Lighting Journal January 2018 by Matrix Print

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

Jan 2018

STREET HEART A lighting makeover for a vibrant London street art hub GRID LOCK? Could electric vehicles overload our energy infrastructure? RETRO SPEC Performance and compliance when retrofitting lamp-based luminaires

The publication for all lighting www.theilp.org.uk professionals

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Contents

12 06 GRID LOCK?

By 2050 we could have 26 million electric cars on our roads, all needing to be charged. Will our electrical infrastructure be able to cope with the pressure? Nic Paton investigates

12 ELECTRIC AVENUES

The future may be electric, but any wholesale transition to electric vehicles is going to require a total rethink on grid demographics, argue Peter Diamond and Chris Angell

24 30

14 RETRO SPEC

Retrofitting lamp-based luminaires can be a great way to extend the life of an existing luminaire, while at the same time generating energy and operational savings. But there are stringent performance and compliance requirements, warns Allan Howard

18 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

The volcanic island of Jeju in Korea was the venue for October’s CIE ‘Midterm Meeting’. The dramatic scenery was matched by illuminating and insightful presentations. Nigel Parry reports

24 EYE ON THE SKY

Advances in design and technology are creating a new generation of miniaturised antennas ideal for smart and connected lighting applications, as Colin Newman outlines

26 COASTAL CONNECTIONS

Topography, wind and sea spray can all make coastal communities uniquely challenging for lighting professionals. Could connected lighting technologies offer a solution? Simon Newcombe makes the case

INDUSTRIAL REVELATION

October’s LewesLight festival in East Sussex combined spectacular displays and installations with high-class lighting education, as James Duffin discovered

34 BIG DATA

The biggest shake-up in data laws in two decades, the General Data Protection Regulation, is just four months away. If you haven’t already, you need to be getting your head round it, warn Howard Crossman and Leah Aschettino

SKY FEARS 39 NIGHT HIGHLIGHTED

Research suggesting that artificial light and light pollution is becoming more extensive globally was among topics discussed by ILP Premier members at a forum in November

STREET HEART

The Leake Street Arches’ ‘Grafitti Tunnel’ below London’s Waterloo Station is one of the few areas in the UK where graffiti artists are legally allowed to work. Famed for works by Banksy, it has now been given a lighting makeover

‘INTEGRITY, REASON AND INTENT’

Simon Thorp, director of LAPD Lighting Design, took his audience on an engaging and personal journey around his influences and approach to lighting design in October’s ILP ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture, as Stephen Thompson reveals

PERFECT, 44 FUTURE OR IMPERFECT?

November’s LuxLive showed that LED is definitely the future. But is it the best future, questions Emma Cogswell

46 LEARNING JOURNEY

Next month’s Light School will provide informing ‘lessons’ on everything from lighting metrics to the influence of theatre on lighting design

47 CONSULTANTS 48 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 50 DIARY p COVER PICTURE

The Leake Street Arches’ ‘Grafitti Tunnel’ below London’s Waterloo Station, which has been given a lighting makeover by lighting design consultancy Nulty

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

Editor’s letter

Volume 83 No 1 January 2018 President Alan Jaques IEng FILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA HonFIAM Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Kevin Dugdale BA (Hons) IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD Nathan French John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng FILP Gill Packham BA (Hons) Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Art Director Adriano Cattini BA (Hons) Email: adriano@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2018 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

t any event the size of November’s LuxLive, the impression you go away with will inevitably be coloured by the choices you have made – the people you have chosen to see or meet. For example, I could have spent my time there focusing on, say, emergency lighting in the ‘Escape Zone’ and concluded that was the main talking point of the two days whereas, of course, there were many broader discussions going on. Nevertheless, and while I emphasise this is in no way scientific precisely because of the caveat above, the strong sense I picked up from LuxLive was that, when it comes to smart cities and connected lighting, there appears to have been a subtle, yet nevertheless marked, shift. The potential of the technology and, from there, the commercial opportunity for the lighting industry is still a very important talking point. But I picked up a growing wariness, even concern, about the role data will and may play in this coming digital revolution, especially the ownership of data. Data, we all know, is already big business – we only have to look at Google, Facebook and Amazon to appreciate that. But with lighting increasingly becoming the tool of choice to connect our urban fabric to the devices in our pockets or homes, there is a debate to be had around what the implications of this are in terms of data ownership, the transactional relationship between people and tech companies, and security. There is also the worry that the lighting industry inadvertently allows itself, however unfairly, to become perceived as having been used by the big technology juggernauts as a willing conduit for a data deluge that may, yes, bring benefits but which also has the potential to backfire if it becomes something intrusive or negative. Where you sit on this will probably depend on how favourably or not you view the transition to an increasingly connected infrastructure. Personally, on balance, I’m an optimist and lean towards the positives of connected lighting and connectivity outweighing the negatives. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t continue to debate, discuss and interrogate what connected lighting, and connected technology generally, should be ‘for’. What do we – society and the public rather than just tech firms – want this revolution to look like and do? Where do its limits need to be and where should our lines in the sand lie? And the lighting industry needs to be right at the heart of this debate. Nic Paton Editor

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

Electrical overload

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

If the UK is to meet its climate change decarbonisation targets, we will need to have switched almost totally to electric vehicles by 2050, and that could mean 26 million electric cars on our roads, all needing to be charged. Will our electrical infrastructure be able to cope, and should we be worried? By Nic Paton

round 7pm on September 07 last year, London’s Oxford Street was rocked by what the Metropolitan Police afterwards described as a small ‘power network explosion’ that left one man with ‘minor’ injuries. Eyewitnesses on social media were considerably less understated, with comments describing a loud explosion followed by ‘screaming, crying and shouting’, ‘heat and light’ coming from a box of electrical wires and ‘burnt ground’. One person described the event on Twitter as: ‘I saw the explosion on #oxfordstreet I was right there – if that’s an electrical explosion I don’t want to ever meet one again. Was massive!’ Power outages such as this are, thankfully, extremely rare. Yet, could our growing love-affair with all-things electrical, especially the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), change this? Could the transition we are already seeing away from conventional petrol or diesel cars to electric – with the UK planning to stop selling petrol and diesel vehicles completely from 2040 – put our electrical infrastructure at grave risk of overload? Last April, a report by the think-tank The Green Alliance, People power: how consumer choice is changing the UK energy system, argued that action needed to be taken to prepare our national grid before the UK reaches an EV ‘tipping point’ [1]. It highlighted how just six EVs plugged in to charge at one time could be enough to cause a local electricity grid overload in some areas. Once EV penetration reached 33% of households (and the UK Committee on Climate Change has predicted it could be 37% by 2030) ‘voltage imbalances, coupled with overloaded distribution transformers could severely impair power lines’, the alliance warned. Repeated blackouts or brownouts – where lights dim or flicker – could result in damage to equipment in the local distribution grid, triggering expensive early upgrades, it added.

And it is not just EVs. According to predictions by Swedish researcher Anders Andrae published in December, the electricity demands of internet-connected devices, high resolution video streaming, emails, surveillance cameras and smart TVs is only going to add to this pressure, and the communications industry could be using 20% of all the world’s electricity by 2025.

CHANCE OF A ‘CAPACITY CRUNCH’?

So, how worried should we be? Are we genuinely heading for something of an electrical ‘capacity crunch’? Could more energy-efficient LED and connected lighting technologies, better batteries and energy storage, and smarter charging systems be solutions? With lighting columns seen as one way to bring EV charging points to the masses (and therefore potentially help to accelerate the spread of EVs) what is, should or might be the role of the lighting professional in all this? ‘I don’t think we’re necessarily going to see blackouts, but it could be brownouts. Most people in the UK probably experience brownouts once or twice a week. It happens – it’s happened to me on occasion where I live,’ contends Mark Cooper, former ILP President, smart cities expert and product manager at DW Windsor. ‘There will, I think, be increasing demand, especially from EVs. But I also think supply is going to get smarter, especially through the use of smart charging systems that only charge when there is not demand on the grid as well as when electricity is cheaper. Also, when a car is fully charged, a smart charger can redistribute the electricity back to the grid or to your home. ‘Solutions such as that pioneered by the likes of Ubitricity, where there is a simple socket within the lighting column, could well be something that become more commonplace,’ Mark suggests, pointing to the recent column charging trial between Ubitricity and the London Borough of Hounslow that was highlighted at the ILP’s Professional Lighting Summit last June. www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Electrical overload

For the government to have a realistic chance of meeting its 2050 decarbonisation targets, all cars in the UK will need to be electric by 2050, and this could mean as many as 26 million EVs on our roads by this point, National Grid has estimated. This will, unquestionably, put our electrical infrastructure under greater pressure. But Marcus Stewart, head of energy insights at National Grid, argues predictions of blackouts, outages and capacity overload as a result are simply ‘scaremongering’. This is something, he emphasises, that National Grid monitors and models closely, publishing an annual report, Future Energy Scenarios. Its 2017 report, published in July, conceded that ‘electric vehicles (EVs) could drive large increases in peak demand if we continue to see the sharp uptake past the 2030s and if there is no management of when charging occurs’ [2]. In fact, electricity peak demand could be as high as 85GW in 2050, compared to around 60GW today. ‘Electric vehicles are projected to reach around one million by the early 2020s, and there could be as many as nine million by 2030 and 25m by 2050. With smart charging, this could result in an additional 5GW of demand at peak times by 2050, or 18GW without,’ it pointed out.

DIFFERENT CHARGING OPTIONS

But, Marcus emphasises, people will be using smart charging technologies. As he points out: ‘It will be a question of ensuring people are charging in a smart manner, that they are using technology effectively. We expect technology to become smarter, and more dynamic methods of charging to become the norm. We also expect charging points to become more responsive, which will help to mitigate the load on the system. The capability to do this already exists, and we would expect to see it being rolled out.’ What this new charging infrastructure will precisely look like is also, as yet, un-

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clear. The number of EV charging points at motorway and roadside service stations, supermarkets and shopping centres is growing all the time, and currently totals around 14,000 across the UK. But, if we’re all going to be driving and needing to charge EVs in as little as 30 years’ time, this self-evidently will need to accelerate rapidly. For Marcus Stewart, the answer will be a ‘portfolio’ of options. ‘It could be that we see local authorities providing charging points or charging places where people can leave their car, perhaps at stations, shopping centres and so forth. Or it could be that the current service station network is gradually converted to offering charging points,’ he points out. ‘There is likely to be a need, too, for places with faster charging points, ones with higher voltage points that will give a similar experience to simply filling up in a service station as you would nowadays. There will, of course, need to be a good charging infrastructure on our road network, especially on A roads and motorways,’ he adds. You can find out more about how this all might look in the section below. Certainly, more energy-efficient technologies (such as LED) and better battery and energy storage technologies are all go-

HOW THE FUTURE MIGHT LOOK

ing to help. But no one should imagine that the switch to LED and connected technologies will, by itself, offset the increased demand on our electrical infrastructure from EVs, argues Rebecca Hatch, ILP Vice President infrastructure. ‘If we all lived in a world where we had EVs in our driveways being charged slowly overnight then, perhaps, the infrastructure could cope. But we don’t, not least because so many people don’t have off-street parking,’ she points out. ‘If we’re then looking at infrastructure based more around fast charging points either inside or outside cities, then, no, I don’t think the infrastructure we have at the moment is going to cope. There are so many variables in this that it is extremely hard to make predictions. But if all the graphs and statistics pointing to the trends as they are are accurate, then, yes, I think it is likely we could have blackouts going on,’ Rebecca adds. There is another side to this debate, too. With big cities such as London, Paris and others increasingly looking to deter vehicles from their urban spaces, how much appetite will there for lighting column-based charging infrastructure at all, even if it is for ‘greener’ EVs?

