Lighting Journal January 2019

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

January 2019

THE RETROFIT CONUNDRUM Why retrofitting and CE marking has sparked an industry debate HEAD SPACE How light and sculpture – and next month’s Light School – are illuminating the ‘taboo’ of mental illness P-CLASS LIGHTING Understanding ‘appropriate’ lighting for subsidiary roads

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Contents

06 UNDERSTANDING P-CLASS LIGHTING

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Lighting subsidiary roads has traditionally focused on the needs of pedestrians and cyclists. But understanding what is ‘appropriate’ in this context is more complex than you might think, argues Professor Steve Fotios

10 URBAN FUTURES

As our cities become ever-more technologically dependent, so light and lighting design will need to evolve and adapt, writes Mark Ridler

GROWTH 14 CULTIVATING

LED lighting is bringing a positive stepchange to the horticultural industry. Yet it also creates challenges around measurement techniques, highlights Toby Penter

RETROFIT 18 THE CONUNDRUM

The extent to which installing a new gear tray into a pre-existing lantern housing changes the nature of the lantern, and therefore the need for it to have its own new CE mark, remains a hot topic of debate, as Alan Robson and Liz Hudson show

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LETTERS TO THE 23 EDITOR – THE CE

MARKING DEBATE

Dr Gareth Jones, of testing firm Lux-TSI, and Peter Diamond, of Pudsey Diamond, debate differing interpretations of CE marking of retrofitted lanterns

26 RISK AND REWARD

In the first of three articles building on October’s ILP Lightscene CPD event, Andrew Warrington explains what is meant by taking a ‘risk-based’ approach to asset management under the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice

32 HEAD SPACE

‘Head Above Water’, an interactive sculpture to highlight the ‘taboo’ of mental ill health via colourchanging LED lighting, was a centrepiece of September’s London Design Festival

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OXFORD HUES

Many residential areas of Oxfordshire have in the past year been switched over from the conventional yellow glow of SOX to LED units specifically designed to replace older, low-wattage lanterns

IN THE 38 BUMPS ROAD

All business, including those in lighting, will at some point experience disputes and bad debts. If you’re not careful, such ‘bumps in the road’ can turn into expensive crises. But ILP members can get priority access to a dispute resolution service, as Chris Clay outlines

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LISTEN AND LEARN

Juan Ferrari, Jonathan Gittens, Christopher Knowlton and Brad Koerner will be among those showcasing the power, skill and functionality of lighting at the ILP-supported Light School next month

‘I WANT TO MAKE 42 EDUCATION EASILY ACCESSIBLE’

Kimberly Bartlett is the ILP’s new Vice President Education. Lighting Journal spoke to her about what she hopes to bring to the role

SHINING A LIGHT 44 ON MODERN

SLAVERY

Lighting is a well-regulated industry where slavery could never play a part, right? But what about your supply chain or subsidiaries? It pays to be vigilant, as Howard Crossman and Jonathan Mumby warn

50 DIARY p COVER PICTURE

‘Head Above Water’, an interactive sculpture to highlight the ‘taboo’ of mental ill health via colour-changing LED lighting, created by designer Steuart Padwick, with lighting by Hoare Lea for last autumn’s Lighting Design Festival. The story, and technology, behind the sculpture is examined in this edition, and will be the subject of a ‘Light Talks’ presentation at next month’s ILP-supported Light School

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Editor’s letter

Volume 84 No 1 Jan 19 President Colin Fish IEng MILP Chief Executive Tracey White Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Kevin Dugdale BA (Hons) IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD Nathan French John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng FILP Lora Kaleva MSc Assoc IALD Nigel Parry IEng FILP Paul Traynor Richard Webster Graphic Designer Sacha Robinson-Forster BA (Hons) Email: sacha@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2019 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

‘I

t was without doubt the best audience in a very long time at any Lightscene we have exhibited at in recent years’. Such was just one of the glowing testimonials (and there were many) from the ILP’s ‘The A-Z of Asset Management’ Lightscene CPD event in October.

I have to admit I completely agree. Speaking to attendees in Rotherham on the day, it was clear the themed focus of the CPD presentations around asset management and, in particular, the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice from the UK Roads Liaison Group was a key attraction. The fact it was at that point just days away from coming into force was undoubtedly also playing on people’s minds!

That’s why I make no apology for the fact Lighting Journal will over the next three months be revisiting the new code in depth, with three articles in consecutive editions based around the presentations from Lightscene.

We’re starting in this edition with Andrew Warrington’s ‘scene setter’ about the new code and what is meant by taking a ‘risk-based’ approach to asset management. Then, next month (February) Allan Howard will be looking at some of the practical ways councils can respond to, and ensure they are compliant with, the code. Finally in March (in an abridged version of the final presentation of the day) look out for Paul Middleton’s article outlining how his council, Central Bedfordshire, has been working to become compliant.

Of course, by this point in January anyone not already on top of the code will to an extent be playing catch-up. But, for me, the underlying point of the code is less about meeting deadlines, even though this is clearly important, and more the longer term benefits the code may bring in terms of embedding a new mindset around asset management.

As Andrew Warrington makes clear, the code is very much not about formulaic box ticking or marking off checklists. Rather, it is about grasping an opportunity; helping lighting professionals develop and refine a new approach to the gathering of evidence, interrogation of performance data and the service delivery of asset management.

This will not only help to generate greater efficiencies and operational effectiveness in the short term. It will, crucially in the cash-strapped local authority climate, help lighting professionals to become better at articulating, and evidencing, business cases for additional funding and/or the defence of existing budgets.

As Andrew puts it: ‘We need to be able to express ourselves in common business case language; the new code I suggest ought to help you towards that.’ I very much hope you take the time to check out his article.

Nic Paton Editor

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ILP members receive Lighting Journal every month as part of their membership. You can join the ILP online, through www.theilp.org.uk. Alternatively, to subscribe or order copies please email Diane Sterne at diane@theilp.org.uk. The ILP also provides a Lighting Journal subscription service to many libraries, universities, research establishments, non-governmental organisations, and local and national governments.

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Subsidiary road lighting

P-CLASS LIGHTING: WHAT ILLUMINANCE AND WHY? Lighting subsidiary roads has traditionally tended to be focused on the needs of pedestrians and cyclists. But understanding what is ‘appropriate’ lighting in this context can be more complex than you might think

By Steve Fotios

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hink for a moment about the lighting design standard you would use for a subsidiary road. This may be British Standard BS5489-1:2013, with the conditions it recommends being those prescribed in BS EN 132012:2015. According to these documents, lighting in subsidiary roads is intended to meet, primarily, the needs of pedestrians and cyclists.

Lighting classes P1 to P6 prescribe horizontal illuminances (average and minimum) that should be achieved: BS54891:2013 allows for some variation in illuminance according to the spectrum of the light source being used to account for changes in spectral sensitivity in mesopic conditions.

A designer using these lighting conditions must assume they are appropriate for the application. If ‘appropriate’ means sufficient light to meet users’ needs but not more than that (to avoid unnecessary use of energy or light pollution for example) then we cannot yet be certain whether that is a safe assumption.

Consider average horizontal illuminance, the primary measure of light quantity in these documents, which ranges from 2.0 (P6) to 15 lux (P1). The problem is that there does not appear to be any basis to this range [1] – and by ‘basis’ I mean credible empirical evidence that the recommended illuminances achieve the intended needs of the specific class.

It is possible to reduce these illuminances when using lighting of higher S/P www.theilp.org.uk

ratio (as described in ILP report PLG03 Lighting for Subsidiary Roads: Using white light sources to balance energy efficiency and visual amenity: 2012. This approach was introduced to replace the previous system which allowed light levels to be reduced by one class when using lighting of CRI>60.

That was a potentially unsafe system: Ra>60 was an arbitrary choice and Ra has little association with pedestrians’ visual needs. S/P ratio is associated with hazard detection and allows a sliding scale of reduction rather than an immediate oneclass reduction. While new evidence may question whether the S/P ratio approach is applicable to all lighting classes, the approach itself is likely to remain valid.

Consider next the points table used in BS EN 13201-1:2014 for choosing a P class.

Points are added (and a higher light class/ higher illuminance selected) if the situation involves higher travel speeds, higher use intensity, a mix of road user types, and parked vehicles.

While these factors might be considered as common sense, there are however two problems. First, we do not know that (for example) an increase of one point is sufficient to satisfy the intended issue. For example, does an increase of one lighting class offset the additional accidents expected where these is a mix of road user types? If not, this means that the designer’s intentions are not met. Second, the factors do not match the intended purpose of lighting in minor roads as stated in BS5489-1:2013 ‘to enable pedestrians and

January 2019 Lighting Journal

t Figure 1.

Amalgamation of the lighting classes recommended in BS5489-1:2013, Table A.5 and Table A.6.

cyclists to orientate themselves and detect vehicular and other hazards, and to discourage crime against people and property.’ This mismatch means that there is no guarantee that the intended purposes of road lighting are met.

BS5489-1:2013 uses an alternative approach to establishing a lighting class: it recommends a lighting class based on traffic flow, environmental zone and traffic speed. While the link between actual illuminance and these factors is still not clear, it is an advantage because the process is simpler and avoids the pseudo-science and pretence of the points tables. The two tables of BS5489-1:2013 (A.5 and A.6) could be further simplified though, as there is frequent repetition (for example the two columns of Table A.6 recommend exactly the same lighting classes regardless of environmental zone). Figure 1 above presents a simplified version of these tables, removing the repetitions.

Assuming this criticism of the current recommendations is reasonable, what could be done instead? One way forward is to establish an empirical basis for recommending light levels, so that users can see why a particular light level was set. There are two approaches by which empirical data might be used to set light levels. The ‘feed-forward’ approach is to see how changes in lighting affect the performance of pedestrians’ key tasks, such as the ability to detect trip hazards. The ‘feed-back’ approach is to see how changes in lighting affect outcomes such as accident rates or walking rates.

LIGHTING TO SUPPORT PEDESTRIAN TASKS

If we can determine what pedestrians want to see, then it is possible to determine how this could be enhanced by road lighting. This has been investigated using eye tracking [2] which confirmed the expectation that scanning the path for trip hazards and looking at other people were

pq Images of potential trip hazards observed during a pavement survey. The rule highlights 25mm.

Photographs taken by Steve Fotios and Jim Uttley

critical tasks. In recent years we have carried out some research to find out how these tasks are affected by variations in lighting characteristics.

The results of experiments investigating trip hazard detection suggest that a minimum illuminance of 1.0 lux is sufficient [3]. Further increase in illuminance above 1.0 lux is unlikely to improve detection, and furthermore there is no benefit to changing spectrum. If an illuminance below 1.0 lux is used, there is an advantage to using lighting of higher S/P ratio, and older people tend to perform less well than younger people. For detecting pavement hazards then a minimum horizontal illuminance of 1.0 lux may be appropriate.

One reason we look towards other people is to evaluate their likely intentions – whether or not it is safe to continue walking towards them. There may be a mixture (and hierarchy) of visual cues to intention, such as gender, number of people, direction of travel, and visibility of features.

This is not yet known, but the face is likely to be an important feature [4].

Some studies have considered facial recognition: this is unlikely to be a suitable proxy task for experiments of lighting because a familiar face is too easily recognised even when seriously distorted. Instead, facial emotion recognition (the ability to recognise facial expressions – happy, angry, surprised and so on) provides a more reliable task. One associated www.theilp.org.uk

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Subsidiary road lighting

t SMI eye tracking

glasses. Image

by SensoMotoric Instruments [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https:// creativecommons. org/licenses/ by-sa/4.0), from Wikimedia Commons

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p An illustration of potential trip hazards.

Photograph by Yichong Mao

question is when we prefer to be able to evaluate others.

While an interpersonal distance of 4m has been assumed in the past, eye tracking suggests a more common tendency to look at others, briefly (typically for only 0.5 seconds) at a distance of around 15m [5]. This is a more realistic distance if the pedestrian would like the option to escape without interaction. Experiments of facial expression recognition suggest that a luminance of 1.0 cd/m2 enables a 50% probability of being able to correctly identify facial expressions at 15m distance [6].

both in daytime and after dark: the aim of lighting should be to reduce the day-dark difference. A recent field study led to a surprising result – that minimum illuminance and uniformity correlate better with reassurance than does average illuminance [8]. Reassurance tends to be measured using a rating scale. Others have shown that people who express a greater deal of reassurance tend to walk more. The field study suggested that a day-dark difference of 1.0 unit on the rating scale can be obtained with a minimum illuminance of 0.6 lux.

