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LIGHTING

JOURNAL

July/August 2013

The publication for all lighting professionals

The Smart City – new technology and how to afford it Getting the measure of LEDs: photometric issues Reflections on light: a profile of Andre Tammes

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Contents

1

Lighting Journal July/August 2013 03 EDITORIAL

34 NOW YOU SEE IT

04 NEWS 08 LIGHT MINDED/

38 A WORKPLACE IN

LIGHT HEARTED

10 THE SMART CITY

10

Mark Cooper on the changing face of street lighting technology – and how to afford it

14 STANDARD DEVIATION

Has technology superseded the latest BS5489? asks Bill Owen.

Alistair Scott responds

18 BACK TO SOURCE/

GETTING THE MEASURE OF LEDS

Peter Phillipson looks at how photometry for traditional lamps has developed, setting the scene for Dr Paul Miller who outlines the specific problems presented by solid-state sources

24 METERING OUT JUSTICE

18

James Everley looks at the impact of recent changes to the Distribution Use of System (DUoS) charges

30 REFLECTIONS ON LIGHT

Future concept: the invisibility time cloak that hides events in a stream of light

Carl Gardner talks to architectural and urban lighting pioneer Andre Tammes about past highlights, present concerns and future visions

PROGRESS

Is office lighting going in the

right direction? Jill Entwistle reports on the latest ILP Professional Industry Partnership forum

41 GETTING THE MOST

OUT OF CPD

Dave Burton, VP education, and and Mark Cooper, VP membership,

discuss professional development

and why it is increasingly crucial

42 PRODUCTS 44 SO, DOES LIGHTING PAY?

YLP column: based on a recent survey conducted by the YLP, Tom Baynham compares career opportunities with other sectors

46 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 48 CONSULTANTS’ DIRECTORY

49 DIARY

COVER PICTURE The Smart City: changing technology and how to fund it See p10

30

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Editorial Volume 78 No 7 July/August 2013 President Pete Lummis IEng MILP

3

W

e are all familiar with those Sunday supplement visions of the 21st century which invariably seemed to involve flying cars and people in tin foil onesies. The truth, as it has turned

out, is rather less shiny and more of a strange hybrid of sci fi and the

Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA FIAM

stubbornly traditional. On the one hand, we have rapidly become familiar,

Editor Jill Entwistle Email: jill@theilp.org.uk

the smart phone, the iWatch, the Minority Report

Editorial Board Tom Baynham Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP PLDA John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Eddie Henry MILP MCMI MBA Alan Jaques IEng MILP Keith Lewis Nigel Parry IEng FILP Andrew Stoddart BEng (Hons) IEng MILP

are still earthbound and coughing out C02, and much

Advertising Manager Julie Bland Tel: 01536 527295 Email: julie@theilp.org.uk

offers a glimpse into the fully integrated urban landscape of tomorrow (that

even blase, with what only a few years ago would have been deemed futuristic fantasy – the tablet, touch screens, even the Bladerunner-esque moving images on building facades. On the other hand, cars of our street lighting stock is crumbling and reliant on such an outdated source as sox. The future was meant to be bright but not orange in that respect.

The point is that everyone knows what is ideal and is doing their best, in most cases, to work towards a goal of fully controllable, low energy, high quality, people-orientated lighting. The problem as always in the cash-strapped public realm is how to fund it. The result is often compromise and switch off. In The Smart City, Mark Cooper is already being piloted today) and the changing street lighting technology that will be an intrinsic part of it. More to the point, what he also looks at is a way of making some of it a reality.

Published by Matrix Print Consultants on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 Fax: 01788 540145 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk

Jill Entwistle

Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2013 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

4

News

Lecture gives colourful insight

When it comes to colour, we are better off trusting our own eyes – or, more accurately, our brains – than our instruments, according to Professor Semir Zeki, who delivered the ILP’s 2013 Charles Marques Memorial Lecture at the Royal Institution in June.

Zeki, who is professor of neuroesthetics at University College London, studies the organisation of the visual brain, using techniques such as brain imaging.

In his well-received lecture, titled The Objectivity of Subjective Truths,

Zeki asserted that ‘the only truths we can be certain of are subjective truths’, including our perception of colour. Subjective truths are truthful in the sense that we can be certain of them, he said, while objective truths are not necessarily directly experienced.

Zeki used the phenomenon of colour constancy as an example of subjective versus objective truth: when we walk in the park we see the leaves in the trees and bushes as green, regardless of the time of day.

But there are wide and measurable variations in the wavelength composition of the light reflected off them. At dawn and dusk they reflect far more long-wavelength red than at noon yet we still see leaves as

ILP explores links with French association

Residents protest LED replacements The rumblings of public discontent over the replacement of traditional fittings with LED luminaires continues with a small group of south London residents resorting to hugging their lamp-posts to prevent them being replaced.

Police were called to Mowbray Road in Crystal Palace where workmen were attempting to upgrade 10 Victorian-style street lights with six new LED luminaires under a £79m, 25-year joint contract. Skanska is carrying out the light replacement and maintenance programme for Croydon Council and the London Borough of Lewisham, the initial part of which runs from 2011-2016 and involves upgrading 38,000 ageing lamp columns.

The workmen dialled emergency services after residents, who remained peaceable, demanded information about the street-light upgrade programme. Residents said that the existing fittings, installed in 2001, were more in keeping with the character of the street.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

green, albeit darker or lighter. No amount of objective data changes that experience, he said, which is the only ‘truthful’ way in which the greenness of leaves can be verified.

Zeki also discussed the differences between constant colours and inconstant hues, illustrating this with examples from a show at the Pecci Museum of Contemporary Art in Milan with which he was involved.

Here white sculptures were presented against a white background but illuminated with light of different colours producing coloured shadows.

The lecture was sponsored by CU Phosco (owned by the Marques family, pictured on the front row below) and followed by a reception for the 80 or so delegates who attended.

Resident Mark Richardson explained that the locals had requested more traditional fittings to be installed on top of the existing columns.

‘It’s a communication issue,’ said Richardson.

‘Everybody agrees with energy-efficient lights but let’s upgrade the Victorian lights with energy-efficient luminaires.’.

According to a spokesperson from Croydon Council, two major consultation exercises were carried out by Croydon and Lewisham councils between 2007 and 2012 to help develop the street lighting plan.

‘Both councils consulted widely at the start of the project and careful thought was given to which types of columns might be installed in different areas,’ he said.

Following an invitation from the Association Francaise de l’Eclairage (AFE), the ILP’s French counterpart, an exploratory meeting was held in London between the two bodies to discuss common ground and mutually beneficial activities.

‘We discovered that there was a great deal of commonality,’ said chief executive Richard Frost who, together with education services advisor Nigel Parry, met with the two AFE representatives. ‘The issues facing the public sector in France, such as the reduction of money for public lighting, all mirror the situation in the UK.’ Among the areas discussed was the possibility of the ILP fielding a speaker at the AFE’s conference in Nantes next year, the exchange of journals and newsletters, and a possible joint update of the 1995 Urban Lighting Guide.

‘This first meeting was very interesting, and we learned a lot about the ILP,’ said Alain Le Moigne, president of the Normandy region of the AEF. ‘We realised with great pleasure that we are following the same goals.’

The next step is likely to be a meeting in Paris later this year for further discussions with AFE chief executive Alain Azais and president Michel Francony.

News

5

ILP joins government-backed Lanterns project on switch off

The ILP has become a partner in the Lanterns project, which aims to investigate whether reducing night-time street lighting levels for environmental and energy reasons has any impact on road traffic injuries and crime.

Launched in January this year, the Lanterns project has been commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the research arm of the Department of Health. The Public Health Research (PHR) programme of NIHR funds research into the effects on health of interventions outside of the NHS. This might include changes to the provision of public transport, or changes introduced by local authorities to the built environment, such as street lighting levels.

The project team includes members of the Transport and Health Group and the Department of Crime Science, based at the University of London. The team’s expertise lies in road traffic injury, crime science, environmental statistics, epidemiology, geographical information systems, social science and qualitative methods.

‘We are not lighting professionals, and we are therefore delighted to be partnering with the Institution of Lighting Professionals,’ said Dr Phil Edwards (pictured above), the project’s principal investigator, speaking at the ILP’s recent Lightscene event at Uttoxeter. ‘We have the shared aim to obtain the best available national evidence on the association between lighting levels, road safety and crime.’

The team will also conduct a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to compare the societal costs of street lighting reduction with its societal benefits. ‘The scope of our CBA will include infrastructure, maintenance and energy costs, and any change to road traffic

Scotland may switch to LEDs The Scottish government is currently considering an approach to the Green Investment Bank (GIB) for a nationwide rollout of LED street lighting.

The energy saving that would result from the move is estimated at up to 60 per cent.

Rural Affairs Secretary Richard Lochhead (pictured above)revealed the plan at the recent GIB conference in Edinburgh. Work was under way to assess the feasibility of a request for investment to cover most of the upfront cost of the deployment, he announced.

‘Converting Scotland’s street

lighting to LED would be ideal for potential GIB funding,’ said Lochhead. ‘Payback time is estimated at around seven to nine years, which is an outstanding spend-to-save case based on energy savings of as much as 40 to 60 per cent.

‘Analysis by the Scottish Futures Trust indicates that an investment of £350m in low-carbon measures across the Scottish public estate could lead to potential cost reductions in the region of £900m,’ he added.

Pilot projects in East and West Dunbartonshire were ‘clearly indicating the potential of the programme’, said a government spokesperson.

injuries and crime from our nationwide analysis,’ said Edwards.

The next step will be to request and collate information from all local authorities on all implemented, or planned, street lighting adaptation schemes.

The Lantern team will need to know location of the columns, the nature of the changes (switch off, part-night switch off, dimming, trimming, changing lamp types, LEDs) and dates of implementation.

The data will then be linked in a geographical information system, so that road traffic collisions and crimes can be related to the road segments where street lighting has been changed.

Results are expected in 2014. ‘The Lanterns/ILP collaboration will ensure that the research results will be relevant to policy makers and to lighting professionals working in the built environment,’ said Edwards. ‘By using all data available at a national level, the study report will become the definitive statement on switch off.’

To contact the Lanterns team, email lanterns@lshtm.ac.ukd Key aims of Lanterns project • • • • •

Collate information from local authorities around the country on implemented or planned street lighting adaptation schemes Statistically examine whether reduced street lighting levels at night have any effect on road traffic accidents and crime Explore local public opinion on street lighting provision and the potential for reducing lighting levels at night Investigate whether street lighting adaptation schemes offer value for money Create a resource for all local authorities interested in implementing street lighting adaptation schemes

Another company signs up for PIP

Italian interior and exterior lighting manufacturer iGuzzini is the latest company to sign up as an ILP Professional Industry Partner (PIP).

‘I am pleased that we are able to further the educational and technical objectives of the ILP by joining the PIP scheme,’ said iGuzzini sales and marketing director Ian Stanton. ‘This opportunity to help in the aims of developing the future of our industry while enhancing the professional development of our own colleagues and industry friends through the Skills Portal, professional lighting guides and training courses is at the heart of iGuzzini beliefs, and is the prime reason for joining the PIP scheme.’

If you are interested in becoming a Professional Industry Partner of the ILP alongside iGuzzini, Woodhouse, WSP and Orangetek, please visit www.theilp.org.uk for more details.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

6

News

A dim view of creativity People sitting in dim light are much better able to solve creative insight problems than those working under normal or bright lights, according to German researchers.

Apparently people working under dim lights feel ‘free from constraints’ – because light exposes errors – and this perceived increase in freedom improves people’s creative performance, say researchers at the University of Stuttgart and the University of Hohenheim.

According to a report in Medical Daily, a person can increase his or her creativity just by describing sitting in the dark. This is due to a psychological effect known as priming

which occurs when a person moves an idea to the forefront of his or her brain by recalling it.

The experiment carried out by the German team involved two groups of people who were asked to sketch an alien. Those people who recalled sitting in a dark room drew more creative aliens than those who first recalled sitting in a bright room.

However, researchers believe that dim lighting is only beneficial for ideas generation, not for the analysis and implementation that follows. They also concluded that people working under normal lights are no more creative than those in very bright light.

Brazil’s World Cup stadium scores lighting first The new Corinthians stadium in Sao Paulo, Brazil, setting for the opening match of the World Cup in 2014, will have the largest LED stadium screen in the world. It will also be installed with pitch lighting that will last for 3000 matches, according to Osram which has supplied the lighting.

Measuring 170m x 20m and comprising 34,000 LED dots, the screen will be located on the outside facade of the Arena Corinthians, and will display images, the score and videos. It is one of the few stadium LED panels in the world that can display moving images.

Osram Powerstar HQI-TS 2000W high-flux lamps housed in 352 of Siteco’s R3 Maxi floodlights are being used for the pitch lighting, creating light levels almost twice as intensive as the world’s most modern stadiums, says the company. Lifetime of the lamps is 4500 hours. With high definition (HD) quality, it makes super slow-motion replays possible.

News in brief Mark Major, principal of Speirs and Major, will be speaking at the ILP Professional Lighting Summit in September.

Major, who has recently become a member of the ILP, will be giving an overview of urban lighting in a presentation called The Big Picture.

The Professional Lighting Summit takes place at the Thistle Hotel, Glasgow, on 11-12 September.

Two new lecturers, Nick Smith and Anthony Smith, have joined the ILP’s Exterior Lighting Diploma (ELD) Course. The diploma is a five-day, four-module course covering many aspects of exterior lighting from street to architectural lighting.

For more details contact jean@theilp.org.uk A new report from consultancy Lux Fit looks at LEDs in road and street lighting. It examines the major changes between conventional luminaires and LED luminaires, how LED technology can be applied to road and street lighting (drivers, key decision-making criteria, impacts of LED adoption on the overall industry) and associated lighting design requirements, among other aspects.