Alongside its Future Energy Scenarios, National Grid in April published a report, Forecourt thoughts: mass fast charging of electric vehicles, which looked at how battery and charging technology may need to evolve to cope with the rollout of electric vehicles [3]. As the report put it: ‘Residential charging is the norm now, but is it going to be a viable solution for the future? What about those without off-street parking? What about multiple EV households? Can our domestic electricity supply take the extra demand?’ When it comes to charging, currently a top-of-the-range EV can travel about 300

January 2018 Lighting Journal

ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN NUMBERS

3,500

New registrations of plug-in cars in 2013

As Rebecca points out: ‘More and more cities are looking to ban, or severely limit, private vehicles and get people on to public transport options. Against that backdrop, how much of a priority is it going be for municipalities to turn columns into charge points rather than, say, support cycling, walking or public transport? ‘To be honest, I don’t see the lighting engineer or lighting profession playing a significant part in this process, this transition; I don’t see the “humble lamppost” as being the answer to our EV ambitions as a country. Any solution is going to need a much higher level, government-level, response, although there may be a role for players such as UK Power Networks and big technology or communications firms. ‘It is inevitable the transition to EVs is going to happen, so things will change. But whether it is electric cars rather than, say, electric public transport, I’m less sure. However, I do think the only way we’re going to make this work is by coming together, by collaboration between the asset owners, whether that’s a car manufacturer, lighting engineer or other, along with support from the various authorities,’ Rebecca adds. ¢

miles on a single charge, and to do this requires a battery capacity of 90kWh. Using an average-sized charger of 3.5kW this would take around 19 hours to charge from 25% full. This could be halved to 10 hours with a 7kW charger and around 80 minutes with a 50kW input. As yet, however, home chargers do not support this level of power requirement, although commercial sites do. On top of this, there is the ‘pinch point’ of domestic electricity capability. The expected size for residential charging is 7kW and, therefore, if customers have cars with bigger batteries and want to fast

121,000

What it was by the end of October 2017

200,000

What it is expected to be by the end of 2018

26 MILLION And by 2050

14,000

Estimated number of charge points currently across the UK

charge, there needs to be a non-residential solution. A forecourt-type service on motorways and A roads would be an obvious solution, and able to charge a large battery 75% in five to ten minutes from a 350kw charger. A further ‘pinch point’ is likely to be the substation and the peripheral routes and branches within a local distribution network. Pilot projects, such as ‘My Electric Avenue’ (http://myelectricavenue.info/) have reported potential issues at the distribution level. ‘In one more extreme example they were identifying voltage issues when five 3.5kW chargers were connected to a network cluster (with 134 dwell-

2019

Year when Copenhagen intends to ban petrol and diesel cars. Volvo will also by this year become the first car manufacturer to have switched completely to batterypowered models

2020

Oxford to ban petrol and diesel cars

2030

Paris to ban petrol and diesel cars

2040

Year that UK and France have said they will stop sales of petrol and diesel automobiles. China has echoed this, but as yet without a timeframe

Sources: Next Greencar, Chargemaster, National Grid, BBC, Volvo

ings) and were charging at the same time,’ the report pointed out.

NEW FORECOURT NETWORK

Given these issues around domestic charging, the likely reality by 2050 is a complete rethink of our forecourt/petrol station infrastructure. We could see lower-power charging points being combined with, say, shopping areas or cafés where people can wait while their vehicle is charged. At the same time, there could be a network of outlets, perhaps current petrol forecourts, where there are high-power chargers that can ‘fill’ an EV up in much the same time www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Electrical overload

as you might expect with a petrol or diesel car today. Realistically, this would require a charger of around the 350kW mark and comprise a network of some 7,000 sites. If each forecourt site had, say, 20 ‘pumps’ they would require a 7MW infrastructure to support them. But, as the report also pointed out: ‘There is one snag and that is current batteries cannot support this level of charging. However, in this article it is assumed that well before EVs become the norm, technology will have resolved this issue.’ Essentially, the report concluded that, in a world where almost all cars are electric yet nearly half of car owners will not have access to off-street parking, ‘too many domestic charging points will cause network stress.’ It added: ‘If we want long-range vehicles that can be charged in minutes, home is not going to be the place to do it. And it certainly won’t be for nearly half of householders who do not have access to off-street parking.’ The solution may be to build ‘a few thousand super-fast charging forecourts of over 3MW capacity’ rather than carry out a large-scale rebuild of the domestic electricity infrastructure. ‘It may well be that the charging from home option may not be in the long-term interest of the consumers even with smart chargers,’ it added. ¢

ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED TO REACH AROUND ONE MILLION BY THE EARLY 2020S, AND THERE COULD BE AS MANY AS NINE MILLION BY 2030. WITHOUT SMART CHARGING, THIS COULD RESULT IN AN ADDITIONAL 8GW OF DEMAND AT PEAK TIMES

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INNOVATIVE STORAGE SOLUTIONS It stands to reason that advances in battery and energy storage technology are set to be an important strand of activity within the transition to EVs and driverless cars, and the debate this is posing around energy capacity and infrastructure. Last July, for example, the government announced plans to ‘transform’ how homes and businesses store and use energy, as part of its industrial strategy. A combination of greater reliance on alternatives such as wind and wave power, and greater use of smart technologies would create a more flexible energy system, said business and energy secretary Greg Clark. At the heart of its plan was a new £65m Faraday Battery Institute designed to kickstart the design, development and manufacture of electric batteries, and set up with Imperial College, Newcastle, UCL, Cambridge, Oxford, Southampton and Warwick universities. ‘The Faraday Battery Institute will have a critical role in fostering innovative research collaboration between our world-leading universities and world-beating businesses to make this technology more accessible and more affordable,’ said Mr Clark at its launch in October.

More widely, research into new battery and energy storage technologies is now a core area of activity for many universities, both in the UK and further afield. For example, in November, Newcastle launched a facility, the National Facility for Pumped Heat Energy Storage, that is designed to use the temperature difference between hot and cold rocks to store energy, with the aim to the world’s first grid-scale demonstration of pumped heat storage. In the US, scientists at the Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland and the Army Research Laboratory have developed a new type of more flexible lithium-ion battery built on a highly-concentrated water-based electrolyte called ‘water-in-salt’ that, it is reported, can address the instability of traditional lithium-ion batteries. And at the end of 2016, a collaboration between Surrey and Bristol universities and Augmented Optics announced it had developed a ‘supercapacitor’ that could potentially allow an EV to travel from London to Edinburgh without the need to recharge, and when it did, for this to take just a few minutes. ¢

REFERENCES [1] People power: how consumer choice is changing the UK energy system, Green Alliance, April 2017, http://www.greenalliance.org.uk/resources/ People_power_how_ consumer_choice_is_ changing_UK_energy_ system.pdf [2] Future Energy Scenarios, National Grid, July 2017, http://

fes.nationalgrid.com/ media/1253/final-fes2017-updated-interactivepdf-44-amended.pdf [3] Forecourt Thoughts: mass fast charging of electric vehicles, National Grid, April 2017, http://fes. nationalgrid.com/insights/ forecourt-thoughts-massfast-charging-of-electricvehicles/

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Electrical overload

ELECTRIC AVENUES

The future may be electric, but any wholesale transition to electric vehicles is going to require big changes. It will mean a total rethink on grid demographics and, very least, the re-cabling of the network to every house with adjacent parking spaces

By Peter Diamond and Chris Angell

his summer many of us were surprised when car manufacturers began to issue statements about the phasing out from their ranges not just of ‘dirty’ diesel engines, but also that petrol engine versions will disappear shortly after, as highlighted in the previous article. To all intents and purposes, it appears that, for the internal combustion engine, the end is nigh. Or is it? Will the challenges associated with battery and energy storage and the pressure on our electrical infrastructure from this transition mean that, in reality, waving goodbye to the familiar old combustion engine may take a while longer than we think? There are in excess of 30 million cars in the UK, and most of these currently still have combustion engines! Whilst the development of electric cars is racing forwww.theilp.org.uk

wards, the developments are split between hybrid and fully-electric hybrids, which in turn can be further divided into two categories: self-charging or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Plug-in hybrids, even if using regenerative technologies, are limited on their electrical powered range by battery size and charging time. The battery weight has to compete with other weight and size considerations on what has become so much more than a mode of transport, whether it be urban tootler, mum’s taxi, rural essential or simply status symbol.

CHARGING FROM COLUMNS

Charging from the lighting column is an obvious choice. Indeed, as there may be more than ten million lighting columns in the UK, for columns in private ownership this dual use of the asset may appear a sensible option.

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Plugging into a lighting column or recharging post, if we can find one kerbside and vacant, may get us to work the next day. Most electric cars are using between 200Wh (watt-hours) to 400Wh per mile to run. Although start-stop city driving profiles fit well with this system, the range of the system is, of course, variable, being dependent on weight of vehicle, passenger loading, terrain, secondary electrical systems within the car, traffic density and driving style. One hundred miles in a day is going to use between 20kWH and 40kWh, which is great because at 15p per kilowatt hour the cost is between £4 and £6, always assuming that a street of lighting columns can be successfully upgraded to support a street of charging vehicles.

PRESSURE ON PEAK USAGE

However… and it is a big ‘however’… supplying this energy from the grid may be the significant stalling point. This is because, whilst hybrid vehicles with petrol/electric drive systems (and therefore harnessing regenerative technologies) may well be an answer in the short term, the impact of both population movement and demographics could mean grid-connected solutions may require a significant rethink. November’s Budget funding increase for infrastructure and continued discount support for purchasing was laudable. The real problems, though, may be substantial. The addition of 1,000 car charging points to an area of a city or a town may soon be in some councils’ masterplans, but it may bring with it a significant demand on the grid at peak usage time. It is like adding 1,200 3kW heaters to the system. Conversely, of course, this extra load may be desirable when conventional demand is low, perhaps between midnight and 6am. Fully electric cars with amazing acceleration and near-silent performance can utilise fast-charging systems. Tesla’s recent offering of an articulated vehicle and sports car certainly demonstrate progress in this area. But such developments may be dependent on an ability to supply sufficient energy at motorway service stations and vehicle parks as required.