REASSURANCE AFTER DARK

The government’s Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy (CWIS) requires that local authorities take action to increase the amount of walking and cycling taking place and improve the safety of pedestrians and cyclists.

By looking at pedestrian numbers recorded using automated on-street counters, and by using an analysis method that isolates light from factors such as weather, time of day and season, it has been shown that there are more pedestrians at higher levels of ambient light [9]. Using a similar method to investigate road safety shows a lower number of collisions on zebra crossings when

Reassurance is the confidence a person has to walk after dark, a similar feeling to perceived safety. The presence alone of road lighting gives some reassurance [7].

Next comes the question of how much light should be provided.

A common experiment is to compare evaluations of reassurance in two roads, after dark, with each lit to a different illuminance.

This is however unlikely to lead to useful results because whatever two illuminances are considered, the higher one will always be the one giving the better reassurance.

A better way is to measure reassurance www.theilp.org.uk

OUTCOMES OF LIGHTING

ambient light levels are higher [10].

While lighting is recognised as an effective countermeasure to after-dark RTCs involving pedestrians and cyclists, and there are studies comparing collisions on lit and unlit roads, there are scant data regarding the effect on RTC rates of changes in the characteristics of lighting [11].

One study from New Zealand reported a 56% reduction in pedestrian mid-block crashes for an increase in average luminance of 0.5 cd/m2 [12], but that data alone is insufficient until we can identify the point at which further increase in luminance no longer brings meaningful reduction in RTCs. Further research is required to investigate the precise relationship between safety and the characteristics of road lighting.

THE DANISH EXAMPLE

The findings of experiments using the task-based approach suggest that light levels at the lower end of the P-class would be sufficient for minor roads. As shown in figure 1, the current British Standard does not direct designers toward to class P1. Based on the current evidence, then class P2 (and possibly P3) may also be excessive.

While these data are far from complete (a researcher who does not recognise the

January 2019 Lighting Journal

qp An example of catenary lighting in Copenhagen – daytime & nighttime. Photograph copyright Thorn Lighting, and used with permission granted by Donna Dederding

need for further research is not looking hard enough), they present a far greater evidence base than was used in the past to establish current standards for lighting in minor roads. The evidence base is also out in the open to enable others to consider and criticise, and that is not possible for current standards given a largely hidden body of evidence, if any.

One way to demonstrate the suitability of lower light levels is to see what it looks like in practice. A recent visit to Copenhagen (for LumeNet and the CIE expert tutorial and workshop on Research Methods for Human Factors in Lighting) was an opportunity to do that.

Road lighting in Copenhagen is frequently catenary, with shorter spacing than typical in the UK. The result is lower light levels and higher uniformity, and the impression of my colleagues and I was of perfectly satisfactory light for the road user (experienced as vehicle passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists).

The Danish standard for local roads (the E-class, similar to the HS class of EN 13201-2:2015) specifies three light levels, 5.0 lux (E1), 2.5 lux (E2), and 1.0 lux (E1) with a minimum uniformity of 0.15 [13].

Note, however, that these are hemispherical illuminances measured at ground level rather than horizontal illuminances. They relate, approximately, to horizontal illuminances of 7.5 (P3), 5.0 (P4) and 2.0 lux (P6) respectively.

Hemispherical is used in very few loca-

tions, perhaps only Denmark, and this may be a result of the lighting researcher Sørensen [14]. He suggests that hemispherical illuminance is simple and practical: it places equal weight to all inclinations of surfaces and provides a better description of the lighting needs of pedestrians and cyclists than does horizontal illuminance – although that remains to be validated.

Lighting Research and Technology 2018; 50(4): 511-521.

[6] Yang B, Fotios S. Lighting and Recognition of Emotion Conveyed by Facial Expressions.

Lighting Research and Technology, 2015; 47(8); 964-975.

[7] Fotios S, Unwin J, Farrall S. Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Lighting Research and Technology, 2015; 47(4) 449-469 [8] Fotios S, Liachenko Monteiro A, Uttley J. Evaluation of pedestrian reassurance gained by higher illuminances in residential streets using the day-dark approach. Lighting Research and Technology. 2018. Online First 14/05/2018. DOI 10.1177/1477153518775464 [9] Uttley J, Fotios S. Using the daylight savings clock change to show ambient light conditions significantly influence active travel.

Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2017; 53; 1-10 [10] Uttley J, Fotios S. The effect of ambient light condition on road traffic collisions

involving pedestrians on pedestrian crossings. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2017; 108; 189-200

Steve Fotios CEng, MEI, FSLL, MILP, PhD, BEng is professor of lighting and visual perception at Sheffield University School of Architecture. He is associate director of CIE Division 4, which is responsible for outdoor lighting, and in 2015 he received the CIE Waldram Gold Pin Distinguished Services Award

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This article is based on a presentation delivered by the author at the Lighting Research and Technology Symposium, held in London on 16 May 2018. Research reported in this article was sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant references EP/ H050817 and EP/M02900X/1) within the MERLIN project (http:// lightingresearch.group.shef.ac.uk/projects/ merlin-summary.pdf ). The articles listed below arising from this work are open access which means they can be downloaded from the journal without charge.

REFERENCES Sheffield University research [1] Fotios S, Gibbons R. Road lighting research for drivers and pedestrians: The basis of luminance and illuminance recommendations. Lighting Research and Technology 2018, 50(1): 154-186.

[2] Fotios S, Uttley J, Cheal C, Hara N. Using eye-tracking to identify pedestrians’ critical visual tasks. Part 1. Dual task approach.

Lighting Research and Technology, 2015; 47(2); 133-148.

[3] Fotios S, Uttley J. Illuminance required to detect a pavement obstacle of critical size.

Lighting Research and Technology 2018; 50(3): 390-404.

[4] Fotios S, Johansson M. Appraising the intention of other people: Ecological validity and procedures for investigating effects of lighting for pedestrians. Lighting Research and Technology. First posted online 24/11/2017. doi. org/10.1177/1477153517737345 [5] Fotios S, Uttley J, Fox S. Exploring the nature of visual fixations on other pedestrians.

Research by others [11] Nabavi Niaki MS, Fu T, Saunier N, Miranda-Moreno LF, Amador L, Bruneau J-F. Effects of road lighting on bicycle and pedestrian accident frequency: A case study in Montreal. 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. January 2016, Washington DC. [12] Jacket M, Frith W. Quantifying the impact of road lighting on road safety — A New Zealand Study. IATSS Research, 2013; 36: 139-145.

[13] Håndbog Vejbelysning Anlæg Og Planlægning. April 2015. Section 3.2.3.

Available from http://vejregler.lovportaler. dk/static/MayflowerImageCache.aspx?blobid=vd-2015-0057.pdf&fromimgtag=false [14] Sørensen K. Road Lighting. 2013.

Available at https://nmfv.dk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/03/Road-lighting.pdf

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Lighting design

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URBAN FUTURES As our cities become ever-bigger, more complex and more technologically dependent, so light and lighting design will need to evolve and adapt. But lighting designers must always remember that light, however sophisticated, ultimately has to be for and about people

By Mark Ridler

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ho can foretell the future? If we were to believe the predictions of the past, we would all be clad in spandex and commuting on hover boards. Nevertheless, as designers we do need to take stock, examine social and technological trends, and debate how these will shape our environments – and our place within them.

The United Nations predicts that, by 2050, 66% of the world population will live in cities, and that the world population will www.theilp.org.uk

grow from 7.6 billion today to 9.8 billion [1].

This equates to another 2.2 billion people in 33 years. Even a tenth of this – 98 million people – is more than the entire population of Great Britain moving into cities every year. Many of the new inhabitants are very poor and moving into entirely unplanned and chaotic settlements.

SHAPING OUR URBAN FABRIC

It is our duty as designers to think about the shape of the new towns and cities and

decide how we can best design responsibly for the world.

Design cannot concentrate solely on prominent urban centres. The quality of every location where people live and travel needs careful consideration. For example, at BDP our designs for Paddington Station have proved hugely successful; but we also need to think about the condition of outlying stations, the design of buses and the quality of train rolling stock too.

And what of our residential areas? BDP

January 2019 Lighting Journal

has worked a lot with Westminster City Council in Mayfair and Belgravia, and we welcome our recent commission to address the less salubrious areas of the borough. We want to bring that design sensibility to each citizen, to green the urban realm and create a safer, more hospitable space at night.

Our aim is to socialise the streets, parks and squares and, in so doing, encourage interaction between different demographics. This impetus drove the deployment of a ‘light art’ masterplan in the regeneration of Bracknell, and a more theatrical treatment in the Gravel Hill Farm development by the University of Cambridge for its postdoctoral researchers and staff.

Light pollution blights our skies. Few city residents ever get to see the night sky.

Are we condemning 66% of our children to never see the stars, with all the beauty and cultural significance that they hold?

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Urbanisation imposes a massive strain upon the world’s power supply. Generation will need to increase, but if we are to meet global warming targets, this will need to come from sustainable sources. Lighting already accounts for 20% of world electricity consumption. The introduction of energy efficient sources has made a significant contribution to reducing this figure, but there is a tendency to light brighter and longer, which counteracts these savings. It is imperative that we resist this. We can avoid blanket coverage, ensure that codes allow for lower light levels and greater contrast, improve controls and design more daylight into our buildings.

Can technology help us with these concerns? Certainly, it plays a part. We are all familiar with LEDs and the advantages that they bring. They are not a panacea,

but they are efficient, cooler and smaller, and they have introduced new opportunities to create lit design solutions hitherto not possible, while subtly integrating into the human realm.

Wilkins Terrace at University College London demonstrates how light incorporated into the fabric of the public realm can provide a low energy, low maintenance, robust, and most importantly, characterful social space. The light levels are low, yet it is still safe and bright; achieved by composing with light and dark and concentrating on vertical surfaces.

Developing technologies using graphene, carbon nanotubes and lasers will continue this trajectory towards more efficient, compact and adaptable light sources.

The ‘Internet of Things’ will bring the most significant technological advances, by means of wearable interfaces and augmented reality. Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg has predicted the death of smartphones by 2023. Whether right or wrong, it seems inevitable that there will be a virtual overlay upon the physical realm.

Perhaps we will view a shop sign via our

q Paddington Lawn at Paddington Station. Lighting design needs to take into account the quality of every location where people live and travel

11 u An image of a favela

or Brazilian slum. This illustrates the extent to which global urban growth is unplanned and chaotic

q Wilkins Terrace at UCL.

An example of how light incorporated into the fabric of the public realm can provide a low energy, low maintenance, robust and characterful social space

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Lighting design

smart glasses and with a gestural interface interrogate menus, discounts, timetables, and wayfinding. Human interaction with our environment is about to become a lot richer, albeit with concomitant ethical and political concerns over privacy and security.

WHY CITIES NEED ‘DARK LUNGS’

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Driverless cars could have a massively beneficial impact on our streetscapes. If a car drops you in town then drives itself off to be charged, cleaned or maintained then there is no longer a need for multi-storey car parks. Street parking could reduce, leaving more space for people.

As cars detect hazards and navigate themselves, there would be less need for traffic signals and signage. Where this is required, they may migrate to the virtual realm. Most street lighting regulation is based upon humans within cars avoiding conflict with humans outside.

If the cars can use invisible radiation as detection then the visible light spectrum can be moderated to become lower in intensity, with enhanced contrast from a multiplicity of sources, all tailored within the range of human experience. This is an incredibly exciting prospect that could result in much higher quality spaces for all.

The importance of sleep and circadian rhythms is frequently in the news. The 2017 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Hall, Rosbash and Young for their discoveries of the mechanisms which control these rhythms. The science is complicated and much is yet to be resolved. But one thing is clear: light is fundamental to regulating the human circadian clock.

We need daylight during the day and darkness at night, and if we disrupt this pattern there is a heavy price to pay in

q Ridley Scott’s iconic

1982 film Blade Runner and Beijing bathed in smog. If we’re not careful, unregulated and poorly considered urbanisation could deliver a depressing and toxic future

health and performance. We must better understand spectra, intensity and duration. It is likely that the colour, intensity and control of our night will become much more sophisticated and precise. This will be incredibly beneficial in terms of our health, energy consumption and our view of the night sky.

In 2016 a meme of a tower with a media façade shrouded in Beijing smog circulated, looking very much like a scene from the 1982 film Blade Runner. There is no doubt that unregulated and poorly considered

q A concept drawing for a BDP project called ‘Green Spine’ in

Paddington for Westminster City Council. This illustrates how we should be lighting our residential streets not for cars but for people

urbanisation could deliver such a depressing and toxic future.