For more details go to www.i-micronews.com/ reports/LED-road-street-lighting-report/14/377/

ILP membership update Peter Raynham, senior lecturer at The Bartlett School, UCL, has been elected to Fellow AFFILIATES: Joe Coombe (BEI Lighting) Diarmuid Keaney (The Lighting Consultancy) Stuart Mucklejohn (Ceravision) Ross Sellen (AECOM) Gary Baker, Andrew Malins, Neil Lane and Jon Watt (Ringway) Tania Knowles (Hampshire County Council) TRANSFERS FROM AFFILIATE Anthony Smith IEng FILP William Marques FILP Robert Banks IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP Kam Mak IEng MILP Chris Baguley EngTech AMILP Craig Forrest EngTech AMILP Keith Garnett EngTech AMILP Stuart Morton EngTech AMILP Peter Ormshaw EngTech AMILP Jonathan Parsons EngTech AMILP Andrew Wells EngTech AMILP CORPORATE MEMBERS Luton Borough Council Ringway Infrastructure Services Jacobs Signature Silver Spring Networks UK

Lighting Journal July/August2013

2 GREAT PRODUCTS 3 KEY FEATURES 1 Winning Design 2 Outstanding Performance 3 Amazing Price

ENTERPRISE

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LIGHT Minded...

Bob Mizon, coordinator of the Campaign for Dark Skies, on

encouraging progress – and the need for further improvements Since 1989, the British Astronomical Association’s Campaign for Dark Skies (CfDS) has been in dialogue with central and local government, industry, lighting professionals and all those who make, choose and install exterior lighting, promoting ‘star-quality’ lights that protect the celestial and terrestrial environments through careful control of the brightness and direction of emissions.

I was very pleased therefore to be invited to speak to a recent meeting of the ILP’s Midlands section. The theme was sports lighting, and the venue, Thame Football Club, was appropriate. The lighting here is typical of the many sports facilities nowadays that try to reduce the nighttime visual impact of emissions, and the list of such facilities to which the British Astronomical Association has presented its Good Lighting award is long; all over the UK, careful sports lighting is happening.

This reflects a general trend in lighting in the UK, a trend that will be familiar to the readers of the Lighting Journal and, it is hoped, one that has been noticed by the public at large: road lights, public spaces and other areas are now often carefully lit with flat-glass units. Indeed, the Lighting Journal itself can be seen as a barometer of the trend: some 20 years ago, the products featured and advertised in its pages showed a lot less light control than they do nowadays, and articles such as Mike Simpson’s Social Factors Behind the Development of Outdoor Lighting (1995) were among the first to question this.

Simpson began with a review of the history and benefits of outdoor lighting, but then wrote with less enthusiasm about the ‘amorphous yellow glow... spreading across the countryside... and never mind the spill or quality’. In his opinion, a ‘metamorphism’ had been occurring within the lighting industry during the early 1990s: ‘We were learning that outdoor lighting is more than just filling the space with light; learning that it is more than just a way of making our roads visible to motorists; learning that sensitivity in design is equally as important outdoors as it is indoors; and learning to take care of our environment.’

The environmental/astronomical

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

community was seen as worth listening to: ‘The environmentalists are concerned about the impact the equipment has on the landscape whether by day or night. In addition we have the astronomers, who are concerned about the amount of artificial light which is scattered in the atmosphere...’

Articles nowadays appear more regularly in the Lighting Journal about the negative impacts of wasted light. Light pollution of the night sky is constantly mentioned.

But if the industry is showing so much concern, why do we still see recently installed lights that spread their emissions into so many places that don’t need lighting?

It is often the case that those who install

8

Opinion

LIGHT Hearted Michael Grubb of Michael Grubb Studio reflects on connections and camaraderie It is probably a consequence of starting my own practice, but over the past six months I have spent a lot of time thinking about my 15 years as a lighting designer, comparing the profession of the past with the way we are today.

The profession is now recognised, we are more creative than ever, the number of lighting practices has grown and become more diverse. We challenge each other, support each other, learn from each other, even socialise together.

Why? Because we are all connected and inspired by the same goal and by the

‘Why do we still see recently installed lights that spread their emissions into so many places that don’t need lighting?’ them do not follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for mounting angles, or local planners and council officers stipulate lower column heights to reduce daytime visual impact, not realising that the consequent need to tilt the luminaires upwards to compensate will cause much more visual impact at night than would ever have been noticed during the day.

Campaigners who have attended lighting professionals’ conferences and meetings report very positive attitudes on the control of light. As energy prices continue to soar and moves to cut down on energy use are ever more loudly publicised; as remote control of lighting becomes the norm; and as the need to protect night-time ecology from stray light becomes more urgent, I am sure that lighting in the UK will move towards the goal that all of us share: that of optimum performance and ‘star-quality’.

same philosophy – that light matters.

Would this have happened 10 years ago? Probably not, because we no longer work in the same way. Then we had just a handful of practices that all worked pretty much along the same lines.

Diversifying by the day, consultancies now cover different sectors and approach projects differently.

It would be easy to place this shift on technological advances, changes in regulation or simply the way the world has changed, but I believe this would not be giving us the credit we deserve.

We are now reaping the rewards of promoting the understanding of lighting design and the profession that practises it. This has led to a range of diverse lighting consultancies, the ability to collaborate, the sharing of knowledge and a strong support network.

Without wishing to be a Pollyanna, I have been gratified by the messages of support, encouragement and offers of assistance I have received from the lighting community since setting up on my own. Most have come from so-called ‘competitors’. It’s just one more reason why I love being a lighting designer.

Play of light and shadow.

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The new Metronomis LED is characterised by its diversity of design and by its wide range of applications. With its variety of bowls and dedicated masts the luminaire can be adapted in detail to suit any surroundings: contemporary, modern and heritage. On top of the modular versatility Metronomis LED offers the unique possibility to play with lighting effects in the bowl or on the ground. This enables creative specifiers to create ambiances and enhances urban areas to achieve city customisation.

To see what light can do in your city, contact a Philips expert today at: lighting.uk@philips.com or visit www.philips.co.uk/outdoorlighting

10

Street lighting

The

Smart City

Mark Cooper looks at the changing face of street lighting technology – and how to afford it

Street lighting

F

irst, some history of lighting technology. Mankind has always desired light and heat; it is a primordial response, as can be witnessed by the gatherings around bonfires or at BBQs up and down the country. The night’s darkness suggests danger and fear, and so light is a natural response to this, whether from wood fires, oil or even fish (the eulachon, a type of smelt, was used in first-century North America as a presumably odiferous candle). We have developed through gas and early electric lighting to the technology we have today.

The first 100 years of electric lighting involved little in the way of innovation, mainly the refinement of incandescent and carbon arc lamps.

However, the next 150 years saw development in high and low pressure mercury and sodium lamps, and the past 70 years have seen an explosion in new technology, including metal halide lamps and, of course, LEDs. LEDs promise so much, but their adoption has taken longer than expected, even for the public arena where, correctly, we are cautious about spending the public purse.

So why is this?

First, there have been a lot of false promises and misinformation which, added to the early assurances of exponential growth in lumen output and ‘data’ based on a theoretical life, has meant that we are sceptical about some of the claims and did not want to be early adopters.

When you combine this with the fact that the next big thing (OLEDs) was just around the corner, the decision to jump on the train was not an easy one. Just as we reached a point a few years ago where the economic case began to stack up for LEDs, the traditional lamp guys hit back with extended life and better dimming capabilities, and we are back again to the question, why should we use LEDs? Here we enter our current moment in time: financial meltdowns, energy crisis and massive underinvestment

in energy infrastructure. This, combined with greater understanding of the ecological need to save energy, means that LEDs appear to have the edge over other forms of technology, especially when put together with additional control technology. Yet we still don’t have big take up of this source, due mainly to the fact that we have no money in the public purse – we all know it’s the right thing to do but can’t afford to do it.

So how did we get here, and where do we go next? Let’s look at one of the main drivers for investment in LEDs, the rising price of energy.

The domestic price of electricity

11

in the UK has almost trebled in the past 10 years and all predictions lead to an ongoing rise in prices. Some of the reasons for this are that our planet’s natural resources are becoming increasingly scarce, more difficult and expensive to access. This, together with the lack of investment in cleaner power stations, the late delivery of new nuclear power stations, while older stations and gas turbines are being decommissioned, means that we are actually heading towards possible blackouts from 2015, as there won’t be enough energy in the grid to meet existing and projected demands.

No wonder then, when faced with these ever-growing demands to reduce energy consumption and also reduce costs, switch off seems an attractive proposition and easy decision for the accountants.

But is it that simple? Well of course it isn’t – there are still ongoing costs associated with switch off and, while I agree that there are roads and areas that have been lit previously and now would not be, mitigating measures need to be implemented and a full risk assessment undertaken before the lighting is removed.

But even with this it’s not enough.

We live in a 24-hour society where we all work hard and wish to play hard – that means we want entertainment and information, all of which consumes energy, and we want it now not in 30 seconds. The demand for electricity is growing as our populations and our cities expand, and the consumption of data increases.

What are we to do about this?

Well one concept currently being investigated is called Smart Cities – to paraphrase several definitions, these are fully integrated, digitally connected cities that are designed to make life easier for their citizens and to enable the Smart Citizen to make best use of the energy and resources around them.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

12

Street lighting

Governments all across Europe and around the world are investing in Smart Cities and the infrastructure needed to make them work, with a number of pilot projects either in place or in commissioning stage at the moment.

So what is a Smart City? Let’s imagine a time in the future: You have a meeting booked in town at 10am today, your iPhone receives an early update to say that the train has been delayed by half an hour and so resets your alarm call to allow you an extra half hour in bed. While you’re enjoying your breakfast, you check your route to the train station for traffic reports and confirm your pre-booked parking space via your parking app.

You get in your Smart car, plug in your phone and the self-guided car takes you directly to your parking spot in plenty of time to grab a coffee, which you pay for by scanning your phone, and hop aboard the train for your meeting in town. On board the train, you connect to the free Wi-Fi, download your meeting agenda and notes, and dash off a few emails.

Meeting over and it’s off to the nearest hot desk facility to connect to your company’s network and carry on working for the day. These hotspots are owned and managed by facility companies and provide a convenient connected place to work in town. Best of all, as soon as you enter the premises the scanning technology knows who you are, where you like to sit, and what connections you will need. You are welcomed by

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Future shop: shopfronts are dimmed or dark until you pass by the new coat that you were looking at on the net and it lights up in the window

the electronic assistant screen which guides you by way of an interactive map to your allocated desk, activates your account and sends the coffee request to the machine. All done with no interaction, just based on a scan of your connected device and previous choices.

You finish late and decide to grab some dinner in town while taking in some shopping; making your way through the office complex, the lights are automatically adjusted as you pass by on your way to the exit. You glance outside and notice that the street lights are on dim as you leave the hot desk facility.

Firing up your city app, you plot your route to the centre of town and start walking, the lights in front of you and behind light your way safely guiding you on the most direct path.

You get to the shopping area where all the shopfronts are dimmed or dark. As you pass by the new coat you were looking at the other night on the internet, a light appears and it is illuminated in the shop window.

An automatic advert flashes on your phone, along with a click to buy it at a discount as you’re a regular shopper. You decide it looks good, the colours really pop under the lights and so swipe to buy it with your discount advert to have it delivered the next day.

Off to dinner, and you have already selected from the menu and booked

your table, and so shortly after arriving and settling down with a relaxing drink, your meal arrives. Time to catch the train home, and the street lights guide you back to the station, automatically raising in level as you approach them and dimming back down when you pass by. Home to bed to start again the next day!

Ok, so it might sound a bit dream world – or nightmarish depending on your view of data collection – but this technology exists and is being used in pilot projects across the world.

The energy benefits are there to see, not just the obvious lighting reduction but the connected world saving energy and carbon from heating, transport and commerce.

The thing is this technology is available now and can be used to solve one of our issues today: to invest or switch off. There are benefits to switch off in rural communities, but the impact on the night-time economy, social activities and communities in the urban fringes has yet to be fully explored and understood.

So, you all say, this all sounds great: lower energy bills, less CO2 emissions, less light pollution, but greater safety and satisfaction along with investment and a vibrant nighttime inclusive economy. Just one problem – how do we pay for it?

Over the past three years I have been investigating a model being used in the USA and also in Europe for the

Street lighting financing of investment into green technology: Energy Performance Contracts (EPC). I’m not the only one; the government is about to produce a set of documents giving guidance and regulations for this new form of contract and a recent European Commission report – Lighting the Cities: Accelerating the Deployment of Innovative Lighting in European Cities – also makes reference to it.

EPCs, in their simplest form, work like this: a consortium of installer, supplier, energy supplier and finance provider is formed. This consortium will provide the authority with all the required finance and materials to replace their entire existing street lighting luminaire stock (columns are not included) and, working with the client, decide on dimming regimes, lighting levels and projected energy consumption.

The client will pay to the consortium (ESCo – Energy Services/ Savings Company) its current energy bill and continue to pay this amount throughout the life of the contract, usually 10 years. The ESCo will invest in new LED technology along with CMS and possible Smart City innovations in order to lower the

energy profile as quickly as possible.

The difference between the two figures is the agreed profit and pays back the investment over the period of the contract.

The savings for the authority begin from day one, with savings in carbon tax, maintenance provider costs (who will transfer to the ESCo) and increased performance. At the end of the contract everything is handed back to the authority and they enjoy the greatly reduced energy bills and maintenance regimes from that point onwards.

EPCs have not yet been used in the UK for street lighting, it is just a matter of time, understanding and will.

They have been used extensively in the USA and are beginning to gain greater use in Europe, indeed iGuzzini has had lots of experience in this type of contract, working with our partners Enel Sole in Italy where a number of smaller authorities have replaced a total of more than 135,000 street lights with LED technology.

We have also been involved in the Smart City concept and have a demonstration street where the lighting is varied from 20 per cent to

13

100 per cent illumination when a car is detected using radar and/or camera technology linked to a CMS system.

(A video of this technology in action is available on our website and our YouTube channel.)

So what’s next for EPC? Well, a lot of education by different bodies, including the Energy Manager Association, the European Community and others, for clients and the industry about the benefits of this type of contract. The development of regulation and standards will help but more understanding of total cost of ownership (TCO) solutions is required.

