LJ March 2017

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

MAKING THE CONNECTION

How lighting can help councils to unlock smart cities CIRCLE OF LIGHT

Embracing the concept of a more sustainable ‘circular economy’ VIRTUAL VIEW

Gaming technology and lighting design

The publication for all lighting professionals

March 2017

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Contents THE 06 MAKING CONNECTION

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Much as with the transition to LED street lighting, it will be local councils that will drive much of the roll-out of connected lighting on the ground. But do they understand the smart city agenda, or even know what they want from it?

Mark Smulian investigates

10 BONNIE CLYDE

Glasgow is positioning itself as a UK smart city pioneer. YLP member and Glasgow resident Stewart Thomson looks at how intelligent lighting is transforming some of the city’s urban spaces

14 CITY SMARTS

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If they are ever to become a reality, smart cities have to be as much about councils and citizens understanding the vision and working together as about lighting or technological innovation, suggests Amy Barker

16 STEP CHANGE

Smart city technology is evolving at a fast pace, not least within and on lighting columns. But making this a physical reality in our cities is still a challenge, and may require an incremental process of small, gradual changes, argues Simon Newcombe

18 TRUE GRITTING

Hampshire County Council is using smart technology to sense local road surface temperatures and therefore make more informed gritting decisions, as Gemma Prior explains

20 THREAT MANAGEMENT

Connected lighting may be a massive opportunity for the industry. But how safe is it from cyber attack? Not very, if some of the latest surveys are to be believed. Lighting Journal investigates

22

CIRCLE OF LIGHT

Lighting likes to think of itself as a ‘green’ clean sector. But it could still do more, argues Nigel Harvey. Embracing the concept of a ‘circular economy’ and make processes more sustainable could be one answer

28 VARIABLE VALUES

As if being YLP Vice Chairman wasn’t enough of a feather in her cap, Sofia Tolia won the SLL Young Lighter of the Year Award in December for her innovative work around variable lighting levels for highways, carried out for her Master’s diploma. Here is an abridged version of her winning paper

3

36 VIRTUAL VIEW

ON THE PAST 46 LIGHT – PRESSURE POINT

40 LEGAL ISSUES

47 CONSULTANTS

Virtual reality gaming technology is allowing lighting designers to create immersing, interactive 3D models that show more clearly what lighting solutions need to be implemented, as Olli Poutanen and Leena Kaanaa explain Congratulations, you’ve just landed that large government or lighting maintenance contract. But if you’ve now got to scale-up your workforce as a result, don’t overlook the latest employment law requirements, as Keith Williams and Howard Crossman outline

During the 1930s there was a technological tussle as manufacturers competed to improve on the medium-pressure mercury vapour lamp. It was only in 1937 that Philips finally made the technological breakthrough needed, writes Simon Cornwell

48 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 50 DIARY

TO 44 LETTERS THE EDITOR NEWS – KEN 45 ILP SHAW REMEMBERED

Ken Shaw, the first President of the then newly-named Institution of Lighting Engineers, has died.

COVER PICTURE

A circular panorama of London’s skyline. The UK’s capital is one of the global pioneers of smart and connected lighting

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Editor’s Letter

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Volume 82 No 3 March 2017

ocal government journalist Mark Smulian uses what I feel is a rather apt analogy in this edition for where we are (potentially) in terms of smart cities beginning to make the transition from being a high-end technological vision to an on-the-ground opportunity for lighting professionals.

Mark suggests smart cities may be at the equivalent point that mobile phones were back in the 1990s – expensive and sporadically used but, when we look back now, very much on the cusp of exploding into today’s ubiquitous ‘must have’ piece

President Kevin Grigg, Eng Tech AMILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA(Cantab) DPA HonFIAM Editor Nic Paton Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng MILP Gill Packham BA (Hons) Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Art Director Adriano Cattini Email: adriano@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

of technological kit.

How to make that step-change is very much the theme of our smart cities focus in this edition. We’re all by now pretty familiar with the technology and connectivity that can be, and is increasingly being, deployed when it comes to smart cities.

