of the many and not the specialist few. As with smartphones, touch-screen control and the intuitive user interface afforded by the apps that are nowadays taught to pre-school children will mean an embracing of, rather than an anxiety about, lighting control. Key to this will be the integration of functions in LED modules, the usage of server space in ‘the cloud’ and the usage of open APIs [application programming interfaces].’

Array Lighting’s Nigel Parry recalls hearing street lighting called ‘the smartphone of the future,’ meaning that

Lighting Journal May 2015

12

Technology

only a part of its function will be its core job: lighting. ‘At some point, the big urban centres will have street lighting that spends a lot of its time checking the air quality, giving flood warnings and listening for gun shots,’ he predicts, somewhat ominously.

Cloud-based lighting controls already exist. For example, Dialight’s Vigilant LED high bay fixture with integrated controls and cloud-based monitoring for industrial applications.

Lighting companies such as Zumtobel, Tridonic and Philips have joined forces in the OpenAIS project to create an open Internet Protocol architecture for, among other applications, office lighting; enabling lighting to interact with functions such as heating and ventilating and access control. And US-based Terralux’s Ledsense product combines a cloud-based network with sensors, communications and lighting; the sensors measure carbon dioxide in the air to check whether a room is occupied and operate the lighting and heating accordingly.

Archenhold predicts that LED lighting will also become a tool for use with ‘big data’, the analytics that enable advertising and marketers to track us down and target us with ‘personalised’ sales messages. He imagines a couple sitting at home watching a smart TV that provides ‘hard’ viewing and buying pattern data, while the lights report ‘soft’ data on the atmosphere in the room. Low lighting and close proximity could trigger an advert for a romantic weekend away; bright lights and activity would launch some other offer at the unsuspecting pair.

JOINING THE DOTS In March this year, the Nanoco Group, specialist in the development and manufacture of cadmium-free quantum dots and other nanomaterials, signed a partnership agreement with Marl International, UK designer and manufacturer of LED products and systems. The new products will feature Nanoco’s cadmium-free quantum dot technology.

To date, the use of quantum dots in lighting to improve colour quality and performance has been hindered by the use of the toxic heavy metal cadmium,

Lighting Journal May 2015

While wireless lighting networks are likely to grow, with light sensors, switches and luminaires all acting as WiFi nodes, ‘one of the biggest challenges for the lighting industry is the security of lighting control. It’s not just being hacked, its someone taking down your system and stopping you using it: what they call denial of service,’ says Archenhold. ‘The majority of systems will have to be a combination of secure wireless and wired solutions, with wireless based around a standard wireless solution.’

He also predicts LiFi optical wireless communication to be widely adopted in the next five years. While there is often contention between WiFI channels, there is none between luminaires, so data passes between them at full speed, without interference.

Tomorrow’s physical LED lighting grid systems will increasingly be powered with direct current. A DC-DC driver can operate at up to 98 per cent energy transfer efficiency under microprocessor control. Power over Ethernet (PoE) provides data and DC power connections in one cable enabling the system to monitor and control each LED source individually, using devices such as smartphones.

‘It’s about the integration of functions,’ says Sexton. ‘If luminaires are considered to be “nodes of exchange” and not just light points then also services beyond lighting will be involved.

Examples include sharing sensors for security, air-con and so on, or going beyond building services to locationbased services such as analytics, wayfinding and asset tracking.

according to the company. ‘Our cadmium-free quantum dots offer a simple, effective and non-toxic solution to tuning the colour and improving the quality of LED lighting. Our partnership is a key step on the path to the next era of LED lighting,’ says Nanoco CEO Michael Edelman.

The companies’ technical design teams have focused initially on LED linear strips and ceiling mounted flat panels, both of which are currently still at prototype stage but available for customer demonstrations. www.leds.co.uk (Marl) www.nanocotechnologies.com

Key again, is the usage of open APIs.’ Archenhold suggests that this could also be where the LED lighting industry takes an entirely different direction.

‘Whereas telecomms companies are spending millions of pounds upgrading their networks, it would only cost a fraction of that to upgrade the lighting infrastructure to LiFi-enabled lighting,’ he says. ‘There are enough companies in the field to make it happen.

Telecomms companies might come in and buy lighting companies to get the networking infrastructure.’

Parry posits a future where LED lighting manufacturers might even welcome takeover bids. ‘In the UK, in the next five years or a bit longer, the changeover to LEDs will be complete and everyone will have put a light up that will last 20 years, with little maintenance. So there won’t be a lot of industry work unless a new technology comes along.’

Sexton takes a more sanguine view.

‘I do not see other sources superseding LEDs, for general lighting anyway, in this timeframe. I simply see lighting getting smarter – running itself optimally (thermally, electrically, and reacting automatically to abnormal conditions), being aware of what is happening in a building and reacting accordingly (weather conditions, where people are, furniture and decor finishes and so on) and communicating light point to light point to provide the best possible experience for users, with minimum energy consumption. And all of this will always be with the solid foundation of light quality fundamentals – these will not change.’

Marl Linear light strips illustrating the difference in lighting effect when comparing quantum dot technology (left) to other LED alternatives

Non Destructive Structural Testing Of Lighting Columns ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION AT KEYPOINTS The Problem:

The Solution:

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Kiwa CMT Testing’s unique Relative Loss of Section (RLS) and Swage Joint Analyser (SJA) techniques designed to assess the extent of corrosion in the four danger zones including the column root below ground without excavation.

• • • •

Internal Corrosion at the Hot Swaged Joint Internal Corrosion at base of the door opening Internal or External Corrosion from the base of the door to ground level Corrosion of the root below ground

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16

Science of light

REFLECTIONS ON A GENIUS

© Science Photo Library

Based on his recent lecture at the Royal Institution, Peter Phillipson examines the life and discoveries of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, whose theories, he argues, go way beyond his eponymous lens, and shaped lighting as we know it

T

he year of 2015, chosen to stage the Unesco International Year of Light, coincided with many anniversaries regarding lighting history. One of these was Fresnel’s Wave Theory of Light. Though quite frankly there could be an anniversary for Fresnel each year for the next six years to celebrate one of his many achievements, each one equal to the magnitude of his wave theory and which were shaped by it.

My interest in him started when I was eight years old. I used to get paid a tiny amount to hand lamps up to electricians doing maintenance at a local dance hall where my mother worked. Some of these lights were the architectural lighting that lit the general interior space, but others were the stage lighting itself which used a ‘Freznel’ lens, as it was typically and wrongly pronounced. This lens, that was lit by a prefocused lamp, produced a soft-edge beam.

When learning about light at school at the age of 15, I was surprised to learn that nearly every aspect of it was associated with the name Fresnel, and that he and the lens inventor were one

Lighting Journal May 2015

and the same. I could not believe that one person could have achieved so much in his short lifetime.

As a lighting professional, I have subsequently found that if you always keep his ideas in mind when designing then both the technical and aesthetic look of a lighting scheme will be correct. Everyone reading this article probably unwittingly uses his ideas all the time, but they are rarely articulated. In this of all years, it is time to put the record straight.

Augustine Fresnel was born in Broglie, in northern France, in 1788, the same year as William Haslett and Lord Byron. His father Jacques, originally from Mathieu in the Calvados region where Fresnel himself would grow up, worked as an architect and for many years oversaw renovations at the Château de Broglie. AugustinJean was the second of four brothers.

Louis was a brilliant scholar who died young in battle in 1809 while serving in the military in Spain, and whose death intensified Fresnel’s hatred of Napoleon. Léonor was a polymath and Fulgence a gifted linguist who translated ancient Arabic.

In 1801, aged 13, Fresnel attended the Ecole Centrale de Caen and at 16 the Ecole Polytechnique near Paris where he was taught by his uncle Léonor Mérimée. Two years later he entered the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées where he met the scientist and his lifelong friend François Arago and was taught by mathemetician and physicist Siméon Poisson and mathemetician Adrien-Marie Legendre.

He worked in the Department of Public Highways, where he designed projects such as a bridge at Ille-etVilane. At around the same time Napoleon returned from the Island of Elba and put royalist intellectuals under house arrest. It was then, at 26, that Fresnel’s real passion for light really took off and would sustain his intellect for the rest of his life.

If the so-called Fresnel lens was his numberone selling single, then his work on reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference between two diffracting images, bifringence and polarisation were his critical albums He had been interested in fluid mechanics but was particularly struck by the observations of engineer, physicist and mathematician Etienne Malus. He had observed that light is polarised when reflected and had noticed, while walking past the Palace of Luxembourg in Paris that the sun’s reflection in one of the windows all but disappeared when viewed through a ‘polarising’ crystal, but not the view of the sun directly, a phenomenon that eventually led to him formulating Malus’s Law. Fresnel’s early experiment was to study diffraction, the spreading out of light when it passes through a narrow aperture and the interference pattern observed when two such apertures are lit from a single source. Unknown to him at the time, the British polymath Thomas Young at the Royal Institution in London had done an almost identical experiment a few years earlier and had published his findings.

When Fresnel discovered this

Science of light

17

Fresnel used his biprism to modify Thomas Young’s double-slit experiment producing two bright virtual images of the source instead of two real images

he was disconcerted, believing that he had missed the boat. But with the help of his friend Arago, who spoke and could translate English well, he started corresponding with Young, who encouraged him further.

Fresnel had carried out his experiment with a modification to that carried out by Young. As well as obtaining an interference pattern with two slits, he used a very shallow pair of prisms, now known as a Fresnel biprism, which produced two virtual lines of light, much brighter than that created by Young’s method. The pattern produced from this could only be explained if the amplitude of light waves was perpendicular to the direction of travel of the light wave – in other words a transverse wave.

Not even Young had proposed that light was completely transverse.

It seemed that those who believed that light was a wave, as the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens had proposed 150 years earlier, were gaining ground on others who thought light was particulate in nature.

Fresnel went on to explain a phenomenon that had baffled even Huygens, Newton and many others – a property displayed by some materials such as Iceland spar (now called calcite), which refracts a ray of light twice. This involves the ordinary ray, which refracts in the same way as in any transmitting material, and an extraordinary ray that refracts differently depending on the angle that the light enters the material.

