Lighting Journal September 2016

LIGHTING

JOURNAL The publication for all lighting professionals

CHINESE LANTERNS How lighting has given an iconic footbridge back to its community STAR QUALITY Using LED to reduce skyglow means getting the basics right MISSION CONTROL CMS and smart cities: why communication will be key

September 2016

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LIGHTING JOURNAL

Contents

September 2016

4

MISSION CONTROL

It is possible to see CMS as the pivot around which smart cities will revolve.

But to grasp this opportunity, systems will need to get a whole lot better at integrated communication, argues Mark Cooper

10 ADAPT AND ADOPT

It has been the opportunity to make energy savings rather than ‘smart’ connectivity that has driven the roll-out of CMS up to now, writes Daniel Harris. But CMS will nevertheless still play a central role in the wider adoption of smart city systems

12 STAR QUALITY

New lighting technologies and practices are contributing to a welcome reduction in night-time skyglow. But creating ‘star quality’ lighting still comes back to the basics of good design and application, emphasise Howard Lawrence and Bob Mizon of the British Astronomical Association Commission for Dark Skies, along with Dr Chris Baddiley

30

MODELLING AGENCY

32

VERY NATURAL LIGHT

34

MAKING THE CONNECTION

36

LEARNING POWER

41

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

42

RIVER OF LIGHT

44

CONSULTANTS

46

LIGHTING DIRECTORY

48

DIARY

18 RIO GRAND

Celebrated lighting designer Durham Marenghi was the lighting inspiration behind the opening and closing ceremonies for last month’s Rio Olympic Games. But lighting professionals were also busy refitting and illuminating some of the city’s infrastructure in time for the games

20 CHINESE LANTERNS

The iconic Chinese footbridge in the Huntingdonshire town of Godmanchester should have been a focal point for the community, but poor lighting was leaving it dark and under-used. Pete Lummis explains how it has now been transformed

32

BIM can help contractors of all sizes visualise, specify and manage projects much more effectively for their customers, as Logan Colbeck also outlines

It’s never going to replace conventional lighting, but a French start-up is hopeful that bioluminescent lighting ‘powered’ by bacteria could one day be used for innovative streetbased installations. Lighting Journal got out its microscope

Connected lighting – including digitally connected ceilings, offices and networks – will help to drive the development of smart buildings, a conference held by manufacturer Tridonic heard in June

As YLP chair James Duffin prepares to pass the baton to Chris Rayner, he reflects on his year and what the YLP continues to achieve, while Chris outlines his ambitions for 2017

The Illuminated River competition will showcase and celebrate architectural lighting across 17 London bridges. Why, then, will lighting designers be invisible within the judging process, questions Emma Cogswell

24 COLOUR CATCHER

The new TM-30-15 colour rendering metric is being presented as the replacement for the long-standing Colour Rendering Index in the brave new LED-based lighting world. But does it stack up? Gareth John is underwhelmed

26 DESIGNS FOR LIFE

Building Information Modelling (BIM) can help lighting designers to generate greater whole-life cost savings as well as work in a more integrated way, argues Will Baron Cover Picture Huntingdon’s newly illuminated Chinese footbridge

42

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Editorial Look how the floor of heaven. Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold.

Volume 81 No 8 September/October 2016 President Kevin Grigg, Eng Tech, AMILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA(Cantab) DPA HonFIAM Editor Nic Paton Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng MILP Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Designed by Catherine Evans Email:catherine@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

It’s not often I quote Shakespeare in my journalism; in fact, in more than a quarter of a century of professional writing I can’t think of a single instance where I’ve felt quoting the Bard would be appropriate rather than simply pretentious.

But, at the risk of making this sound like a ‘what I did on my holidays’ school report, I had the opportunity to be in Venice for a few days over the summer. There I had the huge privilege, as part of this year’s 400th anniversary of the death of Shakespeare, to attend an outdoor performance of The Merchant of Venice performed right in the heart of the city’s old Jewish ghetto.

I won’t, of course, pretend that I spent the performance thinking about street lighting. But Lorenzo’s line above to Jessica near the conclusion of the play did strike me in the context of Howard Lawrence’s, Bob Mizon’s and Dr Chris Baddiley’s fascinating article in this edition about the ongoing challenges associated with creating and delivering ‘star quality’ lighting within our communities.

Would Shakespeare, if he were writing today, have had a character say such a line, given that, for so many of us living in urban environments, the only ‘patine’ we nowadays see in the night sky is the glare of artificial light?

Bob, Howard and Chris cogently argue that the potential for LEDs to reduce skyglow is there and becoming increasingly well-recognised. Progress, it is clear, is being made, and the march to LED can play an important part in this.

But… and it is an important but… the luminaire itself is just half the story.

As the Campaign to Protect Rural England’s light pollution maps also made abundantly clear in the last edition of Lighting Journal, reducing skyglow and light pollution is as much about good practice and application as it is about design, specification or technology.

And that, of course, comes back time and again to the role, influence and authority of the lighting professional.

Nic Paton Editor

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2016 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain.

Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal September 2016

4 The future of CMS

MISSION CONTROL

A

s we all know, technology is constantly changing. It moves forward very quickly and the rate of change in the lighting industry over the last few years, with the introduction of LEDs and lighting management systems (both BMS and CMS) has accelerated this change and new product innovations. This, however, pales into insignificance when compared to rate of change in smart city and Internet of Things (IoT) technology.

Across the UK there are approximately 1.23 million lighting points connected to various street lighting Central

Management Systems (CMS) – this number has been calculated using the number of declared CMS-controlled streetlights in customers’ inventories (ignoring signs and bollards). My thanks on this to Power Data Associates for estimating the number of CMScontrolled lamps based on actual numbers in their customer inventories and then extrapolated by % of market share.

These intelligent lighting control and monitoring systems use a combination of radio frequency wireless communication to talk to a central collector point and

Figure 1. How demand for IoT-connected devices is set to grow and grow

Lighting Journal September 2016

GPRS (mobile phone networks) or landline communications to connect to a web server host.

The authority can then browse various data-sets about the asset (burning hours/energy used/status etc) and make changes to its switch on/off times and lighting level (dimming). With clever analysis the asset can then be managed and energy resources saved; no wonder they are sold as ‘smart city’ systems.

It is estimated that switching to LED technology could save an authority about 40% of its annual street lighting energy bill. By adding CMS and refining

The future of CMS 5

It is possible to see CMS as the pivot around which smart cities will revolve. But to grasp this opportunity, systems will need to get a whole lot better at integrated communication, argues Mark Cooper

burn hours etc, this could be extended to almost 60%. The benefits are real and achievable.

There is, of course, a cost for this investment. Let’s take a look at the typical costs for a borough council with 20,000 units. This will be an initial cost of 20,000 x £185 for the LED lantern and CMS node plus £4,000 (base station) per 400 columns (50 units) plus ongoing licence fees per year of £100,000.

You then have to add to this initial set-up training and commissioning and hosting costs of somewhere in the region of £10,000. Adding all this together, we have costs of £4.1 million and ongoing costs of £100,000 a year.

That’s a lot of money, but with real tangible savings. Surely with this level of investment and control, we have achieved a level of smart city?

Sorry to say, but no… you have an intelligent dimmer switch.

There has been a huge investment in the UK over the last few years in these systems, with some hope that they can be added too, in order to provide the level of intelligence and connectivity that a smart city requires.

Unfortunately, because of proprietary communication systems, lack of interoperability and no clear standards, regulations or vision of what a smart city would need, this just isn’t possible.

A smart city has now been defined by the British Standards Institution (BSI) as one where there is ‘effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens’.

A smart city takes this integration of technology one step further. It is a city where these individual city systems are better integrated, not just within themselves but together, in order to

Figure 2. There are now a number of communication protocols to choose from

seamlessly deliver on the city purposes.

This increased connectivity allows cities to be managed more holistically and effectively.

Street lighting columns represent a very useful asset to the city looking to create this smart approach; they are regularly spaced around the city, they have power supplies and are convenient to maintain and retrofit items to.

The possibility of using the CMS system to carry back this extra data from traffic monitoring, pedestrian count, air pollution, litter bin sensors etc seems to be a perfect fit.

But, alas, it is just a dream. Why? Because all these items will need to ‘talk the same language’ before we can hope to transmit any useful data via the CMS system.

And herein lies our problem.

We have competing standards for communication, with technology giant Cisco, for one, predicting there will be more than 50 billion IoT devices connected by the year 2020 (see Figure 1). It’s no wonder therefore that there’s a race to become the leader of the pack.

With differing benefits in range, security, data rates and interoperability, there are now a number of communication protocols out there to choose from.

The three main choices so far have been UNB, ZigBee and a form of LoRa, all operating in the licence-exempt radio spectrum (Figure 2). But none of these talk to each other at hardware level and maybe not at server level either!

The smart city will use and consume lots of data from its various sensors and

Lighting Journal September 2016

6 The future of CMS from open-data sources across the city and surrounding areas. This will require us to use open protocols to collect this data and ensure that it arrives intact and easy to analyse.

Imagine the scenario. You’ve invested in a CMS system and the authority has now started down a path towards a smart city. You’re now faced with multiple sensors being added to your lighting column, which it was never designed to take, all using different protocols to talk to their multiple collectors based around the city. On top of this there is a myriad of different backend systems to access this information, all trying to be collected together to give an overall picture of the city – nightmare!

But is it your potential reality? To an extent, this will always be the case where you have new, competing technologies coming through. However, some sense is prevailing; we have new standards being created by BSI and we have the following three ‘new’ communication protocols appearing, which I believe will win the race and make life and interoperability easier for all.

BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (LE), ALSO CALLED BLUETOOTH SMART OR VERSION 4.0+ This is a widely recognised and used communications protocol that has been adapted for the IoT, with low power, high security and mesh technology.

Advancements in this industry standard will allow for easy integration of new devices, sensors and high data speeds.

It is already being used successfully in smart homes and through large-scale lighting applications from Gooee, Silvair and others; it is a well-established and easy-to-integrate IT solution.

LOW POWER WI-FI (WI-FI HALOW) Wi-Fi HaLow extends Wi-Fi into the 900 MHz band, enabling the low power connectivity necessary for applications, including sensors and wearables.

Wi-Fi HaLow’s range is nearly twice that of today’s Wi-Fi, and will not only be capable of transmitting signals further, but also providing a more robust connection in challenging environments where the ability to more easily penetrate walls or other barriers is an important consideration.

Wi-Fi HaLow will broadly adopt existing Wi-Fi protocols and deliver many of the benefits that consumers have come to expect from Wi-Fi today, including multi-vendor interoperability, strong government-grade security, and easy setup.

Lighting Journal September 2016

THREAD This is not strictly a communications protocol, or even designed for the smart city. It was built on open standards and IPv6/6LoWPAN protocols, but Thread’s approach to wireless networking offers numerous technological advantages, including a secure and reliable mesh network with no single point of failure, simple connectivity and low power.

All Thread networks are easy to set up and secure to use, with bankingclass encryption to close security holes that exist in other wireless protocols.

Although Thread has primarily been designed for smart homes, I can see it being used as a basis for further advancement in smart cities and data sharing/interoperability.

All of the technologies highlighted above have one thing in common: they are easy to set up and easy to use with existing IT networks/standards. They will allow multiple sensors to be added to the network easily and quickly, and they will be able to use data from other sources quickly, whilst remaining secure.