However, intelligent circumspection could point to a different outcome. Driverless cars, carbon imperatives, light pollution, advances in wellness and ecology all encourage us to cherish light; to use it sparingly as a precious resource and in combination with darkness.

Just as cities need ‘green lungs’ so they also need ‘dark lungs’. We need to embrace shadow and contrast and see it as the friend of aesthetics and socialisation rather than the enemy of safety. Technology is becoming more connected. It is our responsibility to deploy it in the pursuit of healthy relationships, both with each other and with our environment.

Lighting design is key to this transformation, allowing us to light less for machines and more for people.

Mark Ridler MA (Cantab) CEng IALD ALD MILP FRSA is lighting director at BDP

REFERENCE

World Urbanization Prospects, The United Nations, 2017 revision, https://population. un.org/wup/

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Lighting for horticulture

CULTIVATING

GROWTH

LED lighting is bringing a step-change to the horticultural industry, with growers able to tailor and tweak different spectral intensities in ways unheard of with previous technologies. Yet, as technology develops, are the measures we use being left behind, and what measurement techniques should lighting professionals be adopting to give customers the most accurate picture?

By Toby Penter

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orticulture lighting is a rapidly expanding industry, with some experts predicting the market will grow to £4.85bn by 2023 [1]. Lighting mega-projects are underway domestically and in international markets, most notably the Lyudinovo greenhouse project in Russia – the country’s largest greenhouse complex – which will use approximately 240,000 light fittings by the time its completed.

LED lighting, in projects of any size, is increasing yields, improving crop stability and environmental resistance, providing more predictable growth timescales, saving energy and cutting cost.

Qualitative benefits have also been observed, such as higher colour pigmentation and flavour alteration. Improvements in LED technology afford even greater spectral targeting, and ever-increasing efficiency – widening the gap between LED and previous technologies.

WHAT MEASUREMENTS ARE CURRENTLY USED?

Plants use light within an area of the electromagnetic spectrum for photosynthesis, called Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR). PAR covers wavelengths of light in the visible range between 400nm and 700nm, and is used to define our meawww.theilp.org.uk

A graph showing the Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF) curve u

surements. The main measure of light output, and the de-facto industry standard, is Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF), which is simply an expression of the amount of PAR in photons produced per second. The last key measure used today is Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) – the number of PAR photons that fall on a square metre per second.

These concepts can be tied back to the knowledge base of a lighting engineer relatively easily, with: • PAR being roughly equivalent to the visible light portion of the EM spectrum

• PPF being linked to radiant power (between 400nm and 700nm) • PPFD being roughly equivalent to illuminance but without the V(λ) weighting PAR defines the light we are interested in, PPF is the amount of that light leaving the light source, and PPFD is the amount of that light on a square metre of growing surface.

PPF has strengths as a unit of measurement – it is simple to understand, easy to measure, and is very widely used. PPF also has limitations, however, as only the amount of light is measured and not the type or quality. Increasingly, it is becoming

January 2019 Lighting Journal

clear that quality of light is an important factor in growing any crop, with quantity being just part of the picture. Absorption rates, photosynthetic response, and non-photosynthetic responses may not currently be considered.

The industry focus on PPF per watt may harm growth rates, rather than helping.

Specifiers focusing on PPF/W as a selection criteria are arguably influencing the development of new fixtures by pushing manufacturers to use more red content, as a red photon can be produced using less energy than a blue photon.

It is widely accepted that a purely red light source would give very poor growth, despite having a very high PPF/W, which is evidence that the PPF/W metric is not sufficient for benchmarking product performance, and can hinder selection of a more suitable product.

PPF is used as a headline figure for the output of a unit but misrepresents the usefulness of a light source. By disregarding the real needs of plants, a unit may appear to be highly efficient, whilst delivering less real growth than a more tailored solution.

The shortfalling of PPF not accounting for the quality of light is analogous to the shortfalling of calories not being able to indicate a healthy diet. If two individuals were to consume 2,000 calories of food, each would have taken in the same amount of energy according to the calorific content.

However, if one individual received 2,000 calories from a balanced diet and the other from eating a single food (butter, for example), the nutritional value, ability to extract energy and indeed resulting health of the individual would be vastly different between the cases.

Considering both diets the same would clearly be wrong and misleading. But this is exactly what is happening when focus is put onto the PPF metric for lighting fixture selection.

insight into the usefulness of a light source under different lighting conditions uses this same weighting principle.

The human eye has two response curves, one for photopic (V(λ)) and another for scotopic (V'(λ)); and S/P ratios weight the response to these different types of light to determine the usefulness of a source for different applications.

A product that provides good lighting levels under photopic conditions may not do so in scotopic conditions, and vice versa.

In the same way, a product may have a good PPF response, but a poor YPF response – as the response curves for the two differ.

Where PPF measures photons within PAR, wavelengths between 400nm and 700nm, YPF looks at a wider range – considering the source emissions as low as 360nm (deep blue) and as high as 760nm (far red). These extra wavelengths include light that has observable effects on plant growth, with wavelengths beyond 700nm having uses in low quantities for encouraging taller plants and simulating twilight lighting conditions – used to set circadian rhythms, with desirable characteristics observed in some plants.

A plant in shade in the wild would receive more far red light, and respond to that stimulus to inform growth. Certain plants that are naturally below the canopy expect a higher than average far red to red ratio, and will react negatively to a spectrum that does not include enough far red light.

Some shade avoidance syndrome responses are desirable to growers; at higher quantities, light beyond 700nm can be used to deliberately initiate shade avoidance syndrome, which will encourage rapid flowering and more compact growth in

q

p

A graph showing the action spectrum of an isolated chloroplast

some plants – while potentially improving hardiness [2].

PPF misses the nuances of these plant responses by only considering light within PAR, and cannot alone provide the full picture. Known as photomorphogenesis, wider processes for controlling the development of a plant are affected by wavelengths as low as 300nm and as high as 800nm (shown by the McCree Curve) – more of which are captured by YPF [3].

HOLISTIC APPROACH

YPF, of course, cannot exist in isolation.

YPF is an appropriate headline figure for giving an approximation of performance, or for determining roughly the right product and output to achieve a targeted daily light integral. PPF is used as a headline figure but offers no consideration that different wavelengths could have a greater effect on growth.

Monochromatic LEDs shift this measure further, with many blue and red chips targeting a specific, narrow range of

Agapanthus grown under controlled conditions, including the same photoperiod, with different light recipes

FINDING A BETTER MEASURE

There are other measures available to growers that better encompass the photosynthetic sensitivity of a plant. Yield Photon Flux (YPF) is one such measure. This is a weighted system that measures the value of a given wavelength of light against the photosynthetic response the crop is likely to exhibit.

Where in PPF all photons are born equal, YPF considers the relative photosynthetic efficiency of different wavelengths of light, assigning less weighting to less useful light.

The concept of S/P ratios providing an www.theilp.org.uk

15

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Lighting for horticulture

wavelengths. While this may provide a high PPF, it can compromise the lighting solution – as any differential degradation between the sources will alter the resulting spectrum over time.

This risk can be reduced using broad-spectrum LEDs with phosphor, as degradation of the LED is set by the blue die emitter alone. Importantly, broad-spectrum fixtures fill in the gaps between the blue and the red parts of the spectrum, giving a better match to natural sunlight. Sunlight contains a range of wavelengths across the visible spectrum, which are likely to perform a range of functions that we do not yet fully understand.

YPF has shortcomings, as the original measure is based on readings taken for single leaf segments in controlled conditions. When used in situ, light travelling

q

through a leaf can still have benefits for surfaces further down the plant; only considering a single leaf segment ignores the light that travels through.

This is, however, better than no consideration at all. By ignoring the differences between wavelengths, PPF presents us with a frustrating feature for an empirical measure – a higher PPF does not necessarily mean a better lighting product.

Much of the burden falls on specifiers, with research and planning needed at the early stages of a project to determine the desired effect of lighting on the finished product. Attention to detail is key, with plant type and intended response being taken into account when choosing a lighting solution.

A versatile manufacturer should be willing to work with growers to determine and create the spectra designed for

their crop and their intended outcome.

When comparing products, YPF is a better starting point than PPF. But output should be one consideration within a holistic approach that encompasses a range of factors – Broad Vs Narrow Spectrum, photoperiod, qualitative benefits such as flavour or colour, and the consideration of wavelengths outside of PAR. There is a great deal not yet understood about plant responses and ideal spectral composition for different crops and desired outcomes. Closing the gap between the product brochure and optimal spectra should be a collaborative effort between supplier and customer, but the right measure brings specifiers closer to the ideal product for their requirement.

Toby Penter BA is business development assistant at INDO Lighting

A greenhouse using high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. LED lighting is helping to increase yields, improve crop stability and enhance environmental resistance

16

REFERENCES [1] Worldwide Horticulture Lighting Market [by segments (Hardware, Software, Services); by Deployment (Turnkey, Retrofit);

by Environment (Indoor, Vertical, Greenhouse, Research); by Crop Type; by Regions]: Market Sizes and Forecasts (2018-2023)

www.theilp.org.uk

[2] Ashdown, I. 2018. Far-Red Lighting and the Phytochromes. Maximum Yield, Oct 2018, pp 60-66 [3] Shinkle, J. 2016. Basic Photomorphogenesis, photobiology.info. Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio.

Available online: http://photobiology.info/

Shinkle.html [4], [5] Nelson, J A and Bugbee, B. (2014).

Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS One, 9(6), e99010. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0099010

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

CE marking

‘AS RETROFITTING BECOMES AN EVER-MORE POPULAR OPTION, ADDITIONAL CLARITY AROUND CE MARKING WOULD BE WELCOME’

By Nic Paton

I

n their article opposite, Alan Robson and Liz Hudson highlight that initial findings from the street lighting survey Carbon Reduction Technology (CRT) is carrying out with the ILP (and full findings are expected in the next few months) indicate that just one in eight streetlights and heritage lanterns in the UK are not currently suitable for retrofit.

We need to be cautious about extrapolating too much meaning from this, not least because the data will include newer streetlights that have either already been converted or do not need to be changed. But it does help to illustrate why, at least in part, retrofitting rather than all-out replacement is such an attractive option for many local authorities and, in turn, why the debate currently swirling within the industry around the CE marking of retrofitted luminaires is so important.

To what extent does installing a new gear tray into a pre-existing lantern housing change the nature of the lantern? And at what point does it effectively become a new product and therefore require recertification?

Alan’s article was in part prompted by a letter to the editor from Peter Diamond of Pudsey Diamond raising what he argued were potentially ‘misleading’ comments in advertisements by CRT and an article in our September edition.

To be clear, Peter’s letter emphasises that he is not looking to cast aspersions on the fitness for purpose of CRT’s products, merely to kickstart a debate. It has nevertheless generated intense discussion pre-publication within the ILP and prompted Dr Gareth Jones of testing firm Lux-TSI to draft a specific response, all of which we highlight on the following pages. What is abundantly clear from all this is that the guidance contained within the European Union’s ‘Blue Book’ around CE marking is ambiguous and open to interpretation.

The importance of retrofitting to the UK lighting market, and to the ongoing health or our street lighting stock, means there is a compelling argument for greater clarity in this area. Whether this needs to come from the European Union revisiting The Blue Book or, given that Brexit is looming anyway, from within the UK industry is probably moot.

The key point, for me at least, is that, as retrofitting becomes an ever-more popular option, additional clarity around CE marking would be welcomed by many. I urge you to consider the perspectives outlined here and, by all means, feel free to wade into the debate within the pages of Lighting Journal.

18

www.theilp.org.uk

January 2019 Lighting Journal

THE RETROFIT CONUNDRUM Retrofitting an old luminaire can be a great alternative to full replacement, for fairly obvious environmental, financial and aesthetic reasons. But the extent to which installing a new gear tray into a pre-existing lantern housing changes the nature of the lantern, and whether it then effectively becomes a new product and needs its own new CE mark, remains a topic of debate within the industry

By Alan Robson and Liz Hudson

T

he subject of CE marking and retrofit gear trays is a hot topic; specifically, the certification status of a gear tray once it has been installed into a pre-existing housing and whether it needs to be further certified once in-situ.

A CE mark showcases the compliance of a product with EU legislation and demonstrates that a manufacturer has ensured that the product meets EU safety, health and environmental requirements and directives.