Fresnel related this to the polarisation

that occurs with the direction of the wave through the material leading to a change in its refractive index. This is caused by the material not being ‘isotropic’, in other words, not optically the same in all directions.

Fresnel rewrote the laws of reflection. As well as stating that for a specular surface the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, he worked out that the magnitude of that reflection might be more than 90 per cent when the angle to the normal is high (grazing incidence) and as low as four per cent at the normal, and that these values depended on the refractive index of the material.

The lecture illustrated this by recalling the opening sequence of the 1960s comedy featuring Harry Worth, who used to stand at one end of a shop window, with one leg in the doorway out of sight, lifting his visible leg with the camera looking at the grazing incidence. It gave the impression that he was lifting both legs as the reflection was so strong. Fresnel calculated the same efficiencies for refraction too, allowing us today to design lenses and optical systems with tremendous precision.

It was Fresnel’s deeper understanding and calculations regarding the polarisation of light that allowed a thoroughly rigorous theory of it. This would in turn allow Lord Rayleigh to discover how light becomes scattered in the upper atmosphere, and why the sky is blue and the sun turns red as it

Engraved illustration of a Fresnel lens from the Trousset Encyclopedia (1886-1891)

sets as seen from the Earth, or why we might see a blood-red moon during a lunar eclipse.

Of course, so far we have not even mentioned the famous lens that bears his name. The lens was originally designed for use in lighthouses to create an intense beam of light to warn shipping and reduce the numbers of lives then lost at sea.

His brother Léonor continued with the use of these lenses in lighthouses after Fresnel’s death.

If Fresnel had designed just this, we would still be celebrating him 200 years on. In terms of his popularity, not his legacy, if the so-called Fresnel

Lighting Journal May 2015

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Science of light

It was Fresnel’s deeper understanding and calculations regarding polarisation of light that allowed a thoroughly rigorous theory of it. This would allow Lord Rayleigh to discover how light becomes scattered in the upper atmosphere lens – he developed more than one type – was his number-one selling single, then his work on reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference between two diffracting images, bifringence and polarisation were his critical albums.

The consequences of these are enormous today. The whole science of diffraction gratings – optical components used to separate light into its component wavelengths – led to the discovery that our sun is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (hence the name helium, from the Greek helios meaning sun). The way in which light reflects off architecture, and indeed anything, can be accurately measured according to calculations developed by Fresnel and Swiss polymath Johann Lambert, and all lighting software packages use these ideas.

Taking a mobile phone, for example, we see a reflection of our world on the front glass, while the aerial systems that transmit the data use Fresnel Zones to maximise the signal strength.

The entire Internet is connected by fibre optics whose total internal reflection allows extremely long runs of cables, all based on the principles that Fresnel put forward some two centuries ago.

While history is littered with some celebrated spats between scientists, often over who had arrived at a theory first (Newton and Leibniz being one of the more celebrated), Fresnel’s relationship with Thomas Young

Lighting Journal May 2015

The colours of a soap bubble are caused by thin film interference.

Huygens, Young and Fresnel explained interference in terms of waves

reveals something of his character.

Although not always in agreement, their correspondence was fruitful, and indeed Young’s recommendation directly led to Fresnel being awarded the Rumford Medal. It was brought to him on his deathbed soon before his premature demise in 1827. He had TB and was just 39 years old.

When pondering humanity’s future and his legacy, I feel that as well as the technology of the Internet, Fresnel’s attitude to fellow scientists, exemplified by his friendship with Young, makes him an outstanding figure. People from other countries, who don’t always agree but correspond

for the greater good of mankind, provide us with a timeless example of cooperation and collaboration.

200 years of Fresnel: why everything we light and look at today depends on what he said, was delivered by Peter Phillipson at the Royal Institution on 10 March.

Organised by the SLL, it was sponsored by Philips, the IALD and the Society of Television Lighting Directors (STLD). It was attended by the Duke of York, and around 350 people from the lighting industry.

Peter Phillipson is principal of Future Group Lighting Design.

Simply enhance life in the city with light Lighting has the power to bring the city to life, especially at night.

Used imaginatively, architectural illumination can enhance a sense of space, and enrich people’s experience of a place. The depth and breadth of the Philips portfolio can support you in developing a distinctive identity and inviting atmosphere, whilst achieving significant energy and maintenance savings.

The Philips Lighting Difference Philips is at the forefront of lighting innovation, so in today’s rapidly changing world you can depend on us to have the very latest and best product solutions. With over 120 years of lighting experience, you can feel safe in the knowledge that your investment is in the hands of one of the most recognisable, trusted and admired names in lighting.

Project Location Customer

Brighton Pavilion Brighton, East Sussex The Royal Pavilion & Museums

Philips Architectural Lighting Solutions www.philips.co.uk/outdoorlighting

LEONARDO’S RENAISSANCE

Project

21

Jill Entwistle looks at how the relighting of Da Vinci’s The Last Supper has resulted in a feast for the eyes

I

t is turning into quite a year for seeing great works of art in a new light. First Osram relit Michelangelo’s famous frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, and now iGuzzini has tackled Leonardo Da Vinci’s The Last Supper in Milan. Both schemes, needless to say, have exclusively featured LEDs, in this case replacing a 15-year-old fluorescent scheme by Targetti.

Aside from the obvious conservation and concealment issues, one of the primary challenges lay in approaching an iconic work where the portrayal and effect of light was of central importance to the artist.

‘From a technical point of view, The Last Supper is an incredible experiment,’ says Sandrina Bandera, director of the Lombardy Region Museums. ‘Leonardo wanted to put in a wall painting the effects that the Flemish had begun to import into Italy of the representation of light. Light is Leonardo’s reference point, his continuous research.’

Several light sources are represented in the painting: three come from the openings behind Christ and the apostles, another is the original real window high up on the left wall in the Refectory and finally a light source radiates around the painting and seems to come from the room itself.

‘The luminous effects reverberate on parts of the painting and reflect on others,’ says Giuseppe Napoleone, director of Cenacolo Vinciano museum. ‘The objective was to obtain a lighting system with uniform, not invasive light that helped viewers understand and get to know the work of art, highlighting each detail.

‘The project was extremely complex, because the painting is no longer in an integral state, for reasons commonly known,’ he continues. ‘The surface is irregular and the original fragments have many rough areas that during the restoration required significant work.’

The new LED lighting system – track-mounted, Dalicontrolled Palco floodlights – is designed to bring a richer colour to the painting as well as better control of the light distribution. The continuous spectrum LEDs, with a colour temperature of 3400K, have both a high blue radiation and warm light tone.

‘The human eye perceives light radiation on the margins of the visual spectrum up to approximately 740nm, while natural light and incandescent and flame-based sources all produce a powerful emission throughout the range of reds,’ says iGuzzini. ‘Common LEDs on the market dampen their emission almost completely to approximately 680nm, thereby limiting the spectrum response on natural colours that express their chromatic character in this specific visual region.’

Lighting Journal May 2015

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Project

BACKGROUND The Last Supper (in Italian, Il Cenacolo or L’Ultima Cena) is located in Milan, in the refectory of the Santa Maria delle Grazie Convent. It was commissioned by Leonardo da Vinci’s patron, Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and painted between 1494 and 1497. The 4.6m x 8.8m mural represents the scene of the Last Supper as described in the Gospel of St John and shows how the disciples react when Christ announces that one of them will betray him.

Light is Leonardo’s reference point, his continuous research – Sandrina Bandera, director of the Lombardy Region Museums The thermographic and spectramorphic values achieved are 30 times lower than levels stipulated by Italian and European standards for highly sensitive artworks.

The new scheme also involved the entrance area and entire Refectory, the grand hall in which the Dominican monks had their meals. There are no works of art displayed there, except for the two murals painted specifically for that location, the other being a large scene of the Crucifixion by Donato Montorfano on the opposite wall.

‘The choice of the LED tonalities and therefore the colour spectrum was carefully calibrated and adapted to the pigments of the various mural paintings realised for both a fresco and on a dry wall, on rough and smooth surfaces,’ says Napoleone.

‘The new light in which the Refectory now lives seems to enhance the space in a discreet and efficient manner, without forgetting its holy character,’ he continues. ‘As soon as you enter, you perceive a penumbra, which you quickly get used to and which naturally, through suggestive illumination, not aggressive, takes your eye towards Leonardo’s masterpiece and the other painting, that both seem to live in their own light.’

For a sliding scale comparison showing before and after, go to http://lightisback.iguzzini.com/ultimacena/?lang=en

Lighting Journal May 2015

PAINTING WITH LIGHT: THE FITTING USED The Palco fitting, modelled on the shape of a paintbrush, was specifically designed to light works of art. It is a single-body aluminium spotlight with a high CRI, Dali electronics, interchangeable reflectors and a wide range of accessories, allowing it to be used to illuminate tiny details or wash entire walls.

One of the seven Palco luminaires that lights The Last Supper from below is fitted with a directional flap that limits the light beam precisely, as well as a Fresnel lens to widen it.

Project

23

According to the technical report from the photometric laboratory of Italy’s High Institute for Conservation and Restoration, ‘a direct comparison between the previous and the new system showed that the enriched chromatics and overall perception from the new lighting are evident.

‘This new solution has proved more complete from the point of view of the extension of the emission perceived by the human eye, particularly for the red colours of the spectrum,’ it continues. ‘As in most LEDs, we have not picked up any presence of ultraviolet radiation’.

The lab tests, carried out in January this year, also showed that the fittings are around four degrees C cooler than the previous scheme. While a final figure has yet to be established the laboratory estimates that the new system may enable an increase in the annual amount of light exposure on the artwork of between 15 and 20 per cent.