However, every way I look at this type of funding, there seem to be no losers and a win/win situation for all.

Mark Cooper is national sales manager (public realm) of iGuzzini.

This feature is based on the paper he gave at the Local Government Lighting Conference in June. For more information on Smart Cities, go to: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ technology/initiatives/smart_ cities_en.htm

LED lighting used for both traffic and decorative lighting (left). iGuzzini Smart City lighting under test – lighting levels change as the car’s motion is detected

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

14

Discussion

Standard deviation Has technology superseded current guidelines? asks Bill Owen

Luminaire maintenance (Table B.1)

H

aving closely examined the latest standard on road lighting, BS5489-1, I think that there are a number of aspects that should be challenged. While I would not claim necessarily to have the answers to the issues in question, it is important to at least consider them.

The first matter that I would like to raise is that of maintenance factors and how they are calculated. We now have a new luminaire maintenance table and it is a great improvement on the previous version.

However, while I applaud the improvements, a major opportunity has been missed.

In the new table (B.1) there is no appreciation of the differing qualities of the shapes and materials used in the construction of the optical enclosure. It is a fact that glass has a much lower electrostatic charge than plastic (a matter of proven science to my own company) and so the ability of a shallow glass enclosure to attract and hold dirt is much lower than the equivalent plastic enclosure. In addition, shallow curved bowls are much more prone to cleaning by rainfall than flat glass. I believe that some luminaire manufacturers promote self-cleaning glass. The glass and self-cleaning factors have not been included in the new chart.

In these times of reduced budgets and the constant search for new methods of energy and maintenance savings, the ability of a lantern to largely self-clean must have implications for both the maintenance factor applied to the design and the ongoing costs of luminaire cleaning cycles. There are products out there which are designed to be almost entirely selfcleaning, but there are a lot of luminaires that do have glass enclosures and will therefore have an extended cleaning cycle over the plastic (polycarbonate, acrylic) alternatives – and yet there appears to be no recognition of that fact.

It is my contention that a modifier should be calculated by the appropriate committee (both ILP and HEA) for shallow bowl and flat glass luminaires that could be applied to the maintenance factor table.

My next area of concern is the maintenance formula given in the new standard for LED luminaires. The essential fact about all LED luminaires of good quality is that the light source is designed with a very long working life (circa 100,000 hours).

We appear to have missed the point that maintained designs as previously calculated took into account both the luminaire and lamp depreciation to determine the maintenance factor for the design. This allowed that the design would still comply with the required standard immediately prior to relamping and cleaning.

Factors Environmental zone

Mounting height Cleaning frequency 12 months

24 months

36 months

48 months

60 months

72 months

E1/E2

≤6 m

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

E1/E2

>6 m

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

E3/E4

≤6 m

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86

0.84

E3/E4

>6 m

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Discussion For LED luminaires the lamp replacement period (or its equivalent) could be 25 years after installation. Over that period the lumen output of the LEDs could degrade by 30 per cent (L70).

Following the formula given in the new BS5489, a typical result might be: (% of initial light output (x)) x (100 – y) x LMF (from table B.1) 100 100 Example: (70 x (100 – 1) x .88 = 0.61 100 100 Are we really saying that we wish to overlight the scheme by 39 per cent for the largest part of 25 years? Is this good lighting design practice?

There are other methods which can be used to mitigate the issue, such as constant output drivers and central management systems, which can underrun the installation from day one, progressively ramping up the output to maintain the light level over time.

However, there are some limitations to this system.

You have to be certain that there is enough headroom in the driver to ensure compliance both at the start of the installation and right through to the end of its design life, given that you cannot get more than 100 per cent performance from the driver for the rated current for the installation.

I have had many discussions with various members of the lighting fraternity over this issue and one of the most popular ideas seems to be that the maintained design is not taken to the same point as the installation life. In short, we take a practical view and accept that the system may well underlight from year 15 onwards (it is likely that later technical innovations and product improvements would address a large part of this shortfall in any event) but by an acceptable amount, possibly 10 per cent or so. So an installation to P4 might by the end of its life be achieving 4.5 lux E.ave as opposed to 5.0 lux E.ave and 0.9 lux E.min as opposed to 1 lux E.min.

Would this actually be a catastrophe? I seriously doubt it, in terms of the effect on the road user. I do accept that a change of policy from BS5489 regarding LED installations for road and street lighting maintenance factors may be required.

The next area of concern is the reduction in the standards for car park lighting. It is my opinion that the most important measure that we have in exterior lighting is uniformity.

Those of us who have been around for a while will remember BS5489 1996 Part 9 where exterior car park lighting was divided into two major types (excluding multistorey car parks), those in environmental zones E1 and E2 and those in E3 and E4. The requirement for E1 and E2 was 15 lux E.ave with a 5 lux minimum point. The requirement for E3 and E4 was 30 lux E.ave with 10 lux minimum point. Agreed, there was a footnote stating that uniformity of 0.25 minimum was required. However, if you hit

15

both numbers you actually achieved 33 per cent uniformity and generally 30 per cent was taken as acceptable.

In Europe (EN13201) they treat car parks as CE Zones with a 40 per cent uniformity. In the ILE Outdoor Lighting Guide (I only have the ILE edition), 40 per cent was recommended. As far as I am aware we were the only country to adopt EN12464-2 which has now been included in BS5489 since the 2006 revision and in which 25 per cent Uo is the required target. I do not have too many issues with the actual levels required (apart from the fact that surely the environment should affect the level rather than car park size, or perhaps as well as?)

My view is that we have moved backwards with regards to car park lighting uniformity whereas Europe has gone forward. Surely a deplorable state of affairs. I advise my customers to light using the E.ave from BS5489 but to 40 per cent (or reasonably near to) uniformity.

My final point relates to the lighting of traffic routes.

When I leave my drive during the hours of darkness, I drive down my cul de sac and estate spine road, lit to illuminance classes, and then I turn on to the A34 trunk road where I am now in a luminance class. I am not sure how they do it but my eyes obviously realise that they now must see in terms of cd/sqm and not lux.

My point is this, they don’t, they just see. Why then do we not have the use of S/P ratios for traffic routes? I have designed, surveyed and photographed many traffic routes lit using white light and in every case I can certify that the visual improvement from sox or HPS to white light sources is significant. I understand that there is some research that challenges the benefits of white light schemes for traffic routes and there may be sound scientific arguments that can be made against it.

All I can tell you is that I see better, my clients see better, my family all agree that they see better. Perhaps I’m in a minority here, but I have seen many installations with various authorities and not one has done anything other than reduce energy and increase visual acuity. Perhaps we should consider using the most effective light meter we have to make these decisions – our eyes.

Another point that we might wish to consider, if we are not convinced about the benefits of white light sources for traffic routes, then someone should be convincing the LED manufacturers to produce high-output orange LEDs. Finally, why are we still using luminance to measure traffic routes?

As I mentioned at the beginning, while I may not have all the answers all these issues need airing and at least merit further discussion. I am convinced that current practice needs rethinking.

Bill Owen is street lighting manager at Holophane Europe. The views expressed in this article are personal and do not necessarily represent the views of his company

Overleaf: Alistair Scott responds

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

16

Discussion

Alistair Scott, chair of BSI panel EL/001/02 Road Lighting, responds: Bill Owen makes some pertinent points and it is always an aim of any standard to be flexible enough to work whatever the technology proposed and to progress as technology allows. BS5489-1 is concerned with guidance on lighting design whichever technology is in vogue and in that respect it is technology neutral.

The committee charged with writing the standard aimed to consult as widely as possible and a large number of comments (319) were received from the industry including ILP, HEA, IESNA, LIA, ACPO, consultants and manufacturers following the draft for public comment. That was the opportunity to make any comments and ensure that they were addressed and, where relevant, incorporated.

However, the standard should be able to continuously improve and there are areas that will be looked at either as an amendment or as separate industry guidance.

To take each of Bill’s points individually:  Maintenance factors: The committee took the latest available research, which was the CSS report, as the basis for the table. If there is any independent research available which can be published relating to different protector/diffuser materials, then this could certainly form supplementary industry guidance which could be issued.

LED maintenance factors: The HEA is looking at the issue of LED maintenance factors and any guidance produced could supersede the informative Annex C in BS5489-1. This is a fast-moving area, so industry guidance is often likely to be more current. The example raised of 30 per cent lumen depreciation of LEDs is related to the technology of LEDs, not the British Standard. Unless the output is managed to achieve constant light output you will always be overlighting with a new installation, irrespective of where you set the benchmark.

If you are happy with lower lighting levels at the end of life, simply choose a lower lighting class. It is simply a case of where the benchmark is set and BS5498-1 sets the benchmark for minimum levels throughout the life of the luminaire. All the standard should do is recommend minimum lighting levels and advise designers to choose a maintenance factor that most accurately reflects the reality.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Car parks: The car park lighting levels in BS5489-1 are reproduced from a European Standard, BS EN 12464-2. In an era when we are trying to minimise energy consumption, a 25 per cent uniformity would seem to be acceptable. The most comments I receive about car park lighting refer to overlighting, particularly in rural areas. My advice is that the light level chosen should be appropriate to the ambient luminance of the area and the usage. For instance, if a rural car park is only in use until 6pm, then turn off the lighting for the rest of the night.

Traffic routes: The international convention (from CIE 115) is to use luminance for lighting of traffic routes. The committee discussed long and hard whether we should buck the international trend, but the consensus was to stick with the status quo. Your eyes, of course, do not see lux, only the luminance in cd/sqm reflected off any road surface. The main point about luminance versus illuminance is that the tasks when driving on traffic routes are different to the tasks for pedestrians/drivers in slower moving residential and subsidiary roads. The more complex driving tasks are made safer with the requirement within the luminance calculation for longitudinal uniformity, as well as overall uniformity and threshold increment, all criteria that are not required for subsidiary roads.

White light in traffic routes: There was an appetite from the committee to incorporate S/P ratios for traffic routes, but there was no evidence as to how to proceed. We took advice from experts in vision and from ILP PLG03. It is hoped that suitable research will emerge which will allow some progress to be made in this area. As far as I am aware we are the only country in Europe to compensate for white light on subsidiary roads.

Orange LEDs: The appetite for white light now is too embedded with us. A trial of green LED luminaires a few years ago in Winchester was overwhelmingly rejected by the residents. Orange LEDs would I’m sure suffer a similar fate as we expect good colour rendering from our exterior lighting.

In summary, Bill highlights some relevant issues and many of the points made require further research.

As soon as reliable research is presented to the committee we will be able to review and, where applicable, issue updated guidance.

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18

LEDs and photometry

Back to source To understand the problems of measuring LED performance, argues Peter Phillipson, you must look at the development of photometry for traditional lamps

its light output or colour rendition, allowing a simple bulk change to a scheme to improve the quality of the lighting. To some extent the commonality of the precise dimensions of many lamps saw a sense of ubiquity emerge in the industry, so that those who designed and made luminaires would do so expecting that a range of manufacturers’ lamps would fit into them seamlessly.

This was true of most of the GLS, PAR, T and CP class lamps, standard fluorescent, and many of the high-pressure sodium lamps after the mid-1970s when the initial 1960s ones had been redesigned. It was not true of many of the metal halide lamps until the late 1980s, and there are still some lamps of a particular wattage with control gear and lamp that must be matched along with the luminaire. For example, the 2kW lamps used for stadium lighting vary

The photometer at CU Phosco which measures luminaires in C,gamma coordinates

O

ne of the criticisms of LEDs has been the lack of reliable data when describing their photometric outputs. There seems to have been a Wild West approach when trying to describe LEDs in the same terms as other sources. That of course implies that we have been content with the photometry of traditional sources. How did we come to feel that way?

Here, I will describe how photometry has been carried out from the period since the 1940s and 1950s until now in order to highlight the processes, the rigour and way it has slotted into the lighting industry and to prelude the additional techniques that are required when producing photometric data for solid-state lighting. In order to appreciate modern practices of LEDs, it is essential first to have a grounding in how photometry is done for other light sources.

The post-war period saw a consolidation of light source manufacturing companies and, crucially, a broad agreement as to the size and shapes of various lamps. Ignoring special lamps for a moment, we would be astonished if while trying to relamp an office, for example, we found that one manufacturer’s standard fluorescent tubes did not fit into the same luminaire as that of a competitor.

One company might make a revolutionary leap forward to its own version of an identical-looking product by increasing

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Getting the measure of LEDs

Dr Paul Miller looks at the particular issues involved in assessing solid state sources

L

ighting based on LEDs promises increased energy efficiency, long lifetime and improvements in the quality of light. It has the potential to revolutionise the efficiency, appearance and quality of lighting as we know it.

LEDs are predicted to become twice as energy efficient as fluorescent lamps and more than 10 times as efficient as incandescent lamps.

However, both professional users and consumers have been reluctant to embrace solid-state lighting, often because of previous unjustifiable or simply false claims about low-energy performance.

The light emitted from semiconductor LEDs is fundamentally different to that produced by incandescent and fluorescent lamps. This is reflected in the optical, thermal and electrical properties of LEDs.

LEDs and photometry

19

electrically, optically and dimensionally so you cannot just relamp a particular stadium with any 2kW lamp. In the many cases where control gear and lamp were swappable, a form of performance data grew up. It used relative photometry.

It is necessary to describe first the instrument used in photometry: the photometer itself. It is a light meter placed far enough away from a luminaire so that the photocell can ‘see’ the entire luminaire. The light intensity from a luminaire alters depending on the angle at which it is emitted. This is called goniophotometry.

There is more than one way to do this but a common method has a luminaire mounted in a large (often twostorey high) windowless room painted matt black (to reduce stray reflection). The path length, the distance between the luminaire and the photocell, is broken up by two mirrors.

The first mirror is mounted on the end of a long arm that rotates it from underneath the luminaire through a semicircle right to the top above it. The arm is mounted on a motor-driven rotating drum that sits on bearings. Within the drum is the second mirror that reflects the light from the first mirror towards the photocell that lies in a fixed position in the axis of rotation of the drum. The luminaire is often mounted on a crane, allowing the photometrist to install it at

ground level and lift it to the optical centre of the machine, in alignment with the mirrors and the photocell.