The key question therefore boils down to whether installing a new gear tray into a pre-existing lantern housing changes the nature of the lantern to the extent to which it effectively becomes a new product.

q There are a range of EU and non-EU directives applicable to retrofitting streetlights and heritage lanterns

THE ATTRACTION OF RETROFITTING

Retrofitting an old luminaire can be a great alternative to full replacement, revitalising established housings with newer, more efficient technology. Early results from our National Lighting Survey in conjunction with the ILP suggest that only one in eight streetlights and heritage lanterns in the UK are not currently suitable for retrofit. Some benefits of retrofitting are: • Environmental. With less in manufacturing mass and transportation weight, installing a new gear tray instead of completely replacing an asset can considerably cut down on the carbon footprint of an upgrade project. Retrofit also generates far less waste to be disposed of following installation.

• Financial. Purchasing a new gear tray

instead of a new luminaire can significantly cut down on the cost of a project and the total cost of ownership. Less bulk, weight and waste also significantly cut down on transport and disposal expenses. Furthermore, the additional savings can reduce the cost of a large project enough to make Salix funding a viable option.

• Aesthetic. Heritage aesthetics are often a key factor to local authorities. Particularly following the introduction of lower colour temperature LEDs, retrofitting can mitigate a lot of the hassle from the local authority approval processes in aesthetically sensitive locations, offering

minimal visual changes to the original lantern design.

WHY THREE CE MARKS FOR TWO PRODUCTS?

Your original lantern will have come with a CE mark as standard and your new gear tray will also carry a CE mark. So why do you need a third CE mark, which covers the combined installation? Aren’t both parts CE marked, therefore making the whole CE marked?

If we go to the Official Journal of the European Union C272 (more widely known within the industry of course as simply ‘The Blue Book’), which is the handbook for product certification rules, we will find the following statement: ‘A product which has been subject to important changes or overhauls aiming to modify its original performance, purpose or type may be considered as a new product.’

In retrofitting a lantern, we are affecting both the performance and the ‘type’ by changing the light source. Essentially, this means that at the point of retrofitting the lantern, it legally becomes a brand-new product and therefore requires its own certification.

Retrofitting is not a repair or a like-forlike exchange; you are combining old technology with new to create something substantially different. At the point of installation, the entity facilitating the changes to the product becomes the legally recognised manufacturer.

We also need to look at the risk assesswww.theilp.org.uk

19

January 2019 Lighting Journal

CE marking

A UK street at night, in this case Sidmouth in Devon. If you’re retrofitting a lantern, you are affecting both the performance and the ‘type’ by changing the light source q

20

ment which EU guidance applies to modified products, in other words: has the nature of the hazard [product] changed?

By changing the light source, we’re affecting the lantern’s compliance with key directives including Electromagnetic Compatibility (directive 2014/30/EU), Restriction of Hazardous Substances (directive 2002/95/EC0, and Ecodesign (directive 2009/125/EC).

It is the ultimate responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure that a product is

both safe and fit for purpose. Upon installation, the nature of both the lantern and the gear tray changes significantly enough that recertification is required to protect both the end user and the manufacturer.

THE KEY DIRECTIVES

There is a plethora of rules, laws, directives and legislature applied to the manufacture and sale of goods within the EU. Fortunately, when combining old with new technology it is only necessary to complete addition-

t

www.theilp.org.uk

Figure 1. The CE marking process

al testing and produce additional documentation in relation to the aspects which will be impacted by the modification.

As figure 1 shows, there is a simple process of actions which should be applied when qualifying a product, whether a stand-alone product, or a new product which will be combined with an older technology. Because a retrofitted lantern becomes a new product at the point of installation, there are a range of standards which a gear tray must meet within its new operating environment.

Whilst there are a number of EU and nonEU directives applicable to retrofitting streetlights and heritage lanterns, in the context of CE marking there are four that are the most influential, and which demand conformity. Some of these have already been touched on earlier, but they are: • LVD – Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU). The LVD governs health and safety risk for electrical equipment operating within certain voltages; ensuring that the equipment is safe and acceptable for use in any EU member country.

• EMC – Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Directive (2014/30/EU). The EMC ensures that electrical equipment doesn’t generate or couldn’t reach levels of electromagnetic disturbance which might interfere with radio, telecommunications and other electrical equipment.

• EDD – Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC). EDD covers how a product uses energy and is in place to reduce environmental impact of an energy

Retrofit

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

CE marking

consuming product as much as possible.

Products must meet a number of measures relating directly to energy use.

• RoHS – Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (2002/95/ EC0). RoHS regulates and controls the levels of hazardous substances contained within energy consuming products and the impact on effective recovery, reuse and recycling. When a housing and a new gear tray come together, they become a new product for which the entity facilitating the retrofit becomes responsible. Therefore, it is important for the manufacturer and supplier of the gear tray to take the materials contained within the original housing into consideration when retrofitting.

THE KEY RESPONSIBILITIES

22

1) The supplier. Most of the legwork involved in recertification occurs before a product reaches the point of sale. Products must meet certain regulated standards during testing and have both a declaration of conformity and a supporting technical file to prove compliance and qualify for a CE mark.

A gear tray bound for retrofitting into an independent housing must meet testing standards and directives as both a stand-alone product and once in-situ within the specific type of housing for which it is destined.

In addition to complying with testing and maintaining a technical file documenting the results of testing and compliance, a gear tray supplier must ensure that the housing which will receive the new gear tray is also compliant. Crucially, a gear tray/pre-existing housing combination should be risk-assessed, to ensure the safety of the end-user.

2) The buyer. Aside from ensuring that their supplier is compliant, if a local authority is planning to carry out installation inhouse, the engineers are likely to be required to carry out a brief assessment of each housing as they install and sign off their findings.

A gear tray supplier may also provide training for local government engineers preparing to carry out a retrofit installation.

KEY FACTORS AFFECTING RECERTIFICATION

As you might expect, the factors that affect the eligibility of a lantern for recertification once retrofitted closely align with the factors that determine if a lantern is a suitable candidate for retrofitting.

It is also worth noting that the failure of one component (for example the seals or the bowl) does not automatically exclude a www.theilp.org.uk

lantern from eligibility. It may simply mean that that component needs to be replaced or repaired, once again in line with good retrofitting practice, before the combined fitting becomes eligible for certification.

A short assessment checklist should be carried out during installation to confirm condition. Some examples of the criteria for recertification include: • There is no structural damage to the unit • The reflector bowl has no cracks or chips visible • Any seals that support IP rating are still durable and show no sign of embrittlement • The incoming cables show no sign of embrittlement and insulation is intact • Following installation, the unit should pass an electrical test

KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK

It’s important to remember that even the manufacturer of the original lantern still needs to go through the risk assessment and testing process in order to reissue a CE mark when retrofitting a new gear tray.

These are some key questions you can ask any supplier to establish whether they are qualified to recertify your lanterns following retrofit: • Are you qualified to reissue a CE mark to a retrofitted lantern?

• Have you carried out a full risk assessment against retrofitting your gear tray into a pre-existing housing, including all key directives?

• Has your gear tray been independently or internally tested by a qualified body,

as a combined unit (with housing) against the key directives?

• Can I see a copy of your technical file for recertifying a retrofitted lantern?

THE BIG QUESTION – IS RETROFITTING STILL VIABLE?

Absolutely. If your lantern housing is in reusable condition, then retrofitting is still just as viable as it was before you read this article.

Most of the onus for recertification remains with the primary manufacturer and gear tray supplier. If you’re carrying out the installation in-house, you’re likely to find that your engineers will need to confirm their assessment of the condition of the housing on paper at the point of installation but otherwise very little has changed for you. From a fiscal perspective, the suppliers already complying with CE marking are not charging a premium for the service, so a price rise in the marketplace is not expected.

The changes made to a lantern housing, particularly a non-LED unit, when retrofitting a new LED gear tray are significant, fundamentally altering both the performance and electrical structure of the luminaire.

Irrelevant of recertification itself, the steps required to reach recertification provide a vital insulating layer of legislative conformity and end-user safe-guarding which cannot be confidently assured by certification of the gear tray alone.

Alan Robson is director at Carbon Reduction Technology and Liz Hudson is head of marketing at EW Business Development & Marketing

q The iconic Hertford College bridge, or ‘Bridge of Sighs’, at Oxford University, with a heritage streetlight

in front. Early results from the ILP and Carbon Reduction Technology’s National Lighting Survey suggests many streetlights and heritage lanterns in the UK may be suitable for retrofitting

January 2019 Lighting Journal

‘WHILST IT MAY BE SEEN AS NOBLE TO RECERTIFY A RETROFITTED LANTERN TO CE STANDARDS, THE MOMENT THE PRODUCT IS DELIVERED TO THE INSTALLER OR THE COUNCIL THEN THE CE MARK CEASES’ Sir, I wish to comment on two advertisements in the September issue of Lighting Journal, together with the accompanying article, which I believe may be misleading with respect to CE marking of existing products having been upgraded to LED. My company has product offerings in the same market as in the article Imperial Delights (Lighting Journal, September 2018, vol 83, no 8) and consequently we have done a significant amount of research into the legislation.

We certainly do not wish to enter into any discussions as to whether the products are fit for purpose; I am sure that they are! Our concern is the references back to CE marking and the re-certification of the mark.

The reference document for this correspondence is The Official Journal of the European Union C272 dated July 2016, commonly known as ‘The Blue Book’. It is free to download.

We see this is as the underpinning document for the implementation of EU product rules and, though the book is complex and detailed, there is a logic that runs through it which, if followed, can be understood and is largely commonsense.

On page 15, section 2 it asks: ‘When does Union Harmonisation Legislation on Products apply?’.

It then states: ‘Once it reaches the end user it is no longer considered a new product and the Union harmonisation legislation no longer applies.’

The end user will usually be the local council, and not even the contractor who purchases the product on behalf of the council. There is a caveat within the rules that allows the product to retain its mark whilst in the distribution chain providing it

is unmodified. The sense behind this is that the product, when in the distributor network (and providing it is unmodified), is only stored or dispersed to customers. If the CE mark were to continue beyond the date of transaction with the council, then only contractors who were approved by the manufacturer would be able to service the product, which would lead to restrictive covenants as well as costs.

Later in the same section there is the following reference: ‘Products which have been repaired or exchanged (for example following a defect), without changing the original performance, purpose or type, are not to be considered as new products according to Union harmonisation legislation. Thus, such products do not need to undergo conformity assessment again, whether or not the original product was placed on the market before or after the legislation entered into force. This applies even if the product has been temporarily exported to a third county for the repair operations. Such repair operations are often carried out by replacing a defective or worn item by a spare part, which is either identical, or at least similar, to the original part (for example modifications may have taken place due to technical progress, or discontinued production of the old part), by exchanging cards, components, sub-assemblies or even entire identical units. If the original performance of a product is modified (within the intended use, range of performance and maintenance originally conceived at the design stage) because the spare-parts used for its repair perform better due to technical progress, this product is not to be considered as new according to Union harmonisation legislation. Thus, maintenance operations

are basically excluded from the scope of the Union harmonisation legislation.

However, at the design stage of the product the intended use and maintenance must be taken into account.’

Whilst it may be seen as noble to recertify a retrofitted lantern to CE standards, the moment the product is delivered to the installer or the council then the CE mark ceases, according to the information above. It is of course correct for the component assembly to be CE marked to all the relevant standards. But to take a third party’s product of an age before or after this legislation and recertify, without all of the original manufacturing data and processing information and standards, is not going to possible within the scope of this system.

This recertifying is therefore invalid (as I read the standards) in spite of the product almost certainly being fit for purpose and satisfying a customer’s need.

There is a way round this, if a customer is insistent on a fully compliant CE retrofit solution. This is to manufacture a luminaire module that uses the old carcase of the lantern as a carrier. In this approach the luminaire is CE marked when it is supplied to the end user with appropriate documentation and test data referred to in the ‘Declaration of Performance’.

The consequences of misrepresentation of CE marking are extremely serious. But, like most things these days, the ambiguity of the system can mean that inadvertent crossing of the line can happen because the wording of the harmonisation legislation is open to interpretation.

Peter Diamond, managing director, Pudsey Diamond Engineering www.theilp.org.uk

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Official Journal

Letters to the editor – the CE marking debate

C 272

of the European Union ★ ★★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★★ ★

Information and

English edition

Notices

Volume 59 26 July 2016

Contents

‘ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS DEFINE THE RESULTS TO BE ATTAINED, OR THE HAZARDS TO BE DEALT WITH, BUT DO NOT SPECIFY THE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR DOING SO’

24

Page 15 of ‘The Blue Book’ states the following: • Union harmonisation legislation applies to finished products • A product that has been subject to important changes or overhauls aiming to modify its original performance, purpose or type may be considered as a new product • The person who carries out the changes becomes then the manufacturer with the corresponding obligations Therefore, the change of source type to LED and the inclusion of a driver with electronic properties substantially changes the type of product as far as meeting the essential requirement of the European harmonised regulations.