Illuminated area

Old system (watt)

New system (watt)

Energy saving (watt)

The Last Supper

345

47

- 298

-86%

The Last Supper room

120

16

- 204

-93%

1370

120

- 1250

-87%

1500

310

- 1290

-81%

3335

493

- 2842

-85%

Crucifixion

Other areas (such as waiting hall)

Reduction in energy consumption

ILLUMINATING FACTS •

•

At 50 lux, the brightest section of the painting is around Christ and at 35 lux, the darkest section of the painting is towards the left side. Despite the small change in artificial light levels, the visible difference between the brighter and darker sections is down to the artist’s skill Da Vinci intended for the painting

•

•

to be brighter on the right as there is natural light coming in from windows on the left The door below Christ was built in at a later date and had to be specially illuminated to ensure that visitors could distinguish it from the grey at the top of the painting The new lighting system creates

•

an artificial glow or ‘halo’ around the painting. This was requested by the conservation authority to remind visitors of the painting’s holy subject The scheme, which also includes some indirect lighting, has reduced the average temperature within the room by 90 per cent

Histogram indicating the colour rendering of each tone achieved by the Palco fitting

Lighting Journal May 2015

NET RESULTS Jonathon Porritt, Egle Sakalauskaite, Peter Raynham and Stuart Mucklejohn look at the growth of e-commerce and analyse its impact on lighting

E

lectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet’.

Although e-commerce is widely considered to be the buying and selling of products over the Internet, any transaction that is completed solely through electronic measures can be considered e-commerce. Typically it is subdivided into three categories: business to business (for example, Cisco), business to consumer (Amazon) and consumer to consumer (eBay).

E-commerce is a hugely dynamic area of business growth, with technology, demographics, supply chains and different kinds of property each playing a pivotal role. Although e-commerce markets are still at different stages of development in different regions, it is already clear that its growth is transforming the global retail landscape.

This is being perceived as a broadly positive trend from a sustainability point of view, although the evidence indicates that the benefits of such a shift in retail patterns may not be clear cut. The growth in online shopping has attracted much attention from the media recently, arising from the way employees are required to work in the large warehouses and distribution centres, often with poor lighting, that are needed to support this expansion. Online grocery sales are also gaining momentum, and cross-border operations are expected to further facilitate online sales.

This kind of growth is not perceived as a short-term phenomenon, but rather a long-term structural and cultural change. Moreover, it is anticipated that the gap between developed and developing economies will close faster than previously expected, and that new online markets in developing economies will see an even stronger sales growth. Figure 1 shows an estimate from mid-2013 for the global growth in e-commerce over the period 2011 to 2017.

Fig 1: E-commerce sales worldwide 2011-2017

A major part of this e-commerce growth is online retail and this has led to a massive growth in a number of different types of facilities necessary for the delivery of the merchandise purchased online.

Such facilities include: MEGA E-FULFILMENT CENTRES These are very large high-bay facilities, typically with a floor area of 50,000 to 100,000sqm, often with mezzanine floors. They are usually operated either by the retailer or a logistics service provider, and 24/7 operation is the norm. They are frequently sited close to parcel hubs, but can be in more distant locations.

E-commerce and energy PARCEL HUBS To sort orders by postcode so that they can be delivered to the relevant parcel delivery centre for final delivery to the designated collection point. These buildings typically have high length to width ratios with extensive automated internal operations. They are usually based in more central locations to feed local parcel delivery centres.

PARCEL DELIVERY CENTRES To handle the ‘last mile’ delivery to the customer. Based on the edge of major cities and urban areas for home delivery, or delivery to collection points.

LOCAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION CENTRES To ensure rapid order fulfilment, particularly to service major cities. These are commonly used for online food sales.

RETURNS PROCESSING CENTRES To process returned items, growing cross border e-commerce will almost certainly increase demand for these centres.

The share of global retail sales accounted for by online retail jumped from 2.2 per cent in 2007 to four per cent in 2012. This share is projected to rise at an even faster rate over the next few years. This ‘e-tailing revolution’ is only just getting underway. Occupied distribution space has been growing at an average of seven per cent a year since 2000, and e-commerce accounts for a very significant share of this growth. Hundreds of new distribution centres are now being built or planned in both the rich world and developing and emerging economies. Every extra billion euros of online sales results in an average additional demand for around 72,000sqm. At current growth rates, that means an additional 109m sqm by 2017.

Due to the 24/7 nature of the operations in these facilities, care has to be taken to ensure the continued health and wellbeing of employees. The adverse effects of shift working on the health of staff have been recognised for a considerable time. The disruption to sleep patterns can also result in higher risks of accidents and a lowering of workers’ alertness. But it is only within the past few years that the importance of light on the non-image forming receptors of the human eye has been revealed.

There is currently much interest in the impact of lighting on circadian entrainment. However, at present there is no consensus on how best to support shift workers with changes in the lighting

25

are generally quite efficient. Using the methods proposed for the next version of EN 15193 it is possible to estimate the power density required to give 200 lux in such a building. The result comes in the range of 3.6 to 3.7W/sqm, depending on the size of the area to be covered. This calculation assumes that the space is lit with LED luminaires and relies on the rather optimistic maintenance factor of 0.8. However, while the installed power density is quite low, as the lighting is likely to be run 8760 hours a year the energy used is quite high and the Leni (lighting energy numeric indicator) value is around 32 kWh/sqm a year.

To reduce the amount of energy used it’s necessary to let some daylight into the area and introduce some lighting controls. The usual strategy for getting daylight into a warehouse is to make a percentage of the roof out of translucent provided. It is possible that when these panels. Care has to be used when issues are better understood there will letting light into a space in this way as be a requirement for extra lighting in the panels may give a less good thermal these facilities. performance than the normal roof These new order-processing facilities panels. In the event of too much daylight all need lighting. The percentage of there may be overheating problems energy usage attributed to lighting in in the summer. If the design gives a a commercial facility can represent daylight factor of two per cent and the up to 30 per cent of the total energy building is in the southern part of the UK, consumed for that building. The then if there is a control system that can lighting systems in these large areas dim down the lights it will save about

This is being perceived as a broadly positive trend from a sustainability point of view, although the evidence indicates that the benefits of such a shift in retail patterns may not be clear cut

Lighting Journal May 2015

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E-commerce and energy

50 per cent of the energy use during the daytime. If there is a daylight factor of four per cent, then the saving will be around 60 per cent.

Depending on how the building is to be used, it may also be possible to benefit from absence detection. As it is likely that people will be constantly moving through the space, an auto off/ auto on system would probably be the most appropriate approach. The new drafts of EN 15193 suggest that such a system would save around 10 per cent of the energy.

Finally, using a constant illuminance system to reduce the power of the system when all of the equipment is new, and increase the power as the system ages, can save a further 10 per cent of the energy.

Against that backdrop, designing e-commerce facilities to have a daylight factor of two per cent and installing lighting controls reduces the energy used by around 40 per cent, thus bringing the Leni value down to around 19 kWh/sqm a year.

So with the 109m sqm of space about to be built between now and 2017, it means that an additional 2033 TWh of electrical energy a year is going to be used to light the facilities – if they are designed to take advantage of modern control systems.

However, if those are not employed,

Lighting Journal May 2015

then the additional energy usage will be 3424 TWh. This is a vast amount of energy and will almost inevitably increase emissions of greenhouse gases.

The exact amount of CO2-equivalent emissions associated is hard to calculate as the carbon intensity of the electricity supply varies from nation to nation. Taking the average of the IEA nations you get a value of 0.489 kg/ kWh (the UK is 0.508). On that basis, all this new lighting will be responsible for approximately 994 MT of CO2equivalent emissions a year if the most efficient systems are used, and around 1674 MT if less efficient lighting systems are used.

These calculations do not, however, cover all the complicated interactions that flow from the growth in e-commerce. Twice as much retail transacted online does not necessarily mean a carbon footprint twice as big as the current e-commerce footprint, simply because it will simultaneously displace a certain amount of conventional retailing – which has an even higher carbon footprint for each transaction. Moreover, the transition from conventional retail shopping to online shopping may also have a number of negative impacts associated with the closing of high street and local shops. There are likely

also to be energy and hence carbon footprint impacts of redeveloping high streets and the building of the replacement e-commerce facilities and infrastructure.

While the projected growth in warehousing and distribution centres could represent a great opportunity for the lighting industry, some might ask if it will soon be time to ‘embrace the darkness’. In the longer term, could there be a warehouse world where all lighting systems become redundant, no matter how efficient? New ideas about ‘lights-out’ warehouses are beginning to gain some momentum, fuelled by newly developed software and intelligent robotics.

Some consider that ‘lights-out’ warehouses could be the next big solution, allowing massive energy savings. It is assumed that many advantages can be gained by replacing people with machines from top to bottom in a warehouse or distribution centre operation, and a small number of such facilities are already in operation. Machines would have to be designed, built and proven to tolerate the full range of climatic conditions within a particular warehouse, potentially enabling very significant energy and maintenance savings to be made on heating and cooling in distribution centres.

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28

Conference

PIP forum

Lights, cameras, action The 2012 Olympics exposed how guidance lagged behind technology in lighting for TV sports coverage. The latest ILP Professional Industry Partnership Forum brought lighters, designers and broadcasters together to discuss the way forward Derek Wilson, Mark Cooper and Allan Howard

Photography: Allan Howard

John Waite, Martin White and David Chan

Lighting Journal May 2015

One of the key lighting issues to emerge from the Olympics in 2012 was how outdated the guidance was on how the events should be lit. This was not about the sport, of course, so much as the television coverage of it and the evolution of TV and camera technology.

The introduction of high definition and the increase in techniques such as slow motion and high motion to add drama to sports viewing left SLL Lighting Guide 4: Sports Lighting woefully behind the times in this arena. The Olympics experience, which resulted in companies such as Philips having to develop fittings on the hoof to resolve technical problems such as flicker, gave rise to an Addendum to LG4, issued in July 2013. This contains a new Section 7 on lighting for television.

What the Olympics experience also highlighted was the lack of communication between broadcasters and those responsible for the lighting. The purpose of the latest ILP forum was to bring together lighting manufacturers and design professionals with television and sports broadcasting representatives and technical consultants to determine what they could learn from each other to improve light fittings and lighting design in this area.

One of the first issues to emerge was that standards and requirements issued by the various sports federations were diverse, and either lacking in detail or even non-existent. The Olympics stands out as being very TV driven.

‘Olympic standards are a lot higher than in other sports,’ said Steven Allen. ‘A lot of sports federations don’t have good comprehensive guides for broadcast lighting – they’re often just recommended horizontal readings and don’t go further than that.’