So where could this technology lead us? Well, let’s look at some possible examples of how and why this technology will impact on our lives.

HEALTH SERVICES Hospitals are large places, with a changing set of needs and equipment and patients being moved around the hospital on a daily, if not hourly basis.

If this equipment was each tagged with an RFID tag, then these could be traced via the smart lighting, with their use and locations analysed and therefore used more effectively by the trust.

Each patient would be issued with a Bluetooth band containing their details, which would be used as an ID tag but also as a location device. When the patient has a visitor or is required to be seen by a healthcare practitioner, then their location can be identified quickly and easily.

Imagine walking into a hospital, firing up your mobile phone and locating your friend or relative quickly and easily in real time rather than wandering endless corridors searching for the ward they are in. The Bluetooth wrist band would also be able to be used to track patient observations and could be downloaded quickly and easily without disturbing the patient during the night.

Already a lot of us use personal fitness trackers to record our health statistics.

If this data could be sent direct to your doctor on a weekly or monthly basis,

then this could be recorded and trends analysed and advice or assistance dispensed by the doctor as and when required. This in turn could promote healthy lifestyles and proactively help to combat illness. Just as importantly, it could represent a huge financial saving to the health service if trackers were dispensed at targeted patients and care given remotely on a weekly basis.

The possibility of using the CMS system to carry back this extra data from traffic monitoring, pedestrian count, air pollution, litter bin sensors etc seems to be a perfect a fit. But, alas, it is just a dream. Why? Because all these items will need to ‘talk the same language’ before we can hope to transmit any useful data via the CMS system SOCIAL OR ELDERLY CARE Local authorities often contract social care services to provide home visits to elderly or unwell members of the community.

These providers may be asked to assist the patient with general day-today duties such as getting dressed, housework, cooking a meal or just spending time with them while their main carer gets a well-deserved and muchneeded rest. For some, understandably, it is a vital service.

But if each care visitor was issued with a Bluetooth beacon, then the times they arrive at the home, amount of time and location of their presence in the home can be monitored and recorded.

This could help to ensure the authority is being provided with the level of service it has paid for and, more importantly,

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8 The future of CMS give the patient’s relatives peace of mind that their loved one is being cared for properly. This data could be sent back via the smart streetlight system connected outside the house; it would not even require an internet connection in the home.

RETAIL IoT is already making its presence felt within retail, with RFID tags on products to help with stock control as well as to help with tracking movements of products within a store to assess layouts and the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.

But what about targeting customers with offers? In London, for example, you can already download an app and sign up to offers from stores that you like. As you pass by their stores, they can send you details straight to your phone of those offers you might be interested in.

This might entice you to go inside, but we all like a bargain and nobody, of course, only shops in one store. So, how about if that outlet’s competitor down the street has an offer as well? What if once you showed an interest in this offer, other stores in town were able to send similar offers direct to your phone so you could compare and make an informed choice without traipsing all over town?

This could also be achieved by sharing

Lighting Journal September 2016

Bluetooth Beacon information over the smart city network. Those stores that wanted to send offers or data over the system would simply pay the authority a fee for transmitting this data.

SMART CITIES SUPPORT These are just some examples – and there are lots more – of how, by investing in the right technology, you can start to add value to an authority and its partners if they have the right advice, and the vision to see a bigger picture.

To this end, BSI has recently published a series of ‘Published Documents’ for smart cities. Although these cannot be considered a ‘standard’, they give a valuable set of recommendations and guidelines, and are likely to be used as the basis of any published standard in the future. These documents cover the following topics:

of related documents, provide a good, although complex, framework in order to help you plan your smart city. Another article with a review of these documents will be published within Lighting Journal in the coming months.

The government has invested heavily in the IoT and smart cities sectors for the UK and recognises the need for these standards to ensure costlier mistakes are not made. Indeed, it is even setting up a City Standards Conformity Assessment Scheme for the UK. This is working to bring together existing knowledge from pilot projects, along with the standards described above, to compile a series of measurement methods to ensure your smart cities project and products meet these requirements.

●

If you would like to know more about this certification programme for projects and products, please contact me at mark@ smartcityadvice.co.uk

These documents, along with existing standards and regulations on data integrity and management, radio transmission, electronic components, governance, resilience and a whole host

Mark Cooper is former President of the ILP and managing director of independent consultancy Smart City Advice, which has been set up to advise local authorities and manufacturers who wish to enter into or expand their smart city projects

Smart Cities Vocabulary Smart City Framework ● Smart City Concept Model ● Smart City Overview ● Smart Cities – Guide to Development ●

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10 The future of CMS

ADAPT AND ADOPT

LED street lighting: CMS adoption has enhanced the benefits of LED, but it will be multi-functional luminaires alongside CMS that will drive smart city adoption

It has been the opportunity to make energy savings rather than ‘smart’ connectivity that has driven the roll-out of CMS up to now, writes Daniel Harris. But CMS will nevertheless still play a central role in the wider adoption of smart city systems

W

ith all of the hype around smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) it is easy to forget about the connectivity and control already offered by central management systems (CMS). CMS adoption is already giving some of the largest cities in the UK a substantial level of control over their lighting systems, enabling significant savings and reductions in carbon emissions.

Take Transport for London’s (TfL) lighting regeneration scheme. London’s street lighting will soon be completely connected to TfL’s CMS, which will enable central operation of switching and dimming. When London’s street lighting regeneration project is complete, it is estimated the intelligent lighting profiles enabled by CMS and the lower energy consumption of LED luminaires will contribute to savings of more than £1.85 million and cut CO2 emissions by 9,700 tonnes annually.

OPEN PROTOCOLS CMS enables optimisation of energy consumption through dimming schemes and variable lighting levels. Areas of a city can be separated into zones, where different dimming profiles can be set based on a variety of factors including road type, time of day, population levels and usage.

A range of sensors can be integrated into some systems to work alongside CMS dimming profiles to further maximise

Lighting Journal September 2016

energy savings. Passive infra-red (PIR) sensors can be utilised for pedestrian movement and microwave sensors – with a much wider range and the ability to calibrate for the speed of an object – for motor traffic. How will smart city systems replace this functionality? In the short term, they will work with it rather than replace it.

Most CMS systems make use of open communication protocols. Open protocols are cheap, unrestricted, costeffective systems and they will be central to smart city adoption. CMS can already link to other data sources via the server’s application programming interface (API). REST – a modern, lightweight API used in everything from CMS to mobile apps – can already link CMS systems to other data feeds, such as weather and traffic information.

Existing CMS infrastructure will be central to wider smart city connectivity and – at least for the time being – will not be replaced by direct IoT connectivity. By linking through the CMS API, the role of making changes and other real-time adjustment to lighting schemes will eventually be automated by a central smart city system, making complex decisions based on data received from a range of sources.

IoT enables direct connectivity between devices and the wider internet. With developments in technology and a wider adoption of IoT we will enable control beyond anything we can imagine now.

The future of CMS 11

Through open protocol APIs, centrally controlled lighting networks will be some of the first systems to be integrated into wider smart city systems, where decisions will be made to adapt dimming scenarios based on a huge range of new data feeds CMS AND SMART CITY ADOPTION A substantial portion of the UK is covered by CMS and much of this is in large cities. However, connectivity did not drive the adoption of CMS, the huge energy savings offered by LED did.

CMS adoption has simply enhanced the benefits of LED, but it will be multi-functional luminaires alongside CMS that will drive smart city adoption.

Multi-functional luminaires declutter public spaces, providing multiple requirements in a single installation, removing the need for other street furniture and lowering carbon footprint.

In just one installation, urban planners can install a variety of systems, including lighting, loudspeakers, CCTV with night

vision, wireless internet (Wi-Fi), electric vehicle (EV) charging and visual guidance tools.

Integration declutters and modernises existing architecture and shared public space, and lighting columns are the natural choice to house new technology as they are already evenly distributed throughout urban areas. By providing technology hubs in products such as modular lighting columns, local authorities, urban planners and architects can ‘future proof’ cities, ensuring they have the capacity to stay ‘smart’ into the future.

This will be the drive to smart city adoption. CMS means councils can implement energy management schemes and have the connectivity to constantly adapt dimming schedules to optimise energy performance. Providing councils have the money to spend – whether through investment, smart city schemes or private finance initiatives – experiences in CMS have the potential to make smart city adoption more likely.

CMS marks the beginning of the smart city movement and will continue to play a central role as wider smart city systems are adopted. The connectivity offered by CMS can already generate huge savings by increasing control and reducing over-lighting and energy wastage.

Through open protocol APIs, centrally controlled lighting networks will be some of the first systems to be integrated into wider smart city systems, where decisions will be made to adapt dimming scenarios based on a huge range of new data feeds. Crucially, councils should now be focusing on introducing the ability to monitor and assess lighting installations remotely as the first step towards a wider control system in the future.

Daniel Harris is Central Management Systems specialist at Schréder

Highways LED lighting: CMS means councils can implement energy management schemes and have the connectivity to constantly adapt dimming schedules

Lighting Journal September 2016

12 Light pollution and the night sky

STAR QUALITY New lighting technologies and practices are contributing to a welcome reduction in night-time skyglow. But creating ‘star quality’ lighting still comes back to the basics of good design and application, emphasise Howard Lawrence and Bob Mizon of the British Astronomical Association Commission for Dark Skies

G

iven the ILP’s international standing, Lighting Journal is always a good starting point for anyone wanting to take the temperature of the industry. For example, as far back as the June/July 1995 edition, the Journal was setting a milestone along the road towards well-directed and more environmentally sensitive luminaires.

The first double-page spread of that edition was an advertisement for a major lighting company. Against a photograph of a star-strewn night sky, the company praised a local council for choosing its flat-glass road lights.

It also highlighted that the British Astronomical Association’s (BAA) Good Lighting Award had been presented to that council for ‘protecting the night sky with its pollution-free road lighting scheme... directed evenly onto the road below, and none invading the sky above’.

Such advertisements were soon to become quite common, with lighting companies increasingly promoting the benefits of their products in the context of combatting light pollution and promoting ‘sky-friendly’ products.

In the same edition, the leading article was entitled Social Factors Behind the Development of Outdoor Lighting by Mike Simpson, then President of the Institution of Lighting Engineers, as the ILP was in those days.

Mike reviewed the history and benefits of outdoor lighting,

writing with less enthusiasm about the ‘amorphous yellow glow... spreading across the countryside... and never mind the spill or quality’. In his opinion, a ‘metamorphism’ had been occurring within the industry during the early 1990s. arguing that: ‘We were learning that outdoor lighting is more than just filling the space with light; learning that it is more than just a way of making our roads visible to motorists; learning that sensitivity in design is equally as important outdoors as it is indoors; and learning to take care of our environment.

‘The environmentalists are concerned about the impact the equipment has on the landscape whether by day or night.

In addition we have the astronomers, who are concerned about the amount of artificial light which is scattered in the atmosphere... The astronomical lobby has been particularly effective in persuading us that direct upward light must be reduced...’. He concluded with the observation that ‘the road lighting community has responded well to environmental pressure’.

What this all serves to highlight is the sea-change in thinking around lighting and light pollution that occurred during the late 1990s, and which continues to the present day. This was a change driven by a range of factors: competition, environmentally-aware voices within the industry,

A photograph of the UK from the International Space Station by Tim Peake. The Aurora Borealis is clear, but it is a pity that so few of us will see it due to skyglow

Lighting Journal September 2016

Light pollution and the night sky 13 requests by highway engineers for more directional lighting, increasing use of flat-glass lighting by the Highways Agency, and the astronomers’ continued collaboration in chasing improvements.