Further, the change of source brings into play the EU’s Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) (directive 2014/30/EU), the Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (2002/95/EC0), all of which need to be considered in addition to the Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU).

Since we do consider this to be a new finished product from a risk perspective, there are substantive changes and considerations to review which were not part of the original product. www.theilp.org.uk

The best way to do this is through ensuring that the light source (gear tray) when placed inside the product renews the product to become a substantially different end product (due to the technical matters above).

In addition, the change of the product from the original to LED is not a repair and neither is it a like-for-like replacement for the same technical argument provided above. It is substantially different from the original.

The manner in which one can argue about substantial differences should not be through legal words, but through actual technical knowledge underpinning a risk-based approach to product compliance.

The argument that the moment the product reaches the end user the European Union harmonisation regulation ceases to apply is true, provided that the act of changing the product does not make it a new product (as we argue above). The changes do make it a new product in terms of risk mitigation and therefore the manner in which the compliance should be re-assessed.

The Blue Book page 39 provides guidance on the considerations of the essential requirements, namely: ‘Essential requirements are designed to provide and ensure a high level of protection. They either arise from certain hazards associated with the product (for example physical and mechanical resistance, flammability, chemical, electrical or biological properties, hygiene, radioactivity, accuracy), or refer to the product or its performance (for example provisions regarding materials, design, construction, manufacturing process, instructions drawn up by the manufacturer), or lay down the principal protection objective (for example by means of an illustrative list).

‘Often, they are a combination of these.

As a result, several Union harmonisation acts may be applicable to a given product at the same time, since the essential requirements of different Union harmonisation acts need to be applied simultaneously to cover all relevant public interests. Essential requirements must be applied as a function of the hazard inherent to a given product.’

Information INFORMATION

FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITU

TIONS, BODIES , OFFICES AND AGENC

2016/C 272/01

EN

Sir, In answer to the letter by Peter Diamond of Pudsey Diamond on the previous page, we are approaching this matter from the view of ensuring that the end user is fully protected from any product or the change to any product provided by a professional body, for example not a member of the public.

We also consider the legal wording of European Union harmonisation regulation requirements. But this should never get in the way of ensuring that safe and fit-for-purpose products are put into the market. The manufacturer has the ultimate responsibility to ensure this when placing their product on the market whether it be a component or final product. The end user must be protected.

II

IES

European Comm ission Commission Notice — The ‘Blue Guide’

on the implementation

of EU products rules 2016 (1) .......... .

(1) Text with EEA relevance

Therefore, manufacturers must carry out a risk analysis to first identify all possible risks that the product may pose and determine the essential requirements applicable to the product. This analysis must be documented and included in the technical documentation (151).

In addition, the manufacturer needs to document the assessment of how he is addressing the risks identified to ensure that the product complies with the applicable essential requirements (for example, by applying harmonised standards). If only part of the harmonised standard is applied, or it does not cover all applicable essential requirements, then the way applicable essential requirements not covered by it are dealt with, should be documented (152).

Essential requirements define the results to be attained, or the hazards to be dealt with, but do not specify the technical solutions for doing so. The precise technical solution may be provided by a standard or by other technical specifications or be developed in accordance with general engineering or scientific knowledge laid down in engineering and scientific literature at the discretion of the manufacturer.

This flexibility allows manufacturers to choose the way to meet the requirements. It allows also that, for instance, the materials and product design may be adapted to technological progress.

Accordingly, European Union harmonisation legislation based on essential requirements does not necessitate regular adaptation to technical progress, since assessment of whether requirements have been met or not are based on the state of technical know-how at the moment the product is placed on the market.

Manufacturers should always ensure that the end product meets the essential requirements and consider all risks. This is the manufacturer’s responsibility.

Dr Gareth Jones, chairman and chief executive of testing and certification firm Lux-TSI

1

EN

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Asset management

RISK AND REWARD 26

The ILP’s ‘Lightscene’ CPD event in October had as its theme ‘The A-Z of Asset Management’. In the first of three articles over the next three editions building on its presentations, Andrew Warrington took delegates through the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice and explained just what is meant by taking a ‘risk-based’ approach to asset management

By Andrew Warrington

www.theilp.org.uk

q Allan Howard in the October edition of Lighting Journal gave a valuable initial overview of what the new code is and what local authority lighting professionals need to be doing to become compliant

January 2019 Lighting Journal

The code is an opportunity to take control of your lighting stock asset management; to intervene at the most appropriate time using a risk-based approach.

It may also help you to make more compelling business case arguments u

B

efore I joined Arcadis in October, I was at Atkins for four years and I was involved in writing some of new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice. So I’m here speaking because it was partly my fault!

Allan Howard in the October edition of Lighting Journal (Code Read?, October 2018, vol 83, no 9) gave a valuable overview of what the new code is, what local authority lighting professionals need to have done to prepare for its arrival and, just as importantly now, the reality of it being in force.

Allan will next month (February) be following-up his original article by explaining the work he and I have been doing to help one local authority – Westminster City Council – ensure it is compliant. Then Paul Middleton of Central Bedfordshire Council will in March outline how his council has responded to, and prepared for, the arrival of the code.

But to introduce this series, and to complement and reinforce Allan’s original article, I am going to recap on the background to the new code and discuss how lighting professionals employed by, or working with, local authorities should be prioritising their work as a result. But I am also going to highlight how the new code should not be seen as a chore or (worse) a threat, but as an opportunity.

CONSOLIDATION INTO THE NEW CODE

As an industry, we’re fortunate in that we do not tend to get claims arising from street lighting apparatus that often. But if you do, then you really are going to be challenged through the courts through that third-party liability process, with your insurance managers and your legal teams.

You are going to be challenged as to how you address the guidance within the new code of practice; this is a risk you need to be very aware of.

As most lighting professionals should (hopefully) be aware by now, Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice was originally published by the UK Roads Liaison Group (UKRLG) back in 2016. But its two-year transition period meant it only came into force at the end of October. It has 36 recommendations covering strategy and planning, lifecycle delivery, organisation and people, asset management decision making, asset information, and risk and review, a

big reduction from the previous 222.

There was quite an important principle we were looking to achieve through this process of consolidation. And that was to really create a common language, a common approach.

The code of practice, even way back in the original version in 2004, was written from a point of view of embedding/encouraging good asset management. And this was part of the conversation UKRLG wanted as part of its discussion around the need for the new code: is our sector, the highways sector, ready for the next step in what it called the ‘maturity spectrum’ of asset management?

It is about lighting moving through a three-stage progression. First, there is a reactive-based service, one which you might describe as ‘OK we’ll wait until the asset fails and then we’ll go and fix everything that fails’. In street lighting terms, we’ve never (very understandably) done much in the way of this sort of approach.

The second progression is to more of a time-based approach. This is ‘we’ll understand when most of our assets are going to reach the end of their normal service life and then we’ll go and fix everything in that timescale or as much of it as we can afford to do’. And this is

still a quite a valid approach to managing street lighting assets.

The third progression is to a condition-based approach to asset management. This is moving from replacing/fixing everything on a fixed, time-based cycle to an approach based on ‘let’s understand how the different assets are deteriorating?’. It is about understanding the same asset in different environmental conditions, traffic conditions and in terms of how it performs differently wherever it might be sited.

It is about thinking how your highway assets perform in a town centre compared to how they perform in, say, rural locations. They’re going to have a different deterioration, different performance characteristics over that time. If you do some modelling on this basis, some life-cycle planning, this gives a better indication of when the optimum time to intervene for those assets would be.

Quite a lot of our highway asset management is, I think, within this time-based, condition-based spectrum – with good logic around it.

UNDERSTANDING A RISK-BASED APPROACH

The challenge UKRLG wanted to address through launching the new code of practice was to say ‘OK, but do we need to fix everything?’. This is what we’re calling www.theilp.org.uk

27

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Asset management

28

taking a risk-based approach, or essentially ‘do we need to fix everything as soon as it fails, or can we understand the context in which those assets are sited, understand the context of how those assets are being used or performing, and can we make some decisions around giving ourselves a little bit more time to deliver replacements and upgrading?’.

The old codes relied on the notion of ‘here’s a common standard’, which became a perception that this was the national standard. And that perception pervaded into courts of law in defending liability claims, and has been really hard to move away from.

The new code therefore doesn’t contain any case studies, any examples or anything that smells or looks like it might become ‘a standard’ for that very reason. It wants to leave it open to every authority that is maintaining street lights and the other highway assets to set your own levels of service; to set your own standards appropriate to your local needs and priorities.

Those are the key words that thread all the way through the new code: adopt your own local needs and priorities and standards.

If we compare, perhaps, the highway network being maintained in, say, somewhere in Rotherham (where Lightscene was held) with the highway network being maintained by one of the London boroughs, there could be lots of similarities but lots of differences too, especially in terms of expectation and usage. Or compared to Cornwall, or Cumbria? Or one of our fantastic rural networks?

Why did we pretend the same set of standards was going to be appropriate between those?

But, of course, one of the challenges of saying ‘adopt your own local needs and priorities, your own levels of service’ is where are you going to evidence how you have established this? Where are you going to evidence the criteria that you took into consideration in establishing those levels of service? Or even, if you’re achieving your levels of service or target response times for urgent defects, if you’re hitting 80% or 90% or something reasonable, do you even need to change at all?

Therefore one thing the code talks about is collaborating with your neighbouring authorities, understanding where the differences are, understanding where you may get asked why you are delivering a service different to your neighbouring authority. You may have a very good reason, but it is good to know what that might be and to have rehearsed that a bit.

When thinking about your evidencing processes, write down what you do. Also, think about the skills and competencies of those making the decisions; those who made the decision to change the process – and that is probably not the guys looking at the defects on the ground and making those on-the-ground decisions.

More widely, recognise this new code is an opportunity to get back to some proper asset management, to intervene at the most appropriate time. It should strengthen your approach to asset management

Your town centre highway assets will perform differently to those in rural locations in terms of how they deteriorate and their performance characteristics over time q

www.theilp.org.uk

Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice from the UK Roads Liaison Group. Originally published in 2016, it came into force in October last year p

and whole-life costs. Therefore, it should improve efficiencies.

CREATING AN EVIDENCE BASE, AND BUSINESS CASE

In fact, if you start creating your evidence base and writing down processes in a document or operational plan, I suggest you are probably going to increase efficiency anyway, just by going through that process. Even if you change nothing and just capture what you’re doing today inevitably you will introduce some efficiencies.

Furthermore, once you start gathering evidence of how you’re delivering your service and how your performance data is improving, that should be useful to support the writing of a business case to apply for additional funding or defend existing budgets. We need to be able to express ourselves in common business case language; the new code I suggest ought to help you towards that.

One note of caution, however. When we were writing the code, we weren’t writing it as a checklist. So, do be cautious about, for example, saying ‘have I implemented recommendation number seven, a risk-based approach?’. This risk is you could find yourselves looking at a lot of your service areas across your highway services in order to answer that one question around that one recommendation. So it is quite hard to do that sort of gap analysis under the code.

An alternative, however, might be look more at the service areas. So, for example:

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Asset management

q The code emphasises that it is important to adopt your own local needs, priorities and standards in terms of maintaining your highway network. But evidencing this will be key

30

‘how do we manage street lighting defect repairs?’, or ‘how do we manage the various inspections that we carry out?’. You could collect those together and then apply or look at the relevant recommendations in the code that guide you toward a review of that.

It does make it harder to answer the question ‘have you finished implementing the code of practice across all your service areas?’ simply because you’re not doing a checklist. But I’m not sure anyone is going to come and knock on the door of your local authority and say, ‘have you implemented that code of practice fully?’. What would be the purpose/outcome of that sort of question?

A NEW APPROACH TO NETWORK HIERARCHY

Finally, there is the question of network hierarchy, which can be a common starting point for highway engineers with a riskbased approach. The old code took a descriptive approach to network hierarchy: so principal roads, main distributor roads, second distributor roads, and so on. But the problem was you could end up with quite a lot of anomalies. For example, that busy link road, linking to the motorway perhaps, could be an unclassified road. It could be a C road, but it could be carrying more traffic than your busiest A road. However, a common approach under the new code is to evidence your hierarchy with usage data, for example traffic or pedestrian flows and so

www.theilp.org.uk

on. This approach to defining the hierarchy then provides a good basis for assessing the likelihood of a risk being realised – the higher in the hierarchy the busier the road the greater the risk. One street lighting engineer has suggested to me that this does apply to street lighting also but possibly in reverse order. So, for street lighting, if you have a very busy shopping street and a lantern failure, that could be less critical because you have got lots of ambient light from the other premises than, say, a failure in a cul-de-sac with one lighting column on its own at the end. If that lantern fails, perhaps that ought to be much more critically attended to?