Mike Simpson said that the diversity of requirements didn’t help.

‘You have the Athletics Association

ILP PIP Forum Giulio Antonutto

and Premier League with different standards, you have cricket, baseball and other sports which all have their own specific requirements. You think, why can’t these people talk to each other?’

Lack of communication was a recurring theme. ‘There’s designers at one end and broadcasters at the other end and no link,’ said Kelvin Austin.

‘The prime consideration is what it looks like on screen, not at the stadium,’ said Alastair Bruce.

In addition to ensuring functional and pleasant lighting for both players and spectators, what is viewed on screen and how well, involves a complex range of considerations agreed those who were representing sports broadcasting. ‘It’s important for us to see the teams arriving for a football match and we might want to do it in high motion camera for dramatic effect,’ said Martin Knight, citing a few examples. ‘Although we want the pitch well lit, we want to be able to show crowd reaction. The sponsors’ logos

Alan Roberts and Alastair Bruce

29

David Lodge, Noel Whiffin and Chris Limpach

It’s not broadcasters who have the power, they have the problem – the viewers who complain if the picture isn’t good quality on the team’s shirts have to be the right colour whatever the conditions.’

Colour rendering, and the inadequacy of CRI as a measure for the job in broadcasting, was a central area to be addressed, said Alan Roberts. ‘And CQS is no better, probably worse.’ He said that the TLCI

(television lighting consistency index) was a far more effective metric, based on what the camera, rather than the human eye, sees (more details in the article Why TCLI Measures Up following this report, on p31). ‘There is a growing consensus as people try it that it’s correct,’ added Bruce.

‘What we’re hearing today is that there’s an awful lot that we don’t know,’ said John Waite. ‘We need TV people to take part in creating the standards,’ agreed Giulio Antonutto.

Discussion turned to more specific technical concerns. Camera technology itself is not an issue, said Roberts, they will just get more sensitive, so the basic principles will remain. In the 10 years that it has taken HD to come to maturity, camera sensitivities have doubled.

The point about developments such as HDTV, said Bruce, was that there was a greater need to increase the frame rate, which was now approaching 100fps (frames per second). ‘We’re regularly shooting up to 600fps for slow motion, to get a more natural, temporal performance. High frequency lighting can’t have flicker otherwise it causes a rippling effect.’

The flickering or rippling effect increases when it’s raining, said Allen, because the camera sees it in terms of luminance.

Some issues echoed those encountered in architectural lighting.

‘It should be part of the guidance that we know what the surface colour and material will be because of the reflectance,’ said Allen. ‘Architects always try to put white tiles in a swimming pool area. Disastrous.’

If they want to encourage revenueearning television coverage, the venues themselves also need to get their lighting right for broadcasting purposes, said Knight. ‘TV was a complete afterthought at the Emirates stadium,

Lighting Journal May 2015

30

ILP PIP Forum

for example.’ Some form of guidance here would be useful he suggested.

‘There needs to be a layman’s terms document. It’s not just the big sports federations, it’s the smaller venues and clubs that haven’t a clue.’

Looking at guidance there was some discussion as to the value of standards when, as had been agreed earlier, needs and requirements were so diverse.

‘You can produce a worse lighting

design by going by standards,’ said Limpach. ‘You have to design specifically for each stadium otherwise it’s a disservice to both broadcaster and customer.’

‘Standards are good though,’ argued Antonutto, ‘because they give you basic advice and then you can apply common sense.’

‘We must be careful not to end up with more standards than ever,’

said Mark Cooper. ‘There needs to be a dialogue between traditional lighting people and broadcasters.’

The one message that did clearly emerge is that the lighting in this field is far more complex than in the past, as the Olympics made clear.

‘Lighting used to be just at the sides,’ said Allen. ‘Now it has to be in all four planes involved for the cameras to capture all the possibilities.’

OUTCOMES

Mike Simpson and Derek Wilson

•

•

•

CIE and SEN panels should meet with broadcasters to discuss issues and requirements in the formulation of future standards/metrics in this area The ILP’s Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Lighting could be usefully added to any future guidance in this field It would be helpful to have some form of layman’s guidance for venues themselves

PARTICIPANTS Mark Cooper

iGuzzini

Allan Howard

WSP UK

GiulioAntonutto

Arup

Alastair Bruce

BBC

David Chan

Lux TSI

Mike Simpson

Philips

John Waite

Arup

Martin Knight

Sky Sports Television

Derek Wilson

Sports Ground Safety Authority

Steven Allen

Esteem Projects and Consultancy

Alan Roberts

TV consultant

Alan Smith

CIE-UK

Kelvin Austin

Abacus Lighting

Noel Whiffin

Thorn Lighting

John Telford

Abacus Lighting

Chris Limpach

Musco Lighting Europe

Lighting Journal May 2015

Steven Allen

Alan Smith and Kelvin Austin

Colour metrics

Why TLCI measures up

can be used to drive a computer or television display, which means you get to see the colour differences as well as the difference calculation.

The colour-difference calculation delivers a verdict in two ways: a number 0~100 in which 100 means perfect performance (see overleaf), and a table of advice for colourists. The typical display (see Cheap Chinese 112 LEDs overleaf) shows how this works. The number verdict (45 in this case) has been tested by professional colourists in subjective tests, and their verdict agrees well with what I intended it to produce.

They agreed that 50 makes a threshold (below 50 and the performance is not difference metric to analyse the results, good enough to be able to deal with, and the number awarded should be above 50 and they stand a chance). between 0 and 100 (actually, there’s no Thus we can define the meaning of the lower limit, so it can go negative). The number (Qa diagram overleaf). Note that CQS uses the same desaturated colours the categories overlap – this is because but analyses the differences using the the algorithm isn’t 100 per cent reliable, CIELAB difference metric. The problem it can’t be, but it’s the best we can do. with both these metrics is that they’re Each patch of the Colorchecker designed for architectural and public chart is lit by the reference illuminant, lighting, and the colour difference metrics with the performance when lit by the test they use are all banned by the CIE. luminaire inset into it. Thus, you don’t The TLCI does it differently. really need the rest of it unless you want The block diagram shown below to be pedantic and keep records. demonstrates how. The luminaire’s The colourists’ advice table (overleaf) spectral power distribution is measured divides the hue circle into 12 sectors and then used to notionally illuminate and shows the amount of correction a standard Colorchecker chart. The needed in each sector, as lightness, chart has skin tones, and a range of hue and saturation, this is what the saturations, and is very well known colourist has to try to do. Obviously, the in the industry. The performance is more plus or minus symbols there are, compared with a calculated reference, the more the work is needed. Note that via a standard camera and display. The colour-balance is not an option, since parameters for these are all either taken the notional camera is rebalanced to from international standards (ITU.709 each illuminant in turn, so the grey scale and others) or from direct measurements shows no differences in the patches. made on modern HDTV cameras. The The TLCI, now known officially as comparison is done at the output of the TLCI-2012, has now been in use for display, using the CIEDE2000 difference two and a half years. Manufacturers metric, which is the only one currently are particularly finding it useful since specified for colour-difference work in they now have something to aim at (get CIE Tech.15-2004. the score into the 90s). It’s less useful Rather nicely, the calculations during a production, since the choice of generate gamma-corrected RGB signals lighting will already have been made, but part-way through the process, so these there’s one less-well known aspect that

Alan Roberts explains the Television Lighting Consistency Index which he advocates as being far superior to CRI and CQS for broadcast lighting Work on the TLCI started in the early 1970s, when two workers at the BBC Research Department realised how poor the Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is, and that a proposal for an improvement on it was little better. They (WN Sproson and EW Taylor) decided that, in order to see how well a luminaire works for television, the best way is to calculate it using a simulation of a television camera and display.

Work proceeded slowly, and culminated in Research Reports and a joint investigation by the BBC and CIE in 1988, which was inconclusive. By that time, Bill Sproson had retired and died, and Bill Taylor was due to retire, and the work ceased.

In 2011, I was asked to measure a luminaire for a manufacturer and was appalled at the maths of the CRI. I then remembered this early work on the TLCI. I dug out the documents and started writing software to explore what they’d done, and improve on it.

Fortunately, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) had already started a small work group to rummage the implications of LED lighting on television, and so it was obvious that this group should sponsor the work and get it published.

Thus it was that the algorithm was published as an EBU recommendation in October/November 2012, a year after the restart of the work.

The basic concept is simple – we measure the spectral power distribution of the luminaire, and then compare its reproduction of a set of test colours with that of a mathematical reference source.

But that’s also what the CRI does, so what’s different?

The CRI and CQS both use a small set of colour samples, pastel shades, and estimate the chromatic adaptation of the eye between the white points of the test luminaire and the reference.

The CRI then uses the CIE1964 colour

31

TCLI process diagram

32

Colour metrics

could be useful – a companion algorithm called the television luminaire matching factor (TLMF), which uses exactly the same maths except that the camera is only balanced to the test source, and the reference source can be any other measurement of a luminaire. It is therefore possible to compare sources on set, to see how well they’ll match each other. And it’s interesting that luminaires with high TLCI scores may not necessarily have a high TLMF score.

Many luminaires have been measured, and the results are published (https://tech.ebu.ch/tlci-2012 and www.gtc.org.uk/tlci-results.aspx). My software is now in version 2.015d and is published free for use on the EBU website (https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/ TLCI-2012). All the documents are also published by the EBU (R.137, Tech.3353, Tech.3354, Tech.3355) and the SMPTE has a small workgroup set up to generate a standard recommended practice.

So we really do have a proper international colour metric to analyse luminaires for television, which should work well even with the emerging 4K television systems (UHD-1 and UHD-2).

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Excellent

Perfect

Good

Easy to get most colours right

Fair

Can get some colours right

Poor

Bad

Hard to get much right Hard to get anything right Too hard, not worth trying

The colour difference calculation delivers a verdict in two ways: a number 0-100 in which 100 means perfect performance and a table of advice for colourists (below right)

For more information contact Alan Roberts at Roberts.mugswell@ btinternet.com

e u s Is 5 1 0 2 e n u J r fo s e r tu Fea A suitable case for treatment

Lighting in healthcare

And then there was (white LED) light An interview with Nobel Laureate Shuji Nakamura

Light, illumination and vision

David Loe reassesses the relationship

Legal issues

33

CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT Kathryn Gilbertson explains the new Construction (Design and Management)

the relocation of large manufacturing equipment from one property to another Regulations 2015 and highlights their relevance to lighting professionals would be caught by the regulations.