In May 2000, members of the BAA’s Campaign (now Commission) for Dark Skies (CfDS) visited the UK lighting industry’s main showcase ‘Total Lighting’.

Most outdoor luminaires displayed were well directed, it concluded: the companies seemed to be competing as to whose light was best controlled. Indeed, the exhibition’s introductory brochure featured a starry sky and a carefully aimed floodlight.

‘Sky-friendlier’ road lights came on-stream in large numbers as older stock began to be scrapped. They now shine above most main roads. Indeed, look through the illustrations in most of the recent editions of Lighting Journal and what you’ll see is a picture gallery of good light control.

Since the start of the flat-glass revolution, three other major changes have occurred: 1) There has been a widespread increase in adaptive lighting, such as part-night switch-offs and dimming policies, for economic and environmental reasons.

2) Dark-sky observing areas have become more accessible and widespread. The UK now has more internationally recognised dark-sky-protected areas than any other country outside the USA. Lighting professionals have played an important part in their creation, lending their expertise in the preparatory stages. For example, in April 2016 (and as reported in the June edition of Lighting Journal) the dark-sky work of lighting consultant James Paterson earned him the BAA’s annual Joy Griffiths Award.

3) Low-pressure sodium was succeeded by high-pressure sodium, itself giving way to white light/LED sources. The effect of exterior lighting on the night sky has therefore subtly changed.

The bold orange wash of wasted upward light from LPS/ SOX sources morphed over the years into the pinkish-orange sheen of SON/HPS; now it seems to many that skyglow is beginning to be less apparent, as orange has now faded to a silvery-grey effect not so immediately obvious to the eye.

LEDs, it is clear, have arrived ‘big-time’.

However, the move towards blue-rich LED lighting does still cause concern to many. The proliferation of often very bright lights (too brilliant for the lighting task?) and blue-rich scatter from high colour-temperature types also raise issues for the health and wellbeing of both humans and wildlife.

FINDING DARK SKIES So, have all these changes made any difference to the amateur astronomer’s ability to find dark skies?

The CfDS has asked astronomers for their experiences, and analysed results from mathematical models and recent groundand satellite-based measurements.

Astronomers’ experiences. This year the CfDS conducted a survey of UK amateur astronomers. We wanted to know about the impact of new LED streetlights and adaptive lighting in the context of the oft-reported longer-term decline in dark-sky conditions.

At various astronomical gatherings this year we asked participants to complete a simple survey form. Those who took part were mostly very experienced, with 87% describing themselves as active observers. The median observing career length was 30 years.

First we asked about the impact of skyglow over the whole span of their observing lives. The results are shown in Figure 1.

CfDS 2016 Astronomers’ Skyglow Survey

Much Better 1%

Better 10%

No change 20%

Much worse 21%

Worse 48%

Fig 1. Long-term change in skyglow - median 30 years’ observing experience

Better Much 29% Better 7% Much worse 9%

No change 35%

Worse 20%

Fig 2. Recent change in skyglow because of new technology white street lighting

The bold orange wash of wasted upward light from LPS/SOX sources morphed over the years into the pinkish-orange sheen of SON/HPS; now it seems to many that skyglow is beginning to be less apparent, as orange has faded to a silvery-grey effect not so immediately obvious to the eye.

LEDs, it is clear, have arrived ‘big-time’

Lighting Journal September 2016

14 Light pollution and the night sky MATHEMATICAL MODELS Dr Chris Baddiley of the CfDS has spent many years developing a ray-tracing model from the photometry data of individual luminaire designs and calculating skyward scattering, as he explains My ray-tracing model includes both ground reflection and direct illumination to the sky, then calculates the integrated scattering along any view path.

The program shows the difference in skyglow from one design to another, and can be scaled for the same illumination on the ground. It was originally written to investigate the effect of shallow-bowl compared to flat-glass full cut-off luminaires.

What I also found was that anything with a gamma-angle cutoff greater than 70° significantly increases skyglow.

The Highways Agency has based its full cut-off requirements on this ongoing modelling work, and the American lighting industry has also taken note. The research has been presented at many conferences and, I am very pleased to say, recently received an International Dark-Sky Association award. Another recent example of its application was in a study of the likely night-time environmental effect of a proposed sea-based windfarm.

In 2012, a dark-sky survey was commissioned by the Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Sky brightness measurements were taken repeatedly over several months and then related to the model. In 2015 another study was commissioned for the Herefordshire LED scheme. The modelling of the luminaires chosen, with their very sharp cutoff, predicted reduced skyglow. Very sharp cut-off is therefore considered essential.

Since 2012, I have been using a permanent dark-sky monitoring set-up at my observatory near the Malvern Hills.

This comprises a Sky Quality Meter (SQM) with an all-sky camera in a weatherproof housing and a data network connected to recording computers within the observatory.

SQMs act like inverse light meters and are calibrated to measure stellar magnitudes per solid angle. During the past four years, sky brightness versus time data has been gathered automatically at two-minute intervals for most of the darkest nights, with all-sky imaging as a reference for varying weather conditions.

Analysis of the results clearly shows the effect of zenith sky brightness reduction attributed to LEDs. This is about 0.3 magnitude per square arc second at an SQM value of 21.0 to 21.3 at this location, equivalent to about 30% reduction on just the darkest nights at a level of 0.5 millicandelas per square metre. The zenith sky brightness does not vary greatly with geographic location in this area, outside of local towns.

Dr Chris Baddiley is co-author of the ILP’s 2007 publication Towards Understanding Skyglow, which is available through the ILP website www.theilp.org.uk What this shows is that, in total, 69% of astronomers questioned said that skyglow is worse or much worse since they started observing.

More than a quarter (27%) had felt the need to make complaints about lighting. We asked about the more recent conversion to new white street lighting. Nearly two thirds (64%) of observers said they had experienced full or partial changeover in their areas; the change to white/LED lighting

Lighting Journal September 2016

has clearly been rapid and widespread.

For those affected, the key question therefore was: ‘Is it better or worse?’. Figure 2 shows the breakdown. Although the sample size was small and the views subjective, and not all locations are covered, these results indicate that the new lighting has not increased skyglow and may have actually decreased it.

The survey also covered the subject of overnight adaptive lighting. A total of 36% of respondents reported this was happening in their areas. Of these, 82% said switch-offs were, not surprisingly, a significant improvement while observing.

Finally, more than half (56%) of respondents reported travelling to darker skies to escape light pollution. Dark spaces are sought out, as ‘astro-tourist’ flow figures also show, and should be protected.

Satellite observations. Images from space of the night side of the Earth are always fascinating. Some, such as those recently taken from the International Space Station by Tim Peake (Illustration 1), offer intriguing visions of our impact of light pollution and skyglow on this planet.

Satellites have an important place in assessing light pollution, and allow the gathering of huge volumes of data over wide areas. This information can be used to record upward light and produce valuable maps, two recent examples being the Night Blight maps produced by the CPRE, as highlighted in the last (July/August) edition of Lighting Journal, and the New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness published in the journal Science Advances.

Satellites provide an overall picture of where there are overbright areas and where to go to find darker skies. However, as a tool to assess changes in darkness, satellites are limited by difficulties of calibration, image size and the fact that recordings are usually made non-continuously. It is impossible to assess whether individual satellites have recorded the moment of peak darkness in any particular region.

However, their value in producing comparative images, sampled over time, is unsurpassed. For example, in the CPRE report accompanying the launch of their new maps, there was a case study from Northumberland.

This was reported in the Lighting Journal’s article but, to recap, it concluded that new fully shielded LED streetlights had reduced upward light, when compared with old sodium-based lighting in images taken just a year previously.

However, other satellite studies have suggested the opposite effect, namely that LED lighting has actually made skyglow worse. The potential for LEDs to reduce skyglow is there but, clearly, it all depends on good design and application.

CONCLUSIONS Changes in those areas of the UK with new downwarddirected street lighting, adaptive controls, efforts specifically to protect the night environment – all these lead us to believe that, for the very first time, the increase in skyglow has halted, and may well be in reverse.

That is, of course, NOT to say that other negative aspects of artificial light at night (on wildlife, on health and in issues involving encroachment) are diminishing, far from it!

Nevertheless, the journey into flat-glass white lighting and, finally, to LED has been one that astronomers have monitored closely and will continue to report on. Fears that a flood of bright LEDs would erase the stars have been unfounded, though non-flat, over-bright and too-blue types cause concern.

Should the LED therefore be the light of choice not just for the industry and local authorities, but also for observers of the

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16 Light pollution and the night sky night sky? LEDs tick the boxes. Efficiency, cost, directability, longevity, instant switch-on, adaptive control, safer chemical content… what’s not to like?

Finally, then, what of the future? There are still some boxes unticked. For example, we are seeing a rapid growth in LED exterior floodlighting in domestic and commercial applications, replacing older incandescent types.

Yet few of these floodlights exhibit any attempt at light control. They are usually mounted at high angles, allowing light to escape the area to be lit; they often cannot be properly tilted downwards, as highlighted in Illustration 2.

is needed. For this reason, the CfDS is currently building a database of SQM users, and a long-term nationwide sky survey is projected.

The ILP’s guidance and creativity can help to tick these final boxes, by ensuring the LED revolution will bring maximum benefits to all, not least the countless species that inhabit the night. The ILP produces several technical guides to lighting the built environment. But is it now time for a guide to the protection of the unlit environment? We’d like to spark a debate on this, and the CfDS is ready to collaborate with ILP members on such an initiative.

And the stars? Let’s not forget, nine tenths of the atoms in our bodies were forged inside long-dead stars and the other tenth, hydrogen, was produced in the Big Bang some 13 billion years ago. We are closer to the universe than we imagine. Let’s make sure it can be seen and contemplated with the help of starquality lighting.

As the astronomer royal Lord Rees has said: ‘We may not all be astronomers, but we all need the night.’

• Members may be interested to know that Bob Mizon in July published a new book,

Finding a Million-Star Hotel: An Astro-Tourist’s Guide to Dark Sky Places, as part of the

Lighting Journal September 2016

WILL LEDS OF ANY TYPE REDUCE SKY BRIGHTNESS?

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Different criteria apply for LEDs from those of previous types of luminaires. LEDs have built-in lenses, making each individual LED very directional.

Therefore, the way they are mounted and their cut-off angle are critical. For the Herefordshire LED rollout highlighted in the CPRE Night Blight report, the luminaires use extremely sharp cut-off, far greater than the Highways England new policy specification.

It’s therefore the rate of cut-off, not just the cut-off angle, that is important: not the case for all designs.

It is this fact that makes the spectral ‘blue spike’ no longer a critical issue; otherwise it could cause huge amounts of scattering in the sky, unless very low light intensity was maintained.

The sky is blue because it scatters 16 times more blue light than red. With blue-rich LED luminaires at extremely sharp cut-off, it is only ground reflection that counts.

Vegetation does not reflect blue significantly compared with yellow, nor does asphalt. The blue spike content of any luminaire emitting above 70° gamma angle creates a skyglow problem and lowering the colour correction temperature becomes necessary to protect the starry sky.

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Their harsh light often crosses boundaries, dazzles onlookers and potential witnesses to wrongdoing, and invades natural habitats and the night sky. Are strong voices within the international industry commenting on this flood of aggressive lighting? New designs with beam angles of less than 90 degrees and application standards are urgently required.