The rotating drum can be stopped and started at various angular intervals to take readings of intensity in order to build up a table. The luminaire is rotated in plan by, say, five degrees and the process of swinging the arm through 180 degrees in the vertical plane is repeated. The intervals of the angular measurement chosen (how many readings taken) depend on the narrowness of the intensity distribution, or how peak intensity falls back with angle.

If a very wide beam, white diffuse globe is being measured, for example, the intensity could be similar at almost all angles around it so that very few readings would be necessary. However, a modern road lighting lantern, where the peak intensity has to ‘run back’ to a low level at high angles, might need measuring at half-degree angles, especially during the development phase of the luminaire itself.

Although data loggers are used to either stop and start the motors to take readings in the vertical plane or take readings on the run, the beauty of having a fixed photocell in my view is that if it is removed and replaced by smoked glass, the reflector designer can see how each facet of a

Measuring luminous flux with a goniophotometer

output, spectral output and lifetime are observed due to junction temperature changes, which can be caused both by ambient temperature and changes to drive current.

Demonstrating energy efficiency requires traceable measurements of input electrical power. LED lighting typically operates under direct current and low voltage conditions, which require driver circuits to convert the supplied mains AC power. Dimming and the use of pulse width modulation can lead to poor power quality, which can impact the electrical grid supply system.

Acceptance of SSL requires the provision of unambiguous measurements of their energy efficiency and lighting quality. However, there are a number of challenges involved in the measurement process.

Photometry, the measurement of electromagnetic radiation weighted by the human eye’s response, typically requires the use of a photometer. The photometer is a

The spectral output is different to traditional light sources, which leads to changes in human perception and preference. SSL products may show spectral-spatial variation, where the spectral output, and therefore colour, varies with angle. SSL luminaires are often ‘yellower’ to the side and ‘bluer’ for a direct line of sight. This spatially nonuniform spectral distribution may indicate poor performance of the lamp or luminaire, and it can also affect the measured photometric quantities.

The properties of LED lighting are sensitive to changes in semiconductor junction temperature. Changes in light

Spectral output of test source (cool white LED, left), reference source (incandescent standard lamp, right), and spectral response of detector (centre)

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

20

LEDs and photometry

reflector flashes or lights up depending on the angle. It is possible to take manual readings and look at the reflector and assess why it is working or not working. So rather than using a goniophotometer of this type only to measure a fait accompli finished design, it can be used also as a design tool to tweak a reflector or to see if a production reflector gives the same result as a prototype.

There are two main sets of coordinates used to describe the angles in question. For the photometer outlined above, the angles of the intensity in the vertical plane are given the symbol gamma: gamma = 0 degrees is underneath the luminaire and 180 degrees above it. The plan rotation is called the C angle and is measured either with respect to the lamp axis for a fluorescent luminaire or the spigot entry for a road lantern.

For a floodlight or theatre lantern that only has one peak intensity, however, the peak intensity is found and then all of the other intensities are measured with respect to that.

For narrow beam floodlights, the best way to measure their photometric performance is to set the floodlight up on its stirrup so that the vertical angle (V) and the horizontal angle (H) can be rotated separately, either by means of a stopper (or stepper) motor for each of the two rotations or by adjusting manually. Both angles are measured with respect to the peak intensity, so that the peak intensity is defined as V=0 and H=0.

The peak intensity does not always occur at right angles to the front glass of a flat glass floodlight. The photocell is placed some 50m to 100m away either by literally placing

Spectral-spatial measurements showed that the CCT of some early LED lamps varied by up to 10 per cent with angle

detector that has a spectral response similar to that of a human eye, as defined by the standard observer function V(λ) for photopic vision. However, no photometer is perfect and even the photometers used at the National Physical Laboratory have errors.

These errors typically occur in the red and blue regions of the spectrum. The overlap of these errors and the spectral output of LEDs is particularly high in the blue region. This leads to a measurement error called spectral

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

it at that distance away or by breaking the light’s path up by fixed mirrors. If the path is broken up by three mirrors at 45 degrees to the path, the photocell might be placed near the floodlight itself allowing the motors and photocell to be operated by local electronics while the mirrors remain static.

Whether or not the coordinate systems are of interest to the reader, the calibration of the photocell will be, as it is the subtleties of the process that begin to explain why LEDs have additional requirements for their photometry. The photocell used in the goniophotometer is connected to a very sensitive digital ammeter and is calibrated to give intensity. However, the unit is not the candela (cd), the unit of luminous intensity, but candela per thousand lumens (cd/klm).

This goes back to the dimensional similarities between the majority of the non-specialist lamps within their type and wattage, which the light source manufacturers agreed to standardise in a continuing process over the decades, and the fact that there is no such thing as a standard discharge lamp. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) keeps specially calibrated filament lamps so that if a very tightly controlled voltage is applied and a number of other parameters are observed, then the lamp will produce a known amount of light. These are often sold to optical laboratories in order to allow a reference amount of light to be produced, whether it be the total luminous flux in lumens or whether in a particular direction it produces an intensity of so many candelas.

However, this is not useful if trying to produce photometry for a fluorescent or HID luminaire as the optical shape of the filament reference lamps would not lend themselves

mismatch, which occurs when a test SSL product has a different spectral power distribution from that of the standard reference source, such as an incandescent flux lamp. The CIE recommends the quality factor f1’ for evaluating the degree of mismatch in spectral responsivity. The value gives a rough indication of the magnitude of errors that can occur for general white light sources.

Recent studies have shown that the spectral mismatch error will be below one per cent for phosphor-based white LEDs measured with a photometer having f1’ < 1.5 per cent. For RGB LEDs consisting of narrowband emissions a photometer with f1’ < 0.7 per cent is required for spectral mismatch errors < 1 per cent. Since spectral mismatch errors of photometers can be larger for SSL products than for traditional sources, corrections for these errors must be calculated. To apply this correction requires knowledge of the spectral response of the photometer and the spectral distribution of the reference and test lamps.

A common measurement set-up for SSL comprises an integrating sphere combined with an array spectroradiometer. Because of the narrow peaks in the SSL spectrum, accurate spectral measurements are very important. Spectroradiometers do not require correction for spectral mismatch, but other sources of error require

LEDs and photometry to mounting in a commercial luminaire meant for another source. Ignoring spectral considerations here, the process is as follows. Consider the photometry of an HID luminaire.

A commercial lab runs a well-chosen lamp to operate on the correct control gear and make sure that it has been run in for more than 100 hours as the lumen output is not guaranteed for lamps below that age. It is put on the photometer as a bare lamp without the luminaire. The intensities are measured not at those angles relevant to a luminaire, but at some very special angles that represent areas of equal solid angle.

The point is that by analysing them (it would be an article in its own right) it is possible to produce a scale factor and, if used to multiply all the readings that the digital ammeter is giving, makes it read in cd/klm. What is being done here is to say no matter how many lumens this lamp is producing, we will say it is 1000lm to normalise it.

The beauty of this approach is as follows. If we now put the luminaire in the optical centre of the photometer with the same lamp, the same control gear and keep other parameters constant, and set the same scale factor on the intensity readings, we will produce an intensity table (I table) where each value is in cd/klm. If this table is then used in either a hand calculation or a piece of commercial software, the person doing the calculation, having placed the lantern in a model of the space, needs only to type in the kilo-lumen output of light source he or she is using.

For example, a 400W tubular high-pressure sodium lamp from manufacturer one might produce 48,000lm and

21

from manufacturer two 50,000lm, say, as its lamp is more advanced. So the numbers 48 or 50 are used together with the I table to work out the illuminance on the ground. In a fluorescent scheme, in the past, the benefits of using a triphosphor lamp over a halophosphate might be shown by comparing their illuminances in a particular lighting scheme, because the tubes were the exact same shape.

In the case of lamps of significantly different optical shape, such as the 2kW stadium metal halide, the I table would be unique to one manufacturer’s lamp. In general, luminaire manufacturers could produce accurate I tables and not have to rephotometer them every time a given lamp was improved slightly, providing that its optical shape remained the same.

It is important to point out that relative photometry (in other words relative to 1000lm) used for luminaires with conventional light sources can be extremely accurate.

The photometry of LEDs differs and has to be measured absolutely. Unfortunately, the term, ‘absolutely’ is used abundantly and wrongly in everyday colloquial English to mean ‘very’ or ‘completely’. In science a relative measurement or an absolute measurement can be accurate or inaccurate, the terms do not indicate accuracy. So when considering the absolute measurements of LEDs, it does not mean that by being absolute that they are somehow better than the relative measurements used for the conventional sources. It is just that needs are different.

In the 1950s to the 1980s C,Gamma and V,H tables were published in their raw form: it was possible to read

attention. When using array spectroradiometers it is scaled against the luminous flux of the lamps, measured important not only to calibrate the separately. This method does spectral response of the instrument, not work for SSL products but also to characterise and correct since it is typically not possible for wavelength, band-pass, linearity to remove and measure the and stray light errors.

LED ‘lamps’ separately from Changing to a the luminaire. Even if the LED spectroradiometer therefore source can be measured presents its own measurement separately, relative photometry challenges and there are many will not work accurately situations where properly used because the light output of photometers are more suited to the the LED source will change task. However, spectroradiometers significantly if operated outside do allow the calculation of the luminaire due to differences photometric and colour quantities, Spectral mismatch error occurs when the test source (for example, LED) in thermal conditions. and they may reveal properties, Corrections required for has a different spectral power distribution from the reference source such as non-uniformity of SSL absolute goniophotometry products, which may not be seen include illuminance response, with photometers. stray light and spectral mismatch correction. The number A notable change in measurement practice required and distribution of the spatial measurements required for for SSL products is the need for absolute photometry. an accurate calculation of total luminous flux depend on the Traditionally the luminous intensity distribution of luminaires type of source being measured. In practice this requires a is measured using relative photometry employing a trade-off between ensuring an adequate number of spatial goniophotometer. The results of this measurement are then sampling points to capture the variation in the output of the

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

22

LEDs and photometry

the intensities directly. Provided training on the use of them was given, lighting calculations could be carried out by hand or by computer. A small number of unscrupulous luminaire manufacturers, however, could make a copy of a luminaire and copy the I table from a manufacturer who had measured it optically themselves. For this and other reasons commercial software writers increasingly masked the raw I table and only published secondary data such as the two principal polar curves, and not the intermediate data, for example. This made it very difficult to check by hand whether the software was giving the correct answer.

I used to write software and was asked to test Beta software to see if it was giving the correct answer and sometimes certain scenarios could invoke a false result.

However, this was not so easily found out if the I-table was masked. Young designers began to use software without knowing how to calculate by hand so becoming totally reliant on it. It is fair to say that 1980s software was accurate because it was written by laboratory people in lighting firms but was, of course, cumbersome to use. The 1990s software was commercial but could give some false answers that only those who had experience might spot.

Today, software has come on leaps and bounds but the I tables are often masked.

In the 1980s, I was asked to look at a problem called iridescence. It was a term used by some to describe the

LED spectral mismatch error can be larger than other sources because emission from the blue pump LED overlaps a region where photometers typically do not perfectly match the V(l) curve

source, and ensuring that the overall measurement time is sufficiently short that thermal stability or source ageing effects are not significant. This trade-off can be improved by concentrating the measurements within the main ‘beam’ of the light source, as long as the integration method is appropriate.

Measurement of the total luminous flux of the SSL product can also be carried out with an integrating sphere using either a photometer or spectroradiometer. For measurement of total luminous flux using integrating spheres, particular attention must be given to the size of

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

coloured fringes on the reflectors surrounding fluorescent tubes. I preferred to call it thin film interference. It is possible to see the same effect in the headlights of some highspecification cars with HID lamps. From a distance the headlights might look blue, for example. I did some research with Oxford Poly (as it was called then). Reflections on samples of anodised metals carried out at a range of angles of incidence showed that certain angles yielded more colours than others, but it was the spectral output of lamps themselves that was also key. By measuring the reflectance at each of a multitude of visible wavelengths and then repeating it at differing angles of incidence, it was possible to predict which sample produced coloured fringes and which would not.

I wrote that if a goniophotometer could be built with a spectrometer replacing the photocell then full spectral hemispherical reflectance measurements of intensity could be recorded. It turned out that this is exactly the best way to measure the output from a solid state light source. In 2010 NPL put a spectrometer on its goniophotometer to do just that. There are two now in the world.

Peter Phillipson is principal of Future Group Lighting Design, an independent lighting design and lighting engineering consultancy

sphere, which should be large enough to reduce significant errors due to baffling and self-absorption, and to avoid temperature increase caused by heat from the lamp.

Errors caused by non-uniformities in the reflecting surface of the sphere can be increased when measuring directional sources, which may also be spectrally and spatially non-uniform. Self-absorption of light in the sphere by lamps can be an additional source of errors, particularly where the test lamp and reference lamp are different sizes and shapes. Traceability of measurements is provided by reference standard lamps calibrated to national standards.

However, an ideal reference standard should exhibit characteristics similar to the test artefacts. This requires characterisation of the spectral and spatial distribution of reference and test sources, which could justify the use of SSL reference standard lamps.

Measurement will play a crucial role in realising energy savings through the use of SSL sources, by ensuring user acceptance, by providing the means to measure and test products to traceable standards, and prevent disillusionment with poor quality products.

Dr Paul Miller is a research scientist at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Both this and Peter Phillipson’s feature are based on presentations at an SLL event, The Future of Light Sources, earlier this year

LEDs and photometry

23

Alan Grant, design and development director of DW Windsor, on his personal experience of test-house inaccuracies with LEDs

Measuring the light output of a luminaire is the only credible means of establishing its performance. While many organisations will subscribe to this point-of-view, how do they know that the measurements are accurate?

Many factors can affect test results and there is a very real chance that these results may overstate the actual performance of a luminaire.

Customers could be inadvertently misled about performance which may affect design calculations, specification and installed scheme.