CONCLUSION

total rethink on grid demographics may be required, including (at the very least) the re-cabling of the network to every house with adjacent parking spaces. In addition, there is the question of the possible connection of 415V supplies where there is multiple car ownership. In fact, to achieve reasonable charging speeds at home we are probably going to all need a 415V supply. We may be able to use ‘house’ batteries as reserve capacity, topping themselves up either from rooftop solar in the day while awaiting the return of the vehicle or at night utilising the excess from the gridconnected wind powered turbines. Charging regimes such ‘Duos’ metering (similar to the old ‘Economy 7’) for selective energy usage at off-peak times could be much easier with smart meter technology that becomes smart ‘source hunting’. The primary use for this tariff and smart metering would shift from storage heating to power storing. This will only work at night when cars are traditionally parked at home (via the lighting columns or through a charging port in the garage). At other times however, population movement may cause significant trauma to the system. A mass attendance event such as a pop concert in a city or an excursion for Christmas shopping may become subject to knowing that a supply is available near the venue. This may become the deciding factor beyond the availability of tickets. The choice of car (internal combustion, PHEV or fully electric) could well be a dilemma based on the question of range. Currently, the best-performing electric vehicles have about a third of the range of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine. The final consideration in all this is tax. The chancellor is currently sponsoring a system (through subsidies on new hybrids and electric cars) that will reduce his tax collection significantly. The cost calculations presented above assume current electricity charges. When this reduction in revenue starts to bite, the government will naturally start to look for how the revenue can be replaced. Could it perhaps mean an increase in VAT, income tax or road tolls? We can but wait and see. ¢ Peter Diamond is chairman and Chris Angell CEng MIET is chief electronics engineer at Pudsey Diamond Engineering

Electric vehicles, it is very clear, are coming, one way or another. However, if we are all to partake of this latest development, a www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Retrofitting lamp-based luminaires

the xtend e o t y a great w generating a e b n ca ime ent naires t the same t e are string i m u l t r d a p-base naire, while e aware, the st also be me m a l g i b n u tti ut, tm lum Retrofi an existing al savings. B rements tha i n life of eratio pliance requ p o d n a m oward energy ance and co lan H l A y B m perfor

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

RETROFIT LAMP

etrofitting of all lamp-based luminaires, be they for external, internal or decorative effect purposes is an important topic, as it has the opportunity to extend the life of suitable existing luminaire bodies whilst bringing energy and operational savings. This can result in a cost-effective upgrade and also an environmentally-friendly strategy, so requiring less initial recycling and disposal. However, it is worth understanding what the term retrofit really means in the context of illumination. The dictionary definition defines retrofitting as: ‘A change to improve an already existing thing or to add improvements to something that already exists.’ In retrofit illumination applications, the performance of the existing luminaire must be understood, and this specifically relates to its distribution of light in order to meet user expectations and design criteria. Therefore, for any retrofit solution the optical performance should be similar or improved. At present we have two ways in which we can consider retrofitting a luminaire: • A direct replacement for the existing lamps, essentially a unit mounted with an array of LEDs which replaces the existing lamp and control gear • A replacement gear tray replacing the existing lamp, reflector and assembly

In a lamp-based luminaire the reflector/ optical system has normally been carefully designed to match the performance and size of the light-emitting element of the lamp, and this determines its overall optical performance. Omnidirectional LED retrofit ‘lamps’ such as that shown below in Figure 1 are commonly offered and used as retrofit solutions in reflector-based luminaires. These lamps need careful consideration as their size tends to be much larger than the lamp being replaced, and therefore the optical performance of the luminaire with the retrofitted lamp needs to be confirmed. With such a large light source perhaps replacing a small or moderately sized arc tube, it is difficult to see how the original optical performance can be matched as the bulk of the LED lamp will block required light paths. The polar diagrams overleaf (Figure 2) demonstrate this concern, showing the luminaire original distribution (black lines) and the polar distribution when an inappropriate LED retro fit solution is installed. As an alternative, there are also retrofit LED lamps that are not dependent on the luminaire reflector into which they are being placed. These solutions have an adjustable section on which are mounted LEDs with an optical lens. When installed, these

can be adjusted to point straight down; again, the optical performance needs to be confirmed such that it matches the luminaire into which it is fitted.

RETROFIT GEAR TRAY

Alternatively, a retrofit gear tray (such as the example shown in Figure 3 overleaf ) to replace the existing luminaire gear tray (lamp, control gear, reflector and tray assembly) can be more of a designed solution where the product has been thought through and the optical performance requirements considered. Again, we must look to understand the performance of these products in the luminaire for which they are being considered. This will require the supplier to provide all of the necessary performance data, including photometry, for the intended luminaire. As we are reminded in BS5489-1:2013 all performance data must be luminaire-based and not based upon the LEDs themselves.

CE COMPLIANCE

When considering any retrofit option, it must be remembered that, essentially, it is the luminaire that is being upgraded and, therefore, all of the CE certification and performance characteristics of the luminaire must be considered and reassessed to ensure compliance with the appropriate regulations and standards. The requirements for this are laid down by the European Commission in its Blue Guide on the implementation of EU product rules and need to be considered before any product can come to market. The essential requirements are laid out in the Blue Guide are as follows: ‘A product, which has been subject to important changes or overhaul aiming to modify its original performance, purpose or type after it has been put into service, having a significant impact on its compliance with Union harmonisation legislation, may be

Figure 1. Reflectors matched to the optical centre of the light source

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

Retrofitting lamp-based luminaires

Figure 2. Examples of luminaire performance based upon the designed lamp source and LED retrofit sources (red curves)

considered as a new product.’ Retrofitting a luminaire where we are removing the light source and associated control gear is considered to come under this description, as its performance will be changed. The fact that the majority of the operating components of the luminaire are being changed impacts on the overall compliance requirements. The retrofitted luminaire is therefore considered as a new product. To cite the Blue Guide again: ‘Where a rebuilt or modified product is considered as a new product, it must comply with the provisions of the applicable legislation when it is made available or put into service. This has to be verified as deemed necessary according to the risk assessment by applying the appropriate conformity assessment procedure laid down by the legislation in question. ‘A modified product sold under the name or trademark of a natural or legal person different from the original manufacturer, should be considered as new and subject to

Union harmonisation legislation. ‘The person who carries out important changes to the product carries the responsibility for verifying whether or not it should be considered as a new product in relation to the relevant Union harmonisation legislation. If the product is to be considered as new, this person becomes the manufacturer with the corresponding obligations.’ The supplier of the retrofit component therefore becomes the luminaire ‘manufacturer’. As the Blue Guide also emphasises: ‘Furthermore the product has to undergo a full conformity assessment before it is made available on the market. However, the technical documentation has to be updated in as much as the modification has an impact on the requirements of the applicable legislation.’ The supplier of the retrofit equipment therefore has to ensure conformity with the CE requirements for the total luminaire and supply all relevant technical data. This includes but is not limited to: • Thermal management compliance, in other words are the retrofit lamp and driver suitable to operate within the luminaire

they are to be fitted within? • Luminaire EMC compliance • IP rating not altered • Electrical safety requirements to BS EN 60598 • Depending upon the structure of the luminaire there may also be an impact on the physical strength of the luminaire to support the additional weight especially where perhaps heat sinks are required • Optical performance, the optical distribution performance, essentially the same or better that the current lamp based luminaire • The providing a CE certificate to cover the retrofitted product To conclude, this potentially places a lot of onus on those considering the provision of retrofit options, especially if they are not the original luminaire manufacturer. The above points must therefore be considered by the designer/purchaser as well as the evidence relating to these aspects sought from the supplier of any potential retrofit solution. Ultimately, if the supplier cannot provide the information, then that option should be avoided.

Allan Howard BEng (Hons) CEng FILP FSLL is technical director, lighting and energy solutions, at WSP ¢

Figure 3. An example retrofit gear tray assembly

RETROFITTING GUIDANCE The ILP has published a new guidance note on retrofitting LED luminaires on to existing columns.

ILP Guidance Note 6/17 sets out guidance for public bodies and contractors

www.theilp.org.uk

on what information and design checks are required before installing an LED luminaire on to an existing lighting column, from a structural assessment point of view.

The guidance also covers luminaire parameter, weight, windage, the design process, fatigue checks and even considerations such as future-proofing.

The guidance can be accessed online through the ILP website, at www.theilp.org.uk under ‘resources’.

January 2018 Lighting Journal

CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

The volcanic island of Jeju in Korea was the venue for October’s CIE ‘Midterm Meeting’. The dramatic scenery was matched by a succession of illuminating and insightful presentations By Nigel Parry

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

he CIE 2017 ‘Midterm Meeting’ was held in the dramatic setting of the volcanic island of Jeju, off the coast of South Korea. The venue, the Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, was in striking distance of some of the island’s stunning natural landmarks, including ‘Dragon Head’ rock, where historic lava flows meeting the sea have resulted in the creation of stunning rock formations. The conference ran from October 20-28 and this year had the theme of ‘Smarter Lighting for Better Life’. It commenced with the usual format of an invited keynote speaker followed by various activity streams, with more than 50 presentations on current and topical lighting issues, plus workshops and, of course, poster presentations. In this article, I will outline some of the invited papers that were presented and focus on the reports of research in the road lighting sector being considered by the newly amalgamated Division 4 and 5 of CIE.

COLOURED LIGHT IN DAILY LIFE

One of the first papers given was by Professor Hyeon-Jeong Suk, associate professor of industrial design at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, on ‘experience of coloured light in daily life’. Her paper looked at various uses of coloured light in our everyday existence, including more and more use in prestige cars and aircraft, but also a recent study for fridge manufacturers on what would be most suitable colour for illuminating the internal space for consumers. Professor Suk also highlighted an intriguing study on the effects of light on young schoolchildren in terms of both socialisation and learning, looking at under 3,500K, 5,000K and 6,500K LED lighting. This concluded that the children liked the 3,500K and often chatted more freely, yet tests results were always higher when the ambient light was at 6,500K, with the ‘normal’ lighting being at 5,000K.

NIGHT-TIME VISIBILITY

Stefan Källberg from RISE, the Swedish Energy Agency, presented a paper on night-time visibility of road signs with modern headlamps. This noted that we nowadays have halogen, HID, LED and even laser headlamps, and showed the relative performance of different colours from the different light sources. His conclusion was that it appears the

colours are generally better under the new sources, with the exception of red under LED headlights. This still meets the current standards, but performed up to 50% less well in his study.

SIGNAGE FOR TSUNAMI EVACUATION

An interesting paper, considering our location, was presented by Toshinari Matsui on ‘The effect of illuminated road signs for tsunami evacuation’, looking in particular at the introduction of such illuminated tsunami signage to coastal areas. He showed how new signs are guiding people to appropriate and safer higher ground, and the best routes. A trial of different signs mounted in differing locations has found that most residents noted the signs and followed the routes. Yet only some 10% of tourists found the signs and moved to safety. So, the message is: if you are travelling to Japan anytime soon, keep an eye of for these little green signs, they could save your life.