Secondly, the persistence and ingenuity of the inventors of the remarkable blue-rich LED earned them a Nobel Prize, but the downside of their creation is becoming apparent. Reports and studies emphasise health and environmental issues involving blue light.

Today’s lighting choices will be with us for decades.

As the International Dark-Sky Association has warned: ‘It is imperative that decision makers understand the consequences – both positive and negative – of lighting choices… If developers concentrate on creating high-efficacy lamps rich in warm hues, LED technology could become an outstanding source for energy-efficient and night-sky friendly outdoor lighting.’

Ultimately, the CfDS believes that the protection of the remaining unlit areas of the UK now needs additional attention.

In a large rural area, it takes only a few indifferently lit sites to spoil all the hard work done by lighting engineers and manufacturers of ‘star quality’ lamps.

Badly designed and poorly aimed blue-rich LED lamps mounted on farm buildings, distribution warehouses, oil and gas exploration sites and other premises can cause unnecessary light spill, affecting both sky darkness and local wildlife.

Subjective surveys and satellite monitoring are all very well, but a more objective approach to dark sky monitoring

Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. It is available through Amazon as well as other outlets.

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Illustration 2: Unsuitable LED flood lights at a garden centre. Half the light is lost skywards. Photograph by Bob Mizon

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18 Projects: Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympics

RIO GRAND Rio 2016: the lighting for the opening ceremony was designed by Durham Marenghi

Celebrated lighting designer Durham Marenghi was the lighting inspiration behind the opening and closing ceremonies for last month’s Rio Olympic Games. But lighting professionals were also busy refitting and illuminating some of the city’s infrastructure

T

he theme of the Rio Olympics 2016 opening ceremony in August was ‘do more with less’. Although Brazil was working to a fraction of the budget enjoyed by London in 2012 and Beijing in 2008, the opening and closing ceremonies for this year’s games were nevertheless a dazzling visual feast.

The man behind the lighting for both ceremonies at the Maracana Stadium (above) was the celebrated lighting designer Durham Marenghi, who also lit the 2014 Sochi Paralympic Ceremonies and the London 2012 handover ceremony at the 2008 Beijing games.

The lighting team for the ceremonies supporting Durham comprised Brazilian associate designer Joyce Drummond, UK programmers Andy Voller and Ross Williams and

Lighting Journal September 2016

Brazilian programmer Paulinho Lebrao.Also on the team was TV lighting director was Nick Collier, lighting team manager Jennie Marenghi, follow spot co-ordinator Chris Henry and, of course, some of Brazil’s finest spot operators and technicians.

The equipment will be supplied by Italian company Agora, with Nicola-Manuel Tallino as Production LX. HIGHWAY AND MUSEUM LIGHTING But, while the ceremonies were very much the visual centrepiece of the games – apart from the actual sporting prowess on display, of course – lighting giant Philips was also helping Rio de Janeiro gear up for the games by illuminating a number of the city’s major highways and tourist locations.

The lighting ‘make-over’ included the city’s port region of Porto Maravilha and the highways of Arco Metropolitano and Elevado do Joá highways, both of which have been fitted out with new LED lighting.

The city’s Museu do Amanhã (or Museum of Tomorrow) also got a lighting overhaul, with the installation of dynamic LED lighting that interacts with ambient music.

The Porto Maravilha area was fitted with 750 Philips GreenVision Xceed LED, while both tunnels in the region were refurbished with Philips LED Tunnel BWP350 lighting fixtures.

The Arco Metropolitano – a highway around the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro that connects the Itaboraí region to the Itaguaí Port – has been equipped with 4,360 Philips GreenVision Xceed solar lighting fixtures.

Each luminaire includes an integrated solar panel that converts sunlight into electricity, so providing a sustainable lighting option. This project was a partnership with Kyocera Solar, a company that specialises in manufacturing and distributing solar electric energy solutions.

The Elevado do Joá highway located in the western part of the city and connecting Largo da Barra to São Conrado was refitted with 986 Philips FlowBase LED tunnel lights and 369 Philips GreenVision Xceed lights which, said Philips, will reduce energy consumption and provide a more uniform and efficient lighting in the four tunnels along the road.

Finally, the Museu do Amanhã, a newly opened tourist attraction in Rio de Janeiro, includes a ‘luminotechnics project’, developed by the architect Mônica Lobo from LD Studio.

The final area of the museum, called Oca da Imaginação (or Imagination Hut), is designed to look into the future and has been equipped with the Philips Color Kinetics iColor MR gen3 and iW Burst Powercore dynamic LED lighting fixtures. The fixtures reproduce several colours and interact with ambient music, so generating an interactive visitor experience.

Yoon Young Kim, general manager for Philips Lighting in Brazil said the improvements would create a ‘lasting legacy’ for the city, including increasing safety, reducing energy bills, are enabling the city to tackle economic, environmental and social issues.

Museu do Amanhã: dynamic, interactive lighting

Elevado do Joá: more uniform and efficient lighting

20 Godmanchester Chinese footbridge

CHINESE LANTERNS The iconic Chinese footbridge in the Huntingdonshire town of Godmanchester should have been a focal point for the community, but poor lighting was leaving it dark and under-used. Pete Lummis explains how it has now been transformed

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here are times when a lighting scheme comes along that is not very large (just six luminaires), yet is challenging in terms of aesthetics, lighting design and engineering.

Illuminating the exterior open space between Godmanchester Town Council’s offices, its historic Elizabeth School and its iconic Chinese footbridge was just such a scheme.

Godmanchester is a town around 90 miles north of London, located south of Peterborough and north west of Cambridge. It has a long and proud history that dates back to Roman times and received a charter from King John in 1212. It sits on the banks of the River Great Ouse, just south of Huntingdon.

As project engineer for Huntingdonshire District Council, naturally I have done a lot of work in the town. I have illuminated part of the church entrance, the town’s skateboard facility, its car park and so on. But this project was about illuminating one of the most important parts of Godmanchester.

The area is a focal point of the town; it is a place where people like to take a summer’s walk with the dog or just congregate; it is where people meet and talk and like to stroll over the bridge.

But, in lighting terms, it was badly designed and had been let go. The space was lit using metal halogen floodlights, a SON luminaire and an old lantern with an incandescent light bulb.

The lighting had also fallen into disrepair and was causing obtrusive light issues.

Rather than being a focal point, it had become a place where people were nervous to walk because it was too dark.

It was only logical, therefore, that Godmanchester Town Council wanted to address this issue; it wanted to have its Chinese footbridge lit from both sides, as well as much better illumination for the open area between the offices and the Elizabeth School.

But, as is clear from my comments above, there were a lot of heritage and conservation issues to take into consideration. The Elizabeth School was established in 1504 and both it and the town council offices are Grade 2 listed buildings. The footbridge itself is Grade 2* listed.

TRUST AND UNDERSTANDING So right from the start a core element of this project was communication and liaison with the conservation team at Huntingdonshire District Council. Fortunately, I knew the conservation officer personally, I have done a lot of jobs with them.

When you work with conservation the important thing is to talk to them first, to get their feeling.

Sometimes they are going to be completely at the opposite spectrum to you, so it is important each side understands, and trusts, the other.

You have to get to a point where you have common ground, where we can put a lighting scheme in that meets the criteria of the conservation team in terms of how it looks and works with the building, but at the same time allows you, as the lighting professional, to provide a scheme that is going to be to the benefit of the people in the area being lit. So sometimes it is about compromise, sometimes it is about communication. But if you don’t do these things, you won’t succeed. It is also worth knowing about permitted development and things you can and can’t do.

After a site visit and discussions, the officer took the view that any existing lighting could be replaced as repair work, which helped in terms of planning considerations. The decorative bracket over the town council offices could be refurbished and used with an appropriate heritage lantern, and the floodlight on the end of the toilet block (not a listed structure) could be done under permitted development (confirmed by a planning officer), as it was owned by the district council and was leased to the town council.

However, this also meant that, from a lighting design point of view, the positions of the new luminaires were fixed. My job therefore was to find the best lanterns/floodlights that would provide the best levels of illumination (25 lux average) required and work and look well on the buildings.

The existing positions would not give much light toward the entrance area from the adjacent highway, which used

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22 Godmanchester Chinese footbridge to be SOX lighting, but was now being replaced by 10m columns and SON lighting. This meant this area was already back-lit by Cambridgeshire County Council and Balfour Beatty Living Places, who were well into a PFI contract.

The fact the town council offices were built in a buff coloured brick (called Cambridge white) also meant, to my mind, that SON was a viable option.

The Elizabeth School, by contrast, was built in red brick. But I still felt using SON to light the school but then lighting the white Chinese bridge in LED would create a pleasant contrast, and help to make the bridge the main feature.

I wanted warm light, 3,000-4,000K; because the bridge is white it could take colour really well. The other benefit of LED for the bridge was, of course, the long life and low maintenance you get with LED, as one of the floodlights would be fixed to a building that was right next to the river.

So, now I had a lighting solution: LED floodlights for the bridge, SON area

Lighting Journal September 2016

floodlights for the open space, and a heritage lantern with a refurbished and strengthened bracket.

The floodlighting of the bridge did initially prove challenging, as most floodlights with LED arrays did not ‘throw’ the light far enough. The solution came when I found out about a new floodlight made by D W Windsor, called the Kaskara.

This used LED COB (Chip on Board) as the light source, but directed it by what was, in essence, a double asymmetric floodlight with a peak intensity of +60⁰. This meant the floodlight could be mounted horizontally and still throw the light forward.

AIMING FLOODLIGHTS The next challenge was aiming the floodlights from the town council offices and the end of the toilet block.

While the Kaskara floodlight had a very attractive stirrup bracket, it needed a bespoke bracket made to allow the floodlight to turn in the horizontal. I designed a bracket myself that was

then, again, manufactured by D W Windsor. This arrangement meant the floodlight was tight to the building, yet looked neat, tidy and designed. So many problems can be designed out by understanding the issues and good engineering!

The last practical challenge was fixing the floodlight to the building. A cherry picker could not be positioned so as to work on the end of the building. We tried but it could not be done because of the location of the existing flood defence walls. The next option was a working cage suspended on the end of a crane jib; but again the crane would not have been able to position itself relative to the end wall of the building. This would also have been expensive and putting up the associated cabling, installing and aiming the floodlight in one session, meant it was discarded.

The final solution came about because the contracts manager knew somebody who could provide specialist, cantilevered scaffolding that had weights placed on the base

Godmanchester Chinese footbridge 23 of main body of the scaffolding. This provided a safe working platform for the cabling and installation of the floodlights.

It also meant there was the time in the evening to aim the floodlights.

From a personal point of view, as a lighting designer, I could have done with another 2m of mounting height for the floodlights. I had to put about seven degrees of upward tilt to light the bridge and provide facial recognition for people walking across the bridge.

You can also see the floodlights from a distance, which if they had been mounted horizontally, wouldn’t have been the case.

LIGHTING UNIFORMITY Nevertheless, I was pleased I was able to get a uniformity of 0.4, which means that, when people walk across the bridge, it’s like walking through silk. It’s lit, it’s nice, it’s comfortable, there’s no dark spots; it’s what you want.

I wanted to achieve somewhere where people wanted to go to, where they would feel comfortable and safe, where they actively wanted to use this location.

And by lighting it with a very high uniformity value, now when you walk over the bridge, it’s somewhere that’s very pleasurable.