When we developed our first road-lighting LED products, we had the manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; data for the LEDs, of course, and we estimated driver, optical and other losses.

However, we had no means of verifying the performance without having them measured.

We chose a well-respected lighting test facility to carry out the measurements and we submitted two products, each using different LED types. When the results arrived we were surprised and disappointed that they were significantly lower than our most pessimistic estimates. Our view

was to get a second opinion and we had the same luminaires measured by a second well-respected testing organisation. The difference in the results was significant: +12 per cent in product A and +17 per cent in product B. The lumen output from the second test-house was closer to our best estimates and these figures were used and published.

As LED output improved, we upgraded the same luminaire to a new LED type and again submitted a product for testing at the second test-house. The results showed a significant improvement over the previous generation.

At the same time as this, we were awaiting delivery of our own 3m-diameter integrating sphere and, as part of its commissioning, we tested the same luminaire ourselves.

The difference in the results was startling; so much so that we ran this test several times having checked and rechecked our set-up, recalibrated the sphere, had the supplier of the sphere rerun the test and had the product checked by a different supplier using their own

measurement equipment. These test results were consistent and we remain certain that they are accurate.

The test-house figures were almost 25 per cent better than ours.

We chose a 3m-diameter sphere because we make large luminaires which obviously have a large surface area. Good practice for integrating sphere measurement is to use a sphere whose internal area is more than 50 times that of the luminaire external surface area to avoid the large errors that can occur by selfabsorption and baffling. We now know that neither test-house we used has a sphere anywhere near large enough to conduct these tests with the required accuracy.

We wonder whether the products were completely thermally stable when measured and have other concerns as well. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve invested significantly in our in-house test facilities and the 3m integrating sphere is testament to that. We believe it to be one of the largest and most accurate in the UK and it ensures our customers are provided with accurate and reliable data.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

24

Energy costs

Metering out justice James Everley looks at changes to the Distribution Use of System charges and how they could impact on energy budgets

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Energy costs

B

efore examining the changes to the Distribution Use of System (DUoS) charges and their implications, it would be useful to look at their history and how we have arrived at the current position.

Distribution businesses apply DUoS charges to electricity suppliers for moving electricity across their networks. These charges, regulated

by Ofgem, allow distributors to recover costs for operating, maintaining and reinforcing their networks. They have to reflect the cost of both the type and the use of the connection that is provided to the customer.

Electricity suppliers pass on the DUoS costs directly to their customers,

used red/amber/green (RAG) unit charges. Different time periods were priced according to the network demand, with green being the cheapest time and red the most expensive. The rationale for the red time periods was that these reflected the spells of highest network demand and therefore attracted the highest charges. This provided an incentive to customers to move their demands to alternative times of day when less pressure is being placed on the networks. This is impractical for almost every unmetered customer but could encourage further use of initiatives such as trimming.

For non-half-hourly (NHH) trading,

Typical dusk-to-dawn street lighting profile: DUoS kWh consumption by month

either as a separate identifiable item on the invoice or as part of an overall allinclusive p/kWh rate. Increasingly for unmetered customers, DUoS costs are becoming a separate identifiable item on the energy bill as a pass-through cost. The advantage to customers is that the supplier does not need to include a risk factor in its average p/kWh price to allow for future changes. In addition, it allows for a direct energy price comparison between authorities in different distribution areas, where the DUoS costs can be significantly different.

there was a single average p/kWh figure, whatever time of day the energy was being used. There was no rationale for different NHH profiles to all incur the same average p/kWh DUoS charge. For example, a duskto-dawn profile (street lighting) would pay the same charge as a continuous profile (traffic signals).

The introduction of the CDCM caused a noticeable disturbance to DUoS charges across Great Britain, affecting not only unmetered but all domestic and non-domestic metered charges.

Calculation issues Since privatisation in 1990, each distribution business used its own methodology to determine DUoS charges. Ofgem recognised the inconsistencies of this approach and required the development of a Common Distribution Charging Methodology (CDCM), which was implemented in April 2010.

The approach adopted for unmetered half-hourly (HH) trading

CDCM 2010-2013 charges Several issues were highlighted with the introduction of the CDCM. The variance in unmetered charges between the different distribution businesses was raised, with Scottish Hydro street lighting authorities paying more than 4p/kWh on average whereas in the UK Power Networks (London) area they were paying an average of just over 1.7p/kWh. It should be noted that differences in price between

25

networks will always occur due to the different operational characteristics of each network. SSE Hydro in Scotland covers a far larger geographical area than London with a much lower population density.

The charges were also very dependent on each customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pattern of usage, resulting in some quite different DUoS charges depending on whether a particular unmetered inventory was traded NHH or HH. It also meant that NHH customers with fundamentally different usage patterns were charged the same DUoS charge regardless of when they used the energy. This resulted in the unmetered supplies (UMS) charges not always being reflective of costs, which went against the CDCMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives. As a result, a formal concern was raised which ultimately led to an industry change proposal to amend the methodology used within CDCM for determining unmetered DUoS charges.

CDCM changes A working group developed proposals for treating all unmetered supplies equally. The red time bands would be replaced with black time periods as part of a seasonal time of day (SToD) tariff structure. This would mean black periods having fewer hours than red and occurring almost exclusively during the winter. The amber and remaining red was to become yellow, and green stays the same..

In order to correctly reflect the different pattern of usage under NHH trading, separate NHH p/kWh rates were derived for each of the four existing Elexon categories of unmetered equipment: A: Continuous (traffic signals) B: Dusk to dawn (most street lighting) C: Part night (part-night switch off) D: Dawn to dusk (for example, school crossing patrol flashers) The industry change proposal was voted on in October 2012 and approved by Ofgem on 6 December in the same year..

Final DUoS charges: 1 April 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 31 March 2014 The final DUoS charges have been published by the distribution businesses. The table below shows the charges for the HH black/yellow/ green approach and for the four NHH profiles.

The charges for the black tariff may appear high but they are for only

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

26

Energy costs

a few hours a year and overall the HH charges will equate to the applicable NHH profile. The high black charges will only apply to street lighting for a fraction of the time in the winter (see graph previous page). The greatest volume of energy used by street lighting is consumed during the times of the green rate. Street lighting is mostly operational during times of low national electricity demand.

Likely cost impact Analysis of HH customers comparing 2013/14 with 2012/13 is shown below.

This is purely an indicative calculation of changes to costs. It is important to note that there will be some significant differences between customers with a typical dusk-to-dawn profile (street lighting) and those with a continuous profile (traffic signals). In general the savings are larger for those with a continuous profile.

DUoS costs will vary considerably depending on the exact composition of the unmetered inventory and the DNO area it is located in. The method for passing the calculated changes to DUoS charges on to the customer (whether potential savings or cost increases) also depends on the type of electricity supply contract in place.

Any local authority that wants an accurate forecast of its DUoS costs for the current financial year needs to contact its supplier and/or meter administrator as appropriate.

The table shows that there are decreases in DUoS costs for the majority of authorities. This is

Distribution area

2012/13 Average p/kWh

2013/14 Average p/kWh

% Change

ENW

3.09

3.12

1%

NPG – Northern

2.02

1.88

-7%

NPG –Yorkshire

1.86

1.54

-17%

SP – Scotland

1.93

1.91

-1%

SP – Manweb

1.77

2.25

27%

SSE – Southern

1.92

1.42

-26%

SSE – Hydro

4.25

2.86

-33%

UKPN – Eastern

1.70

1.50

-12%

UKPN – London

1.82

1.55

-15%

UKPN – South East

1.88

1.81

-4%

WPD – East Midlands

2.40

2.11

-12%

WPD – South Wales

3.13

3.03

-12%

WPD – South West

3.13

3.53

-12%

WPD – Midlands

2.39

2.33

-3%

Typical dusk-to-dawn street lighting profile: DUoS kWh consumption by month

particularly evident in SSE Hydro and is due to the large reduction in peak hours that were used previously under the RAG methodology.

•

The key messages are:

•

• • •

UMS DUoS costs predicted to decrease for the major of customers in 2013/14 DUoS approach to change between NHH and HH are consistent Significantly increased seasonal basis for the HH charges

HH p/kWh

•

•

NHH DUos charges vary according to pattern of usage Impact on individual customers will differ based on their specific inventory Supplier/meter administrator should be able to provide forecast of DUoS costs Changes came into effect 1 April 2013

James Everley is an account manager at Power Data Associates and specialises in the meter administrator side of the business

NHH p/kWh

Distribution area

Black

Yellow

Green

A Continuous

B Dusk-dawn

C Part night

D Dawn-dusk

ENW

42.508

2.471

1.622

2.719

3.183

4.587

2.439

NPG – Northern

25.830

1.239

0.143

1.445

1.894

3.440

1.145

NPG – Yorkshire

22.758

0.857

0.051

1.140

1.551

2.901

0.875

SP – Scotland

22.453

1.011

0.591

1.424

1.910

3.078

1.046

SP – Manweb

31.591

1.024

0.448

1.624

2.290

3.961

1.126

SSE – Southern

20.569

1.759

0.426

1.345

1.426

2.341

1.320

SSE – Hydro

14.450

2.577

1.193

2.637

2.849

4.299

2.483

UKPN – Eastern

19.845

0.631

0.539

1.149

1.562

2.472

0.877

UKPN – London

19.805

1.013

0.435

1.682

1.529

2.544

1.877

UKPN - South East

25.882

0.731

0.519

1.361

1.836

3.054

1.067

WPD - East Midlands

29.914

1.253

0.669

1.754

2.206

3.622

1.480

WPD – South Wales

42.645

2.546

0.959

2.635

3.043

4.979

2.341

WPD – South West

78.944

1.179

0.904

2.390

3.544

5.984

1.499

WPD – Midlands

32.872

1.377

0.728

1.924

2.369

3.931

1.669

Typical dusk-to-dawn street lighting profile: DUoS kWh consumption by month

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Stimulating presentations + interactive workshops + interesting exhibits = maximum CPD, minimum time away from the workplace The 2013 PLS will include input from respected and knowledgeable speakers and workshop facilitators. Together they, and the discussion they generate, will provide a fresh look at the work we undertake, showing us relevant case studies, provoking debate and imparting technical information.

We all need inspiration at times; challenge too. These values will be at the centre of the 2013 PLS and delegates will have the opportunity to meet with peers and share ideas and support. The Professional Lighting Summit will be a step in our development towards owning greater skills and gaining deeper insights.

Programme announced Speakers include • Mark Major RIBA FRIAS IALD RDI • David Coatham BA IEng HonFILP • Dr Peter T Hughes OBE FREng FRSE FIMM • Fenella Frost and Dr James McKenzie • Simon Langley AMILP Discover more about • How to finance lighting • Lighting Impact Assessments • New technology: LEDs, metal halide and more • Mesopic photometry • Latest standards, regulations and codes of practice

DID YOU KNOW? ILP MEMBERS SAVE £££ ON THIS EVENT You can become a member today – rates start at just £160 per year. Discover all the benefits of ILP membership and join us instantly at www.theilp.org.uk!

Download the full programme at www.theilp.org.uk/summit

Thistle Hotel, Glasgow 11 & 12 September Book your place now at www.theilp.org.uk/summit

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Thank you to all our exhibitors Places limited â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BOOK TODAY any queries? We are here to help on 01788 576492

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Reflections on light With a career in architectural lighting design and urban strategies spanning three decades, Andre Tammes was one of the professionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pioneers in the UK.Carl Gardner talks to him about past highlights, present concerns and future visions

Profile

I

t is a measure of how far lighting has come in three decades that low voltage tungsten halogen lighting had just made its market debut when, in 1984, following a number of years in theatre lighting, Andre Tammes, together with the late Jonathan Speirs, set up Lighting Design Partnership (LDP), the UK’s first truly independent lighting design practice.

After nine years together, they went their separate ways, but not before establishing a highly regarded consultancy, which undoubtedly led the pack of practices that followed in its footsteps. In fact, many of today’s UK lighting design luminaries started their careers in either LDP’s London or Edinburgh studios.

During those years LDP won a number of awards and set the

In 1997, after 13 successful years, Tammes set up an LDP office in Sydney, initially working on an ambitious exterior lighting scheme for the Opera House (only partly realised) and the 2000 Olympics stadium.

However, he ended up staying for the longer run, despite some reservations about the Oz lighting culture.

‘I knew lighting design would take a long time to get off the ground in Australia, because most of it was done by engineers,’ Tammes explains.

‘In many ways the profession there still doesn’t have the liberation from engineering that you see in Europe and the USA. Only now is the dialogue between lighting designers and architects developing in Australia.’

Nevertheless Tammes did work on some landmark schemes in his adopted country, most notably the

31

India, south-east Asia and China – work that involved Tammes and his team in a great deal of energy-sapping air travel.

Tammes mentions a number of key projects of which he is particularly proud, one of which is the lighting strategy for the new city of Putrajaya in Malaysia, ‘the zenith of clean-slate, blue-sky thinking in lighting, where the city didn’t even exist. Within that plan, we tried to determine from the beginning how light would describe and define the city at night’.

Another groundbreaking project he mentions is the scheme for Cheonggyecheon in Seoul, South Korea, ‘an extraordinary piece of urban renewal’ on a riverbed site where, working for the mayor (who later became the country’s president), Tammes coordinated the work of three

‘I knew lighting design would take a long time to get off the ground in Australia because most of it was done by engineers’

Federation Square, Melbourne (opposite page) – ‘one of the most compelling and unorthodox schemes in the country’; Sydney Opera House (above)

benchmark for recognition of the lighting design profession with architects and clients. In particular, Tammes pioneered the urban lighting strategy in the UK, with the Edinburgh Lighting Vision, and served as president of the IALD and as visiting professor at the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL.

overall lighting for Federation Square, Melbourne – ‘intellectually one of the most compelling and unorthodox lighting projects in the country’ – and the Adelaide Entertainment Centre’s entrance court, featuring a large, translucent, geodesic dome. For the rest, LDP in Sydney looked north and west for much of its work, to

Korean lighting design consultancies.