ILLUMINATING EXTERNAL STAIRCASES

Australian academic Alexandra Tran told the conference about research being carried on the best way to illuminate external staircases following several falls. She advised that there are 90% more serious falls going downstairs than upstairs. She then went on to outline research which suggested that, to provide a good uniform light in these circumstances, then the light source should be placed at the base of the stairs, more than a 1m away, and with a height 7m above the height of the top of the stairs. This, however, did raise a few questions from the audience, as her slides didn’t appear to show quite the same results. Dr Jennifer Veitch, principal research officer of the Canadian National Research Council, presented a paper on ‘Achieving good lighting quality with integrative lighting – opportunities and challenges’. For me, this was a highlight, as she covered so many topics. For example, she noted that we now have more than one type of ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) in our eyes, and it appears each is linked to a specific human system control. However, she emphasised that further research will tell us more about this. Dr Veitch did strongly confirm that

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting

there is no need to worry about blue light from LEDs. All research, she argued, shows that blue light from light sources does no harm to humans and that the effects of very intense exposure (such as from a welder’s torch) are well-documented and being updated (IEC 62471), and not relevant to general lighting. Her paper also noted that we have an agreed definition of lighting quality. Finally, she noted the improvements to the colour index from Ra to Rf, and from eight colours to 99

PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS AND ACCIDENTS

Professor Steve Fotios, of Sheffield University School of Architecture, presented two papers on a similar theme, also building on discussion points he highlighted in Lighting Journal last year (May 2017, vol 82, no 5). The first looked at ambient light levels at pedestrian crossings and accident levels, and noted a higher incident of accidents at night at these crossing points. It is of course worth noting that, as pedestrians, we are channelled towards these crossing points and therefore, given how statistics are collated, then these points will always tend to have a higher incidence. His second paper outlined research looking at the real value of street lighting and surveys on how people felt (safe or otherwise) in the same location during the day and at night, and then looked at how the street was lit at night. Professor Fotios continues his work looking at uniformity and illuminance levels on our residential streets.

DIVISION 4 PRIORITY TOPICS

All this fascinating international research will undoubtedly continue but, away from the presentations, CIE highlighted its ‘top ten’ projects. For the newly revised Division 4, the main topics will be in priority as follows: • Integrated glare metric • Adaptive, intelligent and dynamic lighting • And recommendations for conditional lighting, ageing population and the visually impaired Once the formal conference is complete, the CIE divisions’ technical committees meet over two days, and this is where a lot of the real nitty-gritty work gets done. In Jeju, some seven panels met, and members discussed all aspects of reports and content. These included the following:

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• TC4-33 Discomfort and Disability Glare in Road Lighting, Stephan Volker Stephan and his committee have been studying this key factor for a number of years, and he reported that he is hoping to have a report in the next 18 months ready for publication. A final draft should be available next summer, with publication ready for the CIE Quadrennial Meeting being held in June 2019. • TC4-50 Road Surface Reflection, Giuseppe Rossi The question of road reflection characteristics has been in development for a considerable time. A workshop was held as part of the Jeju meeting, and this has led to a small rewrite of the current draft report. Therefore, it now looks like this could be ready for publication in 2019. • TC 4-51: Optimization of Road Lighting, Pål Larsen This committee has moved slowly since the last meeting and is still awaiting research from around the globe to be able to complete. An annex will include practical advice and options. • TC4-52 Lighting for Pedestrians – new empirical data, Steve Fotios Steve Fotios is the chair and driving force behind this committee, and his own and linked research is progressing well. A final

draft should be available next summer, with publication again ready for the Quadrennial Meeting in June 2019. • TC4-53 Tunnels Lighting Evolution, Raoul Lorphevre This committee is progressing well, and an aspect discussed at Jeju in some detail was stopping distance. The existing report contains a complex formula, but doesn’t consider the latest vehicle technology. Further research will therefore be done to update this information. A final draft is expected at the end of 2019. • JTC 11 ISO 274 Maintenance Factors, Nigel Parry The Jeju conference was the third meeting of the joint CIE/ISO committee, which I chair. Following comments from the committee, it will move to the standards voting stage early this year with a view to publication in mid-2018. The committee is set to produce a standard through ISO and is based on existing CIE reports for indoor and outdoor lighting (CIE 97 and 154). • JTC 12 Depreciation Maintenance of Lighting Systems, Dionyz Gasparovsky This is a brand-new committee and is set to deliver a report in four years. It will review all the current inputs and, in view of LED technology, will look at new metrics and parameters more pertinent to the technology. It will be a technical report and the terms for reference were agreed in Jeju. The committee is also looking at a new factor for accounting for distortion of luminous intensity from, say, dirt build-up. To conclude, some of the above panels are nearing publication, whilst others are just starting. If you as a lighting professional or ILP member think you have something to offer to any of these panels, please do get involved, as CIE needs more input from academic researchers and practitioners alike. If you are interested, please contact the UK CIE committee on how to be part of this research. The easiest way to do this is to simply contact Allan Howard (Allan.Howard@wsp.com), Nick Smith (mail@nicksmithassociates.com) or myself (Nigel.parry@orangetek.co.uk) for further information. ¢

Nigel Parry IEng FILP is CIE Division 4 editor and honorary treasurer, CIE UK, as well as principal at OrangeTEK

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Antenna technology and smart lighting

Advances in design and technology are creating a new generation of miniaturised antennas capable of operating without de-tuning the metal enclosures typically used for lighting, so making them ideal for smart and connected lighting applications 24

By Colin Newman

he time has come when remote controlled lighting is ready to roll out in many different situations. Many people are now comfortable with the concept of home automation, as they are used to the idea of controlling appliances in their home via their smart phone and a 2.42.5GHz Bluetooth or Wi Fi network. The same convenience is possible on a larger scale. Commercial indoor LED lighting systems can be controlled remotely using the 2.4-2.5 GHz Bluetooth wireless networks and there are similar developments in outdoor lighting and LED street lighting, typically using wide area networks such as Zigbee (a mesh network) to connect every light. Adding sensors into the system to detect ambient light conditions and the presence of people means it is quite possible for the lighting in a smart city to be illuminated when people are present and switch off automatically when no one is around. When this can be implemented, we shall begin to see the real benefits of the smart city concept, and it will give commercial businesses and local authorities great savings in energy. In real life, however, it has been quite challenging, technically, to create the wireless lighting networks that will deliver www.theilp.org.uk

these benefits. The designs for connected light fittings need to be robust enough to stand up to the rough and tumble of the building site and the treatment that the parts receive from electrical contractors. Yet they also need to be sensitive to the operation of the antenna. Antennas need fine-tuning and can react unpredictably to their position and objects in their surroundings, particularly metal objects and electric currents. Older wireless designs mostly used external antennas, but manufacturers have been moving away from those for some time because they are easily damaged. Most people now take the view that electronic designs are more elegant without the antenna protruding.

FINDING THE RIGHT NETWORK

All remote-controlled systems and smart network solutions are based on third party networks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the broadband and cellular networks and other wide area networks. The large number of lamps that need to be connected in a smart city means the requirement is for a network with lower running costs than the cellular networks. Fortunately, there are plenty of developments in the newer networks that are

starting to roll out, such as the LP-WAN, NB-IoT and ISM 868-900MHz networks. These will be very useful for connected applications that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require large amounts of data. We are currently seeing a great deal of competition between the providers, LPWAN, LoRaWAN, and Weightless-P, which all offer the potential to deliver multiple connections city-wide and make our cities smarter. The GPS/GNSS 1575-1609 networks will also be useful, as they can pinpoint the position of a single light, for example a streetlight, to within a metre or two.

CHOOSING AN ANTENNA

As antenna designers, we at Antenova have been working on designing antennas for all kinds of connected devices, but predominantly in M2M (machine-to-machine), wearables, automotive industries, healthcare and industrial sectors. These all have specific requirements for their antennas. However, it has been more difficult to supply antennas for lighting equipment then for these other applications. The chief reason for this is a technical one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; light fittings are usually made of metal, which presents a problem for the performance and reliability of an antenna.

January 2018 Lighting Journal

The usual advice is to place antennas away from metal objects because they block the radiation pattern and affect the return loss of the antenna. In some instances, they may cause the antenna to shift away from the chosen frequency. The good news for the lighting industry is that antenna technology is developing quite quickly. For a start, antennas have become miniaturised and there is plenty of choice available in chip antennas to use on a PCB within an electronic product. For example, our own antenna designs have been getting smaller, and the smallest one we have made is a ceramic antenna measuring at 0.5mm x 0.5mm x 1mm. It is an antenna for Bluetooth, Wi Fi and Zigbee, and which can be used in extremely small products. However, finding a suitable antenna that would work on the metal enclosures typically used for lighting remained an obstacle. What the lighting industry actually required was an antenna that would work on metal.

LIGHTING INDUSTRY’S REQUIREMENT LEADS TO INNOVATION

When engineers have an interesting challenge to solve, in my experience they can

become very creative, and some of the world’s greatest innovations have arisen from seemingly impossible requests. We asked our engineers to look at the lighting industry’s antenna requirement to see what kind of solution they could find. We were not disappointed! The team has devised a new family of antennas, in an entirely new style and using a new technological approach which has already been filed as a patent. This new family of antennas are called REFLECTOR. They are engineered to operate without de-tuning on metal surfaces, or where the product housing is mainly metal. The antennas are formed of two layers, one electrically isolated from the other, so as to provide RF shielding to the second layer. This means the antenna can be placed on any kind of material and it will radiate effectively in the direction pointing away from the base material. The first of these antennas, Zenon (pictured above), is a high-performance 2.4GHz antenna for Bluetooth, Wi Fi, ZigBee and ISM. It has an exceptionally low profile, measuring only 23mm x 16mm x 1.6mm. It is manufactured from rigid FR4 laminate and has a 1.13mm cable and IPEX MHF connector. The cable can be specified in

two lengths, 100mm or 150mm, and it is fixed in place by an adhesive patch. The next antenna is for the GNSS applications, and is named Robusta. This has been designed for smart cities, where it can be used to pinpoint location very precisely, and communicate on the 1559-1609 MHz bands. It can be used in applications such as smart lighting and smart metering.

THE FINAL CHALLENGE – INTEGRATION

Connecting the whole solution together and integrating the sensitive RF components is becoming easier as more business and consumer products become wireless devices. Wireless is now so ubiquitous that all kinds of manufacturers need to add wireless connections to their designs without a huge effort. This means that some of the mystique is being removed from antenna design. We have been working hard to design antennas that are easier to integrate, and to provide designers with online tools to assist with their PCB layouts so that they get good antenna performance first time round. ¢

Colin Newman is chief executive of Antenova www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Lighting coastal communities

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

COASTAL CONNECTIONS

Deprivation, topography, wind and sea spray can all make coastal communities uniquely challenging environments for lighting professionals. Could connected lighting technologies offer a solution? One manufacturer makes the case By Simon Newcombe

ur coastal towns and cities may be lovely to visit, but behind the picture-postcard façades, coastal communities often face significant challenges around both deprivation and connectivity. In fact, according to a report from the Social Market Foundation, the economic gap between coastal and non-coastal communities has grown in recent years, creating pockets of deprivation along our coastlines [1]. When it comes to connectivity, in Bournemouth for instance the consumer watchdog Which? recently found that 4G connectivity was only available 67.5% of the time, ranking it last in its UK-wide report [2]. Whilst places like Milton Keynes and London push ahead with investing in smart technologies, coastal towns – which have significantly fewer resources – fight to stay connected in an increasing-

ly connected world. Without these advancements, social cohesion and internet connectivity are falling behind, making these locales often digitally as well as physically remote areas. So, could connected and smart lighting, especially connected and smart street lighting offer one solution? For lighting professionals, illuminating coastal communities can bring with it a range of very specific challenges, including topography, infrastructure, weather (especially wind), sea spray and salt, sand and dust.

GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT

Nevertheless, the UK government has pledged £1bn of investment in digital communication by 2021, £400m of which has been earmarked to improve digital infrastructure [3]. This, I would argue, potentially offers a game-changing opportunity for coastal towns and communities – and their municipal authorities – that have up to now been lagging behind the rest of the UK in terms of connectivity. As the funds become available for coastal towns to invest in infrastructure, smart lighting columns are increasingly attractive, given the fact they can offer two solutions in one: better and more energy-efficient lighting, and a step forward in terms of connectivity. In essence, for local authorities who may also be considering upgrading legacy street lighting, smart lighting

columns offer more than just improved lighting levels and energy savings. For example, the Isle of Man has recently implemented its own smart lighting network, with columns installed at various locations across the island, including in the coastal town of Peel. Columns integrating LED lighting with features such as CCTV, public address systems and Wi Fi connectivity are providing a wide range of benefits, from improved public safety through to better Wi Fi connectivity for the local community, as well as for tourists visiting the island for events such as the Isle of Man’s famous TT races. Better and more reliable connectivity also, of course, makes places more attractive to businesses and investment, so potentially bringing jobs and much-needed revenue to previously isolated or overlooked communities. However, when helping remote coastal communities make this sort of transition, it is important to remember that a location’s internet strength is determined and ultimately managed by internet service providers (ISPs). Smart lighting columns cannot singlehandedly improve a network, even if they can vastly enhance public access. Perhaps the biggest selling point of current smart lighting columns is they have been engineered to be future-proof. Once the foundation cabling has been laid, their modular design enables those managing the network to add new func-

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

Lighting coastal communities

tions as and when they are needed, so giving local authorities added flexibility when it comes to planning and commissioning future services or upgrades.

The Isle of Man has recently invested in a smart lighting network, including in the coastal town of Peel

CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY

The argument, then, for improving connectivity is pretty clear-cut. But, as highlighted earlier, that still leaves important practical challenges to be overcome. Let’s now look at these and some possible solutions. Coastal areas are subject to sea spray, high wind, salty air and storms. Such adverse weather can negatively affect common industrial materials, and serve to limit the choice of exterior lighting fixtures. Salt exposure is a key issue, with different factors influencing the amount of airborne salt lighting fixtures are subjected to. Topographical features, such as beaches and cliffs, land and water temperature differences, wind speeds and even sea turbulence all contribute as well. Moreover, coastal salt is hygroscopic, meaning it attracts water and creates a highly corrosive solution. After a storm, as the weather warms and humidity rises, rust settles in, damaging lighting fixtures that are not adequately prepared. Coastal lighting therefore has had to be made from select materials that can resist these weather conditions. Those materials particularly suited to being used in coastal areas include: • Galvanised steel. A steel coated with zinc oxide that, when exposed to strenuous weather conditions, produces a protective layer. Products made from galvanised steel often sport irregular surfaces, as the layer which retards corrosion also takes on a unique texture. • Bronze. When installed along the coast, bronze columns oxidize to the point of just producing a defensive layer. This is noticed as a green hue, or ‘verdigris patina’, that is often seen on outdoor bronze constructions. • Polycarbonate. An extremely tough material, polycarbonate is highly resistant to weathering as well as tampering. It boasts a range of useful features including temperature and impact resistance, making the material ideal for coastal lighting. • Copper. If left to its own devices, copper will develop a weather-resistant layer, but it can also be pre-treated to preserve its polished finish. All these materials, as most lighting prowww.theilp.org.uk

fessionals will well know, have been tried and tested, adapted for lighting fixtures over decades. However, with the advent of smart city technology, lighting has had to adapt – moving into higher specification and more expensive smart columns. So, can such columns work in these challenging environments, especially given the fact that coastal local authorities will be needing to make a significant financial commitment to go down this route?

PROTECTIVE FINISHES

When it comes to smart columns, provisions have been taken to ensure they can weather the elements and last for decades. For example, on our Shuffle lighting column, the internal structure of the tubular design protects the cabling, with an outer column holding the ‘smart’ modules. With an IP66 rating to ensure each column is dust-tight and protected against heavy seas or powerful jets of water, smart columns have the same or better durability than traditional lighting columns. Protective finishes are an important part of the mix, too. Columns made from steel significantly benefit from electropolishing, or whereby the microscopic sur-

REFERENCES [1] Living on the edge: Britain’s coastal communities, Social Market Foundation, September 2017, http:// www.smf.co.uk/britainscoastal-communities-

face of the column is chemically treated to reduce ridges that naturally occur in the metal. This reduces places where pollutants can collect and improves the column’s overall resistance to corrosion, especially in salt-heavy environments. Processes such as this help to ensure coastal lighting columns continue to add to the visual aesthetic of some of the most iconic locations in the UK. We’ve touched on the fact smart lighting columns are, naturally, more expensive than conventional columns. So, even if the benefits are clear on paper, do the financial pressures many coastal local authorities are under mean that making the transition to smart connectivity is likely to be a non-starter in practice? Smart lighting technology does, yes, currently have a higher unit cost than traditional street lighting. But I would argue that after you factor in the benefits it can bring to a community, these extra costs far outweigh the initial investment, especially if local authorities are proactive about working to tap into the government’s digital infrastructure funding ‘pot’. Ultimately, as local authorities and urban planners look to upgrade public realm infrastructure, investing in a smart lighting network is one way to ensure coastal communities do not fall further behind their inland neighbours. In fact, the combination of improved social connectivity feeding into more tourism and business investment alongside direct savings from reduced energy consumption, smart lighting columns arguably have the potential to offer some of the UK’s most socially and digitally deprived areas an important leg-up, and a first step on the smart city ladder. Simon Newcombe, BSc (Hons) ARCH MILP, is a designer and project sales manager at Schréder UK ¢

amongst-worst-performingareas-earnings-jobs-healtheducation/

4g-coverage-ukmiddlesbrough-londonwhich

[2] Open Signal, Which?, May 2017, https:// www.theguardian.com/ technology/2017/ may/03/bournemouth-

[3] ‘Billion pound connectivity boost to make buffering a thing of the past’, Infrastructure and Projects Authority, July

2017, https://www.gov. uk/government/news/ billion-pound-connectivityboost-to-make-buffering-athing-of-the-past

January 2018 Lighting Journal

LewesLight 2017

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January 2018 Lighting Journal

L Now in its third year, October’s LewesLight festival has become an important fixture within the East Sussex town. For 2017, it combined spectacular displays and installations with education around public realm lighting, the environment and Lewes’ proud industrial and commercial heritage, as one YLP member discovered By James Duffin

ewesLight 2017 took place over the weekend of the 13-15 October in the small East Sussex town of Lewes. Since its inception in 2015 by lighting designer and ILP VP Architecture Graham Festenstein, the festival has offered visitors a new way of looking at the town, and a new way of looking at, and thinking about, light. The festival is organised in partnership with Sussex Downs College and is supported by Lewes District Council and Lewes Town Council.

THE CONCEPT

For 2017, the festival took a more compact route around the town compared to the previous two years. This new route started at the first installation at the town hall in the west of Lewes before passing down Lewes High Street, over the River Ouse and along Cliffe High Street to the final installation at St Thomas à Becket Church. This route of a little over 600m had the advantage over previous years of making the festival even more accessible. Visitors of all ages, from small children through to the elderly, were able to enjoy the magical beauty the festival brought to Lewes. Each year has a unique concept and, for 2017, the theme was the commerce and industry in Lewes. Designers worked with this theme to create unique installations drawing on Lewes’ long and varied history, with such diverse inspiration for sites as the railways, local produce, quarries, cement works – and even a medieval harpsichord workshop!

THE DESIGNERS

As in previous years, many of the designers involved in the festival had a local connection with Lewes and the surrounding area. For example, Chris Beasley of lighting design consultancy integratedlight lives and runs his business not far from Lewes. His piece was a striking installation at Fitzroy House inspired by Lewes’ literary figures. Returning for 2017 was Ellie Coombes, co-director of Nulty+, who grew up in the town and installed a ‘market garden’ outside Harvey’s Brewery. Local artists Guyan Porter and Maggie Lambert both contributed installations and the poetry of Lewes resident John Agard was interwoven throughout the festival programme. Dan Burr, a former South Downs College student, presented his first LewesLight installation and, I am privileged to say, so did I. Dan’s installation was inspired by www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

LewesLight 2017

Illumination combined with education: the LewesLight festival both captivated and inspired visitors to the East Sussex town, as this selection of images shows

Lewes’ supposed former red-light district, while mine was focused on taking inspiration from Lewes’ railway history. From further afield, LewesLight veteran of 2015 and 2016 Karen Van Krevald returned with the final installation on the route, a moving memorial to lepers and social outcasts. If you’re interested, you can still find the full list of designers who exhibited and details of the festival team at https://www.leweslight.uk/team.

the backbone of the technical team, with lighting designers and artists helping and guiding them. Visitors were given maps so they could navigate the festival on their own or there was the option of joining one of the guided tours running throughout each of the three evenings. There were even extended ‘History Plus’ tours for those wanting to learn even more.

TWENTY-SIX INSTALLATIONS

The festival is produced on a limited budget and only exists thanks to a large amount of support and generosity from local businesses and the wider lighting industry. For 2017, equipment was kindly provided by Architainment Lighting, LED Linear, Commercial Lighting, iGuzzini and Robe, to name but a few. The festival is also supported by the Society of Light and Lighting, the International Association of Lighting Designers and, of course, the ILP. An array of local organisations lined up to give their support, including (and again this is just a snapshot) The Bluebell Line, Lewes Chamber of Commerce, Tesco, and the John Harvey Tavern. So, how did it go down with locals and visitors? Well, in terms of numbers, LewesLight 2017 was certainly the best ever, surpassing all previous years with an estimated 10,000 visitors – in fact more than

With 26 installations, LewesLight 2017 was the biggest yet for the festival. The sites were also more varied than in previous years, ranging from conventional architectural schemes through to UV lights and fluorescent paint; from light, smoke and sound through to interactive light games. With such a wide range of installations, a wide range of skills were also required. As with previous years, light and projection were interwoven on many sites with spectacular results. The biggest expansion for 2017 year was in the use of sound, and Jon Meacock took the role of sound designer for the festival. A total of 11 sites required sound, and this was a large task for John and his small team. As with previous years, students and former students of the production arts course at Sussex Downs College provided www.theilp.org.uk

GENEROUS SUPPORT

ten times the numbers who visited the first festival in 2015. It has become a beacon for Lewes, with excellent community participation in a high-quality temporary public art project. Finally, the festival has become a springboard for ongoing events via a series of ‘LewesLight Talks’. For example, Colin Ball of BDP recently came to Lewes to give a fascinating insight into man’s relationship with the night sky, essentially building on his recent ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture for the ILP (as reviewed in Lighting Journal, October 2017, vol 82, no 9). This month (17 January) will also see James McCloskey, head of programme funding at the charity SolarAid, giving a talk on the excellent work it is doing in bringing clean, renewable light to African communities – and, coincidentally, see page 14 of this edition for more information on SolarAid and how it operates. It may still be a number of months away but, with such a success in 2017, this year’s LewesLight will be eagerly anticipated; in fact, the LewesLight team is already hard at work. So, watch this space for more information on it later in 2018. ¢

James Duffin is a YLP member and lighting designer at SSE Enterprise Contracting

ALL PHOTOS BY JAMES MACCAULEY

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

January 2018 Lighting Journal

The biggest shake-up in data laws in two decades – the General Data Protection Regulation – is now just four months away. Like it or not, it will affect lighting professionals. So, if you haven’t already, you need to be getting your head round it By Howard Crossman and Leah Aschettino

he General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will come into force on 25 May, 2018. Data protection rules will undergo their biggest change in two decades to take account of advanced technologies and the increased amount of digital information we create and capture. The GDPR will provide a ‘onestop-shop’ for data protection, with a common set of data protection rules and regulations which apply across all EU countries. Despite Brexit looming, we will still need to comply whilst we remain part of the European Union and, more importantly, if we want to continue doing business with the EU after Brexit. The good news is that many of the core concepts under the Data Protection Act 1998 will remain unchanged. However, the GDPR will introduce several new concepts and approaches, some of which are outlined below.