But taking it to the next level, making it familiar, accepted and even expected by citizens and communities is the next challenge. This, as Mark shows, is likely to be a case of working harder with local authorities to help them properly to understand the potential, and business case, for putting money behind smart city initiatives.

As Stewart Thomson, Gemma Prior and Simon Newcombe all highlight, it is also likely to be a question of using connected lighting technology in very specific, local and targeted ways to generate incremental momentum and change.

It can mean using smart connectivity to, for example, improve individual high streets and walkways, to create more responsive gritting services and to develop ‘smart’ bicycle docking stations, among other innovations.

None of these, in themselves, make a city ‘smart’. But they all build up the evidence to show, in a very practical, tangible and easy-to-grasp way, just what this technology is capable of, and what it can offer citizens.

And this is, ultimately, the important point. As Amy Barker emphasises, smart cities will only take off once councils, citizens and communities fully understand what’s in it for them and why and how this technology will make a positive difference to their lives.

Which brings us back to Mark Smulian’s mobile phone analogy. It took a while for the public to ‘get’ mobile phones, and smart phones even more so.

But when they did, and especially once the technological infrastructure and financial models matured sufficiently alongside, we never looked back. Smart cities and connected lighting, I suspect, may follow a similar trajectory.

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com

Nic Paton Editor

© ILP 2017 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

IN THE APRIL ISSUE ESCAPE PLANNING

Understanding emergency lighting, and how to be sure you’re not inadvertently breaking the law

MIDNIGHT BLUES Why the debate over LED and blue light needs a robust response

SCHOOL TOOLS Taking the register (and temperature) at this year’s Light School

www.lightingjournal.com

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

MAKING THE CONNECTION Much as with the transition to LED street lighting, it will be local councils that will drive much of the roll-out of connected lighting on the ground. But do they understand the smart city agenda, or even know what they want from it?

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By Mark Smulian

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ighting columns that dim if no-one is near them, record traffic volumes, note air pollution and even suggest where passers-by might care to dine are all technically feasible.

Such is the vision of the smart city. In the real world, however, even the less outlandish possibilities of using lighting infrastructure (or anything else) for such smart cities applications moves very slowly.

Visionaries who see lighting as part of a public ‘Internet of Things’-led revolution are full of ideas for how exploiting such technologies could (and one day will) deliver all manner of benefits.

But is anyone listening? Much as with the transition to LED street lighting, it is local councils who will, in theory at least, be in the driving seat of making smart cities a reality on the ground.

So, do local authorities really understand the challenges and opportunities? Do they recognise what this agenda is about, beyond a bit of free public Wi-Fi here and environmental monitoring there?

Do local councils have the faintest idea www.lightingjournal.com

what it is they want from smart cities, and especially smart city lighting? And, in a cash-strapped environment do they have the wherewithal, capacity and, yes, the cash to do anything about it? Finally, on top of all this, do their citizens and communities care either way?

To an extent, despite all its technological promise and excitement, from a local authority perspective, if ever something potentially useful has found itself mired in a specialist ghetto, it is smart cities.

COSTS AND JARGON

Admittedly a large part of the problem here is money. Local authorities responsible for lighting and highways are also responsible for the eye-watering costs of adult social care and have little spare cash to (as their finance directors might see it) fit ‘obscure’ objects whose benefits they cannot understand to lighting columns.

But it’s not all just about money; it is about disseminating understanding beyond those already initiated or ‘bought in’ to the smart city agenda.

Graham Colclough helped write the British Standard on smart cities and is a partner at consultancy Urban DNA. He says: ‘Smart cities are held back by a lack of confidence in the business case – that is an important factor – and also by the lack of examples from other places.

Some are emerging, but not enough.

‘There may also still be a perception that smart cities is the province of technologists, rather than service heads seeing it as a tool they can use, which is a shame as it could be.’

The government-backed Future Cities Catapult – set up to drive technical innovations related to urban areas – calls street lighting columns ‘the original smart city application’ because they are infrastructure already densely present in cities.