He later returned to South Korea to work on the lighting for an enormous national water management system, comprising 16 dams and weirs on the country’s main two rivers. Wistfully, too, Tammes refers to his major lighting study for the Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, which was part of

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

32

Profile

an application for World Heritage Site status. Sadly, the Sikhs who govern the temple later decided against making it a World Heritage Site, so the scheme was never realised.

With all this experience of lighting in Asia, what are his impressions of the state of the lighting design profession in the major Asian countries? ‘India has some very talented, young lighting designers now – and in the Far Eastern countries, designers are doing some very good work, particularly in the areas of hospitality and landscape lighting,’ he says. ‘Only China is still hidebound by its authoritarian culture – they largely just do lighting design by rote, using existing templates that they can copy and apply. Lighting there also tends to be purely cosmetic and driven by the competitive needs of building owners to apply more and more light, to outdo each other.’

Clearly, ever since the days of the Edinburgh Lighting Vision, followed by several large-scale lighting plans in Asia, Tammes has been keen to immerse himself in the bigger lighting picture. So does he still see himself as merely a lighting designer?

‘These days I like to think of myself as a “visual planner”, it is what I am mainly interested in. I think about the conjunction of light and what it strikes… in actual fact, anyone in lighting is a “visual planner”’.

Tammes then amplifies on what he sees as the current divisions within lighting design practice. ‘I think over recent years it has become divided into the “cosmetic”, broadly pretty, decorative lighting, mainly for leisure and entertainment, and “pragmatic”, serious, functional schemes for things like offices and schools, with prescribed levels of lighting and an emphasis on compliance.

‘Recently too,’ he continues, ‘we have seen the emergence of “therapeutic” lighting, based on our growing knowledge about the psychophysiological effects of light on the body, and this is slowly entering mainstream lighting. Unfortunately, these three strands of lighting

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

areas are still largely exclusive – for example, you don’t get many “fun” elements of lighting in education, or much “therapeutic” use of light in hospitality, which is a pity.’

will create a limited palette of techniques,’ he says. ‘When OLEDs finally take off, we will essentially have planar lighting – flat illuminated surfaces – and directional lighting

Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam

What about the effects of new technologies? Does he see the growth of solid-state lighting as a game changer for lighting design?

‘SSL is challenging but I fear that it

with LEDs, which will lead to a limited range of equipment. Much subtlety could be lost.’

Tammes also sees the stampede into energy-saving concerns, with lighting constantly hedged around by restrictive sustainability considerations, as a real problem. ‘We have got to challenge the “less is more” culture of the energy-saving lobby, there is a floor to it beyond which we can’t go – and if we go down that route, we will completely lose the opportunity to use light as an expressive medium.’

As an example, he cites the Earth Hour idea, where people are encouraged to turn off their lights for an hour, which started in Australia and spread around the world. ‘It is a complete disaster – and a total nonsense. Is darkness really a symbol

Profile

33

technology is becoming ever

more complex and requires the

involvement of informed specialists, not only to ensure its correct use but also to optimise the way in

which buildings provide for human needs – visually, psychologically and physiologically.

‘I think that there is still much to

be done to shift lighting away

from being perceived as a branch of services engineering to being

understood as an element which is as vital to us as air and water.’

I ask Tammes about the biggest

changes he has witnessed in the world Cheonggyecheon, Seoul

of architectural lighting design in the

past 30 years. His comprehensive list singles out, ‘a greater understanding

by clients and architects that lighting is “designable”; the huge developments in visual rendering systems; the

development of white light LEDs;

advances in our attempts to prescribe

“lighting quality” – and the inclusion of Adelaide Entertainment Centre

lighting within energy codes.’

After 15 years, Andre Tammes

parted company with LDP in Sydney

at the end of 2012, following the sale of his major share in the company to his co-director. One new strand in his work is as an associate

editor of Sydney-based design

magazine, InDesign, where he writes and commissions lighting design

contributions. Now in his late sixties, Tammes clearly has no intention of putting his feet up.

So, after all these years in the

lighting profession, where does

he want to concentrate his late-life

energies? ‘My future interest lies in the use of light as a therapeutic

element in the design of health and age-care facilities,’ he says.

‘We are only starting to understand

Federation Square, Melbourne

of modernity?’ He cites the fact that Burma, one of the most repressive countries in the world until recently, is completely dark on the world light map. ‘Do we really want to emulate that country as a model?’

So what is the place of lighting

the wide range of responses which design in today’s rapidly changing world? ‘Lighting design is the cement between the bricks of architecture and interior design,’ Tammes asserts.

‘Without the considered use of light, the full potential of architecture cannot be realised. In addition, lighting

both healthy and sick human beings have to varying light conditions.

Through project design, and perhaps research, I’d like to be part of the fascinating exploration of what is

still a largely undeveloped area of lighting application.’

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

34

Future concept

Now you see it

How an invisibility time cloak could change the way light – and therefore information – behaves in space and time The ‘invisibility cloak’, together with the inevitable spurious allusions to Harry Potter, appears periodically. The latest development, according to US scientists whose study is published in the journal Nature, is an invisibility time cloak which is able to hide events in a continuous stream of light. It works by manipulating the speed of light in optical fibres so that any interaction which takes place during this ‘hole in time’ is not detected.

Lighting LightingJournal JournalJuly/August July/August2013 2013

The research builds on a time cloak described last year that was able to hide single brief events of time in an optical beam. This latest work, from a team at Purdue University, Indiana, is different to other so-called invisibility cloaks in that it hides events in time, rather than spatial objects.

The researchers were able to cloak nearly half the data put in the beam’s path, which they would otherwise be able to detect. ‘We were able to

push the light forward and back using commercial telecoms components, that are controlled by electrical signals,’ explains Professor Andrew Weiner, who co-authored the paper.

‘When one sends high-speed data over an optical fibre in the existing infrastructure, in many cases it’s just 1s and 0s – binary code.

‘In our system, we can hide the 1s and 0s. There can also be other kinds of disturbances in the light but this

Future concept Greg Gbur, of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, who was not involved in the study.

‘In the first-time cloak paper, they discussed hiding events of a few billionths of a second once in a while.

Here, they are talking about being able to hide data 46 per cent of the time. This really suggests that this has gone from a curiosity to something that could be used in optical communications and data processing,’ said Dr Gbur.

Ortwin Hess, a physicist at Imperial College London, was equally impressed. ‘It shows how beautiful the space-time principles are that can be used in optics. While previous cloaks are interesting as well, in the sense that they change optics in space, now we can change the way light, and thus information, behaves in space and time,’ he told BBC News. www.bbc.co.uk/news/scienceenvironment-22780651

Alternate approaches to cloaking •

•

•

•

Optical camouflage technology: A modified background image is projected on to a cloak of retroreflective material (used to make projector screens); the wearer becomes invisible to anyone standing at the projection source.

The ‘mirage effect’: An electric current is passed through submerged carbon nanotubes to create very high local temperatures, which causes light to bounce off them, hiding objects behind.

Calcite crystal prism: Calcite crystals send the two polarisations of light in different directions. By glueing prism-shaped crystals together in a specific geometry, polarised light can be directed around small objects, effectively cloaking them.

Source: BBC News

Photography: AJHD

cloak provides a zone where one doesn’t see how the light is being changed,’ Professor Weiner told BBC News.

Weiner compares the manipulation of the stream of light to a flowing river.

‘Think about taking a region of that river and pushing some of it forward, and some backwards so there are holes where there isn’t any water.

Maybe there’s a dam, and we can pop the dam on and off very quickly, to somehow disturb or divert the water.

‘If we part the water so it doesn’t see the dam popping up and down, it isn’t disturbed, and afterwards we can put the water back together so it looks like a nice calm river again. That’s how we control the flow of the light. We’re pushing it forward and backwards in time, so it avoids events that would otherwise disturb it.’

The development is a big step forward in the work on the time cloak, according to optical physicist

35

Lighting Lighting Journal Journal July/August July/August 2013 2013

36

Professional certification

Global recognition

Emma Cogswell, IALD UK projects manager, makes the case for a worldwide certification in architectural lighting design

L

ighting specifiers are a small delicate group – so how do they set themselves apart from others to communicate that they are the authority in lighting design?

Currently, anyone can choose the light fittings on a project – the electrician, architect, interior designer or, my favourite, the client’s wife.

Other more established professions have certifications that demonstrate their professionalism.

It’s a bond of trust. It also allows professions to shape their own destiny and protect their core values.

‘If the architectural lighting design community doesn’t define the areas in which we practise and measure competency against a validated standard, there is the very real danger that others will force regulations on us or determine our destiny without our control,’ says David Becker, chair of the IALD’s credentialling task force.

‘The alternative is that we make a proactive, unified effort as a global

profession to define ourselves by determining the domains of practice and core competencies in which highly sophisticated lighting designers must excel in order to be eligible for certification.’

How is getting a certification different from being a member of a trade body or an association? Surely the application process you had to go through to join your association makes it a certification, right? Wrong.

The certification we are developing stands outside the different industry bodies and associations, and incorporates what are called ‘domains of practice’. These seven domains describe the practice of architectural lighting design, and provide a measurable standard against which people can be ratified. In order to become certified, designers must demonstrate proficiency in these seven areas.

The IALD has spent the past two years carefully evaluating the pros

Psychometrics and certification expert Judy Hale who has been advising the IALD

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

and cons of establishing a global certification. It has done so through the work of a diverse task force, including men and women from different countries, and by soliciting input from other lighting associations worldwide.

In addition, the task force collected feedback through face-to-face and webinar presentations, as well as a global survey answered by more than 650 lighting designers and other industry professionals.

Other more grown up design-build professionals, such as architects and interior designers, have already gone through the pain of developing a certification. The IALD took the enlightened step of employing an expert in psychometrics and certification to help steer us through these choppy waters.

We are currently in alpha and betatesting, the results of which will inform a streamlined certification application and review process. The guinea pigs are filling in their forms now, and I wait with interest and excitement to find out what this exercise will produce.

Personally, I believe having a certification is a good thing. It means I know what I’m doing and that you can trust me, lending credibility to me as a professional. I will be ratified through a rigorous system that stands up to the ideals expected by our clients and other industry professionals. I hope you will support this initiative, as it will help us to mature into an even more important part of the architectural design process.

The IALD is giving regular updates on the progress it has made on the certification programme (www.iald. org/about/IALDCertificationNews. asp). If you have any questions on this initiative please contact certification@iald.org

Features for September Lighting Journal

Lighting festivals: do they work?

Martin Valentine on urban lighting in the Middle East

38

Conference

Forum A workplace in progress

Is office lighting going in the right direction? Jill Entwistle reports on the latest ILP Professional Industry Partnership forum Workplace lighting is currently being driven in a particular direction and formulaic ways are being challenged, said Mark Ridler of BDP Lighting, who chaired the latest ILP Forum.

Recent guidelines and legislation – BS EN 12464-1 2011, upcoming revisions to Part L and the first BCO Guide to Office Lighting, due to be published later this year – were all influential in this respect, said Ridler as he introduced the session.

There were three key questions that had to be addressed, he said: is legislation pushing in the right direction, what is the lighting industry and design community doing to respond to these changes, and what should it be doing?

In a wide-ranging discussion that covered standards, energy efficiency, the pros and cons of LED technology, the Category A and B system and the potential impact of changing working patterns, the radical revisions to BS EN 12464-1 were the first area to be discussed. The shift in emphasis to people, their communication with each other and the tasks they carry out was viewed as positive, an important step away from the traditional, often inappropriate and energy-wasteful preoccupation with the horizontal plane. The new guidelines call for 500 lux on the task itself rather than as a blanket figure, with reduced levels for the area immediately surrounding the task (300 lux) and a further reduction in the boundary area beyond.

Where spec offices were concerned, said Andrew Bissell of Cundall Light 4, the new criteria were actually easier to achieve. ‘It is actually quite a low uniformity – 0.4. I do like the document because it’s the right thing to do – you’re putting the light where it’s needed which is visually better and is going to save energy.’

Moving on to the introduction of mean cylindrical illuminance in the same standard – endorsed by the SLL’s Code for Lighting and the

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

forthcoming BCO Guide – Ridler said that this was an area that some people, including himself, had been unfamiliar with and would look to a computer programme to carry out calculations.

The interesting point, said Bissell, was how you measure it and prove that you have achieved it. ‘When it was first introduced even software packages couldn’t calculate it but they have dealt with that now.

It’s got to be a good thing even if it involves a little extra work and knowledge. We’ll soon get used to it.’

Recessed lighting would struggle to achieve the criteria it was agreed and, as Jo Harding, sales director of Fagerhult, pointed out, pendant schemes were more likely to comply. So far, though, she added, the company had not been asked for a mean cylindrical illuminance calculation in lighting schemes it had designed and supplied.

There was general concern that certain sectors were still unfamiliar with it, and Bissell asked whether clients and tenants were even aware it existed.

Ridler pointed out that you couldn’t say a scheme was compliant because you needed to know

Terry Goode and Martyn Roberts

Mark Ridler

where the task was in order to do so, clearly not possible in spec office schemes. What it is asking for, he said, is supplementary task lighting on occupation, ‘which is quite unpopular with traditionalists.

ILP Forum A lot of tenants I’ve worked with are quite resistant to it for all sorts of spurious reasons.’ This was especially true of floorstanding luminaires, which Ridler advocated and which were installed in the BDP office.

People want an easy life and a grid of fittings, said Bissell. Chris Wilkes of Holophane asked whether this wasn’t specifically a UK issue.

Martyn Roberts of Osram agreed.

‘Freestanding office luminaires don’t sell in the UK’, he said, ‘but they sell well in Europe.’

Peter Young of Waldmann said it was lack of experience of the concept. ‘There’s a tacit resistance to floorstanding task lighting and a belief that it takes up floor space, which in fact it doesn’t if it is positioned correctly. It’s a lack of familiarity with its benefits in terms of flexibility and putting light where it’s wanted.’

Terry Goode of iGuzzini said his company had had a similar experience in the UK. ‘It’s only when lighting designers are involved and can have a faceto-face discussion with the client that it even gets considered.’