For a project such as this there are so many things you have to think about as a lighting designer: health and safety, conservation officer, liaising with the town council, developing and making sure that you project manage and take through the designs and so on.

Most of all, however, it’s about creating a space, an environment, that is comfortable, warm and inviting rather than, as before, somewhere that had become rather lost to the town.

You can now see the bridge more clearly, people can enjoy it and it’s well lit. As the mayor of Godmanchester, Councillor David Underwood has put it: ‘Godmanchester people are delighted with the new lighting scheme. It is subtle and sensitive, highlighting the beauty of our iconic Chinese bridge at night.’ And you can’t really say more than that!

Pete Lummis is project engineer for Huntingdonshire District Council

I wanted to achieve somewhere where people wanted to go to, where they would feel comfortable and safe, where they actively wanted to use this location. And by lighting it with a very high uniformity value, now when you walk over the bridge, it’s somewhere that’s very pleasurable.

Lighting Journal September 2016

24 The TM-30-15 new colour rendering metric

COLOUR CATCHER The new TM-30-15 colour rendering metric is being presented as the replacement for the long-standing Colour Rendering Index in the brave new LED-based lighting world. But does it stack up? Gareth John is underwhelmed

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ne of the interesting things about photometry is the fact that this is the only branch of optics geared towards the human visual system. In other words, this field is all about scaling the measurement of optical radiation towards the response of the human eye.

Human beings are a varied lot, but the experts in the field have managed to put together a photometric system that works for the most part, giving us units like the lux and the candela that have been well defined for many years.

However, even though smarter minds than mine have been thinking about colour for over a century, we still don’t have a generally agreed upon metric for it.

The Colour Rendering Index (CRI) has been around for many years but has been often tweaked depending upon the needs of the lighting industry and the state of luminaire technology at the time. Last year the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) created a new colour metric called TM-30-15 in order to answer some of the problems with CRI that had been created by the arrival of LEDs in the lighting industry.

In this article I intend to provide a brief history of colour metrics, why the IESNA decided that that we needed a new one, and whether it’s something the exterior lighting industry needs to worry about.

There are more than 25 different colour metrics in the scientific literature, dating back to the mid-sixties. The one I’m sure we’re most familiar with is the CRI, which has been around since 1965 but was based on research dating back to 1937. I’d also, however, like to give a brief tip of the hat to the seldom-used Judd’s Flattery Index, created in 1967. Although it doesn’t have any advantages over CRI, I must say I do like the name!

Colour metrics fall into two categories.

1) Metrics based on colour fidelity. In this case one uses a reference colour, or a series of reference colours, and evaluates how well the light source under test renders these colours compared to a reference illuminant of the same correlated colour temperature (CCT.) CRI sits in this category.

2) Metrics based on colour gamut. In this case, one plots the chromaticities of certain test colours in a

Lighting Journal September 2016

two-dimensional colour space and compares them with a reference illuminant. These metrics disregard the CCT requirement of colour fidelity. Instead it talks about how vivid the colours appear compared to a reference illuminant.

CRI has been, by far, the most robust of colour metrics and has undergone many revisions since its introduction, the most recent of which was in 1995.

CRI is based on evaluating the colour fidelity of 14 test colours illuminated by the source under test, assigning a colour rendering index to each (R1-R14) and taking an average of the first eight to produce a general colour rendering index Ra. This is what people usual mean when they mention CRI. This approach, while it has stood the test of time, has its limitations, however. For instance, the eight colour samples are all pastel shades, so the Ra number doesn’t consider the rendering of strongly saturated primary colours.

These eight colours were chosen back in the days when T5 was all the rage because fluorescent sources render pastel shade better than primary colours. There’s also the drawback that the test colour samples nine to 12 are strongly saturated, but they don’t contribute to Ra. The fact this metric is based on averaging also means that it is possible to achieve high CRI even when some colours aren’t well rendered by the source under test.

CHANGING NEEDS As the needs of the lighting industry changed, there was more pressure to create a new metric that better reflected the current state of the technology. To this end, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the IESNA set up various committees aimed at coming up with a new standard acceptable to all.

This was a long, long process, with disagreement between those who wanted to include the latest science and those who felt introducing the industry to a new metric would create an unnecessary workload for all concerned, what with everyone having to get used to using a new method and getting a feel for what the numbers meant.

Many different metrics were developed and a couple

The TM-30-15 new colour rendering metric 25

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cri-color-rendering-index-led-rita-lee

came into favour for a while. The Colour Quality Scale (CQS) was proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the USA. This was based on 15 new, more saturated colour samples and used a different calculation method to CRI. There was also the Gamut Area Index (GAI), which was based on the idea, as stated above of plotting the chromaticities of eight standard colours on a graph and comparing the area of the irregular polygon created to one created by an ideal illuminant.

This allowed us to assess how vividly the light source rendered colours. Sounds complicated? It was! The people who thought this up didn’t create a software tool for deriving it, so if you wanted a GAI value you had to work it out from scratch. GAI didn’t catch on, hardly a surprise.

TM-30-15 Something did finally come out of all this talk. Last year the IESNA published the document TM-30-15, which lays out their recommendation for colour rendition. It’s important to stress, however, that this is a recommendation, not a standard. I’ve had people ringing me up thinking that they have to have this data as though it has legal force, which isn’t the case.

The metric involves replacing CRI with two numbers, the Fidelity Index Rf and the Gamut Index Rg. Rf is analogous to CRI, only this time the general colour rendering index is based on 99 colour samples, rather than eight. Obviously, this allows Rf to provide a more accurate colour assessment than Ra and supposedly makes high scoring values harder to achieve. As before, the colour fidelity scoring ranges from 0-100%.

Rg is similar to the previously mentioned GAI, only this, again, is based on the 99 colour samples rather than eight.

The values of Rg go from 60 to 140. Although this sounds even more fiendishly complicated than GAI, it isn’t, as the IESNA have created a software tool that allows you to calculate Rg and Rf. This is all fine and dandy, I hear you cry, but does it work?

Is it useful to us folks in the exterior lighting industry?

To answer both these questions, I pulled some spectra out for various lamp types and looked to see how they compared under the old and new metrics.

Lamp Type

Rf

Rg

CCT/K

CRI (Ra)

HPS

32

61

1967

16

Metal Halide

81

101

3012

87

Mercury

44

89

3725

53

RGBA LEDs

86

106

3968

87

Warm White LED

87

91

2880

92

Neutral White LED

60

97

3817

65

Cool White LED

71

94

5763

71

There doesn’t seem to be much difference between the Rf and Ra values. The only sources that suffer in comparison between the two methods are high pressure sodium and mercury, neither of which are all that common these days.

As I mentioned previously, one of the rationales for creating a new colour metric was to correct for the poor performance of LEDs when it came to CRI, so it’s a little hard to understand the logic here, given that the LED sources give much the same value.

I suppose it may come down to whether or not the industry regards colour saturation, the vividness of colours, as important. In which case, people will start asking for Rg numbers. Until then, the jury is still out.

Gareth John is technical director and laboratory manager at Photometric and Optical Testing

Lighting Journal September 2016

26 Building Information Modelling

DESIGNS FOR LIFE Building Information Modelling (BIM) can help lighting designers to generate greater whole-life cost savings as well as work in a more integrated way, argues Will Baron.

On page 30, Logan Colbeck looks at how it can also work for small contractors

T

his article is going to look at six key areas of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the context of street lighting design and maintenance: what BIM is; its aims; how BIM can work for lighting engineers; the issue of 3D versus data; the challenge of capturing the ‘as built’ situation; and, finally, the role of BIM in analysing and maintaining the whole life of the assets.

WHAT IS BIM? Building Information Modelling originated within the building construction industry and has been proven to deliver wholelife cost savings.

The Cabinet Office, in its 2011 Construction Strategy, announced the government’s intention that all centrallyprocured contracts should be compliant with BIM by 2016.

The key objective of this approach is to reduce the capital cost and the carbon burden from the construction and operation of the built environment by a fifth.

Building design, to take one example, has transitioned over the last 30 years or so from being something largely undertaken on a drawing board to a highly digital, information-rich software-based activity.

It is now possible for computers to greatly speed up and assist the designer. Design standards, regulations and other rules can be ‘built-in’ to the digital model. For instance, if two windows are too close in a design, the computer can provide a warning that building standards will be breached.

All too often, however, at the end of the design process, the output is simply a printed sheet or perhaps a PDF file that lacks any of the ‘intelligence’ of the model, and much of the associated information such as manufacturers’ part numbers.

So much of the value is lost, too; value that could be used to reduce the costs of construction, and more significantly, whole-life maintenance costs.

BIM has often been said to be 20% technology and 80% process, and the primary focus for industry is to develop joined-up thinking throughout the whole life of infrastructure.

BIM is not software, it is more about planning and a way of integrating all of the tasks and related information with all stakeholders. It is important to identify the project

Lighting Journal September 2016

deliverables, and this may need to be developed in discussions with clients.

Underpinning and defining what BIM means for each project will be a ‘BIM Execution Plan’ (BEP). The BEP is a document that will need to be agreed at the outset. It may stipulate the software to be used but in most cases this can be accommodated by imports and exports between different software products using standardised formats.

The BEP is a working document that should be regularly reviewed and may evolve as design teams, suppliers and manufacturers, and perhaps even technology, changes throughout the project.

WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF BIM? Each organisation, regardless of industry, will develop its own BIM Implementation Plan (BIP). This BIP is a blueprint document that should be aligned to the objectives and aspirations of the organisation and its business partners.

It will also need to be scaled dependent on the nature and size of the projects that the organisation will undertake. Bear in mind, too, that the acronym BIM can be used differently these days. Whilst the ‘B’ originally stood as a noun, reflecting the construction industry origins for the drivers behind the BIM process, it could now be used as a verb, enabling us to see how BIM could apply to different industries.

Fundamentally, however, the aims will always be the same: to ensure the value created by stakeholders at each stage of an asset’s life – from ‘drawing board’ to end-of-life disposal is maintained.

For example, if a component containing a material that should be disposed of in a certain way is called up by the designer, this information should be available at the end of the life of the asset, and indeed should always be there throughout, without a need for this to have been re-entered or reverse engineered, to facilitate better asset management planning.

The level of BIM compliance of a project is a matter of definition, and this is illustrated in Figure 1 opposite. This shows how the value of the model increases as each stakeholder becomes involved. Information is created at

Building Information Modelling

27

collaboration between any and all disciplines by means of a single, shared project model which is held in a centralised repository.

Figure 1: the value of the model increases as each stakeholder is involved

the design stage, and also at the construction stage, for example setting the installation date so that a maintenance period can be initiated. As each stage is passed, the ‘Level of information’ (or detail) will increase, so increasing the value overall of the project model.

As information is passed from stakeholder to stakeholder and its value maintained, it can be used and matched against other relevant information. This interoperability of data and between systems signals a move from what is known as ‘lonely’ BIM to something much more integrated, and in the infrastructure space can provide an ability for clash detection between assets owned by different entities.

To this end, Level 3 or integrated (or interoperable) BIM is currently seen as something of a holy grail. It represents full

Figure 2: the use of supplier photometric data files

WHAT IS BIM FOR LIGHTING ENGINEERS? Whilst the lighting industry looks somewhat different to building construction, there are nevertheless many advantages to building a digital street lighting information model.