CDM 2015 will also now encompass domestic repairs and renovations, which s many in the lighting industry You might consider your involvement is a major change from CDM 2007, will know, there will be major to be an adjunct of the role of the which it replaces in its entirety. As such contractual and operational principal designer or principal contractor, they should be read in conjunction with changes as a result of the Construction however, knowing your legal role allows the published guidance from the Health (Design and Management) Regulations you to be aware of your liabilities and to and Safety Executive (HSE) and others, 2015 (CDM 2015) which came into be clear on what steps you must take namely: effect last month (6 April). The impact to ensure compliance. of this will be seen at the project The regulations derive from the • L153 guidance on the Construction planning stage, on site and during the European Directive 92/57/EEC which (Design and Management) lifespan of the property. covers minimum safety and health Regulations 2015 Whether you design bespoke requirements at temporary construction • Industry guides published by the lighting solutions for the whole or part sites. They will have a major impact Construction Industry Advisory of a scheme, provide and install lighting since they apply to all building, Committee (CONIAC) which are freely as a part of a subcontract arrangement, engineering and construction projects in availably from the HSE/CITB or work in a domestic setting, it is Great Britain. This is regardless of the essential that you are aware of these project size, its duration and the nature Interestingly, the regulations do not major changes. of the work being undertaken. So even apply to pre-construction archaeological

A

Lighting Journal May 2015

34

Legal issues

investigations or survey work. Readers may recall that the first corporate manslaughter prosecution, R-vGeotechnical Holdings Ltd 2011, came about as a result of a fatal workplace accident during such a dig. These excavations are regulated under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.

client can and will be held accountable for breach, either through the use of enforcement notices (improvement and/or prohibition notices) or ultimately prosecution for non-compliance in the criminal courts.

Therefore, CDM 2015 requires a client to set a detailed brief supported by information which should include:

CDM 2015 CHANGES IN A NUTSHELL: • Removal of CDM coordinator role • Explicit duties of the client • New role of principal designer • Detailed role of principal contractor • Applies to domestic clients

• Site services – what and where they are located • Drawings • Asbestos information – if present on site, where and in what condition • Site arrangements – security required to prevent unauthorised access, how to access the site The client must ensure that a

THE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT COORDINATOR (CDMC) CDM 2015 removes the role of CDMCs and their various duties are now given to the client under Regulation 4 and Regulation 8.

THE CLIENT: REGULATION 4 DUTIES It is down to the client to make suitable ‘arrangements’ for managing a project. They must make sure that these arrangements are maintained and reviewed throughout the project.

Arrangements are considered to be suitable if construction work can be carried out without risks to the health or safety of any person working on the project.

This is an onerous requirement and clients should take site-specific legal advice as early as possible to ensure that they can be satisfied that all reasonably practicable steps are being taken to prevent and control risks. It is important to remember that the general principles of risk prevention should follow the hierarchy as detailed below: • Avoid risks • Evaluate risks that cannot be avoided • Combat risks at source • Adapt work to the individual • Replace dangerous with non or less dangerous • Develop a coherent prevention policy • Give collective protective measures priority over individual ones • Provide appropriate instructions to employees Be aware that while a client may seek the assistance of others to help him or her achieve these requirements, these are duties that cannot be delegated or transferred to another through a contract or by novation. The

Lighting Journal May 2015

The regulations will have a major impact as they apply to all building and engineering projects construction phase plan is prepared by the contractor (or by the principal contractor if there is more than one).

He or she must also ensure that the principal designer prepares the health and safety file for the project. It is the client’s duty to make sure that these requirements are undertaken.

Thus relevant information needs to be prepared and provided so that the principal designer and principal contractor can carry out their duties.

CDM 2015 requires the client to notify the HSE if the project is scheduled to last longer than 30 working days and have more than 20 workers together on site, or exceed 500 person days. A new standard form will be published, in accordance with the requirements of Schedule 1 of CDM 2015, for these notifications.

It is the client’s obligation to ensure that welfare facilities are provided on the construction site. This can be achieved by ‘buying in’ the service from a reputable hirer.

Should a client dispose of their interest in the project then they can comply with their duties by handing over the health and safety file to the person acquiring the site.

DESIGNER/PRINCIPAL DESIGNER: REGULATION 9 AND 11 DUTIES A principal designer is appointed by the client for projects involving more than one contractor. This is an appointment in writing. The principal designer has overall control over the design and planning stages and so they must have the knowledge, experience and ability to carry out the role. This ‘competency’ requirement is specified in Regulation 8(2) in that ‘a designer…must not accept an appointment to a project unless they fulfil the conditions’.

A designer must not start work unless he or she is satisfied that the client is aware of their duties. This provision envisages a briefing of all parties to ensure that they are mutually satisfied as to their capabilities to achieve the project.

The design must take into account the general principles of prevention (as mentioned earlier) and any preconstruction information to eliminate risks – which include not only the constructions risks but also the risks associated with maintenance, cleaning and using the structure. This could involve designing out or eliminating where possible issues such as window cleaning using hoists, replacement of lighting using MEWPs and so on.

The designer considers the construction phase, the lifetime of the building, and the users who will occupy it.

The principal designer assists the client in identifying, obtaining and collating the pre-construction information. They liaise with the principal contractor to help plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the construction phase.

The health and safety file is prepared by the principal designer, who ensures that safety is considered throughout the project and that everyone working on the pre-construction phase cooperates with each other.

PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR: REGULATION 12 AND 13 DUTIES The principal contractor is appointed by the client, in writing, to coordinate the construction phase where there is more than one contractor.

During the pre-construction phase and before setting up the site, he or she must draw up the construction phase plan. This would include the health and safety arrangements, and specific issues such as working near high voltage power lines. It would also involve work where environmental factors such as engulfment in swampland or exposing workers to risk of drowning could be a factor.

Legal issues This information would feed back into the health and safety file which the principal designer is keeping under review. The construction phase plan would include: • Description of project – key dates and team members • Management of work: • Safety aims • Site rules • Arrangements for cooperation – regular meetings?

• Involvement of workers • Induction • Welfare • Fire and emergency procedures • Control of site-specific risks The principal contractor must plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the construction phase so that all work is carried out without risks to heath or safety.

This can be achieved by regular liaison with the client and principal designer, as well as through the cooperation and coordination of the various contractors on site. Typically you would expect to see a principal contractor leading on:

• Suitable site inductions • Reasonable steps taken to prevent unauthorised access • Workers consulted • The provision of well-maintained welfare facilities THE DOMESTIC CLIENT: REGULATION 7 CDM 2015 will apply to all domestic projects. While the householder is the client, their duties under the regulations are transferred to their contractor, where only one contractor is working. Where there is more than one contractor, then the principal contractor needs to comply with CDM 2015 duties unless the home owner/client appoints a principal designer in writing.

The effect of this is that all building and renovation work is covered by CDM 2015. It will be interesting to see whether the current home renovation television programmes will comment on these changes as part of their due diligence commentary.

CONCLUSION The impact and success of CDM 2015 falls to the newly appointed chief inspector of construction, Peter

35

Baker. He takes over at a time of significant change for the Health and Safety Executive. It has been widely reported that staffing numbers have been drastically reduced, that inspector morale is low and that Fee for Intervention (FFI) has brought its work into sharp focus.

If any impetus is needed for a business or director to comply with CDM 2015 rather than chance to luck then take a look at the draft Sentencing Guidelines, as proposed by the Sentencing Council, for typical fines that will be imposed for CDM 2015 breach (see table below).

To download a free copy of CDM 2015 go to: www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ books/l153.htm Kathryn Gilbertson is head of business defence at Greenwoods Solicitors LLP. For further information or advice contact her at kgilbertson@greenwoods.co.uk.

With offices in Peterborough, Cambridge and London, Greenwoods is a UK commercial law firm providing legal advice and pragmatic solutions to local, national and international clients

STARTING POINT

CATEGORY RANGE

Harm category 1

£1,600,000

£1,000,000 – £4,000,000

Harm category 2

£800,000

£400,000 – £2,000,000

Harm category 3

£400,000

£180,000 – £1,000,000

Harm category 4

£190,000

£90,000 – £500,000

Harm category 1

£950,000

£600,000 – £2,500,000

Harm category 2

£450,000

£220,000 – £1,200,000

Harm category 3

£100,000

£100,000 – £550,000

Harm category 4

£50,000

£50,000 – £250,000

Harm category 1

£540,000

£300,000 – £1,300,000

Harm category 2

£240,000

£100,000 – £600,000

Harm category 3

£100,000

£50,000 – £300,000

Harm category 4

£50,000

£20,000 – £130,000

Harm category 1

£130,000

£75,000 – £300,000

Harm category 2

£40,000

£14,000 – £100,000

Harm category 3

£14,000

£3000 – £60,000

Harm category 4

£3000

£1000 – £10,000

Very high culpability

High culpability

Medium culpability

Low culpability

Sentencing Council draft Health and Safety Guidelines using a medium-sized company as an example

Lighting Journal May 2015

36

Lighting basics

In the second of his occasional columns, Ivan Perre looks at light in the 400-500nm range

Lighting Journal May 2015

Lighting basics

B

lue light: is it good or is it bad?

On one hand it is meant to be good for you, keeping you active and alert during the day, on the other there are reports that it can damage your eyes and keep you up at night.

Well, the answer is all to do with the human physiology and how our body responds to light within the range of 400-500 nanometres (nm), or the blue range of the visible spectrum.

is the colour blue that can help fight the syndrome. Using special lamps, we can trick our bodies into thinking there is more daylight available by exposing our retinas to blue light, around 450-480nm.

Recommended treatments are 5000 lux a day. This can either be a 10,000 lux dose for 30 minutes or 2500 lux for two hours. The same principle applies to the biodynamic systems that have been installed in offices where cooler light is used for the morning scene, signalling CIRCADIAN RHYTHM the body to be more alert.