This type of lighting was seen as clutter, said Ridler. ‘It’s the field of stalks, it’s an aesthetic resistance.’

However, he added that he had noticed a change in the past year or two and BDP had done a number of university schemes with this approach. ‘The architects have really appreciated the advantages of taking light off the ceiling,’ he said. A client on another project had been happy with floorstanding luminaires because they had helped radically drive down the watts per square metre.

Harding pointed out that

Andrew Bissell and Jo Harding

39

Chris Wilkes

much of the resistance was driven by ceiling manufacturers who had a vested interest in the 600mm x 600mm grid ceiling and who were selling to architects and other clients.

‘It’s an ingrained culture,’ she said.

The fact that floorstanding fittings had the advantage of local individual control moved the discussion on to controls, energy saving and metrics for measuring efficiency. ‘The switch is just there with a floorstanding luminaire,’ said Ridler. ‘There is a need for controls to be kept simple and intuitive in that way even if there is a greater complexity behind them.’

Controls were still seen as problematic by clients. ‘Lighting control is an age-old problem and it’s down to education, it’s up to all of us to educate clients and architects,’ said Harding.

The introduction of LENI (lighting energy numeric indicator) into the new Part L was going to have an impact here, said Wilkes. ‘If people are not using controls at the moment then LENI will push them towards it. It’s the big growth area.’

It would also encourage a more holistic approach. There was no point in having an efficient light fitting if it was left on, the key was to look at the whole system, it was agreed. ‘If you are looking at the energy efficiency of the fridge you don’t just look at the motor,’ said Wilkes. ‘You cannot

look at a luminaire in isolation. You don’t look at a light in a room, you look at the whole room, how the electricity is moved around, and ask whether it works as a system.’

The use of lumens per watt as a measure of efficiency was also brought into question. ‘I dislike it,’ said Wilkes. ‘It’s a dumb metric.’

Bissell agreed. ‘It should be related to the task,’ he said. ‘It should almost be luminaire lumens per circuit watt per task. This is where leglisation works against us because they have to keep it simple enough for a non-lighting person to check that what we’ve done is right.’

A crucial aspect of the whole lighting process was who was specifying the lighting, suggested Ridler. ‘At the moment 10 to15 per cent of projects are lit by independent lighting designers, 35 to 40 per cent are lit by engineers, which means the other half are designed by contractors and wholesalers. That means half of the lighting energy in this country is designed by non-experts.’

The complexities of lighting and daylighting now meant that nonexperts were beginning to think twice, said Bissell, ‘because it’s becoming too much to know. It’s a full-time job to stay on top of design, technology, products, legislation, guides. People are starting to shy away from lighting and daylighting

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

40

ILP Forum

because it has become so complex.

It’s now being taken more seriously and knocking on the head some of the people who might in the past have had a go at lighting.’

Roberts suggested that the complexity of technology and other factors should lead ultimately to more consultants being used.

However, even if double the number of consultants were used, replied Ridler, there would still be a shortage of competent people. ‘We need to flow best practice down, we need to somehow build the expertise – legislation, best practice guides and the industry can all help in doing that but having dumb metrics doesn’t.’

He asked those present what they thought was the best way of increasing expertise. ‘What needs to be done in legislation to help that happen? What do manufacturers need to help sell the quality story?’ he asked.

‘As a manufacturer one of our main strategies is providing knowledge as well as selling luminaire systems,’ said Harding.

‘It’s educating people on what we do, through CPD programmes, and trying also to educate clients in good quality lighting systems.’ However, she added, the fact that we are still in a global recession was militating against quality. ‘Five years down the line pricing is considerably eroded. Whereas at the higher end, say the top 10 to15 per cent of the commercial market, clients are willing to spend probably double on a panel LED, that’s not the norm. There’s also the energy issue. Clients are talking about BREEAM targets. Perhaps the quality of lighting is suffering because we’re reverting back to price and energy number crunching.’

Young said that it was really about giving clients the whole picture. ‘If it’s possible, given time and constraints, we should engage them in the health and wellbeing of the staff in the office. It’s about telling the complete story to the client.’

Ridler said that the forthcoming BCO Guide to Office Lighting could play a crucial role in this respect, particularly in educating agents and developers. ‘I think it will be a really good tool to do that. It encapsulates a lot of best practice. I can imagine being in a meeting with a client and pointing them to what it says in the BCO guide. It will become an authority you can appeal to.’

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

PARTICIPANTS Mark Ridler (BDP Lighting) Chris Wilkes (Holophane) Jo Harding (Fagerhult) Peter Young (Waldmann) Martyn Roberts (Osram) Andrew Bissell (Cundall Light 4) Terry Goode (iGuzzini)

Peter Young and Terry Goode

Vice presidents’ column

41

Getting the most out of CPD

C

Dave Burton, VP education, and Mark Cooper, VP membership, look at why professional development is becoming increasingly crucial

ontinuing professional development is an increasingly important means by which individuals can demonstrate that they are maintaining educational standards and professional skills in their chosen area. Although some people think of CPD as attending courses, seminars and conferences, there’s a lot more to it. That two vice presidents recognise how deeply CPD is linked to both of their areas of activity is a sign of the importance attached to it by ILP. So what is CPD all about? First of all, let’s be clear what it is not about – ticking boxes or just doing a certain number of hours per year. CPD should not be a chore. If it becomes one then you cannot expect to get the best from it. All professionals need to keep up with change, both within their area of expertise and, more broadly, in the context of social trends. We need to show an ongoing commitment in the areas in which we practise and we need to review our core competences regularly.

In simple terms, CPD is a way of looking beyond the day job and seeking self-improvement through planned activities. If you think that just by doing your everyday duties at work you are developing yourself, you really should think again. Even those members working in academia do not necessarily amass sufficient new knowledge just from day-to-day work – we all need to extend ourselves.

CPD embraces life-long learning and this extends outside what we’re all expected to do routinely.

More important, CPD is a form of investment in the future, both for individuals and their employers and, in the case of consultants, for their clients. By planning how we aim to develop our knowledge and skills, we are adding value and making ourselves a more valuable human resource. Some enlightened

employers are already encouraging their employees to share their CPD in order to assist in succession planning.

We are regularly asked how an effective CPD plan can be developed.

Probably the best starting point for this is to put down a personal development plan (PDP), and review it annually. This should look at how you intend to develop yourself and your career, and even include elements outside the workplace.

For example, if you work in a job which gives little opportunity for physical activity, your PDP might include a target to join a gym or cycle to work. Improving personal skills such as report writing should also be covered and, of course, if becoming the MD of your company is an ambition, include that too as it will certainly determine some of the things you need to improve.

The PDP will then become the foundation for the CPD activities you need and want to pursue. These should be aligned first with the core competences you hold or wish to acquire, generally being focused on your daily work. In the world of engineering and especially in lighting, we live in a time of very rapid change where technological developments happen at a phenomenal pace.

Your CPD should aim to keep abreast of technical developments but, more important, should give you cause for personal reflection on the wider implications of the technology. You need to be able to put the knowledge you gain in the wider context of social need and not just use your CPD activities to put together shopping lists for products or solutions you might be able to use.

Don’t forget that your CPD activities won’t all be directly related to your specialist area. For example, ICT skills and learning a foreign language are examples of things

which can be part of your CPD provided that they are relevant to your personal development plan.

Recording your CPD is very important because that will inform the next review of your PDP. There’s no point in just turning up on a course or a conference, or going to an exhibition unless you have some idea in advance of what you intend to gain from it. Equally, once you’ve completed an activity, to maximise the benefits you need to evaluate what you did, what you got from it and what you think could be done to get more next time.

This is perhaps where the greatest value can be added. If your CPD record consists simply of a list of things you’ve done with a summation of the time spent, something is missing – appraisal of the activities is as important as the activities themselves.

As a last point, we know that some professional institutions have already made CPD mandatory and carry out a routine audit programme.

Although the ILP has no immediate plans to do the latter, we know that the governing body for the engineering institutions, ECUK, is looking at how more emphasis could be placed on professional development, and so we do carry out random audits of CPD on members. Many professionals such as nurses have been forced to undergo routine training along the lines of CPD for some years – even truck drivers have recently had to start undertaking annual training as part of an EU directive.

Evidence of ongoing training and development is becoming more important in all professions, and we believe it’s far better to develop voluntary schemes which better fulfil our members’ needs. But if we don’t do this effectively, we could have it forced upon us.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

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Products

Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new iGuzzini Anello

Originally designed by architect Marc Aurel for the redevelopment of Poitiers town centre, the IP55 Anello is available with a dual lighting function and also features a special optical effect. It provides general downlight or, with the double version, up/downlight. The uplight element is five spotlights (the number can be varied on request) that can be adjusted through 30 degrees. Warm white LEDs are used for general lighting and neutral white for lighting decorative elements. The optics section is gloss black cast aluminium with a transparent methacrylate outer screen and pyramid-shaped inner decorative elements, which together generate the optical effect. The Anello is designed for minimal, tool-free maintenance. www.iguzzini.co.uk

Klik Systems KlikLED

KlikLED+ can be used in all Klik Systems profiles and is available in a variety of colour temperatures, including 3000K, 4000K and 5000K, plus RGB and RGB/W. Control is via Dali, 0-10V, DMX or DMX-RDM. Using LEDs from Cree and other leading manufacturers, the system is also available with a choice of Zhaga boards. Boards are available in 100mm increments, allowing bespoke solutions at any length. www.kliksystems.com.au

Crestron CLED

Controls specialist Crestron has launched its first range of luminaires specially developed to replicate the characteristics of halogen dimming. The CLED range includes a general-purpose downlight, multifunctional recessed spotlights, a surfaced-mounted spot option and a stainless steel uplight.

Combined with Crestron control equipment, CLED luminaires replicate the smooth dimming curve, colour temperature and lumen output of halogen lamps through 1-100 per cent, according to the company.

Projected lifespan is 70,000 hours, with a five-year warranty on the luminaire and two years on the power supply unit (PSU). Dust and fire-protected models are also available. www.crestron.eu

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

Products

43

B.lux Noray

A new addition to the urban lighting range, Noray (Spanish for bollard) provides low-level indirect lighting, with completely concealed light source (18W 2G10 CFL). Designed to blend in during the day, the body of the fitting is made from corten or stainless steel, which acts as a light reflector, accentuating the fitting at night.

IP65 rated, Noray is 270mm high. www.grupoblux.com

Lucent Lighting iCementi

From Italian company Lucifero’s, iCementi (available through Lucent Lighting) is a range of exterior and interior fixtures made from Piumacemento, a patented material which combines the appearance, feel and resistance to weathering of concrete but weighs up to 80 per cent less. The external layer blends concrete with high-silicon-rate sand which makes it less prone than traditional concrete to the absorption of water. The IP65 Monolyte is one of two bollards in the range. With a 2W 3000K LED, its aluminium, 120 x 7 degree bilateral-emission optical unit has an output of 180lm (fed at 500mA). Measuring 600mm high and in two widths –150mm and 200mm – it has a tempered protective glass and steel mounting plate.The Panca bench – 450 x 1500mm – has a 17W 3000K LED source (1400lm) with 120 x 20 degree bilateralemission optics. www.lucent-lighting.com

Prandina

Gong Mini S1

A small version of the Gong pendant, the Gong Mini S1 has a system of multiple ceiling attachments so that fittings can be clustered according to the space. Ideal for very high ceilings and stairwells, the ceiling plate (matt white painted metal) takes three, five, seven or nine fittings at different heights. The diffuser is etched and painted blownglass with the lower section left clear. Measuring 135mm x 165mm, the fitting takes a G4 lamp in halogen or xenon. www.prandina.it

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

44

YLP column

So, does lighting pay?

During February and April, the YLP sent out a short survey to a number of institutions, including the ILP and the SLL. Thank you to everyone who responded.

The survey comprised eight basic questions designed to find out the age, gender, position within organisation and the current salary of the respondent. A final question asked individuals for an estimate of the average salary for their current job within the industry.

After comparing and analysing the collected data with that from the Office for National Statistics, it has been possible to draw some interesting conclusions.

As you will see from the table of results that draws comparisons between industries, the lighting industry has one of the highest average salaries of £40,560.

This is topped only by the financial activities (£69,368), mining and quarrying (£62,140) and IT/communications (£41,704) sectors.

Tom Baynham discusses the career opportunities within the lighting industry compared to other sectors Managers and senior officials earn on average £51,193, compared to the UK average of £41,738.

Looking at people’s perception of their salary within the

industry showed that 47 per cent of the people questioned felt that their salary was lower than the average for their job role. Interestingly, more than 60 per cent of the entry/ graduate level positions, and 58 per cent of department managers felt that they were paid less than average, while only 32 per cent of chief executives/directors felt the same.

When comparing people’s experience to their median salaries, it is evident that the lighting industry offers great potential, offering younger people the opportunity to progress their career, on average, more quickly than construction, general manufacturing and retail financial services. The average salary after just one to four years in the lighting industry is £32,385.

Comparing average salaries within positions across all industries shows that the lighting industry, on average, pays higher salaries across the main occupational areas.

Lighting Journal July/August 2013

When analysing the salaries of the people who felt that they were paid less than the average for their position, 82 per cent of the entry/graduate level respondents were earning less than the average within their job role. On the other hand, only 61 per cent of the department managers and 57 per cent of the chief executives/directors who felt they were paid less than average, actually were.

It is a statistical fact that 50 per cent of people will be earning less than or equal to the median salary for their job role. The fact that close to 50 per cent of the respondents felt that their salary was lower than the average and, of those, a reasonably high proportion were correct in their opinion, goes to show that people within the industry are well informed with regards to the employment market.

The fact that the lighting industry appears to be offering better than average career opportunities may be indicative of the advances made by new lighting technologies, and the increased spend by both private and public sectors to enable reduction of energy and maintenance costs

Matrix Print

Would you like to have your voice heard by the lighting community? The YLP column is dedicated to articles, information and news about YLP members. If youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve attended an event, or would like to write an article, or share your experiences from within the lighting industry, please contact Tom Baynham: ylp@indolighting.com

Bringing design to life Contact Gary on: 01536 527297

LIGHTING DIRECTORY ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

COLUMN INSPECTION & TESTING

CUT OUTS & ISOLATORS

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

Kiwa CMT Testing Non-destructive testing at the root, base, swaged joint and full visual inspection of steel lighting columns.