ACCOUNTABILITY

All those in the lighting sector will now be required to demonstrate compliance with the data protection law. In practice, this means lighting organisations will have to implement data protection policies, internal audits, additional staff training, impact assessments and maintain relevant documentation. In addition, larger employers in the lighting industry (in other words, those with more than 250 employees) will be required to maintain additional internal records of their processing activities, which is likely to place further cost and administrative burden on employers.

PRIVACY BY DESIGN AND DEFAULT

‘Privacy by design’ requires lighting designers to consider the inclusion of data protection from the outset of designing a new process, product or service, rather than treating it as an afterthought. This means, for example, that, when a new lighting project is embarked upon, privacy and data protection should be a key consideration at the early stage of any project and then throughout its lifecycle. ‘Privacy by default’ will put lighting companies under an obligation to ensure that only the minimum amount of data is collected and that data is stored for no longer than necessary.

DATA PROTECTION OFFICERS

It will be mandatory for lighting organisations to designate and appoint a data protection officer (DPO) where they process data on behalf of a public authority or body (and in other limited circumstances). One task of a DPO will be to monitor compliance with the GDPR, although this does not mean the DPO will be personally responsible for non-compliance. Unless it is obvious that an organisation is not required to designate a DPO, it is recommended lighting companies document an analysis to determine whether a DPO should be appointed to demonstrate that the relevant factors have been properly considered.

PRIVACY NOTICES

People should generally be aware of which organisations are sharing their personal data and what it is being used for. Under existing law, when collecting personal data lighting companies are required to provide a privacy notice setting out the purposes for which data is processed, together with any further information needed to ensure processing is fair. The GDPR provides that all information

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

in a high risk to their rights and freedoms. Unless further guidance is released on this point, it will fall to the company to assess the risk and make a reasoned decision. Practically, what this means is that you will need to develop and implement a data breach response plan to enable you to react promptly in the event of such a data breach.

PENALTIES

given to an individual must be ‘concise, transparent, easily accessible and given in plain language’. Despite the requirement to be concise, the GDPR increases the amount of information that must be provided to individuals when collecting their data. It will therefore be a task for those involved in lighting to strike a balance between providing this information and keeping it concise.

CONSENT

The giving of consent is one legal basis for processing personal data. The GDPR contains stricter and more detailed conditions around consent, and prescribes that it must be ‘freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous’. Consent will not be freely given if there is no genuine free choice, and so it follows that consent in an employment contract is unlikely to be effective because of the imbalance between the parties. In addition, individuals will now be able to withdraw their consent at any time, causing impracticalities for lighting companies’ contracts. Alternative grounds on which to justify processing, such as ‘legitimate interests’, should be considered instead.

INCREASED RIGHTS FOR INDIVIDUALS

The GDPR provides individuals with new and enhanced rights (subject to certain criteria), including the ‘right to be forgotten’. Under current data protection laws, the right to be forgotten is limited to processing that causes unwarranted and substantial damage or distress. But the GDPR removes this limitation. Companies in the lighting industry will therefore need to consider how they will give effect to this right, as deletion of data is not www.theilp.org.uk

always straightforward, especially where it has been stored over a prolonged period. Individuals will also have the right to obtain a copy of their personal data and reuse their data for their own purposes across different services. In exercising this right, it will allow an individual to move copy or transfer their personal data easily from one IT environment to another in a secure way. Data subject access requests will remain broadly similar to the rights under the existing rules. However, the current period for compliance (40 days) will be replaced with an obligation to comply without undue delay and within one month. Lighting companies will be able to extend this timeframe by an additional two months, where the request is complex, but this should be fully considered and any extension documented, along with the reasons why the request was considered ‘complex’. In addition, the current £10 fee will be abolished.

NOTIFICATION OF BREACH

In the unfortunate (but not so unlikely) event of a data breach, lighting organisations will be required to notify the relevant supervisory authority within 72 hours, unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the individuals, for example because all data on a mislaid laptop is encrypted. You will also have to notify affected individuals where the breach is likely to result

The GDPR introduces eye-watering fines for non-compliance based on a two-tiered approach, depending on the type of breach. This starts at up to 2% of annual worldwide turnover or €10m (whichever is greater) for some breaches, including violations of internal record-keeping requirements and failing to notify the relevant supervisory authority. You can be fined up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover, or €20m (whichever is greater) for other breaches, such as violations of data protection principles, (for example not keeping personal data secure) or failing to properly deal with subject access requests. In the UK, the Information Commissioner (https://ico.org.uk/) has a reputation for taking a more pragmatic and proportionate approach to enforcement than other member states. However, as the GDPR places greater emphasis on consistency, the UK’s distinctive approach may not be maintained.

SUMMARY

The GDPR will put the onus on lighting organisations to change their entire ethos to data protection and so the lighting industry should prepare now in advance of the GDPR coming into force. Given the increased accountability that the GDPR places on organisations, lighting companies should be looking at what personal data they currently hold, the legal basis on which they hold that data and whether it is secure (particularly where data is sensitive). Finally, recognise that data protection affects all organisations, big or small, and so those in the lighting industry should keep up to date with the upcoming changes and key issues to ensure that no problems arise. ¢

Howard Crossman (hcrossman@greenwoods.co.uk) is head of construction and Leah Aschettino is a solicitor in the employment department of Greenwoods Solicitors LLP. With offices in London, Cambridge and Peterborough, Greenwoods Solicitors LLP is a UK commercial law firm providing legal advice and pragmatic solutions to local, national and international clients.

January 2018 Lighting Journal

News from the ILP

GUIDANCE ON MAINTENANCE FACTORS The ILP’s technical committee is developing a new guidance note on LEDs and determining maintenance factor. The work has, in part, been prompted by concerns within the lighting community around how accurately to measure and account for lumen depreciation within an LED luminaire. This was a question raised in the November/December edition of Lighting Journal (‘Diminishing returns’, vol 82, no 10). Although no timeframe has been set for publication of the new note, it is hoped it will be early in 2018.

YLP ROLE TO WORK WITH COMMITTEES The YLP, the young lighting professionals’ arm of the ILP, is looking for a committee member to work with the ILP’s Infrastructure Vice President. The role would require mean working closely with Infrastructure VP Rebecca Hatch and her committee, including attending meetings. It would also mean attending YLP meetings throughout the year. The intention is to create better information and knowledge exchange between the YLP and the infrastructure committee. Attending the YLP meetings will also be a great way to boost your CPD, as all five YLP meetings during the year are held in conjunction with technical events. Anyone interested should contact ylp@theilp.org,uk enclosing a CV and short statement as to why they feel they would be suitable for this role.

NIGHT SKY FEARS HIGHLIGHTED AT PREMIER MEMBER EVENT Research suggesting that artificial light and light pollution is becoming more extensive globally every year was among the topics discussed by ILP Premier members at a Premier members’ forum in November. The research in the journal Science Advances suggested that, between 2012 and 2016, the planet’s artificially lit outdoor area grew by more than 2% per year [1]. The brightness emitted by most nations in South America, Africa and Asia increased but, intriguingly, the light emitted by nations such as the US and Spain remained much the same, despite the switch we’ve seen in recent years from sodium to LED. Lead researcher Christopher Kyba, of the German Research Centre for Geoscience in Potsdam, told the BBC: ‘I expected that in wealthy countries – like the US, UK, and Germany – we’d see overall decreases in light, especially in brightly lit areas. Instead we see countries like the US staying the same and the UK and Germany becoming increasingly bright.’ [2] ILP Immediate Past President Kevin Grigg, of Urbis Schréder, argued that the reasons for increased light pollution were complex. ‘It’s about the growth of a 24-hour society, everything from lights in gardens through to sports stadia – it is about people living ever-more urban lives. Street lighting is, yes, a part of it, but it is just one part.’

‘You see the growth of light pollution in many developing nations, especially across Africa and in India, and it is only right they should have access the same sort of high-quality light that we do in the West,’ agreed David Lodge, of CU Phosco. ‘But there may be some lessons that we have had to learn around good lighting technologies and light pollution that now need to be passed on,’ he added. The discussion was part of the third Premier members’ forum to be held by the ILP since the new corporate category of membership was created. The event included an overview of the ILP’s new Guidance Note 6/17 Retrofitting LED luminaires on existing lighting columns, led by David Lodge, who is both author of the guidance and a member of the ILP’s Lighting Column Technical Forum. There was also as a lively debate around colour temperature in the wake of October’s Lightscene CPD event, which focused on blue light and LED. The Premier members discussed how they would like to see Premier membership evolve during the coming year, with more opportunities to deliver, take in and promote CPD high on the agenda. [1] http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/11/ e1701528. [2] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/scienceenvironment-42059551

KEEP YOUR DIARY CLEAR!

The dates and venue for this year’s Professional Lighting Summit have been agreed. The Summit will be held from 1214 June at the Oxford Belfry Hotel, near Thame, Oxfordshire. More details will be announced online, at www.theilp.org.uk and within Lighting Journal as they become available.

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Urban lighting

The Leake Street Arches’ ‘Grafitti Tunnel’ below London’s Waterloo Station is one of the few areas in the UK where graffiti artists are legally allowed to work. Famed for its works by Banksy, this vibrant street art hub has now been given a lighting makeover By Nic Paton

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

eake Street, below the tracks of London’s Waterloo Station, is synonymous with the street artist Banksy. Indeed, it is also known as the ‘Graffiti Tunnel’ or the ‘Banksy Tunnel’, for the fact its famous graffiti walls were originally created by Banksy during his 2008 ‘Cans Festival’ of street art. The 300m-long road tunnel connects Lower Marsh to the hustle and bustle of London’s South Bank and, as one of the few legal walls in the UK where artists can express their creativity in public, has long been a haven for graffiti artists from around the world to leave their mark. As part of the wider regeneration of the Leake Street Arches into a 25,000sq ft space for cafés, bars and restaurants, the tunnel has now been given a lighting makeover by lighting design consultancy Nulty. Working closely with developer LCR, the official switching on of the new lighting scheme took place in September. One of the attractions of the project was the fact that, as the Nulty office is based just outside Waterloo Station, it is an area of London all the team are deeply familiar

with, explains director Ellie Coombs. ‘It’s not often you get a project right on your doorstep. It was fantastic to have the opportunity to collaborate with our local community and be part of the development of an urban space that our team know, love and use on a daily basis,’ she says. The concept was to bring the tunnel to life through the innovative use of light, using light as, essentially, a canvas for the artwork to be displayed clearly, as well as creating visual stimulation for both artists and visitors. The space had to be flexible for future events, the light fittings had to be robust and the scheme had to showcase the unique and ever-changing artwork on the tunnel’s walls.