LED conversions allow for ‘smartness’ but are expensive and, as the catapult points out, ‘street lampposts last a long time and are generally part of a long-term contract and so the opportunity is only available when contracts come up for renewal, quite often it’s a 25-year arrangement’.

March 2017 Lighting Journal

7 p

The Bristol is Open project is using fibre cables and wireless connectivity along the Harbourside area to test out various projects

LACK OF UNDERSTANDING

I’VE FOUND THE LIGHTING COMMUNITY UNDERSTANDS IT, BUT OTHERS DON’T. IT IS KNOWN BY TECHNICAL PEOPLE, BUT NOT THE SENIOR PEOPLE WHO MAKE DECISIONS

Emma Cogswell, UK projects manager at the International Association of Lighting Designers, argues lack of money and awareness are holding back the use of lighting columns for smart cities applications.

‘There is a movement for smart cities and the idea that, if you are driving around, sensors inside a lighting column could tell you where there are parking spaces or the distance to the next McDonalds is a good one,’ she says.

‘I’ve found the lighting community understands it, but others don’t. It is known by technical people, but not the senior people who make decisions in local authorities, which don’t have any spare money anyway.

‘There is a big communications issue here. Lights have power connected to them, they are already there, but local authorities have not been told how smart city adaptations could work,’ she adds.

In one example of such lack of knowledge, Ms Cogswell admits she was surprised to meet leaders of business improvement districts – where local firms club together to pay for public realm improvements – who expressed polite bafflement when smart cities technology was

suggested, even though this was in the context of conversations about installing free public Wi-Fi. Mark Cooper, former ILP president who now runs a consultancy called Smart City Advice, pithily sums up the factors holding back progress as ‘no joined-up thinking, limited foresight and silos in all levels of government when smart cities require horizontal lines of communication between departments that cut across all the silos’.

He also cities the absence of a risk mentality in local government, ‘lack of funding, lack of information, knowledge and real world experience and lack of subject matter experts’.

Lack of funding is perhaps the factor that would slow smart cities even if other barriers were overcome.

As Graham Colclough explains: ‘Demand aggregation is very important. In relation to lighting in most local authorities, a programme of LED replacement is fairly limited, each year they will replace a certain number. That does not give you a large enough base to interest the smart cities market or gain economies of scale.

‘If cities can club together – or say all boroughs within Greater London or www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

Greater Manchester – then you have a scale that will interest the market because it creates real value. There are a lot of pilots but those are too small and this needs to be scaled up.’

INCOME GENERATION

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Economies of scale could quicken the pace of LED replacements and give opportunities for smart cities technology to be bolted on. But, again, the elephant in the room is: who pays?

‘The last person you want to talk to about smart cities in a lighting upgrade is a lighting engineer,’ Mr Colclough says.

‘They have their budget and the idea of adding things in looks like a cost to them, so it is difficult to engage them in a discussion about other services being involved in lighting.

‘It feels like work, and the lighting engineer will be concerned about who will specify and maintain smart cities infrastructure in lighting,’ he adds.

Local authorities should instead look to income generation from using columns to make available saleable 4G and 5G space, fees for charging electronic vehicles and revenue from data, he suggests, ‘so if I walk past with a mobile phone I’m detected and a local restaurant can send an advertisement, though there are concerns about privacy issues and some local authorities don’t think they should sell data’.

Margaret Ranken, a principal analyst at consultancy Gartner, which works on the Internet of Things, says: ‘Lighting can be use more efficiently to deliver huge savings for municipalities, but most places concentrate on the lighting itself and not on smart cities applications.

‘One issue in the UK is that the private finance initiative has been used for many street lighting contracts, so the contractor gets the benefit of improved efficiency rather than the municipality and, even if the city does want to meet the cost, it has to get the agreement of whoever is the banker or investor that runs the PFI that they will not suffer any detriment from it.’

Smart cities may be at the stage the mobile phone was in the 1990s – expensive, only sporadically used but on the cusp wide adoption as technology became better and cheaper.

No-one though has yet cracked how to get from here to there.