Traditionally, scheme implementation contract drawings have provided little value after installation. However, lighting design is, of course, highly data driven – what luminaires are to be used and how does the selection influence lighting levels and so on.

Lighting assets are also already maintained, usually by means of a geographic information system (GIS), so BIM can provide clear benefits by linking information – both information defined at design time and data captured during the scheme implementation – with the maintenance phase.

Even during the design phase data, and therefore value, can be lost. Whilst most lighting designers will determine the appropriate selection of luminaires against the backdrop of real (to scale) mapping, this context can provide the opportunity for all aspects of a lighting scheme to be calculated.

For example, a map-based design can assist with power, cabling and ducting design as voltage drops are based on actual physical distances read directly from the map. Cable lengths and other design parameters can then be taken forward along with other aspects of the scheme design to assist with testing and commissioning of lighting schemes.

3D VERSUS DATA Much has been made in the past about BIM and what it means. BIM is defined as a graduated process, Level 0 being simple CAD- (or paper!) based systems that ‘allows for the exchange of information between all parties’.

Level 1 and 2 encourage the use of 3D. Level 3, yet to be fully defined, points to fully integrated and collaborative processes that will utilise construction sequencing (4D).

Many have been seduced by the attractiveness of 3D, particularly when this provides photorealistic visualisations. But visualisation has little to offer whole-life asset management. The focus needs instead to be on data, whether that be meta-data attached to the digital design such

Lighting Journal September 2016

28 Building Information Modelling

Figure 3: how data can be captured, viewed and edited within the design environment

as part numbers, or 3D information embedded in 2D objects such as column planting depths and foundation details.

Figure 3 shows how data can be captured, viewed and edited within the design environment. This data needs to ‘travel’ with the as-built digital representation of objects for the whole life of the digital model. The transfer of as-built data from system to system provides the greatest value by means of efficient data transfer through standardised data formats.

Often 3D representations can be effectively created when needed from the embedded data.

CAPTURING ‘AS-BUILT’ It is crucial to BIM that the ‘as built’ situation is captured.

Decisions based on the digital model can only be made with confidence if the model reflects the real world closely. A common situation with poor data – for example below-ground assets whose location has not been accurately captured – can often mean costs are increased because of the need for hand digging, hasty design revisions or repair to accidentally damaged drains, electrical or fibre optic cables.

The process of BIM is not just one-way, however. The process can be described as maintaining value from design through the life, and ultimately to the disposal, of assets. But the value in the digital model can also be used to inform the design of future schemes and scheme installation costs.

whole-life costs are made at the design stage and these outcomes, and the information that is generated with this, can be captured in the design drawings.

Design data has value beyond construction. Often, however, this information can be lost. The process of BIM enables this value to be available for the whole life of the assets.

When the data is collated in systems, designed to unify different types of data, such as services and utilities, a more complete and valuable information model can be built.

Comprehensive and rich digital models enable sophisticated and cost-effective maintenance and operational decisions to be made. Such modelling also allows savings to be made in the capital cost and the carbon burden from the construction and operation of the built environment.

Will Baron is director of road and landscape design software company Keysoft Solutions

DESIGN -> OPERATE: MAINTAINING VALUE Many decisions that affect Figure 4: detail of property grid showing design data

Lighting Journal September 2016

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Lighting Journal September 2016

30 Building Information Modelling

MODELLING AGENCY Lighting Journal September 2016

Building Information Modelling

31

BIM can help contractors of all sizes visualise, specify and manage projects much more effectively for their customers, as Logan Colbeck outlines

B

IM (Building Information Modelling) is an increasingly important tool for the UK construction industry.

As the market continues to evolve and grow, lighting contractors are turning to BIM to ensure they can work seamlessly with other contractors on larger projects, while also offering a competitive service to their customers.

At its heart, BIM provides a platform for collaborative information modelling and management, ensuring multiple teams across design, construction, and installation can work together from one master model.

From the sales team to the building team, through to lighting design and other electrical installation, one BIM model minimises the risk of errors and unexpected waste further down the line.

For the customer, therefore, this means there is a much greater chance of receiving a high-quality service from the beginning to the end of the project, and even after the project has been handed over.

BIM is becoming increasingly popular for larger projects, although there is still work to be done in terms of educating smaller contractors on the value of adopting the platform.

UNLOCKING OPPORTUNITY Small-to-medium size contractors are looking to BIM as a way to future-proof their businesses and unlock opportunities for larger projects and revenue growth going forward.

BIM provides additional value for lighting contractors throughout the project process. From the very beginning, it allows contractors to ‘sell-in’ and better visualise projects.

Working alone or with other partners, contractors can use what is a very flexible model to show the building owner or operator specific details and options in lighting design.

Other potential advantages to BIM are that it allows architects and contractors to provide feedback earlier on in the process, so ensuring any necessary adjustments can be made well in advance of the project kicking off. This, of course, helps to reduce churn, time and budget spent correcting mistakes – savings that can then be passed on to the building owner.

Let’s look at how this might work in practice. If a manufacturer includes additional capabilities in CAD plug-in files, this mean the architect or contractor will have the ability to select absence and presence detection sensors based on a building’s requirements.

A warehouse, for example, will need a different type of sensor to an office building, because of ceiling height and where exactly the sensor picks up movement – so determining if a light needs to turn on or off.

The added functionality from the plug-in file means users can select the sensor they require, using a cone icon that shows the sensor’s range directly in the BIM model.

In this instance the benefit is twofold: the right products have been installed, so ensuring occupant safety and comfort, while the building owner has saved both time and money.

BIM in this example has ensured the architect and contractor specifies the right sensor and controls system for the building, so ensuring time isn’t wasted on installing products ineffectively.

Another issue contractors can commonly face when installing sensors or control systems is that there are obstacles where the products are set to be installed, such as a steel beam or heating and ventilation duct.

This can result in the sensor being then installed in a lessthan-ideal position, meaning it may need to be repositioned at a later date or, worse, be disruptive to the environment.

If the sensor doesn’t pick up motion where it’s supposed to it could mean the difference between a warehouse light turning on to guide workers or not, and therefore potentially affecting safety as well as worker productivity.

MARKET UNDERSTANDING So what, then, should businesses be thinking about when it comes to adopting BIM for the first time?

First, it is important to have a strong understanding of the market position on BIM. Being proficient in the type of platforms medium-to-large competitors are using is a good place to start. This knowledge alone can help contractors, especially smaller contractors, to better position themselves to compete for public sector or ‘smart’ building contracts.

Second, contractors must have a strong understanding of their supply chain; they must know their customers and who they are buying from and selling to. In most cases, businesses will need to compromise on one particular software solution in order to remain compatible with their partners.

Third, it is important to recognise that industry-wide compatibility is still a challenge for BIM. One way to tackle this is by supporting ‘Open BIM’. Open BIM means it is not tied to any particular platform or software provider, so in turn meaning it is compatible with the software and tools contractors are most familiar with. Open BIM only uses Excel as the software platform. As every contractor, manufacturer, and specifier can use Excel, so Open BIM is by far the easiest way to adopt BIM. We, for example, provide BIM files for our products, including MK Electric and Ex-Or. Cost, naturally, is further important concern for businesses looking to adopt BIM for the first time. Although it can be tempting to make a snap decision based on cost or a good deal, this can cause problems in the longer term. For example, is it going to be compatible with partners or projects and, if not, will this mean it’s going to be a false economy because it may then require additional investment? Ultimately, don’t rush it – research is crucial to ensuring contractors decide on the best BIM platform for their business.

LOOKING AHEAD Finally, what of the future in the context of BIM? It is clear the UK building industry will be changed by BIM. But it would be a mistake to believe BIM is only suitable for large building projects or large contractors. Smaller contractors also have much to gain from adopting the platform, given that it can improve their chances of winning private and publically funded work in the future.

Ultimately, we predict that within the next three years BIM will be the way all companies in the construction, design, architecture, and electrical industries will be expected to do business.

This means businesses of all sizes will need to make a decision on how they adopt BIM. As we’ve highlighted in this article, research and a strong knowledge of the supply chain are essential to choosing the right software platform for keeping smaller contractors competitive in the future.

Logan Colbeck is sales strategy leader at Honeywell E&ES UKI

Lighting Journal September 2016

32 Future concept

VERY NATURAL LIGHT

Bioluminescent lighting could create eye-catching, albeit temporary, retail and shop-window lighting, among other applications

It’s never going to replace conventional lighting, but a French start-up is hopeful that bioluminescent lighting ‘powered’ by bacteria could one day be used for innovative street-based installations.

Lighting Journal got out its microscope

W

ith global temperatures on course to break new – and unwelcome – records this year, it’s perhaps unsurprising that interest in alternative energy sources, such as biofuels, has been gaining pace recently.

Back in 2013, for example, we saw the SolarLeaf ‘bioreactor façade’ pilot project developed by Arup. This used microalgae to generate heat and biomass, which was transported around a building through a closed look system, as well as using structural glass photo-bioreactors as external cladding elements and dynamic shading devices.

A French start-up company, Glowee, is taking things even further, with the development of bioluminescent lights to illuminate shop fronts and street signs.

The company launched a demonstration model back in December last year and is now working on commercial applications, including retail and shop-window lighting, urban and street installations and even lighting for vehicles.

The lights are made by filling customisable transparent cases with a gel that contains bacteria carrying the gene from a marine bacteria called ‘Aliivibrio fischeri’, which has bioluminescent properties and can give off a blue-green light.

The gel provides nutrients to keep the bacteria alive.

Lighting Journal September 2016

Of course, one of the challenges of this sort of product is its shelf life, given that the ‘power’ comes from a living organism.

Glowee’s first products, for example, only lit for a few seconds but by making changes to the gel this has gradually been extended.

RETAIL APPLICATION As Glowee founder Sandra Rey tells Lighting Journal: ‘Initially we could only make it glow for a few seconds, then a few days, and we are working to develop a product that lasts for a whole month.

‘Commercial applications include for events and artistic installations but we also feel retail is a likely market for this sort of technology, especially in shop windows. We will have a standard product that replaces lightboxes and then a more personal one that can create a real experience inside a shop window,’ she adds.

Clearly, if you have a product that only lasts a few days or, at best, a month, it’s self-evidently never going to become an alternative to permanent lighting, a limitation that Sandra is realistic about.

‘Our goal in the future is to create an alternative lighting.

Don’t get me wrong, we appreciate this is never going to replace all electric lamps because of its low intensity.

But if you want something to be very visible or to highlight something within a building, or perhaps want signage to stand out, then this now can be a viable alternative,’ she explains.

‘If you have a product that lasts three days then that, clearly, is only going to be attractive to certain markets. But if you have a product that lasts a whole month or two months, that can open up very different markets. So I do think this market will evolve as the technology itself evolves.

‘We’re certainly not going to wait ten years for there to be a ‘perfect’ product that is going to revolutionise the world. But we do think the technology as it currently is today is viable and developing,’ she adds.

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34 Tridonic

MAKING THE CONNECTION

Connected lighting – including digitally connected ceilings, offices and networks – will help to drive the development of smart buildings, a conference held by manufacturer Tridonic heard in June

B

irmingham’s NEC was the setting for the first ever ‘partner conference’ run by manufacturer Tridonic UK in June, and attended by some 130 manufacturers, consultants and other industry specialists.

The discussion point for the day ‘Lighting and Beyond’ was certainly a topical one: how connected lighting is set to be one of key catalysts for the development of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) and will also be instrumental in the development of smart buildings.