WEAR, TEAR – AND SPRAY PAINT

The design within the tunnel features a theatrical truss suspended down the underpass. Mounted on this are then a series of Meyer spotlights that provide gallery-quality lighting to pick up on the colourful artwork. During the design process, Nulty

worked closely with Secure by Design to ensure fixtures could withstand wear and tear while still being practical, such as being able to withstand a dose of spray paint. For example, the bespoke spotlights were designed to have an anti-glare cowl for a more theatrical appearance, along with a secondary glass lens that can be easily removed and cleaned without interfering with the light in the space, should fittings be spray-painted over. Linear RGBW uplights from Kemps Architectural Lighting were mounted on top of the truss to illuminate the arched ceiling, with a wash of white light to highlight the architecture of the space. The uplights’ colour-changing capabilities can be tailored to create various moods for different events within the tunnel. Accent lighting, from Linea Light Group, is then provided by light fixtures that have been carefully mounted at the base of the arches, above the nearby retail units, to celebrate the curved architecture of the space. The external wall lights have come from BEGA and the control system from Pharos. ¢

41 u

Leake Street: the tunnel features a theatrical truss suspended down the underpass, mounted with a series of spotlights that provide gallery-quality lighting to pick up on the colourful artwork

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

The ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture series

‘INTEGRITY, REASON AND INTENT’ Simon Thorp, director of LAPD Lighting Design, took his audience on an engaging and personal journey around his influences and approach to lighting design in October’s ILP ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture, as one lighting professional reveals By Stephen Thompson

iffering slightly from the format of focusing on a specific area of lighting design, the ILP’s October ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture gave Simon Thorp, director of LAPD Lighting Design, the chance to present what he described as a ‘thoughtful chat’ about the process of lighting design. Eruditely punctuating his talk with a wide range of quotes, Simon started with the architects who, as he expressed it, ‘feel light in their work’. Quoting Le Corbusier’s celebrated words, ‘architecture is the learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light’, and showing images of the great architect’s church of Saint-Pierre De Firminy, Simon explained how Le Corbusier ‘uses light to make us aware of the outside… an awareness of time passing throughout the day, throughout the year.’ Le Corbusier’s contemporary Mies van der Rohe was one of the first architects ever to work alongside an architectural lighting designer. That designer, Richard Kelly, is now considered a pioneer in the field; his techniques remain in use today. Simon also revealed in words and pictures how the unique approaches of architects such as Louis Kahn, Steven Holl and Tadao Ando remain so influential. This brought Simon to the crux of his talk: every architect, every space is different, and so we need to be careful finding our own way in lighting design as ‘the right

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

way’. Or as he put it in words from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray: ‘to define is to limit.’ Throughout all his design projects, Simon said he keeps asking himself, ‘why are we doing this?’. It is a question that keeps him going back to the brief, so that the end result is something that has ‘integrity, reason and intent behind it’. However, amongst all the many differences of each project, Simon articulated what he felt were some constant themes. These he outlined as: • Function. Or light purely for use of the space • Architectural response. Or light enhancing the architecture • Dominance. Or light overriding or (paradoxically) disappearing into the architecture • Trick of the light. Or light as the feature itself Simon illustrated these constancies by taking examples of LAPD’s work. He, first, demonstrated a response to function, with images of the lobby in a high-end residential tower in Moscow: the Panavto Monet. The lobby’s key decoration is the use of Monet paintings. Once they had been lit, in effect the perimeter lighting, the whole lobby’s feel of light and space was noticeably increased. This then developed into the final result of a functionally lit space, which appears cleverly to have minimal functional lighting. For an example of architectural response enhancing form, Simon showcased the office tower Arcus III, also in Moscow (pictured left), which has an external design of vertical lines. Here, the building ’s white lit lantern-like top appears connected by many vertical lines of light to the entrance’s almost seemingly glowing white columns. The lighting is actually framing each panel of the pleated vertical coloured glazing, and the main vertical splits, of the architect’s staggered façade design.

DIRECTIONAL LINES OF LIGHT

The dominating design in David Jones (pictured bottom right), a large Melbourne department store designed by retail designer D&P (Dalziel & Pow), engages with people who are shopping, rather than with the architecture. Directional lines of light ‘carve through’ the functional retail lighting; walls are focally lit at the top to make them feel like destinations rather than barriers; large circular pendants provide reference points for orientation.

By contrast, Simon highlighted how lighting in Oxford’s Brasenose Chapel (pictured above) initially seems to have disappeared save for the intentional focal point of its candles. Hidden lighting highlights the architecture, and the overall low light levels reveal the subtleties of light, as Jun’ichirõ Tanizaki writes about in his In Praise of Shadows, the book that Simon said had provided the spark that made him want to go into lighting. Finally, Simon showed us the atrium in Westfield White City’s Marks and Spencer. Spectacular tricks of the light answered the original request to have sunlight at its base (cloud cover allowing, of course) even on the shortest day of the year. A bespoke 2.5m2 heliostat (a device that has a mirror which reflects sunlight in a fixed direction) follows the sun throughout the year, reflecting its light on to nine secondary mirrors. Five of these consist of 36 mosaic-like smaller mirrors set at different angles, which create dappled light, as if coming through trees, on the floor, 20m below. The other four mirrors (‘Angels’) are flat and set on the sides of the escalators. Through the use of prismatic film, they create reflective light and rainbow effects around the store. These images of light, theatrically created and reflected to mimic nature, recalled Simon’s first images of Le Corbusier’s church of Saint-Pierre De Firminy, and brought to a close a hugely engaging and personal reflection. ¢

HOW TO BE BRILLIANT… The aim of the ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant…’ lecture series is very simple: to allow lighting professionals to meet an inspiring expert in an informal, convivial setting, who will talk and inspire about lighting in a way formal education doesn’t always cover. The lectures for 2018 will take place at Body & Soul in Roseberry Avenue, east London.

November, and featured Graham Rollins and Ingo Kalecinski of GNI Projects on ‘How to be brilliant with smoke and mirrors’. Watch out for next month’s edition of Lighting Journal for a write-up. The 2018 programme will launch in March, and do keep an eye out online or in Lighting Journal for more details. Go to www.theilp. org.uk/brilliant

The final lecture of 2017 took place at the end of

Stephen Thompson BA LET Dip is head of culture and communication at Light Follows Behaviour www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Independent lighting design

s I walked around LuxLive in November, it became apparent to me that the transformation is complete – LEDs are king, it has happened. LED has been developed and fine-tuned so as now to be the only lighting solution for all tasks. One of my favourite fittings, the Meyer floodlight, is proof of this. Its metal halide version has been discontinued and has now been replaced by a range of LED options. There is, clearly, no going back – and there doesn’t seem to be an appetite to do so, anyway. It struck me how Philips announced years ago that it planned to stop production of all light sources, because LED would be the only viable lighting option of the future. We are now living in the future. But is this the best future, the right future for lighting? I asked some fellow lighting designers and IALD members if, for them, LEDs have provided the promised panacea and, if so, what they felt the next generation of LEDs might look like? Colin Ball, lighting director at BDP, told me: ‘LEDs have now established the warm gold quality that we have been pushing the industry to achieve, whether this is through adding an actual red led into the mix or creating a full colour balance within the white. We’re now finding it difficult not

FUTURE PERFECT, OR IMPERFECT? November’s LuxLive showed very clearly that the transformation is complete – LED is king. But, while LED is the future, is it the best future, the right future for the industry, for clients, and for the environment? By Emma Cogswell

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Great examples of LED in action: BDP’s Wilkins Terrace at UCL (left and bottom) and (below) lower refectory

to perceive an all-LED installation.’ But he also added: ‘Our issue now is dimming, flicker-free down to 1% or lower. We have excellent technologies developed within auditoria that deliver this imperceptible low-level dim. We’re very much looking forward to this becoming a wider industry standard in the coming years.’

DIMMING AND CONTROL

It would seem to be the case that dimming and control have finally become a part of the design thought process. As the technology becomes more sophisticated, it will fall to the lighting designer also to have a greater understanding of programming and control to get the most out of the fittings specified. Personally, however, I live in hope that these systems are not so difficult to programme and maintain that they get overridden by the building users. I have heard of stories where costly energy-saving control systems with programming for daylight changes and special event settings have been turned off in favour of an on/off approach because the users have found the system too difficult to use, even with pre-sets. Which, of course, is just self-defeating. I then asked Christopher Knowlton, co-founder of 18 Degrees, what did he perceive to be the biggest problem with LEDs? ‘When I first started in lighting design, colour consistency was a problem in fluorescents and metal halide. We would advise clients to make sure they had good maintenance to replace lamps and ensure the design was always looking its best. Lamps were about £5-10 and was just part of the cost of lighting,’ he said. ‘Since LEDs became the source of choice, it’s now a much more involved task to ensure colours match between manufacturers and will stay the same colour across the whole life of the installation. ‘Colour and dimming are also big issues for us. Have you dimmed a 3,000K LED? The colour you get is grey; it’s horrible! We might have improved maintenance and energy consumption, but we have created different issues which still need to be resolved,’ Christopher continued. ‘I went to see a client this week who was complaining that their lighting was getting darker and darker. LED lamps failing to live up to their promised long lives at the same lumen output and colour consisten-

cy are now starting to show in installations that were early adopters. ‘Unlike a simple re-lamping, now the solution often requires totally new luminaries. What will happen to the old ones and has this really become a cost-effective solution? There are issues with the construction of LEDs that means they are difficult to recycle,’ Christopher added.