Mark Smulian is a journalist who specialises in writing on local government, transport, housing, construction, planning and regeneration www.lightingjournal.com

THE SMART CITY PICTURE Despite the challenges, some local authorities have started to implement smart cities applications. Here is a selection

GREENWICH

The Royal Borough of Greenwich (above) published a smart city strategy back in October 2015, including looking at how it can transform its buildings, roads and intelligent street lighting.

It has said it intends to implement a pilot project in which it will install movement sensors (distinguishing pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles), air quality monitoring sensors and parking sensors.

A spokesperson added: ‘In addition, the Royal Borough is looking into how streetlights could be used to improve digital connectivity in the borough and will look to bring forward pilot proposals

that will help the council to better understand the opportunities in this area.’

BRISTOL

The Bristol is Open project is using fibre cables, ‘a mesh bouncing from lamppost to lamppost across the city’, and a mile of experimental wireless connectivity along the Harbourside area for various projects. Internet of Things devices also being tested.

GLASGOW

Glasgow has tested intelligent street lights in three locations. These LED lights increase in brightness when movement or noise is detected via sensors. Part of the experiment covered an off-road cycle route

where the lights sense an approaching pedestrian or cyclist and increase in brightness lighting up the route ahead.

These lights are linked to an operations centre and if unusual activity is detected CCTV operators can see if there is a problem. The sensors also collect data on air quality and footfall.

The council intends to extend the intelligent street lighting network throughout the city centre.

See our article on page ten by Stuart Thomson of INDO Lighting for a more detailed look at what Glasgow is doing.

BIRMINGHAM

Temperature sensors fitted to lighting columns

are used to detect ice and snow and direct the council’s gritting lorries.

The sensors cost some £200 each, against the £10,000 needed to maintain a normal weather forecasting station, and their data is more accurate since it comes from multiple sources.

PETERBOROUGH The council began upgrading 17,000 street lights to LED in 2016 in a three-year project.

Digital controls linked centrally enable engineers to monitor performance and detect faults.

New columns will be designed to ‘future proof’ Peterborough for technological changes yet to come.

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

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Glasgow is positioning itself as a UK smart city pioneer. YLP member and Glasgow resident Stewart Thomson takes a look at how intelligent lighting has been transforming some of the city’s urban spaces

By Stewart Thomson

www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

u

The Clydeside/Riverside Walkway: a dynamic lighting system reacts to citizens as they pass, with lighting levels rising and dimming

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n January, I was lucky enough to meet with Peter Devine of Glasgow City Council, who has recently taken the position of the council’s ‘intelligent’ street lighting project manager.

Glasgow is the lead authority within the Scottish Cities Alliance (http://www.scottishcities.org.uk/) which is, in turn, championing the development, and most importantly the application, of smart city technology within Scotland.

Meeting Peter was therefore a wonderful opportunity to gain an insight into the future of smart cities.

What the alliance has done is brought together Scotland’s seven main cities to look at how to make the country’s urban

environment smarter by 2020; in other words how Scottish cities can use new technologies to accelerate and transform the delivery of their services.

A key element within this is the development of an overlaying eighth digital ‘city’ – ‘the 8th City’ programme – focused around the application of smart data, infrastructure, communities and services in the arenas of energy, health, mobility, public safety, and waste.

Another key achievement is the alliance has secured cash to back its vision, most notably in securing funding through Innovate UK as part of a £24 million smart cities project.

As the alliance outlined at the time, this

money is being focused on four priority areas: digital health (such as digital consultations with a GP), transport management (reducing congestion and improving traffic flow), public Wi-Fi and, of most interest, of course, to a Lighting Journal readership, intelligent street lighting.

For this last priority area, the ambition is: ‘reducing CO2 emissions by using LED bulbs and sensors to control them. It is anticipated the lights will also be able to charge everything from mobile phones to computers, via a solar panel. Such lighting can also contain sensors for monitoring air quality and pollution.’

Four of the cities, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Perth and Stirling, are focusing on, and piwww.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

q

Gordon Street: sensors and a CMS system provide real-time data on footfall and noise pollution

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loting, intelligent street lighting. They have created a working group and meet up regularly to discuss ideas of turning smart cities ideas into an everyday reality.