The event kicked off with presentations by Richard Strode and Simon Blazey, managing director and strategic solution sales manager at Tridonic respectively, who introduced the idea of the digital connected ceiling, arguing this will enable a new approach to be taken to building management.

‘Where designers and developers have wanted integration and interoperability of building systems in the past, they have been hampered by silo systems, protocols and gateways. If we are to transition to a single, converged IP network then lighting will play a key part in this digital connected ceiling,’ said Simon, who also demonstrated Tridonic’s net4more IPV6-based toolbox that enables luminaires to be connected to an Ethernet switch.

The conference then heard from three guest speakers, starting with Roger Woodward, vice-president and European managing director of software firm Tridium, outlined the potential of IoT in the context of building systems, given that it is estimated IoT will eventually be in 40% of all commercial buildings.

Success in the future will therefore be about creating, harnessing and delivering business models, technologies, capabilities and services that go above and beyond traditional product offerings, he predicted.

BUILDING NETWORKS John Swallow, director of energy for GMI Construction Group (pictured above), outlined how it has been evaluating this new lighting-driven approach to the networks in a building.

Initial research by GMI has indicated it is possible, by using wireless IP, to make savings of up to 33% in terms of installation time, in addition to savings generated as a result

Lighting Journal September 2016

of a reduction in components and wirings.

Moreover, this was before the additional savings and added value that can be gained through having an IoT-based ‘smart’ building, he stressed.

Finally, Iain Trent, engineering director at Land Securities, talked the audience through a connected lighting pilot scheme being run at his organisation’s London headquarters.

The business will be installing three different IP-connected lighting solutions within its Victoria Street building. Three meeting rooms will be monitored to see how their lighting affects various factors, including usage and wellbeing.

The first room will use lighting over wireless IP, the second will use Power over Ethernet (PoE) and the third will use a mains wired approach, with communication by Ethernet (PaE).

The aim is that IP connectivity will eliminate the need for gateways and, through installing IP-connected lighting in this way, Land Securities will be better able to incubate ideas, analyse data and understand how tenants use office space in the future, he argued.

The perspective from delegates as to where connected lighting is going was also intriguing.

Nigel Box, technical director at lighting firm Feilo Sylvania, argued: ‘The market is really buoyant at the moment, but is split into two camps; those that are interested and want to benefit from smart controls and the other, probably larger group, that are still reaping benefit from switching to LEDs and not thinking about the additional benefits that are possible.’

And Craig Marney, UK managing director of manufacturer Martech, added: ‘Everybody is going to have to play their part to make this work. It will need acceptance by the masses and the (lighting) business needs to take charge. The apps play a vital part – end users need to see how it will generate money; if not why do it?’.

Summing up the day’s proceedings, Richard Strode stressed: ‘Embracing the Internet of Things into connected lighting will require partnerships, trust and innovation – and we all need to get ourselves IoT-ready.’

Maintaining Maintaining city citylighting lighting Without Withoutscouting scouting the thestreets streetsatatnight night Making Making lighting lighting system system maintenance maintenance efficient efficient andand responsive responsive while while cutting cutting costs costs is no is longer no longer as as impossible impossible as itas may it may seem. seem.

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36 Inside the ILP: YLP

LEARNING POWER As YLP chair James Duffin prepares to pass the baton to Chris Rayner, he reflects on his year. Overleaf, Chris outlines his YLP ambitions for 2017 JAMES DUFFIN Having been a YLP member since 2009, I decided to become more involved in 2013, where I joined the committee as secretary. This role supports the chairman and communicates between the committee and the members.

In 2014, I was encouraged by then YLP chair Fiona Horgan to put myself forward to become chairman.

At first I wasn't sure if I was right for the role, however upon further thought I decided to James Duffin: lively debates run for chairman as the founding principle of the YLP is to encourage and develop younger members, which was very important to me and in this role I could make an impact.

My primary aim was to run events in areas where the YLP previously hasn't held events, and to give members the chance to engage in topics previously not covered at YLP events. I have also planned it that a number of the events are joint events with other ILP regions to promote the connectivity between the YLP and ILP – YLP members are the future of the ILP. The YLP AGM and technical session held at ACDC in London was the final event of outgoing chairman Kevin Dugdale's year. He ended the year on a high with this fantastic event, after a year of brilliant technical sessions. This set the bar high for my year as chairman, but with the support of the committee and my vice chairman, I knew 2016 would be a good year for the YLP. As vice chairman, I started planning the events to be held in my year as chairman. Four technical sessions and the AGM were planned. These events were to be held in conjunction with manufacturers, lighting professionals and other regions of the ILP. As with all YLP events both YLP and ILP members were always welcome.

The first technical session of 2016 was held at Designplan's new factory in Sutton, south London. Designplan is a manufacturer of vandal-resistant lighting, and was a company the YLP had never visited before.

As part of this event, we were invited on a factory tour along with two presentations. This took us through the important principles of robust design, ensuring products will survive, even in the toughest environments. We looked at IP

Lighting Journal September 2016

and IK ratings, and the particular needs of secure hospitals and prisons for lighting solutions that are anti-ligature.

Our second event in May was another first for the YLP as it was a joint event with the Western region, whose incumbent chairman Julian Higgins I had worked closely with on the South Coast PFI. DIVERSE PAPERS This event was hosted by SSE Enterprise at its Exeter offices. We had four diverse papers including two from YLP members; Lawrence Baynham of INDO Lighting on LED reliability and Rebecca Hatch of INDO Lighting on gas lighting. The other two papers were presented by Pat Mitchell of Mayflower and, in a change from the advertised programme, Julian gave a paper on the impact of the recent changes to the TSRGD. This leads us on to our most recent event, hosted by Lucy Zodion at Sowerby Bridge in West Yorkshire. The first paper covered the topics of isolators and cut-outs and the important safety aspects of their design. Lucy Zodion’s managing director John Fox gave one of the best smart cities presentations I have seen, which certainly prompted a very lively debate.

Our next event is to be held at Thorn's Spennymoor facility, County Durham. Thorn has generously hosted many YLP events in previous years, but this year's event is again a first as it is a joint event this time with the Northern region.

This event will have taken place by the time you are reading this, but a tour of Thorn's factory is planned alongside two excellent papers.

I am confident this event will follow on from the success of previous events. The final event of the year will be the YLP's AGM. This is being held in conjunction with the London and South Eastern (L&SE) region.

It will be a repeat of the highly successful 2014 event held by then YLP chairman Fiona Horgan and L&SE chairman Colin Fish. L&SE chairman Nathan French and I are confident we can repeat the success of 2014, with excellent presentations planned from Marcus Steffan, Alessandra Caggiano, OSRAM and YLP LSE committee member Matthew Fisher.

To conclude my year I would like to thank my vice chairman and the whole YLP committee for their hard work and dedication. I would also like to thank the ILP regional chairman whom I worked so closely with this year, Julian Higgins (Western), Keith Benson (Northern) and Nathan French (L&SE). Finally, I would, of course, like to thank the YLP members. @ylpgroup #committed James Duffin is street lighting designer with INDO Lighting

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38 Inside the ILP: YLP CHRIS RAYNER As my year in the chair for the YLP fast approaches, I look on with excitement and with a sense of achievement at what it is going to be an exciting year for me and my career, in a role that is an honour and privilege.

The excitement comes with knowing what I will be able to bring to the YLP membership, with the events I'm looking to hold and the topics I am looking to incorporate.

Chris Rayner: new events This pride and achievement also comes with knowing my experiences and my own personal journey through lighting is one I can pass on to younger members who have just joined our industry or to attract new members now I have made it to the position of YLP chair.

I have been involved with the YLP for many years, and over my last four years as a committee member I have had the pleasure of being part of the support structure for past chairpersons.

We've all seen huge developments, and the steps the YLP has taken to position itself as a valuable part of the industry’s past, present and future have been hugely positive. When the

YLP was set up by Rebecca Hatch and Scott Pengelly many years ago, I am sure this is what they were hoping it would become.

In my year as chair I will look to continue this growth and success and, with that in mind, I am planning a year ahead for the membership that will look to incorporate a wide range of events from factory visits, regional mini-competitions involving membership presenters. Contact me if you are interested in presenting these!

There will also be the usual technical CPD days with guest speakers covering some of the challenges and opportunities we are faced with in this industry, but hopefully also a few with a slight twist.

YLP SOCIAL EVENT The idea of a possible YLP social event has been mooted, although this will depend on membership interest take-up.

But watch this space, and the YLP website www.theilp.org. uk/ylp, for more details.

Finally, I am very much looking forward to my time as YLP chairperson and all that comes with it.

Anyone who has done this before will know that none of it is possible without the continued support from our members and many of the companies and employers from within the lighting industry.

I look forward to your support in making it another great year for the YLP and our chance to build more foundations for the future of our industry to flourish.

Chris Rayner is northern sales manager at INDO Lighting

The YLP in 2016 visited Designplan to learn about lighting for secure hospitals and prisons

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Letters to the editor 41

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND BATS Sir, I am writing to clarify a few points made in the article Animal Magic on bats and artificial lighting that was published in the April 2016 edition of Lighting Journal (volume 81, No. 4).

28 Environm ental

impact of ligh ting

ANIMA M AG I C L

What sort of ha rmful effects are your lighting designs poten tially having on bats? You don’t care? You mo st definitely sho uld , and here’s why, explains James Miles

W

Lighting Jour

nal April 201

6

hile lighting has are many uns many advantages for humans een ways , there it changes in that are the world we not positive cover som . In this artic live e of le I am goin environmen the main areas in whi g to ch t around us.

In particular lighting damages the damage bein I am going g done to bats to focus on affects inse , alth oug the cts, plants, h river life, bird this is an issue that Of course, also s and othe there is an r mammals. designers: initial questio ‘why should n here for we care?’. lighting Other than moral issu es and the are we leav age-old que ing behind for future gen stion of ‘wh tangible reas at erat ons why we consideratio should take ions?’, there are very n when prod the environ ment into ucin First, light pollution can g a lighting design. statutory nuis now ance and mem be prosecuted by in a complai law nt to their env bers of the public only as a investigatio ironmental have to put n. health offic er to start Second, all an & Countryside species of bat are prot ected by the Way Act (200 Act (1981), the Country Wildlife 0) and the side and Rig Conservatio etc.) Regulat hts of n (Natural ions 1994.

Hab These mak recklessly e it illegal deli itats to kill, injure, capture or berately or to bat roos disturb bats ts or damage , obstruct acc or destroy Lighting in bat roosts. ess the vicinity could constitu of a te an offence bat roost that causes conservatio disturbance , unless the n organisa loca l stat tion has bee utory nature time to prov n consulted ide advice. and So, understand allowed clearly, it is any possibl in our best e problems interests to before they arise.

FEEDING BEHAVIOU R What, then , first is the sort of dam Because of age we’re their nocturn many stud al nature and talking about here? ies have bee protected n carried out information is available on bats and status, on a artificial ligh ting can affe them. What is very clea lot more ct the feed r is that In most bat ing behavior of spe cies there followed by bats. is an evening another at period of acti dawn. the peak fligh vity t times of noc These two flights corr because of elate with turnal inse lighting affe ct prey. Par cting their t of this is amount of food supply insects ava by reducing ilab species of the bat being stop le, but it is also becaus e instinctivel ped of certain from hunting y avoid ligh the insects t sources.