The other aspect we commonly look at in terms of managing risk within street lighting is the nature of the defect. And quite often we think about the impact that defect would have, or the impact if that probability is realised. In other words, if somebody actually goes and sticks their finger in the open door at the bottom of the street lighting column.

Often with network hierarchy you can end up with a one-dimensional risk assessment approach. In other words, you just think about that specific impact of the defect and try and fix all those defects with the highest potential impact very quickly – within 24 or 48 hours perhaps. What the code of practice does is say, hang on a minute, why don’t we think about the context of that defect in our network; what is the probability of that risk being realised?

For example, if the streetlight is in the

middle of a dual carriageway, on a central reservation with vehicle safety barriers each side then, if you’re going to run out across it to stick your finger in the open door to realise that risk, you are probably taking quite a lot more risk in actually getting there than you are in putting your finger in the open door. So, can we use a bit of thinking around what is the likelihood of that risk occurring, create that second dimension around this?

What the code therefore is saying is that, to adopt a risk-based approach, why don’t we use our network hierarchy, particularly if we have updated it on a usage basis, to really define the probability of that risk being realised?

Andrew Warrington is technical director at Arcadis

Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice is available to download from the UK Roads Liaison Group, at www.ukroadsliaisongroup.org/en/ codes/ The ILP’s updated TR22: Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports, which is designed to complement the new code of practice, is available to be downloaded from www.theilp.org.uk

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Light and art

HEAD SPACE p The ‘Head Above Water’ sculpture created by British designer Steuart Padwick, with lighting by Hoare Lea

‘Head Above Water’, an interactive sculpture designed to highlight the stigma and ‘taboo’ of mental ill health via colour-changing LED lighting, was one of the centrepieces of September’s London Design Festival and designjunction

By Nic Paton

32

L

ight and lighting was very much in evidence at September’s London Design Festival and designjunction, not least in the shape of darc room and that month’s ILP ‘How to be brilliant…’ talk with Rebecca Hutchison, as reported on in November’s Lighting Journal.

But another lighting-led eye-catcher was ‘Head Above Water’, a sculpture created by British designer Steuart Padwick and displayed at Queen’s Stone Jetty on London’s South Bank between 15-23 September.

The striking piece of public art was created to support ‘Time to Change’, the mental health anti-stigma campaign.

Taking the form of a giant wooden head elevated above the Thames, the 9m-high interactive sculpture was designed to stand as a symbol of bravery, compassion, positivity and change for those who have come through or are confronting mental health issues.

Steuart said of his design at the time: ‘Head Above Water is a symbol of hope. It needed to be big, powerful and prominent… a beacon of humanity caring for others. This is not my head or about my battles. This is for those who have or have had mental health issues … I want anybody and everybody to relate to it … to open a door perhaps …’

INTERACTIVE LIGHTING

But what has any of this to do with light www.theilp.org.uk

and lighting? It was not just a sculpture but an illuminated one, using changing colours to engage with its audience and reflect how they were feeling through a designated Twitter feed, in real time.

In essence, people could send their emotions and moods to the sculpture via Twitter, in turn triggering representative lighting scenes, in turn again allowing observers a two-way interaction with the piece.

Dr Sally Marlow, engagement and impact fellow at The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London, advised on the changing colours, which were based on the research, study and practice of psychiatry, psychology and related disciplines by the institute’s team.

The practicalities of creating and installing the lighting design were led by the lighting design team at Hoare Lea, in particular senior associate Juan Ferrari.

Overall, creating the sculpture took just over 15 weeks from concept to completion.

It required 10 tons of laminated timber to produce, had 3,000 screws and used 48m of LED lighting.

LIGHT LINKED TO EMOTIONS

Juan said of the sculpture: ‘A powerful presence on the London skyline, “Head Above Water” engaged the city in the conversation about mental health through the use of coloured light linked to emotions. The installation provided

an artistic platform and a valuable space for people to discuss and participate with such a vital subject.’

The technology and scripting behind the sculpture was also developed by Hoare Lea to anonymously log the interactions.

These will be collated to show the emotional state of the audience over the course of the installation. In turn, this information will be discussed and interpreted by psychologists and mental health professionals to assist their research.

Finally, as we highlight overleaf, Juan will be one of the keynote speakers at next month’s Light School at the Surface Design Show, supported by the ILP. He will be talking at ‘Light Talks’, the three-day programme of CPD presentations that are the centrepiece of Light School.

To find out more about what to expect at Light School, turn over to page 34.

• A number of videos have been created

by Hoare Lea to accompany the Head Above Water installation, in association with Time to Change and the mental health charity Mind, and to highlight the importance issues it has raised around mental health. For those interested these can be found at https://vimeo.com/294739199 (showing the installation itself ) and https://vimeo. com/290775070

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Street lighting

OXFORD HUES Many residential areas of Oxfordshire, including Banbury, Bicester, Witney and Oxford, have in the past year been switched over from the conventional yellow glow of SOX to LED units specifically designed to replace older, low-wattage lanterns

By Nic Paton

36 u This image and below: the old SOX lanterns.

Right and bottom: how the new LED S Lines compare in the same locations

www.theilp.org.uk

O

xfordshire County Council manages more than 57,000 streetlights across its county. Like many local authorities around the country, it has been gradually overhauling and upgrading its street lighting stock to LED. So far, so nothing untoward. But in 2017 this process threw up an interesting additional challenge – what to do about the many 35W SOX lanterns in its inventory that had come to the end of their useful life?

Typically, these lanterns were being used for P4 and P5 applications (such as residential roads) where the designed average illumination was between 3-5 lux.

While SOX lamps are often thought of as among the most efficient light source available (at least in terms of simple lm/W), their large physical size means that the delivered optical efficiency in terms of illumination on the road and pavement will often be less than a modern LED lantern.

The council’s solution in this case was to turn to the S Line range from Holophane, which is specifically designed to replace older, low-wattage lanterns and which have a range of delivered light output of between 1,000 lumens to 4,000 lumens (13W-34W).

WARMER LIGHT

To that end, the 35W SOX lanterns (which had a total circuit consumption of 65W) were replaced by 24W S Line units to provide P4 illumination levels in residential areas across Oxfordshire, including Banbury, Bicester, Witney and Oxford itself. The project ran from 2017 through to May 2018.

The streets now look brighter, with the dull yellow, monochromatic light from SOX replaced by warm 3000K LEDs. The transition to LED has achieved a 63% reduction in energy costs alone, according to Holophane. To reduce energy costs still further, the lanterns are programmed to dim by 50% from the 8pm to 6am.

A further saving (unsurprisingly) is expected to come from reduced maintenance costs. A typical SOX lamp has a life of 16,000 hours, four years or less. The S Line LED lantern will last 100,000 hours (L90 B10 at 25degC), according to Holophane.

The new lantern is IP66, meaning less dirt will be accumulated inside, thus maintaining the efficiency of the optical system for a longer period of time. It is also fitted with a pressure equalisation filter valve which minimises the ‘breathing’ flow of air during the daily on/off cycle.

Finally, the new lanterns have come fitted with 7-pin NEMA sockets, meaning that the lanterns can in time be connected to a smart city control system.

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January 2019 Lighting Journal

Managing commercial disputes

DEALING WITH BUMPS IN THE ROAD All business, including those in the lighting sector, will at some point experience issues with suppliers, bad debts or stand-offs with other important stakeholders. If you’re not careful, such ‘bumps in the road’ can turn into expensive, full-blown commercial disputes. But ILP members get priority access to a dispute resolution service that can help prevent things spiralling out of control

38

N

By Chris Clay

o one ever seeks a commercial dispute, but they are unwanted fact of commercial life, and which collectively cost UK companies billions of pounds each year.

So, what should you do if your find your business is heading towards a showdown, perhaps with a client or a supplier? Here are some tips that can help. But ILP members can also now benefit from priority access to a dispute resolution service called Escalate.

SHOULD YOU PURSUE A DISPUTE?

Commercial disputes are significant issue for UK businesses. Research from the Legal Services Board suggests UK businesses are losing £40bn each year because of legal disputes – and that does not include the £10.5bn of working capital locked in retention payments for contractors in the construction industry and related sectors.

The problem is exacerbated by the fact only one in ten businesses think there is an effective way of resolving disputes.

This is because pursuing a commercial dispute has tended to be a costly, lengthy and risky undertaking for most British businesses.

It’s not hard to see why. Your lawyers will typically bill you based on the amount of time they spend working for you. Given that the average litigation case is around www.theilp.org.uk

18 months, it is not uncommon for these bills to spiral to the level of the damages that you’re claiming.

Even if you can find a lawyer to act for you on a fixed, capped or ‘no win no fee’ basis, you’ll still have to pay up front for disbursements such as court fees, barristers and expert witness fees within a climate where court fees have increased exponentially and recovery of costs for the winning party has reduced drastically.

Add to that the risk that you could be liable for at least some of the defendant’s costs as well as your own if you lose the case.

On top of that, the typical small to medium-sized enterprise does not have the managerial capacity to stay on top of the paperwork and processes associated with a dispute as well as remaining focused on the day-to-day running of the business.

It is hardly surprising, then, that many companies decide against pursuing a claim and reluctantly write-off what they’re owed. Indeed, evidence shows that the number of county court judgments against businesses is on a downward trend, leading to suggestions that companies are failing to get adequate ‘access to justice’.

No wonder that the Federation of Small Businesses recently stated that ‘it is imperative that disputes are prevented where possible and, if not, they must be resolved swiftly, fairly and at the lowest possible cost to those involved.’

As Escalate, we agree. There is little doubt that the current system is stacked against smaller and medium-sized firms, and we think it is time for change.

The good news is that alternative forms of managing commercial disputes are beginning to emerge. The Escalate process, for example, (and see the panel opposite for more detail) removes the barriers that

January 2019 Lighting Journal

currently prevent claimants from pursuing their cases by targeting a negotiated settlement, with fixed fees payable only on a successful outcome and no upfront costs to worry about.

HOW CAN YOU AVOID THE PITFALLS?

So, what can businesses do to minimise the risk of getting involved in a dispute? And how should they manage any disagreements that do arise? I’d argue there are five key things you can do.

1. Agree expectations from the start. Many disputes arise from the fact the parties did not take time to discuss their expectations at the start of the process. Therefore, invest time upfront in clearly defining your objectives, responsibilities, standards and so on to prevent a lack of understanding from flaring up later on.

2. Document as much as possible. Having a paper trail of important decisions can act as a reminder of the agreements made, providing evidence to bring both sides back on track. The longer and more complex the project, the more important it is to have detailed records. Comprehensive paperwork is also likely to help your case, and should help in any court case.

3. Address issues early. The old adage that ‘a stitch in time saves nine’ applies here. A potentially tricky conversation early on can prevent a problem from growing in a complex legal case that will cost everyone time and money.

4. Be firm but fair. Your business is important to you, so nobody expects you to give in at the first sign of a disagreement. But don’t let your emotions cloud your judgements. Don’t make things personal. Step back and use an impartial observer.

5. Get an expert involved. If you feel that the other party is unlikely to change its mind, it may be time for expert advice.

Chris Clay is managing director of Escalate

CASE STUDY - ‘SIX WEEKS AFTER THE MEDIATION THE CASE WAS SETTLED’ A contracting business entered into a contract with a client and agreed that its fees would be paid in stages over a two-year period.

The final six-figure instalment was, unexpectedly, not received. Approaches were made to the client for an explanation and none was given other than a generic ‘breach of contract’.

The contractor engaged legal support to explore the ‘breach of contract’ and non-payment. Around £20,000 was spent in legal costs trying to understand the problem and recover the money, but no progress was made.

Having failed to make any meaningful headway, the contractor had decided to write off the final payment, and sought advice from its accountant in relation to the tax treatment.

The accountant informed the contractor of us at Escalate and the case was engaged.

The case followed the mediation process for the full three-month period before moving to the litigation stage. Aware that there was no legal merit to justify the non-payment, the defendant tried to delay the process by threatening to counter-claim, requesting to

switch the case from a regional court to London, and asking for an extension to the courts for submitting its defence. All these tactics were employed to frustrate the contractor and increase ongoing costs so that it would drop its claim.