As this edition’s theme is very much the practical application of smart city technology, what I therefore want to do in this article is look at some of the demonstrator sites that have been developed within Glasgow city centre to showcase the functionality of smart city technology.

There have been three demonstrator sites, the Clydeside/Riverside Walkway, Gordon Street and Merchant City, and this article is going to focus on the first two.

CLYDESIDE/RIVERSIDE WALKWAY

This is a dynamic lighting system along the pedestrianised riverside walkway, controlled by sensors, and reacting to citizens as they use the walkway, with lighting levels rising and dimming.

I was lucky enough to be able to view this site from the balcony of the flat I lived in in on the opposite side of the river. As well as the new LED lighting was installed, a new bus route has been created in the area.

The walkway is based in the financial district of the city. There is a late-night casino in the area and it is in close proximity to the SSE Hydro indoor arena, which means there are often many pedestrians in the area during the hours of darkness.

Through the use of motion detection sensors and dynamic controls, the council has been able to achieve 72% energy savwww.lightingjournal.com

ings while at the same time providing the public with a safer an more visually attractive route into the city.

council has made 68% energy savings from the previous installation.

GORDON STREET

Being from Glasgow and recently taking a new role which includes travel throughout the major Scottish cities, I have been excited to see the growth and development within Scotland of intelligent street lighting, both within Glasgow and elsewhere.

Indeed, almost a year ago, on the recommendation of current ILP Scottish Region vice chairperson, Lisa Chiles of Dundee City Council, I enrolled on a six-week ‘Future Learns’ smart cities course, delivered through the Open University.

I have now enrolled on the OU’s Future Learns ‘Internet of Things’ course, which I very much hope will continue to give me a greater insight into just how much the ‘humble lamppost’ will be able to be transformed over the coming years.

I look forward to the coming years to see all the new installations and to be able to access Wi-Fi and charge my laptop from the Beer Tent in Gordon Street whilst I wait for my driverless car to charge from the nearest lighting column!

The second demonstration site is in Gordon Street, which is located centrally within the city and is a go-between the central railway station and Buchanan Street, Glasgow’s main shopping area.

The Biere Halle pub – which has been something of a ‘local’ for me – is situated on this street along with TGI Fridays both of whom have created outdoor canopies for alfresco dining.

What this has meant is that the lighting here is wall-mounted because of the restriction of space. These luminaires were replaced with LED fittings, which incorporated a CMS system and sensors to provide real-time data on footfall and a better understanding of how the city works.

From speaking to Peter I was very impressed as to how one of these sensors picked up on noise pollution.

Even though it is a busy city centre area, if the noise exceeds a pre-determined decibel level this alerts the control centre.

From there, CCTV can be monitored and the relevant authorities alerted if need be.

As well as this, with dynamic controls the

CONCLUSION

Stewart Thomson is account manager, Scotland, with Indo Lighting

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

CITY SMARTS If they are ever to become a reality, smart cities have to be as much about councils and citizens understanding the vision and working together as about lighting or technological innovation

By Amy Barker

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f the concept of smart cities is ultimately about making us all happier people, then smart cities has got to be about us as individuals and our personal connection with the environment in which we live. Possibly a rather idealistic statement to begin with, but surely we mustn’t lose sight of this when thinking about how we integrate smart technology into our public services?

However, as we are all aware, it takes much more than idealistic aspirations to make smart cities a reality. And that’s really what this article is exploring: where do smart cities start and what can we all do to play our part in bringing it to life across the UK? Everyone says a smarter city starts with having a vision – but what does that actually mean?

INNOVATION FROM THE GROUND UP

To try to find out, at Urban Control we recently spoke with Councillor Stuart Tranter, Mayor of Medway, about the vision for

www.lightingjournal.com

Medway. His passion and enthusiasm for the place he has lived in all his life is palpable.

He is all too aware of the day-to-day challenges his citizens face, from travellers setting up camp in protected locations to boy racers abusing the local car parks.