In one imp as they ortant bat site in Suffolk Natterer’s, whiskered, Daubenton’ , for example, numbers fell followin s and brow g the installa of n long-ear tion of stre Lighting can ed bats et lamps nea rby. corridors, nea be particularly harm ful if used r woodland alon edges and near hedgero g river ws used

Firstly, I would like to say this was a very well-written piece by an author who obviously knows his topic. The piece clearly laid out the issues and made key points, which should help to make lighting engineers aware of the possible damage being done to bat populations by artificial lighting.

To put the importance of this issue into context I thought I should just mention that the main reason we should care about the state of bats in the UK (and worldwide) is that they are one of our bio-indicator species.

Where you have a healthy bat population, you have a healthy local environment, and we’re just beginning to realise that this doesn’t just mean for the plants and animals living there but for us too.

The quality of our local environment relates directly to our physical and mental well being and even to elements such as productivity in our workplace and schools or how fast we get better in hospital environments.

This is particularly important as bat populations in this country have declined dramatically in the last century and this is why all our bats and their roosts are afforded protection

at both an international and domestic level.

It would have been good to see the Bat Conservation Trust’s and ILP’s technical guidance note properly referenced (Bats and Lighting in the

UK: Bats and the Built Environment series – 2009) so that lighting

engineers could easily access and reference that information.

We are aware there is information within this that needs updating, especially in relation the take-off of LED technology since its publication. So I would also urge people to check out the BCT’s lighting pages (http://www. bats.org.uk/pages/bats_and_lighting. html), which have information including an interim guidance note from our Artificial Light and Wildlife Symposium in 2014.

The main point made that I would like clarify is the conclusion taken from Emma’s Stones 2009 work; that fastflying species seemed to be far less impacted by artificial lighting (including LEDs) than the slower flying species.

It was presumed for a number of years after this study that faster flying species, such as the common pipistrelle, which inhabit our urban environments, were actually unaffected by artificial lighting.

However, a study at the beginning of 2015 (Hale et al) showed that in fact lighting does cause a barrier effect for common pipistrelles too, where there is a gap in the vegetation, which is often the case in fragmented urban landscapes that still retain mature trees.

This goes to show that there is still a great deal we don’t know about how artificial lighting impacts bats and further studies are needed before we draw further conclusions.

Many thanks again for including an article on this important topic in your magazine and this letter is merely to give a fuller picture of some of the issues.

Jo Ferguson, built environment officer, Bat Conservation Trust

this mean for lighting design and standards?

In the first instance, we use BS5489, which calls on a number of other standards, such as EN13201 and CIE115, as well as others. Yes, we could drop the EN standards such as 13201, but it has to be remembered the UK has representation on panels which prepare most European standards. Do we really need to drop these standards?

We could drop EN13201:2015 as a whole but what would we adopt?

We could go back to where we were before 2003, where we had a complete standard in BS5489 which detailed everything the lighting engineer needed to know to prepare a lighting design.

We could, equally, adopt CIE standards such as 115 and 140 which also cover road lighting too. It should be remembered the 2015 edition of EN13201 created an alignment between the CIE and EN road lighting standards.

BS5489 is due to be revised shortly to touch-up the changes made in the 2015 EN standard amongst other things too. We have a distinct lack of local authority participation on the committee.

If anyone has a burning desire (or just a desire!) to help, please get in touch with me or the chairman Alistair Scott. You will see our contact details in the consultants’ section at the back of the Journal.

Nick Smith, Nick Smith Associates

BREXIT AND LIGHTING STANDARDS Sir, While we as a country in the UK have voted to come out of the EU (whenever the government decides to act on this is another matter) but what does

Lighting Journal September 2016

42 Independent lighting design

RIVER OF LIGHT The Illuminated River competition will showcase and celebrate architectural lighting across 17 London bridges. Why, then, will lighting designers be invisible within the judging process, questions Emma Cogswell

M

y first thought when I heard of The Illuminated River was, ‘what a buzz finally someone has launched an architectural competition that has light as its main focus!’. And I wasn’t the only one who was excited. My phone rang several times that day and I had a flurry of emails asking me how people could participate, and how the International Association of Lighting Designers would be responding.

For those of you who haven’t heard, the Illuminated River is a design competition along the River Thames taking in many of the bridges and architecture along the way. On the website (http://illuminatedriver.london/) the organisers describe the project in the most evocative terms: ‘One river, 17 bridges, one competition’.

The organisers go on: ‘Running through the heart of London, the mighty River Thames has been at

Lighting Journal September 2016

the centre of the city’s evolution, shaping its communities and driving its economy. By day, the river continues to provide a huge source of pleasure for both Londoners and for millions of visitors each year, but at night this liquid history fades into a ribbon of darkness.

‘London is a dynamic, commercial, 24-hour city and the Thames should be a visual and vibrant place to enjoy, no matter the hour. The Illuminated River, a major new public art initiative, will transform central London by using its varied bridges as canvases for light.

Focusing on the 17 crossings from Albert to Tower, it will illuminate these structures to create a ribbon of light that will grace the River Thames at night.’

MAYORAL SUPPORT The project is backed by an array of the capital’s great and the good, not

least new mayor Sadiq Khan, who is cited as saying: ‘This is a really exciting opportunity to breathe new life through the heart of London each night in a new, permanent, fluid light art installation across the capital’s historic bridges. It will throw a spotlight on the river and its banks, and extend their daytime bustle and buzz into the darker hours, supporting London’s burgeoning night-time economy.

‘A dazzling, free outdoor art gallery for Londoners and all of our visitors to enjoy would encourage new investment and promote our great city to the rest of the world. With the right design, we can remind the world that London continues to be the global leader in innovation, sustainability and creativity.’

As I dug deeper into the detail, it became still more exciting. The judging panel would be looking for an ‘inspired multi-disciplinary team to create an elegant and charismatic light

Independent lighting design 43 art installation of world-class quality for the bridges’, with entries welcome from ‘artists and lighting designers, engineers, architects, technologists and others’.

Especially welcome from my perspective was the fact the brief was focused on ‘architectural lighting’ rather than operational lighting or simply art pieces. The idea is to develop a design masterplan for all 17 main road, rail and pedestrian bridges between Albert and Tower Bridge (including the proposed Nine Elms Bridge and Garden Bridge).

Then the intention is that there will be concept design lighting schemes for four individual bridges: Westminster, Waterloo, London and Chelsea, with an honorarium of £15,000 awarded to each of the shortlisted teams. The projects are expected to start from 2018.

EMINENT JUDGING PANEL All heady stuff – a competition with both finance behind it and the major’s blessing – and, of course, very welcome in the wider scheme of building the profile of our industry.

Entries closed in July and I will await the verdict with interest.

But, irrespective of how the project pans out, there was, for me, one disappointing catch.

I’ve always gone on the rule that, when entering a competition, you should look very closely at who the judges are. At first glance the panel appeared to be eminent and, positively,

pretty much split 50/50 between men and women.

Keynote names included architect Malcolm Reading, Professor Ricky Burdett, professor of urban studies at London School of Economics (and director of the LSE Cities and the Urban Age Programme), Lucy Musgrave, the founder of urban design and public realm consultancy Publica, the director of the Hayward Gallery Ralph Rugoff, and deputy mayor for culture and the creative industries Justine Simons.

The others on the judging panel were writer and filmmaker Hannah Rothschild, who is chair of the Illuminated River Foundation behind the project, and panel chairman Lord Rothschild, chairman of RIT Capital Partners plc and chairman of the Rothschild Foundation.

I expect you’ve spotted it too – why weren’t there any lighting designers or lighting associations on the judging panel?

Tellingly, despite all the positive noises, the Architectural Review’s coverage of the launch of the project even managed to excise the word ‘lighting designer’ from its article.

We were wiped away, to be replaced by the notion that the competition was open to the ‘finest artists, architects, designers, engineers and technologists’.

It was the same for the architectural website e-architect – no mention whatsoever of lighting designers.

Ditto on the BBC’s report, although it mitigation it managed to cover the competition without mentioning any professions by name at all, just the generic term ‘teams’!

I know some individuals and practices from within the international lighting design community have entered the competition as team members to form a multidisciplinary unit. I wish them all the best, and hope that one of our IALD members at least will be in the winning selection.

More widely, I am sure the Illuminated River will, in time, unveil some stunning lighting designs across London’s rivers that will, I hope, capture the public imagination and showcase what we, as a profession, can do. It remains an exciting competition and one I will watch unfold with great interest.

But it is still disappointing, and an indication of how far lighting design still needs to go to get itself on to the design ‘top table’, that a competition with such potential to promote our industry to the wider public managed to stumble on what should have been a straightforward element, getting a lighting designer on to the judging panel.

I just hope that whoever gets the winning spot is able truly to promote the importance of architectural lighting design.

Emma Cogswell is IALD UK projects manager

Lighting Journal September 2016

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LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality light measuring and photometric equipment.

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD PO Box 210, Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com

www.hagnerlightmeters.com

LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING

DIRECTORY

09-10 November North East Region Technical Meeting – Out of the Blue, Brian Healy of Bright Carbon Solutions Venue: Thorn Lighting, Spennymoor www.theilp.org.uk/events

Highways – Seeing is Believing Exhibition and Conference, the ‘inside-out’ of the highways maintenance and traffic management world Venue: Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground, Lutterworth, Leicestershire www.theilp.org.uk/events

14 September

16 November

08 September

TR22: Managing a Vital Asset Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby www.theilp.org.uk/events

15 September

Western Region Technical Session, with papers from Nigel Parry, Alistair Scott, Eddie Henry and Hayley Condie Venue: Cullompton Rugby Club www.theilp.org.uk/events

28 September

How to be brilliant with lighting for large spaces, with Lee Barker-Field, head of lighting at AECOM Lighting Venue: Marshalls Design Space, Clerkenwell, London www.theilp.org.uk/events

06 October

Pain, dizziness and confusion?!

The ILP Lecture, with optician Ian Jordan Venue: Royal Over-Seas League, St James Street, London www.theilp.org.uk/events

13-15 October

IALD Enlighten Americas 2016 Conference Venue: Puerto Vallarta, Mexico www.theilp.org.uk/events

20 October

How to be brilliant…, with Filip Vermeiren, Inverse Lighting Venue: Marshalls Design Space, Clerkenwell, London www.theilp.org.uk/events

Practical Street Lighting Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby www.theilp.org.uk/events

23-24 November LuxLive Venue: Excel, London www.theilp.org.uk/events

06 October – Pain, dizziness and confusion?! The ILP Lecture, with optician Ian Jordan, of Jordans Opticians in Ayr, looking at the physical effects of light on the body, using both additive and subtractive colour. The Royal Over-Seas League, London.

OCT

ISSUE

HEALTH AND WEALTH?

How our growing understanding of the links between health, wellbeing, colour temperature and circadian lighting is resulting in better practice in the delivery of both exterior and interior lighting

DAYLIGHT SAVING

20 October

Exploring daylight metrics, including the challenges of describing daylight in a space and how daylight can influence wellbeing

27 October

Unpicking pedestrian vision at night, and how this is affected by street lighting

Irish Regional Technical Seminar Venue: Armagh City Hotel www.theilp.org.uk/events

Autumn Technical Session Venue: Best Western Park Hotel, Falkirk www.theilp.org.uk/events

09 November

Fundamental Lighting Course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby www.theilp.org.uk/events

For full listings of all regional and national ILP events go to: www.theilp.org.uk/events

WALK THIS WAY

Good lighting increases security!

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