As the contractor bore no financial risk through the Escalate process, these attempts to dissuade it from pursuing their case had no impact – in fact, they simply served to increase the defendant’s own costs.

This resulted in the defendant’s lawyers contacting the Escalate team to inform them that costs had now become prohibitive for the defendant, requesting mediation.

The mediation was held, but without any settlement reached. It became clear in the mediation that there was no defence for withholding payment and the mediation was another attempt to delay or force the case into a low settlement.

This was not achieved and we continued to push for a full settlement. Six weeks after the mediation the case settled, with the contractor awarded a sum in excess of the amount that it was originally owed.

HOW ESCALATE CAN HELP When or if you reach the final point above – ‘get an expert involved’ – this is when, as an ILP member, you should consider getting in touch with Escalate.

Escalate is a two-stage process for managing commercial disputes. It removes all financial risk (by ensuring you don’t pay unless we reach a successful settlement), gives transparency on pricing from the start (by offering a fixed fee and paying for all upfront costs), and ensures you remain the main beneficiary on settlement.

So, how does it work? In the first stage, Escalate focuses on reaching a negotiated settlement, using corporate recovery specialists to negotiate on your behalf, and encouraging the defendant to settle quickly without the need for litigation.

If the defendant is unwilling to settle, we move on to the second stage, with solicitors acting on a fully conditional basis preparing for litigation. As part of the service, all fees and associated costs are paid on the client’s behalf all the way up to a High Court resolution.

Escalate has been designed to help with all kinds of commercial disputes – including bad debts, contractual and negligence. We can also tackle bad debts and disputes of all sizes – from straightforward issues involving a few thousand pounds all the way through to complex multi-million-pound cases.

We are also proud of the fact that we were recently named ‘Best Collaboration Initiative’ at The Lawyer Awards and ‘Innovation of the Year’ at the British Accountancy Awards – the first time a service like ours has won awards in both the legal and accountancy sectors.

In the context of the ILP, access to Escalate is available to all ILP members. There are no restrictions on the size or complexity of case and even if the case happened up to three years ago it can still be looked at.

For more information about Escalate go to www.escalatedisputes.co.uk or email chris.clay@escalatedisputes.co.uk www.theilp.org.uk

39

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Light School 2019

t The Illuminated River. Atelier Ten’s Jonathan Gittens will be talking through the challenges and opportunities of this ambitious project - Final Design Concept © Leo Villareal Studio

LISTEN AND

LEARN

the inception of the Illuminated River project we have worked to demonstrate how you can reduce light pollution and light spill, while still achieving beautiful artwork that enhances the public realm.’

INTERACTIVE LIGHTING AND THE RETAIL EXPERIENCE

Juan Ferrari, Jonathan Gittens, Christopher Knowlton and Brad Koerner, among many others, will be showcasing the power, skill and functionality of lighting at the ILP-supported Light School at the Surface Design Show next month.

Why not come and share in the insight?

40

By Nic Paton

J

uan Ferrari, senior associate at Hoare Lea, will be one of many star attractions at next month’s ‘Light Talks’ CPD presentations at Light School.

Light School at the Surface Design Show, which is once again being supported by the ILP, will this year run from 05-07 February at the Business Design Centre in Islington, north London.

‘Workspace and landscaping’ is set to be theme for the three days of CPD, which will be curated by the ILP’s VP Architectural Graham Festenstein, of Graham Festenstein Lighting Design.

Juan is expected to talk about the inspiration for and the practicalities around illuminating ‘Head Above Water’, the sculpture created by British designer Steuart Padwick to shine a light (both literally and figuratively) on the stigma often associated with mental ill health.

ILLUMINATED RIVER

Other speakers during the three days of talks and presentations will include Jonathan Gittins, associate director of Atelier Ten, who will be talking about ‘Illuminated River’, the project to illuminate 15 London bridges, from Albert Bridge to Tower Bridge, across 4.5 nautical miles of the River Thames.

Atelier Ten is the Illuminated River www.theilp.org.uk

Foundation’s technical lighting designer and electrical engineer, and has been involved from the start in Leo Villareal’s winning team for the project.

He will talk the ‘students’ at Light School through the project, including the challenges that have been faced around completing a luminance survey of the Thames, the bankside and the individual bridges due to be lit – something never attempted before – and assessing the current lighting situation on what is a very broad stretch of the river.

The preparation work for the project has also included assessing the brightness distribution on and around the bridges the potential for (and existing) light spill.

As Jonathan has also explained: ‘Through this project, I have gained a new appreciation for the river and its bridges, not to mention having had some unusual experiences that I never would have otherwise. I have crawled inside London Bridge equipped with breathing apparatus and a harness to look at the cable routes (who would have known that it is actually hollow inside… or quite how much it trembles if you stand in the middle!) and I have hung off of bridges in human-sized “gantry” buckets during lighting tests.

‘Most importantly, though, right from

Another notable addition to this year’s line-up will be freelance lighting consultant Brad Koerner.

Brad specialises in the development of interactive experiential environments for retail and hospitality brands and will be talking on how to ‘wrap your guests in social media’.

The talk will be about, as he puts it, how to ‘fuse social media with interactive lighting and display systems to create unique retail and leisure experiences.’

He said of his upcoming talk: ‘I love the creative potential of embedding LED lighting directly into wall and ceiling surfaces. It opens up so many creative possibilities for architects and interior designers to create fresh new experiences. I’m looking forward to sharing lots of creative inspiration during my talk.’

Other speakers will include Christopher Knowlton, of lighting design studio 18 degrees as well as well as Seraphina Gogate, lighting designer at consultants Nulty.

There will be exhibitions and stands from manufacturers and suppliers, both as part of Light School and within the Surface Design Show itself as well as networking opportunities.

Keep an eye out at www.theilp.org.uk/ events for more information.

Alternatively, you can check out the wider Surface Design Show itself by going to www.surfacedesignshow.com

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT: Light School at the Surface Design Show WHEN: 05-07 February, 2019 WHERE: The Business Design Centre, Islington, London HOW: To register or get involved: www.surfacedesignshow.com

REGISTER

NOW INSPIRED

BY L IGHT LIGHT SCHOOL IS AN INDUSTRY-LEADING EVENT FOR ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS TO MEET AND SPECIFY LIGHT CO-LOCATED WITH SURFACE DESIGN SHOW, THE UK’S MOST DYNAMIC DESIGN EVENT

WWW.SURFACEDESIGNSHOW.COM #SDS19 @SurfaceThinking

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Inside the ILP

‘I WANT TO MAKE EDUCATION EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYBODY’ Kimberly Bartlett, senior lighting engineer at WSP, is the ILP’s new Vice President Education. Lighting Journal spoke to her about what she hopes to bring to the role

By Nic Paton

L

42

ast year’s ILP Professional Lighting Summit in Thame saw Colin Fish step up as ILP President and Anthony Smith move from being Vice President Education to Senior Vice President.

This progression created a vacancy for a new VP Education, a critical role for the ILP given the transition to Lighting Design Centres and the creation of a new lighting CPD ‘national curriculum’.

The new VP Education was announced in October as Kimberly Bartlett, senior lighting engineer at WSP. Regular readers may recall that Kimberly was featured in our September 2018 edition around her work as an advocate for STEM and LGBT+ inclusion and the value of being professionally registered with the Engineering Council.

But who is she, and what does she hope to bring to the VP role?

‘I’ve been in the industry for over ten years working in a range of environments and for clients of all shapes and sizes. In this time, I have also become increasingly involved with the ILP, first with visibility and inclusion for a diverse institution and now as VP Education,” she tells Lighting Journal.

‘My big goal is to get the Institution on a par with the others in terms of education, like the Institution of Engineering

and Technology and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, where our education is easily accessible to everybody. I want to enable everybody to have access all the time, whenever they need it, to a set of tools and information that’s helpful to them.

‘As time goes on, we’re looking to introduce new training courses that are more aligned with our guidance documents, and work with our everyday side of things. It is not just the diploma – which I am not looking at currently – but things like the new bat guidance, as featured in last month’s edition of Lighting Journal, and new, very specific lighting documents.

‘Hopefully, if we can do it right, we are looking to have a new platform where we can engage with members digitally; it is going to be accessible to everyone at a time convenient to them, wherever they are.

We’re talking things like webinars, online quizzes and YouTube channels. There is very much an opportunity for us to be much more future-facing in how we deliver education,’ Kimberly adds.

PATHWAYS INTO LIGHTING

Making education more accessible links back to Kimberly’s long-standing interest

around pathways into the industry, including how to make the industry more inclusive.

‘There basically are no formal ways into the industry,’ she says. ‘I think probably 99% of us accidentally end up in lighting; it is one of those weird things. You either fall in through engineering or science or through appearing in the right office at the right time.

‘For example, I started off as a receptionist temping in the summer before my degree and ended up in lighting, and so I am exactly the same in that respect. I intended to do forensic science at university but then liked the whole lighting thing so much I decided just to carry on within lighting.

‘I recognise I am quite young, am still early on in my career; I’ve still got a lot to learn in general which is a great thing. I’m keen on the old saying that a day isn’t worth having if you haven’t learned something new. One very important thing for me as VP therefore will be always to have my door open. Anyone who has any advice or a view on education within the ILP, or who simply wants to have a chat or get involved, please do contact me – at vp.education@theilp.org.uk,’ Kimberly adds.

MEET YOUR NEW VP Kimberly Bartlett, EngTech AMILP MIET, Vice President, Education • Current role (since January 2015): Senior lighting engineer, WSP - Previous roles: Street lighting capital works team leader, Ringway Jacobs – Transport for Buckinghamshire; assistant engineer, lighting and electrical, Ringway Jacobs – Transport www.theilp.org.uk

Buckinghamshire; lighting and electrical technician, Jacobs; lighting technician, Mouchel – Hertfordshire Highways - Education: Bedford College and Welwyn Garden City Consortium • Other roles: - STEM ambassador (since 2017) working with schools, colleges and other educational

establishments, especially around inclusivity within engineering in order to give women and LGBT+ people the confidence to study and enter the profession.

- ‘Out thinker’ for Pride in STEM. Out thinkers showcase LGBT+ researchers and professionals, providing a platform where people can promote STEM for study, research and as a career.

Lighting landmarks since 1977 For more information T. 01256 354 446 www.schrederled.co.uk/projects

@Urbis_Schreder

Urbis Schreder

Urbis_Schreder

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

SHINING A LIGHT ON MODERN SLAVERY 44

Lighting is a well-regulated industry where modern-day slavery could never play any part, right? But what about your supply chain or subsidiaries? It pays to be vigilant as, under the terms of the Modern Slavery Act, a UK company (and its directors) can be criminally liable if a subsidiary anywhere in the world is found to be involved in the slave trade

By Howard Crossman and Jonathan Mumby

N

o longer through the use of chains and iron but through extortion, smuggling and ‘debt bondage’, the reality of slavery has re-emerged in a modern format. The lighting industry is not immune to the problems of the modern world and must be ready to meet its legal, ethical and societal obligations to ensure that its supply chains and manufacturing processes are not tainted by the trade in human beings – a task that is often easier said than done.

Despite being illegal in every nation, the International Labour Organization estimates that 21 million people are held in slave conditions globally. The number is rising by all measurements, with a 17% increase in human chattel recorded between 2012 and 2015 [1]. Slavery takes many forms, but at its core involves obtaining a human being for involuntary servitude, often through the use of force, fraud or coercion. A loss of individual freedom is a key factor.

www.theilp.org.uk

SUPPLY CHAIN RISK

Hollywood actor Russell Crowe, an advocate of the Walk Free Foundation, has put it that: ‘We need to make it unacceptable for people to buy something without asking the company where it was made and who made it and if they can’t answer that question clearly then the next question must be “how do you know it wasn’t made with slave labour?”.’ This is the problem that the lighting industry, along with the wider manufacturing and supply sector, now encounters.

Legislation has been adopted in the UK that intends to make companies and their supply chains more transparent, encouraging companies to undertake risk assessments and audits of their supply chains, and providing the public with access to this information.

The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA15) recognises that slavery happens across borders and nationalities. As a result, it is

January 2019 Lighting Journal

one of few pieces of legislation that allows criminal prosecutions for crimes committed outside of UK jurisdiction. If a Chinese subsidiary of a UK-based company is involved in the slave trade, for example, the UK company (and its directors) can be criminally liable.