He and his colleagues are very excited about how smart technology can help solve these very real, day-to-day issues.

But Councillor Tranter also spoke about the strengths found within Medway and the opportunities that can be realised by joining up the dots across the towns that sit within the council’s remit. He understands that any effective strategy starts by working out how to use the known strengths to help mitigate the weaknesses.

And this is probably one of the most powerful realisations we can have when considering how to make smart cities a reality: true innovation isn’t coming from the big technology developers.

Nor does it come from the smart solution providers (as much as a company like ours would like to think it does!).

No, smart city innovation comes from those who deeply understand the environment they are responsible for. Real smart city innovation comes from the ability to join up the unique dots that make up an individual town and then being able to use the technology to leverage the strengths and seize the opportunities.

In a bid to better understand this correlation, we spoke with Ian Hawthorn, head of highways maintenance and projects for London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

Ian is responsible for more than 413km of highway, 45,000 items of street furniture and 21,000 street lights, illuminated signs and bollards.

When it comes to understanding the complexities of managing multiple assets and making decisions on how to improve them, we felt Ian was more than qualified to educate us on what it actually means for a local authority to implement a smart technology solution.

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Here is what he had to say: ‘The very nature of smart technology dictates the need for interdependence across our entire city’s infrastructure. In other words, there are huge benefits in sharing the data from one asset with those who make decisions about another. Promoting a culture of sharing knowledge and data among organisations and departments is vital – even if right now the challenges seem unrelated.’

Ian’s words resonated with us because we know that, where resource and insight is pooled, local authorities will obtain the greatest savings and the greatest benefits from their smart technology investment.

But culturally this is a challenge, and Ian went on to explain to us how many of the silos within authorities and organisations have been created as a result of the fight for a slice of budget.

CULTURAL CHANGE

No doubt his words ring true to many of you reading this and you understand the genuine risk this poses to the future of any smart city strategy – no matter how visionary. It’s obvious to see that any cultural change has to start from within, but that takes leadership. Not necessarily just from those at the top of the chain but just as importantly from those on the front line.

And that is what we are seeing happen.

We are seeing that smart technology is being championed and led by those who are responsible for the day-to-day management of our urban assets. And, of course, our humble friend the streetlight is very much at the centre of this.

Why? Well, lighting columns can of course provide a ready-made backbone of infrastructure on which to position a node or a sensor to collect and transmit smart city data. From here, we can create a living network across our towns and cities allowing the transfer of a vast amount of invalu-

THE SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION IS MOVING AWAY FROM THE QUESTION ‘WHAT IS A SMART CITY? ’ AND INSTEAD SHIFTING TOWARDS, ‘WHAT CAN I DO TO MAKE MY CITY SMARTER?

able data; pollution levels, foot-fall, vehicle numbers, asset condition and so on.

So suddenly our street lighting infrastructure becomes very meaningful, not just to our street lighting engineers – who of course can use the technology to manage their own maintenance plans, save energy and manage resource – but also other departments within our local authorities.

If our street lights are capturing useful information and providing a data network above our streets and houses, then how can that benefit other areas?

As Ian Hawthorn points out, this can only happen if departments talk to each other – and if this happens then the benefits are in fact mutual.

He goes on to explain: ‘Our highways department must find common ground with the departments delivering services across a wide range of other areas. Highway design plays an important part in people’s lives – including how other services

are delivered. And these other services may know that there is a problem before the highways department does, so having smart channels to communicate this back through the chain is vital to ensure we keep our city moving.’

Finally, we need to do a full circle back to where this article began. The voice of the ultimate consumer (which of course includes all of us) needs to be heard and needs to be part of that vision. So it would seem that collaboration doesn’t just need to happen within our local government, but also between those that live, work and play in our towns and cities.

One more radical way that cities including Paris, New York and Toronto are approaching this challenge is through ‘participatory budgeting’, or giving ordinary people more say in how a municipal or public budget is used or allocated. This provides an opportunity for councillors and other elected representatives actively to work with citizens to develop innovative solutions to economic issues.