Techniques employed include the unique Relative Loss of Section meter and Swaged Joint Analyser in addition to the traditional Magnetic Particle inspection and Ultra Sonics where appropriate.

Unit 5 Prime Park Way Prime Enterprise Park Derby DE1 3QB Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607

CONTACT JULIE BLAND 01536 527297 BANNERS WIND RELEASING

cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

DECORATIVE & FESTIVE LIGHTING

MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555 email: steve.odonnell@maclean. co.uk Web site: www.maclean.co.uk

LIGHTING COLUMNS

LUCY LIGHTING Lucy Zodion manufactures and supplies a complete range of Electrical/ Electronic products for Streetlighting: • Vizion CMS

Specialist in high quality decorative and festive lighting.

A full range of equipment is available for direct purchase or hire including unique firework lights, column motifs, cross road displays, festoon lighting and various tree lighting systems.

Our services range from supply only of materials, hire, design and or total management of schemes.

More information is available from: Head Office City Illuminations Ltd Griffin House, Ledson Road, Roundthorn Ind Est Manchester M23 9GP Tel: 0161 969 5767 Fax: 0161 945 8697 Email: dave@cityilluminations.co.uk

Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative lighting. We also provide custom-built distribution panels, interior and exterior lighting design using CAD.

METER ADMINISTRATION

• Feeder Pillars • Pre-Wired Pillars • Photocells • Cutouts/Isolators

Meter Administrator

• Electronic Ballasts

Power Data Associates Ltd are the leading meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve accurate energy calculations assuring you of a cost effective quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market developments.

• Cutouts/isolators • Lighting Controls Lucy Zodion Ltd, Station Road, Sowerby Bridge, HX6 3AF tel: 01422 317337 Email: sales@lucyzodion.co.uk

www.lucyzodion.com

01525 862690 info@PowerDataAssociates.com www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

EXTERIOR LIGHTING Designers and manufacturers of street and amenity lighting.

CU PHOSCO LIMITED

Manufacturers of Lighting Columns, Floodlighting & Luminaires. Specialists in the design of Lighting Schemes for sports, car parks, docks & airports.

Standard Lighting Columns and Lanterns available from stock at competitive prices.

Charles House, Great Amwell, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 9TA Tel: 01920 860600 Fax: 01920 485915

319 Long Acre Nechells Birmingham UK B7 5JT t: +44(0)121 678 6700 f: +44(0)121 678 6701 e: sales@candela.co.uk

candela L I G H T

E-mail: sales@cuphosco.co.uk Website: www.cuphosco.co.uk

LIGHTING CONTACT JULIE BLAND 01536 527297

CONTACT JULIE BLAND 01536 527297 LIGHTING CONTROLS

LUCY LIGHTING Lucy Zodion manufactures and supplies a complete range of Electrical/Electronic products for Streetlighting: • Vizion CMS • Feeder Pillars • Pre-Wired Pillars • Photocells • Cutouts/Isolators • Electronic Ballasts • Cutouts/isolators • Lighting Controls Lucy Zodion Ltd, Station Road, Sowerby Bridge, HX6 3AF tel: 01422 317337 Email: sales@lucyzodion.co.uk www.lucyzodion.com

SHATTER RESISTANT LAMP COVERS

Holscot Fluoroplastics Ltd Fluorosafe shatter resistant covers – Manufactured from high molecular weight Fluoroplastic material whose lifespan exceeds all maximum quoted lifespans for any fluorescent Lamps.

Holscot supply complete covered lamps or sleeves only for self fitting.

LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality light measuring and photometric equipment.

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD PO Box 210 Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com www.hagnerlightmeters.com

CONTACT JULIE BLAND 01536 527297

TRAINING SERVICES

CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards • Lighting Design Techniques • Light Pollution • Tailored Courses please ring Venues by arrangement Contact Nick Smith

Alma Park Road, Alma Park Industrial Estate, Grantham, Lincs, NG31 9SE Contact: Martin Daff, Sales Director Tel: 01476 574771 Fax: 01476 563542 Email: martin@holscot.com www.holscot.com

Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com

Consultants Lorraine Calcott IEng MILP MSLL MIoD It Does Ltd Milton Keynes Business Centre, Foxhunter Drive, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6GD

T: 01908 698869 M: 07990 962692 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk W: www.itdoes.co.uk

These pages give details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Listing is included on main ILP website with logo (www.theilp.org.uk)

Carl Gardner

Alan Jaques

Alistair Scott

CSG Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Sector Leader – Exterior Lighting

Designs for Lighting Ltd

12, Banner Buildings, 74-84 Banner Street, London EC1Y 8JU

Broadgate House, Broadgate,Beeston, Nottingham, NG9 2HF

BA (Hons) MSc (Arch) FILP

T: 02077 248543 E: carl@csglightingdesign.com W: www.csglightingdesign.com

Professional award winning international lighting designer Lorraine Calcott creates dynamic original lighting schemes from a sustainable and energy management perspective. Helping you meet your energy targets, reduce bottom line cost and increase your ‘Green’ corporate image whilst still providing the wow factor with your interior, exterior or street lighting project.

Architectural and urban lighting design; specialist in urban lighting plans; expert witness in planning and light nuisance cases; training courses for local authorities on the prevention of light nuisance; marketing and product development consultancy for lighting manufacturers.

Mark Chandler

Stephen Halliday

EngTech AMILP

EngTech AMILP

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Principal Engineer WSP

43 Vine Crescent, Reading Berkshire, RG30 3LT

WSP

T: 0118 3215636, M: 07838 879 604, F: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk W: www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

The Victoria,150-182 The Quays, Salford, Manchester M50 3SP

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com W: www.wspgroup.com

IEng MILP Atkins

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 F: +44 (0)115 9574901 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com The consultancy offers a professional exterior lighting service covering all aspects of the sector, including design, energy management, environmental impact assessments and the development of lighting strategies and policies. It also has an extensive track record for PFI projects and their indepedent certification.

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE 17 City Business Centre, Hyde Street, Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk W: designsforlighting.co.uk Professional lighting design consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting.

Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Anthony Smith Are you an individual member of the ILP? Do you offer lighting consultancy?

Make sure you are listed here

IEng FILP Director

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd Lighting & Electrical Consultants, Dukes Way, Teesside Industrial Estate, Thornaby Cleveland TS17 9LT

T: 01642 766114 F: 01642 765509 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk Specialist in all forms of exterior lighting including; Motorway, Major & Minor Highway Schemes, Architectural Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Open Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Strategies, EIA’s, Planning Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

MMA Lighting Consultancy is an independent company specialising in Exterior Lighting and Electrical Design work.

We are based in the South of England and operate on a national scale delivering street lighting and lighting design solutions.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways. PFI technical advisor and certifier support. HERS registered site personnel.

John Conquest

Philip Hawtrey

Malcolm Mackness

Nick Smith

Technical Director

Lighting Consultancy and Design Services Ltd

Nick Smith Associates Limited

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP

BTech IEng MILP MIET

4way Consulting Ltd

Mouchel

Waters Green House, Sunderland Street, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 6LF

Severn House, Lime Kiln Close, Stoke Gifford, Bristol, BS34 8SQ

T: 01625 348349 F: 01625 610923 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com W: www.4wayconsulting.com

T: 0117 9062300, F: 0117 9062301 M: 07789 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com W: www.mouchel.com

Unit 9, The Chase, John Tate Road, Foxholes Business Park, Hertford SG13 7NN

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com W: www.wspgroup.com Professional services providing design and technical support for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations and their effect on the community.

T/F: 01452 417392 E: lcads.glos@virginmedia.com W: www.lcads.com

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: nws@nicksmithassociates.com W: www.nicksmithassociates.com

Allan Howard

Tony Price

Alan Tulla

Technical Director (Lighting)

Capita Symonds

Alan Tulla Lighting

Colin Fish WSP

43 Old Cheltenham Road, Longlevens, Gloucester GL2 0AN

IEng MILP

Road, amenity, floodlighting and cable design. Tunnel and mast lighting. Policy and environmental impact investigations.

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

Associate

BA (Hons) IEng FILP

Specialist exterior lighting design Consultant.

Private or adoptable lighting and cable network design for highways, car parks, area lighting, lighting impact assessments, expert witness.

CPD accredited training in lighting design, Lighting Reality, AutoCAD and other bespoke lighting courses arranged on request.

4way Consulting provides exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialises in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector (including PFI/DBFO).

IEng MILP

Call Julie on 01536 527295 for details

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP WSP

WSP House, 70 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com W: www.wspgroup.com Professional exterior lighting and electrical services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice regarding energy and carbon reduction strategies, lighting efficiency legislation, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations. Registered competent designers and HERS registered site personnel.

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Capita Symonds House, Wood Street, East Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UU

T: 01342 327161 F: 01342 315927 E: tony.price@capita.co.uk W: www.capitasymonds.co.uk Chartered engineer leading a specialist lighting team within a multi-disciplinary environment. All aspects of exterior and public realm lighting, especially roads, tunnels, amenity and sports. Planning advice, environmental assessment, expert witness, design, technical advice, PFIs, independent certification.

IEng FILP FSLL

12 Minden Way, Winchester, Hampshire SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com W: www.alantullalighting.com Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Specialising in public realm, landscaping and building facades. Site surveys and design verification of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Visual impact assessments and reports for planning applications. Preparation of nightscape strategies for urban and rural environments.

CPDs and lighting training.

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Diary 2013 20

19

30

Fundamental Lighting Course (One-day course on basics of light, lighting design and maintenance) Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby ILP member: ÂŁ195 + VAT Non-member: ÂŁ340 + VAT Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

New British Standard for Lighting BS5489 Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Prices as above Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

PLDC Venue: Bella Center, Copenhagen www.pld-c.com

August

21

August

Fundamental Lighting Electrical Course (One-day course on basic electrical practices and principles for outdoor lighting schemes and other electrical street furniture Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Prices as above Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

26-30 August

High-Performance Energy Buildings Brandi Institute for Light and Design Location: Hamburg, Germany www.brandi-institute.com

2-6

September

Workplace Design (With Charles Stone and Tobias Wallisser) Brandi Institute for Light and Design Location: Hamburg, Germany www.brandi-institute.com

3

September

Fundamental LED Course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Prices as above Contact: jo@theilp.org.uk

11-12

September

ILP Professional Lighting Summit 2013 Venue: Thistle Hotel, Glasgow Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

17-19

September

Lux Europa: 12th European Lighting Conference Location: Krakow, Poland Contact: vitax@witakowski.eu

11-12 September: ILP Professional Lighting Summit, Glasgow

September

24-26

September

LED Professional Symposium and Expo Location: Bregenz, Austria www.led-professional-symposium.com

3-5

October

IALD Enlighten Americas (On educating lighting designers) Venue: Hyatt Regency, Montreal, Canada www.iald.org

7-9

October

Light Middle East Venue: Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre, UAE www.lightme.net

16

October

Lighting and Energy Efficiency Mid Career College Venue: CIBSE, London SW1 www.cibsetraining.co.uk/mcc

23

October

How to specify office lighting Mid Career College Venue: CIBSE, London SW1 www.cibsetraining.co.uk/mcc

October (-2nd November)

13

November

Fundamental Lighting Course (See 20 August for details) Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

14

November

Fundamental Lighting Electrical Course (See 21 August for details) Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

20-21

November

LuxLive Venue: Earls Court 2, London www.luxlive.co.uk

21

November

Young Lighter of the Year Award Final Venue: Earls Court 2 (LuxLive) www.sll.org.uk

21

November

Lux Awards Venue: Westminster Park Plaza, London SE1 www.luxawards.co.uk

22

November

October

Lighting Legislation (including daylight) Mid Career College Venue: CIBSE, London SW12 www.cibsetraining.co.uk/mcc

27-30

Full details of all regional events can be found at: www.theilp.org.uk/events/

26

New British Standard for Lighting BS5489 Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby Prices as above Contact: jess@theilp.org.uk

October

Hong Kong International Lighting Fair Venue: HK Convention and Exhibition Centre www.hktdc.com

Clifton Suspension Bridge P516 LED Heritage Lantern

Objectives

Savings

Crossing the Avon Gorge in Bristol, is The Clifton Suspension Bridge designed by the esteemed civil engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1831 and completed after his death in 1864. The Clifton Suspension Bridge Trust who maintain the bridge were looking for a lantern to reduce energy and maintenance costs whilst still blending in with the historical Grade l Listed bridge.

By installing the P516 LED lanterns there was an immediate 30% saving however using the Philips Xitanium driver with Constant Light Output feature. By under running the LEDs for the 1st stage of its life (fitted as standard in this range of lanterns) the integral programmable five step dimming regime feature allows the lanterns to be dimmed to 51% between the hours of midnight and 6am to operate at 28 circuit watts allowing 65% savings during these hours.

Solutions

Response

After consultations with our LED technical department it was decided that the P516 LED Heritage lantern, utilising the 36 LED 55w Philips Rebel LED Panel would be the best option to replace the existing 70w SON Heritage Lanterns which were running at 79 circuit watts. The P516 LED Heritage Lantern suited both the aesthetic requirements and the energy and maintenance savings the Trust were looking for.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Whilst saving energy which is important to a charitable trust such as ours, lighting with an LED solution has enhanced the appearance and safety of the footways and toll plazas approaching the Bridge. The period style of the lantern blends in perfectly with the historical and Grade l Listed structure, whilst also reduced future maintenance costs.â&#x20AC;?

David Anderson - Bridge Master, Clifton Suspension Bridge Trust

CU Phosco Lighting Charles House Great Amwell, Ware Herts, SG12 9TA

Tel: + 44 (0) 1920 860600 Fax: + 44 (0) 1920 485915 Web: www.cuphosco.com Email: lj@cuphosco.co.uk