As we now know, our eyes have So it isn’t much good getting a high three types of photoreceptors: cones dose of blue light at night-time when (around 6m), rods (around 120m) and you should be settling down for sleep, photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. but nowadays, as has been widely Cones deal with high-definition daytime publicised, we get this from other vision while your rods are for the nightsources. The light emitted from tablet time. The more recently discovered computers has a peak wavelength of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells do around 450nm. Studies have shown that not actually contribute to vision at all. As reading from a tablet for a few hours was determined at the beginning of this in a dimly lit room before going to bed century, they are used to tell our body increases the time taken to fall asleep what time of day it is. by 10 minutes. This is compared to the This circadian rhythm is controlled same activity with a paper-based book. by our internal master clock, the Another study compared the effect suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It does that warm and cool room lighting has this by regulating various key hormones on melatonin production. Subjects were throughout the day. Cortisol is a stress exposed to 40 lux for two hours in the hormone which kick starts our system evening. It was found that the cooler in the morning. The other two important light source suppressed melatonin, hormones are melatonin and serotonin. affecting the sleep cycle.

One of the most noticeable effects This is one of the primary objections of melatonin in our body is that it makes to cool white LED street lighting. The us sleepy. In fact synthesised melatonin concern is that if the newly converted is sometimes prescribed to the over-55s street lamp outside your house shone to help combat insomnia. It also does blue light through to your bedroom, some other pretty amazing stuff. It is a you won’t be able to sleep. In certain powerful antioxidant, which is believed to circumstances this may be true. If you help stop a number of chronic conditions are lying still for extended periods such as cancer, stroke and rheumatoid of time the amount of light received arthritis. There is also medical research through your closed eyelids may that suggests melatonin works with your accumulate over time, enough to mess body’s immune system to fight disease. with hormone production.

The serotonin makes us feel However, research indicates that energised and alert. During the day the amount of light generated by street our serotonin levels are at a peak and lighting is insufficient to disrupt our it’s the best time to work. Whether sleep cycle. Remember SAD treatment this is hunting down a gazelle, like our requires 2500 lux for two hours and ancestors would have done, or writing although the cool white light study a magazine article, the right balance of exposed subjects to 40 lux and showed serotonin helps get the job done. some effect on melatonin, we generally I do say the right balance, as the do not sit out under a street light to read wrong balance has been shown to our favourite book. affect appetite, mood and behaviour among other things. One such example BLUE LIGHT HAZARD is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) There is a significant proportion of blue syndrome, which is more prominent light in LED lighting, especially cool during the winter months. Some of white LEDs (6000K or greater), which the SAD symptoms include tiredness, gives rise to another potential issue irritability and low self-esteem. It occurs called blue light hazard. It is defined when there is an overproduction of as the potential for a photochemicalmelatonin and not enough serotonin. induced retinal injury from direct ocular While SAD is commonly referred to exposure to light between 400-500nm. If as the winter blues, the irony is that it this exposure is at sufficient intensity for

37

a long enough period this damage can be long term or even permanent.

In order to distinguish the extent of blue light hazard between lighting products, European Standard EN 62471 Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems has defined the following risk groups: • No Risk (RG0): no hazard for continuous unrestricted use • Low Risk (RG1): safe except for prolonged direct ocular exposure • Moderate Risk (RG2): safe if lengthy exposure is unrealistic • High Risk (RG3): potentially unsafe and safety systems are required What defines the risk is the maximum exposure times before retina damage is likely for a given distance. RG0 has an exposure time of greater than 10,000 seconds or 2.8 hours. RG1 is greater than 100 seconds but less than 10,000.

RG2 is greater than 0.25 but less than 100 seconds. The 0.25 is considered to be the aversion time of an average person. RG3 is less than 0.25 seconds, so damage will occur before you can look away. The measuring distance is dependent on how the lamp is intended to be used and whether it is defined as a GLS lamp or not. Non-GLS lamps are assessed from a distance of 200mm from the source whereas GLS lamps are measured from the distance at which they produce 500 lux.

The reality is that most LED lighting products are classified as RG0 or RG1 and no action is required. For lamps with a higher risk at RG2 a warning label is needed. Lamps with a risk group of RG3 must have a danger label. Under normal conditions, people who live and work in an area lit by LEDs are not at risk. I say normal as staring at any light source for almost three hours is pretty unusual.

Maintainers have to be more careful. If for some reason they need to work in close proximity to an LED light that is on, personal protective equipment in the form of blue filter glasses should be worn.

Ivan Perre is an electrical engineer with London Underground Professor Russell Foster, leading expert in visual and ciracadian neurobiology, will be giving a lecture at the Royal Institution on 10 June, a major ILP event for the International Year of Light. Foster is professor of Circadian Neuroscience and head of the Department of Opthalmology at Oxford University. Go to www.theilp. org.uk/events/professor-russell-foster/

Lighting Journal May 2015

38

VPs’ column

WHEN IS A MEMBER NOT A MEMBER? Guy Harding, VP membership, spells out the differences

W

hen thinking about what to write for this month’s column, I was drawn back to the March edition of the Lighting Journal in which ILP chief executive Richard Frost wrote a small piece on the grades of membership and the misuse of post nominal letters. I wanted to follow this up with a clear and concise guide to the grades of membership and the titles that people are permitted to use, especially as I have recently come across members of the institution still using very old post nominals that refer to the Institution of Lighting Engineers…

Most people who join our institution do so as an Affiliate, and all that is required is an interest in lighting and to pay the appropriate subscription.

This grade is open to anyone and does not confer any competence or level of lighting knowledge. There are no letters after your name, or what we call post nominals, with this grade.

If the person joining us is in fulltime education he or she will join at the grade of Student. This is a recently reintroduced grade and is free of charge to full-time students for three years.

Part-time students, apprentices and trainees pay a discounted rate. As with the Affiliate grade, this does not carry any letters after your name.

The next grade of membership is Associate Member. This grade is associated with the grade of Engineering Technician with the Engineering Council and allows the person to use EngTech AMILP after his or her name. To attain this grade you will need to have completed and scored at least a credit over all four modules of the Exterior Lighting Diploma after 2012, and have gone through the registration process.

Alternatively this grade is open to people who hold an ONC or HNC and can prove their competency and experience in lighting by means of a competency statement.

To become a Member of our

Lighting Journal May 2015

institution you must hold either an HNC/HND (started before 1999) or a degree in an engineering subject approved by the Engineering Council.

Alternatively, candidates can, on approval, follow the individual route to this grade. The grade of Member allows the person to use the letters MILP after his or her name and either IEng or CEng depending on the grade they were awarded. The grade of Member and IEng or CEng therefore confers a level

“

There are examples of people claiming to be Members of the ILP and using Engineering Council post nominals when they were just Affiliates.

Disciplinary action followed and they lost their job. It is, quite simply, fraud

of education and experience in lighting, and establishes the person as having a high level of competence in a particular lighting speciality.

For completeness, the grade of Fellow can be conferred on members

who have been a Member (MILP) for at least 10 years, and have made a significant contribution to the objectives of the institution. So, in a nutshell: Fellow = FILP Member = MILP Associate member = AMILP Affiliate and student = no post nominals As I am writing this we are sending out final reminders for membership subscriptions for the year and a few people who have not renewed will lose the right to use their post nominals. Those who do not renew their membership, are not entitled to keep using the letters AMILP or MILP, and any Engineering Council qualifications such as EngTech, IEng or CEng will become invalid unless they have already joined another professional engineering institution and pay their fees through them.

To hold any of these grades above Affiliate it is also a requirement of the ILP and the Engineering Council that people maintain their professional knowledge and competence by keeping up with and recording their CPD. We are obliged by the Engineering Council to audit members’ CPD on an annual basis so it is vitally important that you keep yours up to date. It just might be you that gets a call to be audited…

Finally, at the risk of being boring, I do need to reemphasise that the use of any post nominal letters after your name that you are not entitled to is, quite simply, fraud. There are examples of people claiming be Members of the ILP and using Engineering Council post nominals when they were just Affiliates.

Disciplinary action followed and they lost their job. The Engineering Council also takes a very dim view of this and has considered legal action against offenders in the past. vp.membership@theilp.org.uk

ILP’S NEWLY RELAUNCHED JOB VACANCY SERVICE Talent hits a target no-one else can hit; genius hits a target no-one else can see Arthur Schopenhauer

Recruiting talent is one of the biggest challenges for companies in the lighting sector. Finding candidates with the relevant skills, experience and aptitude requires careful strategy and here at the ILP we care passionately about raising the bar of professionalism in lighting; and helping you secure talented individuals for the future.

We are relaunching our job vacancy service to ensure the best opportunities for profiling your company and position in front of top lighting professionals – over 2000 individuals.

We have extended the platforms available to showcase your vacancy; from the bi-weekly newsletter, the ILP website, and now also our twitter site with over 1200 followers – members and lighting industry affiliates.

We also include an opportunity to place the advert in the Lighting Journal in an introductory offer for a 3 month period.

Option 1 £350 + VAT • 2 consecutive job links in the ILP biweekly e-newsletter • Full page advert on the ILP website for one month, including your logo and a link to your website.

• Multiple postings on the ILP Twitter site using hashtags #lightingjobs and #ILPjobseeker.

• No quibble extension of 2 weeks on the website if there are no responses.

Option 2 £550 + VAT As option 1 plus: • Quarter page job advert in the ILP Lighting Journal, saving you £200 on the normal rate.

Save £200

Benefits The benefit to Designs for Lighting in using the ILP Job Vacancy service is that it is targeted at the type of recruit that we are looking for. The applicants we do get tend to be of a high quality and I am pleased to say that we have recently recruited a Lighting Designer as a result of the ILP advert.

Alistair Scott – Managing Director, Designs for Lighting

• Exposure to over 2000 lighting professionals on multiple channels both printed and digital.

• Dedicated support from the ILP ‘The Independent Voice of the Lighting Profession’.

• Cost effective targeting of high quality potential candidates.

• A reach of high quality candidates through additional use of social media.

• Quick and straightforward service – complete our simple form and we do the rest.