If an offence of servitude, forced or compulsory labour, or slavery is taking place within a company, then the company will be guilty of a criminal offence if it knew, or ought to have known that it was taking place. Should someone ignore or fail to act on evidence of slavery, this will be at their own risk.

REDUCTION OF RISK

Large commercial organisations (those with a turnover of over ÂŁ36m) now have an obligation to prepare slavery and human trafficking statements. These statements must detail the policy that the company has on modern slavery.

As an example, such statements should include which parts of the business and supply chain are considered most at risk – this may be because of geographical location, nature of the work or remoteness from central control and oversight. Industries and jurisdictions in which the organisation operates may be included in the statement, along with which concrete actions on monitoring of potential slavery are being taken.

The document must be able to stand up to scrutiny from key stakeholders. The key point here is that it must ensure the public, consumers, employees and investors know what steps are being taken by the company to tackle modern slavery.

To give the statements validity and gravitas, each must be approved by the board and signed by a director. A copy of the statement must be prominently displayed on the website of the organisation, for review by the public. The policy must be reviewed every financial year, detailing what actions have been taken in the previous year to enforce it within the company and where appropriate amongst suppliers.

Finally, previous issues of the policy must also be retained, allowing the public to review what actions have been taken within the previous year.

Not only must careful consideration be taken as to the wording of this publicly facing document, but thought also put into the practical steps taken to ensure that the

company is not complicit in human rights violations or abuses..

WIDER IMPACTS

Smaller commercial organisations, though under no legal obligation, may find that they face pressure from higher up the supply chain, from vendors and from consumers, to instigate policies and procedures [2]. It is likely that large organisations will seek to enforce their obligations through contract, requiring their chain to undertake checks, submit to searches and permit audits of staff and process.

Not only are there statutory requirements on companies to prevent slavery, but public pressure must also be taken into account. Growing awareness of the sourcing of goods, both from an environmental and ethical standpoint, mean that consumers are more likely to request and require this information to allow for informed purchases.

Auditing will be a key weapon in the arsenal against modern slavery. Through checking your own procedures are being followed and confirming that the requirements are also being met throughout your organisation and suppliers, at-risk areas of the business can be monitored, with evidence provided should an investigation of your organisation take place.

SPOTTING THE SIGNS

Training staff to spot warning signs is an important step to ensure compliance and mitigate the risk of slavery in any of its forms from happening within your organisation. Internal policies and procedures will be of great assistance in providing tools to staff. Consider updating when appropriate and, where you do, record this within your anti-slavery and human trafficking statement. Refresher training should be used regularly, targeting areas of particular risk within the business.

The Walk Free Foundation has found that the countries with the highest risk of slavery are India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Uzbekistan, where approximately 58% of all contemporary slaves are found. Therefore, if your supply chain touches these countries you must consider whether your organisation is complicit, ignorant of or involved in the slave trade.

Victims in the UK are often from eastern Europe and have been brought to the

www.theilp.org.uk

45

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

UK on the promise of a job, only to be forced by traffickers to work in factories for little or no money. Victims often have their identity documents taken from them, and are forced to work through threat, violence and coercion.

Debt bondage is also a common form of slavery. This is where victims are required to pledge service as repayment for a debt or other obligation. In practice, the debt is not repayable, with the length of service often undefined or the interest payments above the amount being earned by the individual. It is a particularly common in Southeast Asia, where the bondage can pass down through generations.

According to a recent survey by the Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS), less than a quarter of companies have undertaken site inspections to check for any evidence of slavery or human trafficking [3]. Through the instigation of procedures, the use of auditing and ground checks on staff, you can ensure your business does not sleepwalk into a PR disaster.

FAILURE TO ACT

46

Despite the legal obligations, only 30% of large organisations have so far prepared the anti-slavery policy required by statute [4]. This is despite the obligation having been in place since 2016.

It is possible to find examples in case law. The recent criminal investigations into Kozee Sleep Limited and Layzee Sleep Limited, for example, show how failure to follow through on procedures can lead to catastrophic public relations and reputational damage.

Here, the companies were suppliers of beds to retailers Next, the John Lewis Partnership and Dunelm Mill. Although the companies were able to escape prosecution, as the offences took place before the introduction of modern slavery legislation, the widespread media coverage of the incident should be taken as a lesson of what is to be avoided. The director of Kozee Sleep and Layzee Sleep received a 27-month sentence.

u Russell Crowe.

The Hollywood actor is an advocate of the Walk Free Foundation and has urged companies and consumers to ask themselves, ‘how do you know it wasn’t made with slave labour?’

Jaguar PS / Shutterstock.com

CIPS has found that a third of supply chain managers do not think their business is doing enough to identify modern slavery in their supply chains. More support is needed from organisations to allow supply chain professionals to meet their legal obligations.

LESSONS LEARNT

Do not trust unscrupulous agencies or individuals who may be offering a ready supply of labour at discounted rates. Have open conversations with suppliers – determine if they have policies and if they are enforced. Be aware that failure to do the above can result in a corporate fine and a criminal sentence.

Although the UK is considered to have one of the more stringent anti-slavery policies, multiple countries are now introducing legislation. Australia has a Modern Slavery bill, modelled on the MSA15, which is expected to pass soon. Many European countries are enacting legislation, and California already has its California Transparency in Supply Chains Act of 2010.

Companies will need to aware of the fac-

tual circumstances of the employment of their staff, contractors and suppliers. This includes considering what wages are paid, if there is delay or a shortfall, and what hours are worked by staff. These could be symptoms of deeper problems and could point towards indentured service.

The lighting industry must be ready to act, to shine a light on hidden or ignored practices where potential human rights breaches are taking place, potentially in foreign countries but with implications on UK-based companies.

Howard Crossman (hcrossman@greenwoods.co.uk) is head of construction and Jonathan Mumby is a trainee solicitor at Greenwoods GRM. With offices in London, Cambridge and Peterborough, Greenwoods GRM is a UK commercial law firm providing legal advice and pragmatic solutions to local, national and international clients.

REFERENCES [1] Modern Slavery: a briefing for the manufacturing industry, https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/638776/FACTSHEET_Modern_Slavery_Manufacturing_v2_WEB.PDF [2] ‘Modern slavery in the UK hospitality www.theilp.org.uk

industry: turning a blind eye to the risks is not an option – Partt 1, www.shivafoundation. org.uk/modern-slavery-uk-hospitality-industry-turning-blind-eye-risks-not-option-part-1/ [3] ‘Companies must do more on modern slavery’, Logistics Manager, July 2018, www.logisticsmanager.com/companies-

must-do-more-on-modern-slavery/ [4] ‘Britain’s new law against modern slavery secures a rare conviction’, The Economist, July 2018, www.economist.com/britain/2018/07/05/britains-new-law-againstmodern-slavery-secures-a-rare-conviction

Lighting

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Consultants

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Steven Biggs

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

Skanska Infrastructure Services

WSP

Alan Tulla Lighting

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

www.skanska.co.uk

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies.

Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Simon Bushell

Alan Jaques

Michael Walker

SSE Enterprise Lighting

Atkins

McCann Ltd

MBA DMS IEng MILP

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk Professional consultancy from the UK’s and Irelands largest external lighting contractor. From highways and tunnels, to architectural and public spaces our electrical and lighting designers also provide impact assessments, lighting and carbon reduction strategies along with whole installation packages.

IEng FILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

www.atkinsglobal.com

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Lorraine Calcott

Tony Price

it does Lighting Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

IEng MILP IALD MSLL ILA BSS Milton Keynes, MK19 6DS

T: 01908 560110 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

www.itdoes.co.uk

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MHEA Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

John Conquest

Anthony Smith

4way Consulting Ltd

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

www.4wayconsulting.com

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

IEng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

www.wspgroup.com

www.mccann-ltd.co.uk Design for all types of exterior lighting including street lighting, car parks, floodlighting, decorative lighting, and private lighting. Independent advice regarding light trespass, carbon reduction and invest to save strategies.

Asset management, data capture, inspection and testing services available.

Peter Williams EngTech AMILP

Williams Lighting Consultants Ltd.

Specialists in the preparation of quality and effective street lighting design solutions for Section 38, Section 278 and other highway projects. We also prepare lighting designs for other exterior applications. Our focus is on delivering solutions that provide best value.

Designs for Lighting Ltd

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP

Nottingham NG9 6DQ M: 07939 896887 E: m.walker@jmccann.co.uk

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting.

All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

www.vanguardia.co.uk

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

IEng MILP CMS.

Bedford, MK41 6AG T: 01234 630039 E: peter.williams@wlclighting.co.uk

Alistair Scott

Reading RG10 9QN

Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardia.co.uk

Oxted RH8 9EE

Mark Chandler EngTech AMILP

www.alantullalighting.com

www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk

www.wlclighting.co.uk

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

Go to: www.theilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Lighting

Directory CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training • Lighting StandardsTraining • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Design Techniques • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • •AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Lighting Reality • Light Pollution • Lighting Reality • •Lighting Accredited •CPD Lighting Reality Training LightingReality Standards • Tailored Courses please ring CPD Accredited Training • Lighting Standards • •Lighting • Lighting Standards LightingStandards Design Techniques CPD Accredited Training AutoCADDesign (basicTechniques or advanced) •Venues Lighting Techniques • •Lighting Design Techniques • Lighting

by Design arrangement Light Pollution Lighting Reality • Light Pollution • •Light Pollution • Light Pollution • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Tailored Courses please ring Nick Smith Lighting Courses Standards •Contact Tailored Courses • Tailored Courses please ring please ring • Tailored please ring Nick Smith Associates Ltd • Lighting Reality AutoCAD (basicVenues or advanced) ••Lighting Design Techniques by arrangement 36 Foxbrook Drive, Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement by arrangement •Reality Lighting Standards •Venues Pollution •Light Lighting Contact NickChesterfield, Smith • Tailored Courses please ring • Lighting Design Techniques Contact Nick Smith Contact Nick Smith

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mail@etl.ltd electricaltesting.co.uk

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ILLUMINATING THE WAY Survey, design, energy management & distribution of road, commercial, industrial & architectural lighting solutions.

We create bespoke low energy, durable festoon lighting for architects, designers, retail chains, sign makers, ship builders, and more.

Contact us to discuss your lighting project.

Delivering Decorative Lighting www.lumisphere.co.uk Festoons for over 25 years To illuminate your next project, saleslj@lumisphere.co.uk contact our lighting team on We create bespoke low energy, durable festoon 01245 329 999 01236 458000 or 0191 217 0119. lighting for architects, designers, retail chains, www.lightandenergy.co.uk sign makers, ship builders and more.

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Light & Energy Distribution, formerly known as MacLean Electrical Lighting Division.

Part of the MacLean Electrical Group.

Patented Raised Lamppost Banner System that significantly reduces loading on columns and prevents banners twisting and tearing.

Column testing and guarantee service available.

The most approved system by Highways Engineers

0208 343 2525 baymedia.co.uk

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Kiwa CMT

Meter Administrator

Inspection and Non-destructive Testing of Lighting Columns

UKAS accredited (ISO 17025) for the Structural Testing of Steel Lighting Columns.

(Root) base and swaged joint connection.

Techniques: Relative loss of section meter and swaged joint analyser Other services: full visual inspection of concrete columns, data capture of highway assets, structural calculations for the installation of column attachments.

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Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

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CELEBRATING 30 YEARS OF LIGHTING!

49

January 2019 Lighting Journal

Diary

THE DIARY 29 January

Midland Region technical event Venue: Rolls Royce Learning Development Centre, Derby

05-07 February

p

50

Light School at the Surface Design Show from 05-07 February, at the Business Design Centre in Islington.

The ILP will be supporting the school, including its three days of CPD ‘Light Talks’

Light School at the Surface Design Show Venue: The Business Design Centre, Islington, London

14 March

Joint ILP LSE/CIBSE Southern Region technical seminar Venue: Eastleigh, Hampshire

08 May

Fundamental Lighting Course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby

15 May

Electric know-how for architectural lighting designers: Venue: Conway Hall, 25 Red Lion Square, London For full details of all events, go to: www.theilp.org.uk/events

20 March

Electric know-how for architectural lighting designers: Venue: Conway Hall, 25 Red Lion Square, London

IN THE FEBRUARY ISSUE ASSESSING NIGHTSCAPES Collaboration between landscape and lighting is the key to effective environmental assessment

www.theilp.org.uk

THE ROAD TO HELL? Why, when it comes to lighting roadways, light distribution is more important than light level

RENAISSANCE THINKING How adaptive, IoT-enabled lighting has transformed an Italian Renaissance masterpiece

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