RECYCLING (OR NOT) OF LEDS

This issue of recycling is potentially a big one. As most lighting professionals will undoubtedly be well aware, Recolight was established back in 2005 by the UK lighting industry for the express purpose of operating the Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment (WEEE) compliance scheme on behalf of UK lamp producers. The aim was to prevent lamps going into landfill, and the scheme has been fully operational since 2007. Registered lamp, LED and luminaire producers have obligations under WEEE to ‘finance and manage the separate collection and treatment of waste gas discharge lamps, LEDs and luminaires in an environmentally-sound manner.’ They have to assist government bodies in the development of the regulations and similar environmental-interest legislation, provide information to interested parties (including distributors and end-users), encourage best practice around lamp recycling procedures and ‘encourage the development of an effective collection network for end-of-life

lamps prior to shipment to the recycling plants for treatment.’ This, naturally, all sounds extremely positive and promising. Yet, if you take a look on Recolight’s website, while it is clear recycling is increasing – with lamp recycling rate for 2016 up to 47.5% from 39.5% in 2012 and the luminaire rate now 7.1% compared with 0.59% in the same period – there is still a long way to go [1]. After all, 47.5% is still under half and 7.1%, well, that’s not even into double figures. The only conclusion we can draw is that a lot of lamps and luminaires are still going into landfill. In my opinion, therefore, it would seem we have, quite rightly, embraced LED technology for all its energy-saving properties, promises of reduced heat and astonishingly long lamp life. Yet, at the same time, we have not fully thought through how to upgrade these light sources as they fail or, indeed, how to dispose of them safely. Without a doubt, LEDs will continue to evolve, with better lumen packages and even further miniaturisation coming through. But in our haste to advance and progress technologically, we mustn’t forget the equally important imperatives of needing to provide the best, the most appropriate, solutions for clients and to do the best for the environment. ¢

Emma Cogswell, associate IALD, is IALD UK projects manager

[1] ‘2016 recycling rate jumps ahead for lamps & luminaires’, Recolight press release, March 16, 2017

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Light School at Surface Design Show

INFLUENCE OF THEATRE

LEARNING JOURNEY Next month’s Light School will bring together an eclectic mix of speakers, discussing everything from lighting metrics through to the influence of theatre on lighting design. It’s also a great place to showcase, and talk about, the power of light and lighting design By Nic Paton

www.theilp.org.uk

ow to create beautifully lit spaces, the ‘transformative’ power of light, and the measurement of lighting metrics for energy efficiency will be just some of the topics being discussed at next month’s Light School at Surface Design Show. Now in its fifth year, Light School, supported by the ILP, is presented by Light Collective, and takes place at Islington’s, Business Design Centre between 06-08 February 2018. It comprises two elements: Light Talks and Product School. Speakers for the two days of Light Talks this year include Christopher Knowlton, of 18 Degrees, who will be presenting ‘A 30-minute guide to creating beautifully lit spaces’. Clementine Fletcher-Smith, of Speirs + Major, will be addressing ‘Journeys into light’, exploring how ‘light is more than just illumination, how it sculpts our journeys, leads us, informs us and defines our experience’.

Rebecca Weir, of Light.iQ, will examine, ‘The transformative power of light: creating an emotional response to the home.’ Her talk will be ‘a visual journey through recently-completed projects’, including a discussion on at what point a ‘house’ genuinely becomes a ‘home’. In his presentation, ‘The World’s a Stage’, former ILP VP Architectural Mark Ridler, of BDP, will explore theatre’s influence on the application of light in architecture. Then Farhad Rahim, of BuroHappold, will discuss lighting codes and the measurement of lighting metrics for energy efficiency. This talk will ‘look to challenge if lighting codes are the correct means of implementing good lighting schemes and if the current valuations of metrics used to asses lighting efficiencies are the correct way forward for the future.’ Other speakers over the two days include Nick MacLiammoir of Arup, Theo Paradise-Hirst of ChapmanBDSP, Ellie Greisen of Studio EG and Jonathan Rush, of Hoare Lea. Exhibitors demonstrating their wares at Product School will include Applelec, Evans Turner, F-Light, Lightly, Optelma, Pixalux, and Unibox. ¢

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT: Light School 2018 WHERE: Surface Design Show, Business Design Centre, London, N1 0QH WHEN: 06-08 February 2018 HOW: find out how to register at www.theilp.org.uk/events

Lighting

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Consultants

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Steven Biggs

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

Skanska Infrastructure Services

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting. Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Simon Bushell

Allan Howard

SSE Enterprise Lighting

WSP

www.skanska.co.uk

MBA DMS IEng MILP

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk

www.wspgroup.com

www.nicksmithassociates.com

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL

Alan Tulla

London WC2A 1AF

Alan Tulla Lighting

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Professional consultancy from the UK’s and Irelands largest external lighting contractor. From highways and tunnels, to architectural and public spaces our electrical and lighting designers also provide impact assessments, lighting and carbon reduction strategies along with whole installation packages.

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies. Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Lorraine Calcott

Alan Jaques

Michael Walker

it does Lighting Ltd

Atkins

McCann Ltd

IEng MILP IALD MSLL ILA BSS Milton Keynes, MK19 6DS

T: 01908 560110 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

www.itdoes.co.uk

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Design for all types of exterior lighting including street lighting, car parks, floodlighting, decorative lighting, and private lighting. Independent advice regarding light trespass, carbon reduction and invest to save strategies. Asset management, data capture, inspection and testing services available.

www.atkinsglobal.com

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

John Conquest

Alistair Scott

4way Consulting Ltd

Designs for Lighting Ltd

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

www.4wayconsulting.com

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Philip Green

Anthony Smith

Mechanical & Electrical Associates (UK) Ltd

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

Dip IT (Open), MIET Cheshire WA7 1JA

IEng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: 01928 577849 E: philgreen@mea-uk.co.uk

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Designer of road tunnel and highway lighting schemes, including full tunnel MEICA systems, on behalf of major well known companies both UK and International. Provide full Category 3 design check service, as well as planning advice and project management.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

www.mea-uk.co.uk

MILP IEng CMS.

Sowerby Bridge HX6 3AF M: 07939 896887 E: m.walker@jmccann.co.uk

Tony Price

Reading RG10 9QN

Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

Mark Chandler EngTech AMILP

www.alantullalighting.com

www.staintonlds.co.uk

www.mccann-ltd.co.uk

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

Go to: www.theilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Lighting

Directory CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training Standards CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training • AutoluxLighting • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Design Techniques • •AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) •• AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Lighting Reality Light Pollution • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards CPD Accredited Training • Tailored Courses please ring CPD Accredited Training • •AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Lighting Design Techniques Standards Accredited Training • •Lighting Design Techniques •CPD Lighting Design •Venues Lighting Techniques AutoCAD (basicTechniques or advanced) by Design arrangement Light Pollution • •Light Pollution • Light Pollution • Light Pollution Lighting Reality • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Tailored Courses please ring Nick Smith • Tailored Courses please ring please ring • Tailored CoursesStandards please ring •Contact Tailored Courses • Lighting Reality •AutoluxLighting AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Nick Smith Associates Ltd • Lighting Design Techniques Venues by arrangement 36 Foxbrook Drive, •Reality AutoluxLighting Standards Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement Lighting ••Light Pollution Contact NickChesterfield, Smith • Lighting Design Techniques • Tailored Courses please ring Contact Nick Smith S40 3JR Contact Nick Smith

CPD Accredited Training Nick Ltd Smith • AutoluxLightingNick Standards Smith Contact Associates

Nick Smith Associates Ltd Nick Smith Associates Ltd t: 01246 229 444 • Light Pollution Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Venues by arrangement • Foxbrook Lighting Design Techniques 36Chesterfield, Foxbrook Drive, f: 01246 588604 36 Drive, 36 Foxbrook Drive, • Tailored Courses please ring Chesterfield, e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, Chesterfield, S40 3JR • Light Contact NickPollution SmithReality • Lighting S40 3JR 229S40 w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk S40 3JR 3JR t: 01246 444 Nick Smith Associates Ltd t:by 229 444 t:•01246 229 444Venues Tailored Courses please ring 229 444 t: 01246 arrangement f:01246 01246 588604 36 Foxbrook Drive, f: e01246 588604 f: 01246 588604 • AutoluxLighting Standards f: 01246 588604 : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC e w: : mail@nicksmithassociates.com e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Contact Nick Smithe : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 3JR w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk arrangement • Lighting Design Techniques t:Venues 01246 229by 444Nick INSTRUMENTS LTD Smith Associates Ltd f: 01246 588604 36 Foxbrook Drive, eContact : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Nick Smith • Light Pollution Suppliers of a wide range of quality Chesterfield, w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Nick measuring Smith Associates Ltd light and photometric S40 3JR • Tailored Courses please ring equipment. 36 Foxbrook Drive,229 444 t: 01246

f: 01246 588604 Chesterfield,

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 PO Box3JR 210, Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk

Venues by arrangement t: 01246 229 444

E-mail: enquiries@hagnerlightmeters.com

f: 01246 588604 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Contact Nick Smith w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk

Nick Smith Associates Ltd www.hagnerlightmeters.com

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 UK Lighting Division f: 01246 588604 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Road Lighting

Feeder Pillars

Hazardous Area Lighting

Distribution Panels

Industrial & Commercial

Cable & Cable Joints

Lighting

Lighting & Electrical

Decorative Lighting

Design Services

Barry Morrison UK Lighting Manager

Tel Email

01236 458000 barry.morrison@dnow.com

www.maclean.co.uk

The new 2018 ILP Lighting Journal Media Pack is now available. Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Meter Administrator Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

Power Data Associates Ltd are Power Associates the leadingData meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve Ltd are the leading accurate energy calculations meter administrator assuring you of a cost effective quality in service. Great Offering Britain. We independent consultancy advice achieve to ensure correct accurate inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and energy calculations impact of market developments.

assuring you of

01525 601201 a cost effective

info@PowerDataAssociates.com www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market development

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk

If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

• Our website: www.theilp.org.uk/resources • Or for more information please contact Diane on Diane@theilp.org.uk

01525 601201

info@PowerDataAssociates.com

www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 5HR

January 2018 Lighting Journal

Diary

THE DIARY 30 January

Midland Region technical event Venue: Sapa Pole Products, Sapa House, Ravensbank Drive, North Moons Moat, Redditch

31 January

Western Region technical meeting Venue: SSE Offices, Exeter

06-08 February

Light School at the Surface Design Show Venue: Business Design Centre, 52 Upper Street, Islington, London

08 February

North East Region technical meeting Venue: Thorn Lighting, Durhamgate, Spennymoor, Co Durham

01 March

LSE AGM Venue: IET, Savoy Place, London

08 March

Irish Region spring seminar Venue: Howth, Dublin

IN THE FEBRUARY ISSUE HEART OF THE MATTER

Inside the smoke, mirrors, lasers and illusions of GNI Projects’ ground-breaking light installations

DISRUPTED DESIGN

08 March

Western and Midland Region joint technical meeting Venue: Gala Club, Gloucester

15 March

North East Region technical meeting Venue: Durham County Hall

In the rush to connected lighting, does the lighting industry really understand the change it is driving?

COLOUR CHANGE

Understanding TM-30. Does it offer a better version of the General CRI and a better way to evaluate light source?

For full details of all events, go to: www.theilp.org.uk/events

Premier Member Advertorial Zactis - Innovation in Practice Exterior lighting specialists, Kingfisher Lighting Ltd, have introduced a new slimline flood light to their growing range. Zactis offers a unique high-performance optic with a low glare, asymmetric forward distribution. The forward throw and wide beam of this flood light increases functionality and maximises spacing which in turn reduces light spill and makes single pole mount designs possible in many applications. This increases uniformity and reduces design costs over conventional flood light designs.

As well as facilitating easy installation and maintenance, the sleek, low-profile design reduces the load together with decreasing windage. The toughened glass gives more resilience to temperature changes and helps maintain performance with its resistance to yellowing. The robust, adjustable mounting bracket can be easily positioned and has been designed to lock in 5° increments in order to achieve the perfect angle to suit specific project requirements. Zactis is the perfect flood light for a range of locations including sports and recreation sites, area lighting, car parks and high mast applications.

www.theilp.org.uk

kingfisherlighting.com

New Unique Asymmetrical Flood Light Key Features • Unique optical system • High-performance coupled with excellent efficacy • Back spill cut off • Design to be Dark Sky Compliant • Low profile, sleek body • Toughened glass • Plug & socket connection • Suitable for column or wall mounting • DALI dimmable as standard • Optional NEMA socket and photocell for flexible control & energy savings

www.indolighting.com/guesswhat

Closing date for competition entries: 16 Feb 2018