For further information including a service booking form please call Diane Sterne on 01788 576492 or email diane@theilp.org.uk.

40 Products

Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new LightGraphix

LD Line 15 LD Line 15 is a miniature, shallow 24V light fitting. Creating a line of light, its applications include indirect illumination of shelves and steps. With a depth of 15mm, it can be used for shelves as shallow as 30mm, and comes with a range of fixing options for both interior and exterior applications.

LightGraphix worked closely with profile specialist BWF in Germany to create a new polycarbonate extrusion based on its colour LED technology. The extrusion features a built-in reflector which, according to LightGraphix, produces no spotting from the LEDs, making it particularly suitable for illuminating polished and reflective surfaces. There is also minimal efficiency loss. Available in any custom lengths from a minimum of 63mm to a maximum of 4013mm, it has been designed around an extruded square profile so that it can be sealed to IP54 as standard. The intention is to make it a more cost-effective solution where an IP40/44 rating is not enough, but the alternative is a more expensive IP68-rated fitting.

An IP67 version is also available and is suitable for water features and ponds. www.lightgraphix.co.uk

Thorn

FleXity Designed to provide a durable but decorative solution for applications such as residential areas, cycle paths, building surrounds and car parks, FleXity has a 100,000-hour (B10L80 at Ta25 degrees C) lifetime with surge protection up to 10KV. According to Thorn it will need no component maintenance and has a curved self-cleaning shape to prevent the collection of dust, dirt and water. The LED fittings are available in variants from 1450lm to 6320lm (21W to 80W) offering up to 90Llm/W. Integrated bi-power dimming is standard with Dali, 1-10V, minicell, Nema and presence detection also available. A choice of diffuser options includes clear and diffusing glass. www.thornlighting.com/FLEX

Thorn

Urba Also new from Thorn is a contemporary LED urban lantern designed by leading architect and city planner Wilmotte and Industries. Suitably sleek and minimalist, with contrasting colour tones and dichroic glass, Urba comes in two sizes with a maximum output of 15,000lm (up to 100Llm/W) and nine light distribution choices. Two dedicated optics ensure low disability glare (G6 class) and a version with prismatic glass is also available for pedestrian applications to limit obtrusive light. It has three mounting options (post top, wall or lateral mounting) and a wide choice of coordinated short and long brackets and columns. Integrated control options include stand-alone dimming, remote control and presence detection.

Again the fitting has a lifetime of up to 100,000 hours at B10L70, according to Thorn. www.thornlighting.com/URBA

Lighting Journal May 2015

Products

41

Holophane

T-Max T-Max is a modular, single-product LED solution for all phases of tunnel and underpass lighting. With a variety of mounting arrangements and optical packages, the fitting is scalable, offering packages from 6000lm up to 40,000lm, delivering more than 110lm/W. It can be mounted as a linear or projection arrangement using specific anchor points, allowing for the luminaire to be adapted to any tunnel environment without affecting the optical performance. The fitting has also been designed to operate from 40 degrees C at up to 60 degrees C ambient temperatures. The thermal management of the product uses three methods of heat dissipation: conduction, convection and radiation. It is designed to IP66 and IK09 ratings, making it suitable for high-pressure jet cleaning. The driver comes in a bespoke, separate IP66 gear box housing that can either be installed attached to the luminaire or up to 9m away. www.holophane.co.uk

Venture Lighting

IDT LED range Venture has introduced a range of LED luminaires incorporating its VLED integrated driver technology (IDT) system for floodlights, industrial and street lighting schemes. Operating directly from the mains supply without the need for a separate driver helps to increase the life of the luminaire as there is no driver to fail before the 50,000-hour LED life. With individual 30W IP65 VLED modules, the IDT luminaires are available from 30W to 180W and in narrow, medium or wide beam angles. The range includes VLED Highbay and Lowbay IDT systems for warehousing and other industrial applications, as well as a VLED floodlight, all available with optics for a 15, 30 or 60-degree light distribution. The systems have a colour temperature of 5700K (Ra80). www.venturelightingeurope.com

Zumtobel

Supersystem Zumtobel has increased the versatility of its Supersystem range with a line of products that will allow it to be used in exterior as well as interior applications. With three spotlight sizes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; diameters 25mm, 45mm and 65mm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the replaceable lenses take them from very narrow beam to wallwashing functions. Accessories also include Vario lens, glare control tools, honeycomb mesh and barn doors. The outdoor version (pole or wall mounted) allows targeted illumination of urban features, providing accent lighting for vertical as well as horizontal surfaces from a single system. Power consumption is 4W, 10W or 15W, with colour temperatures of 3000K and 4000K (Ra90). The spots, which come in white, black and silver, rotate through 360 degrees and pivot through 90 degrees. www.zumtobel.com

Lighting Journal May 2015

THE ILP INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT LECTURE Light, time and health: biology to architecture Circadian science is of enormous importance to lighting professionals. Since the discovery of the third receptor by Professor Berson in 2002, there has been increased research and discussions both within and outside of the lighting industry about the increasing importance of light and health.

The results of this research now forms an important addition to the European lighting guide EN 12464-1.

Here is your opportunity to hear from an established, non biased expert. Russell Foster is Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and the Head of the Department of Opthalmology at the University of Oxford. His research spans circadian, visual and behavioural neuroscience and addresses the implications for human performance, productivity and health.

The discovery of a third class of photo receptor within the eye has not only transformed our understanding of ocular biology, but has raised critically important issues relating to the importance of being exposed to the natural cycle of light and dark. This presentation will consider the discovery, biology and clinical relevance of pRGC photoreceptors and how we might use this information in building design.

Join us, in this the International Year of Light, at the Royal Institution for a CPD talk lasting around an hour followed by the chance to discuss the subject, network with your peers, and meet new faces.

When: Wednesday 10th June 2015, 6:30pm Where: Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W1S 4BS

THE ILP IS A COLLABORATING PARTNER OF THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT

For more information call us on 01788 576492 FREE to attend. All welcome â&#x20AC;&#x201C; register now at www.theilp.org.uk/events/professor-russell-foster

DRIVING FORWARD B

uilding on the success of its first lighting conference and exhibition last year, Road Lighting 2015 continued to attract speakers from across the globe, with around 30 exhibitors and more than 220 delegates.

The conference was again held at the Langham Hotel, Auckland, in March with a now common theme for many conferences, Smart City Lighting.

A packed two-day programme opened with the Minster of Energy and Resources, the Hon Simon Bridges MP, announcing that within five years every city in New Zealand will be lit by LEDs and the whole country in 10 years.

The conference soon got into its stride and delivered a number of case studies from around the globe that focused on delivery of LED solutions.

Speakers came from the USA, Denmark, Canada and Germany, and included our own Dave Johnson of Transport for London (a video link) in the UK, plus, of course, local speakers from Australia and New Zealand.

Graham Mawr from Next Energy, Sydney, introduced the top 10 countdown from across the world of locations that have either changed or are looking at changing to LEDs. He started at number 49, the smallest, with 15,000 fittings in Mexico, moving up to 692,000 for the entire country of Taiwan over the next few years. The UK was well represented in the listing, but the top 20 was dominated by the USA and Canada with projects at different stages of delivery. Of course, they do have bigger places to start with.

Nigel Parry finds that Road Lighting 2015 in Auckland, New Zealand, was even better than last year’s first event

Apart from the case studies the conference was split into differing topics that covered research, evolving standards and finance.

The Minster of Energy and Resources announced that within five years every city in New Zealand will be lit by LEDs and the whole country in 10 years Looking at international research, a returning speaker was Dr Ron Gibbons (CIE Div 4 Director) who updated the audience with his current research on road driving safety. This time he focused on the work being done in Washington state looking at light levels and road accident locations.

I presented a paper on the work being done in the UK to save energy using adaptive lighting and the use of central management systems to facilitate this, and noted that the ILP PLG reports to be published in 2015

will provide clear guidance. I also highlighted the flexibility of LEDs to deliver savings by switching from HID, and looked at how they can be easily controlled to make extra savings as demonstrated in cities such as Leicester where they are saving around 75 per cent compared to the old lighting.

As the conference theme was smart cities, it wasn’t surprising to see more CMS providers speaking and exhibiting than in 2014. Will Gibson of Telensa gave an excellent presentation on CMS deployment in the UK, as did CJ Boguszewski of Silver Springs on the Florida roll-out, claimed to be the biggest in the world. In addition it was good to see Zodion UK exhibiting and its MD John Fox took part in a lively forum later in the day.

In fact to conclude the first day a forum of LED and CMS suppliers addressed many of the unspoken concerns around the hall about the new technology. Each session was chaired by a specialist facilitator to deliver some lively debate, although no questions were taken from the audience the feedback was that it was a popular opportunity to hear the facts directly.

Last year I commented that this was a road lighting event with an appetite to learn and adopt new ways, and it was a refreshing change to see all attending participating in a very worthwhile event.

I’m happy to say that the second event was even better than the first and the level of enthusiasm remains high.

Nigel Parry is the principal of OrangeTek UK

Lighting Journal May 2015

44 YLP column

TEACH YOURSELF...

Lawrence Baynham looks at how we can increase our power and knowledge with discipline and self-learning

K

nowledge is power. This is the translation of the Latin aphorism ‘scientia est potentia’ and is often used in reference to the subject of learning and education. But how do we go about learning in order to gain this knowledge? It is clear that improving our understanding of something will enable us to carry out tasks more effectively or more efficiently, but in an industry where an essential combination of technical, social, economical and environmental factors are key (to mention a few), what’s the best approach for learning?

There are some answers to this which might seem obvious, such as training courses (for example, ILP lighting diplomas). But from there it

really depends on the individual’s circumstances – the company or organisation for which they work (which will affect the opportunity for ongoing training, workshops, shadowing, exposure to experts in the field), preferred learning styles and so on.

It therefore is a matter of choice as to which learning route, if any, to take.

Being aware of knowledge gaps (‘know what you don’t know’) is the key. Once we have this knowledge, it is possible to use various tools and techniques (which, of course, will be down to personal preference as to the one that works best) to fill the gaps. If we don’t know what the gaps are, then it’s a difficult task to fill them.

For this reason, it is often useful to have a structured approach to the initial steps of the training to outline the main points that will be of use (answering the question ‘where do I start?’). Although this initial training might not provide one with all of the detail and knowledge, it makes things much easier when it comes to self-learning, by providing an overview of the direction to take.

As an example, it might be highlighted that polar photometry plots are used to provide details about the throw of light from a luminaire. From this point it is possible to embark on internet searches, stumbling across articles, YouTube videos and other resources to provide the details of the content (in other

The active nature of self-directed learning also helps us in encoding information and retaining it over time words, what the coordinates mean in the plots, how to interpret them and so on.).

In an article published in Perspectives on Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, researchers Todd Gureckis and Douglas Markant of New York University examine the issue of self-directed learning from a cognitive and a computational perspective.

According to Gureckis and Markant, self-directed learning helps us optimise our educational experience, allowing us to focus effort on useful information that we don’t already possess and exposing us to information that we don’t have access to through passive observation.

The active nature of self-directed learning also helps us in encoding information and retaining it over time.

Perhaps one can take further comfort in the amount of content hosted on the Internet. If ever we need to gain an understanding in a subject, there will be content somewhere that will enable us to achieve our goal, provided we are willing to put in the time and effort to do so. It’s just a matter of finding it.

Everyone educates themselves in this way to an extent. But why not formalise this by putting aside some time each week for some focused research around a subject for which improved confidence is required? There are numerous sites offering advice and tips on how to succeed at self-directed learning, so what better place to start?

Lawrence Baynham is business development manager at Indo Lighting Would you like to have your voice heard by the lighting community? The YLP column is dedicated to articles and information for YLP members. If you would like to share your ideas, please contact Tom Baynham: ylp@indolighting.com

Lighting Journal May 2015

Lighting Consultants

These pages give details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Go to: www.ilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Carl Ackers

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

Built Environment Consulting Ltd

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

MSc CEng MCIBSE MILP MSLL

Castle Donington DE74 2UH

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: +44 (0) 1332 811711 M: 07867 784906 E: carlackers@bec-consulting.co.uk

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

With many years’ experience we are able to bring a wealth of knowledge to the design process. Our vision is to deliver class leading sustainable solutions for the built environment, including specialist internal and external lighting design and specification services, record for PFI projects and their indepedent certification.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Steven Biggs

Philip Hawtrey

Anthony Smith

Skanska Infrastructure Services

Mouchel

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

T: 04489 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com

www.bec-consulting.co.uk

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

www.wspgroup.com

BTech IEng MILP MIET

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

www.nicksmithassociates.com

Eng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

www.mouchel.com

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

John Conquest

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

4way Consulting Ltd

WSP

Alan Tulla Lighting

www.skanska.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies.

Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Lorraine Calcott

Alan Jaques

Euan Clayton

it does lighting ltd

Atkins

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

www.4wayconsulting.com

IEng MILP MSLL MIoD

Milton Keynes, MK14 6GD

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

IEng MILP

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

www.itdoes.co.uk

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

www.atkinsglobal.com

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

Mark Chandler

Tony Price

Simon Butt

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

Capita

T: 01908 698869 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

EngTech AMILP

Reading RG10 9QN

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com

BEng(Hons) CEng, MICE, MILP, MAPM Blackburn, BB2 1AU

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

Capita are a market leading design consultant, who specialise in street lighting design, LED retrofit schemes and project management. We also provide budget reducing solutions through technical expertise in products, specifications and procurement. We offer energy reduction advice, funding mechanisms and financial evaluations.

Colin Fish

Alistair Scott

Simon Bushell

WSP

Designs for Lighting Ltd

SSE Enterprise Lighting

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

IEng MILP

Hertford SG13 7NN

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE

T: 01254 273000 E: simon.butt@capita.co.uk

www.capita.co.uk/infrastructure

MBA DMS IEng MILP

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Southampton SO30 2LG T: +44 (0)1489771803 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

Providing design and technical services for all applications of exterior and interior lighting from architectural to sports, rail, area, highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations on wildlife and the community.

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Professional consultancy from the largest external lighting contractor maintaining 1.5m lights in the UK and Ireland. Exterior lighting/electrical design for Motorways, Highways, Architectural, Car Parks, Public Spaces and Sports lighting. From advice on carbon reduction strategies to delivering the whole installation package.

www.wspgroup.com

Winchester SO23 7TA

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

www.sseenterprise.co.uk/solutions-for-business/lighting

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING

DIRECTORY TO RESERVE A PLACE ON THE WAITING LIST FOR THE LIGHTING DIRECTORY PLEASE CONTACT:

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Kiwa CMT Testing Non-destructive testing at the root, base, swaged joint and full visual inspection of steel lighting columns.

Techniques employed include the unique Relative Loss of Section meter and Swaged Joint Analyser in addition to the traditional Magnetic Particle inspection and Ultra Sonics where appropriate.

JULIE â&#x20AC;&#x201C;01536 527297 JULIE@MATRIXPRINT.COM

FESTIVE & DECORATIVE LIGHTING

Specialist in high quality decorative and festive lighting.

A full range of equipment is available for direct purchase or hire including unique firework lights, column motifs, cross road displays, festoon lighting and various tree lighting systems.

Our services range from supply only of materials, hire, design and or total management of schemes.

More information is available from: Head Office City Illuminations Ltd Griffin House, Ledson Road, Roundthorn Ind Est Manchester M23 9GP Tel: 0161 969 5767 Fax: 0161 945 8697 Email: dave@cityilluminations.co.uk

COLUMN INSPECTION & TESTING

Designers and manufacturers of street and amenity lighting.

319 Long Acre Nechells Birmingham UK B7 5JT t: +44(0)121 678 6700 f: +44(0)121 678 6701 e: sales@candela.co.uk

candela L I G H T

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative lighting. We also provide custom-built distribution panels, interior and exterior lighting design using CAD. 7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555 email: steve.odonnell@maclean.co.uk Web site: www.maclean.co.uk

Unit 5 Prime Park Way Prime Enterprise Park Derby DE1 3QB Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

METER ADMINISTRATION

WIND RELEASING BANNERS

CUT OUTS & ISOLATORS

TRAINING SERVICES

CPD Accredited Training

Meter Administrator Power Data Associates Ltd are the leading meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve accurate energy calculations assuring you of a cost effective quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market developments.

01525 862690

info@PowerDataAssociates.com

www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality

• AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards • Lighting Design Techniques • Light Pollution • Tailored Courses please ring

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk

Venues by arrangement

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

SHATTER RESISTANT LAMP COVERS

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC

Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com www.hagnerlightmeters.com

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com

COLUMNS

equipment.

PO Box 210

Nick Smith Associates Ltd

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

light measuring and photometric

INSTRUMENTS LTD

Contact Nick Smith

Fluorosafe shatter resistant covers – Manufactured from high molecular weight Fluoroplastic material whose lifespan exceeds all maximum quoted lifespans for any fluorescent Lamps.

Holscot supply complete covered lamps or sleeves only for self fitting.

Holscot Fluoroplastics Ltd Alma Park Road, Alma Park Industrial Estate, Grantham, Lincs, NG31 9SE Contact: Martin Daff, Sales Director Tel: 01476 574771 Fax: 01476 563542 Email: martin@holscot.com www.holscot.com

LIGHTING

fresh thinking trusted technology

- Direct LED retrofit lamps - LED gear tray retrofits - Induction Lighting

0203 051 1687 www.indolighting.com

DIARY 14

28

18-19

SLL Masterclass: Light for Life Location: Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street, London WC2 www.sll.cibse.org

28th CIE Session Venue: University Place, University of Manchester www.cie2015.org

LuxLive 2015 (Supported by the ILP) Venue: ExCel, London E16 www.luxlive.co.uk

18

30

19

Exterior Lighting Diploma Module 3 (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Draycote Hotel, Nr Rugby jean@theilp.org.uk

How to be Brilliant with: James Siddle, Ideaworks (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

Lux Awards 2015 Venue: Troxy, Commercial Road, London E1 www.luxawards.co.uk

May

May

19

May How to be Brilliant with: Rebecca Weir, Light IQ (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

21

May SLL AGM and Awards Venue: RIBA 66 Portland Place, London W1 www.sll.cibse.org

21

May Lightscene (ILP event) Venue: Northampton Saints Rugby Club jo@theilp.org.uk

29-31 May

Third International Conference of Artificial Light at Night (ALAN 2015) Location: Sherbrooke Quebec, Canada www.artificiallightatnight.org

10

June Light, Time and Health: Biology to Architecture (ILP International Year of Light event) Speaker: Russell Foster, Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and head of the Department of Opthalmology, University of Oxford Venue: Royal Institution www.theilp.org.uk/events/professor-russell-foster

June-4 July

June

15

November

November

Full details of all regional events can be found at: www.theilp.org.uk/events

July Lighting in Healthcare (One-day conference organised by the ILP with the Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management) Venue: Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel www.theilp.org.uk/events/diary/issues-inlighting-for-healthcare/

16-19

September LED Lighting China (Supported by the ILP) Venue: Shanghai New International Expo Centre www.ledlightingchina-sh

22-24

September Fifth International LED professional Symposium and Expo (LpS 2015) Venue: Festspielhaus, Bregenz, Austria www.led-professional-symposium.com

23-24

September Professional Lighting Summit (Organised by the ILP) Venue: Queen Hotel, Chester Time: 6.30pm jess@theilp.org.uk

28-31 October

PLDC 2015 (With SLL as Official Knowledge Partner)) Venue: Ergife Palace Hotel, Rome www.pld-c.com

21 May: ILP Lightscene, Northampton Saints Rugby Club

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The world’s first photosensing PL Lamp The INDO FIT PL Retrofit has just got even better – with the world’s first PL Lamp integrated photosensitive switch.

Features and benefits: Simple solution for upgrading day-burning circuits Direct lamp retrofit Compatible with existing circuitry Typical payback period ~ 1 year 15-20 year replacement period

PL 3.5W LED Tube

Also available as a T5 retrofit

retrofitting

induction

LED

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lighting specialists

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info@indolighting.com

+44 (0)20 3051 1687