We’ve already highlighted that true smart city innovation comes from those who have a deep understanding of the area they are responsible for. Surely this can only be enhanced by the inclusion of those that live there?

The subject for discussion is therefore moving away from the question ‘what is a smart city?’ and instead shifting towards, ‘what can I do to make my city smarter?’.

This is exciting because it’s obvious that the journey ahead is one we need to be travelling together. In a country that has seen more talk of division in recent months than we have seen in many years, that is an uplifting thought. And one that needs to be championed by all of us.

Amy Barker is marketing manager at Urban Control

www.lightingjournal.com

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

STEP CHANGE Smart city technology is evolving at a fast pace, not least within and on lighting columns. But making this a physical reality in our cities is still a challenge, and may require an incremental process of small, gradual changes

By Simon Newcombe

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laus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, recently labelled smart cities as the ‘fourth industrial revolution’ – a technological revolution that will fundamentally alter the way we live, work, and relate to one another.

A smart city merges available technology to improve people’s lives and increase the measurement and efficiencies of the urban setting.

While smart cities are being designed and built around the experience of those using them, residents do not yet know what they want from a smart city. It is for public authorities and urban planners to predict what users will want and need – before users even know themselves.

PREDICTING THE FUTURE CITY

The first objective for urban planners is to optimise city resources and, in turn, promote sustainability. Ensuring future development allows us to monitor finite resources such as energy, food, and water.

It is not just technology driving the need to develop smart cities; it is the need to minimise the effects of global warming, meet national carbon emissions reduction targets and, fundamentally, to improve people’s safety.

For the lighting industry, this is a continuation of the efficiency of LED regeneration. The lighting industry has spent dewww.lightingjournal.com

cades installing and upgrading the street lighting network to make lighting more efficient and sustainable.

Lighting is poised to take on a new and even bigger challenge; to envisage a future pattern of urban development and city construction, and sufficiently design for it today. By doing so, exterior lighting companies can transform themselves into flexible, high technology electronics suppliers, and smart city leaders.

HUBS OF CONNECTIVITY

Globally, there is an ongoing race between cities to see which ones will become the first smart hubs of connectivity. The growing interest in smart city technology has the potential to be commercially far bigger than the LED upgrade, penetrating many industries at once. Lighting companies are taking the first steps in what is rapidly becoming a race to develop the first truly smart cities.

The Shuffle lighting column, for example, combines LED lighting with cameras, speakers, internet connectivity and a range of charging applications.

Because of its modular nature, each installation is future-proofed – modules can be added or removed at any time in the future to match an area’s evolving needs.

As well as decluttering public spaces and promoting sustainability, multi-functional smart columns offer public authorities a

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Innovations such as ‘smart’ bicycle stands can be a way of demonstrating how connected technology can have an immediate impact on people’s lives

March 2017 Lighting Journal

central tool in smart city development – mass urban data collection on the street.

DATA GATHERING

Lighting columns, already evenly distributed across cities, can enable gathering and disseminating of data on an unprecedented scale, whilst simultaneously enhancing people’s lives.

Replacing traditional lighting columns with multi-functional smart columns will be the key to achieving a swift and effective upgrade to the connected smart city.

Barcelona, Masdar (in Abu Dhabi) and Singapore are among cities pioneering smart city technology, implementing things such as smart parking, traffic control and other data-driven functionality.

The cities’ smart lanterns are overcoming the obstacles of integration – upgrading an existing lighting ‘network’ provides the nodes needed for city-wide data collection and transmission.

City managers can use a well-designed direct data connection to the streets to control the direction and the movement of people. This can lead potential customers towards events or special offers, but more importantly, away from danger, congestion and even pollution.

Emergency services can be made more effective if traffic is moved out of the way in advance. Traffic flow can also be guided around roadworks, accidents, or terrorist threats in real-time and people can even be diverted out of the city at a moment’s notice if required.

The lighting network is already partially monitoring the city’s infrastructure remotely. This is an advantage when upgrading – we simply need to make the network smarter and more integrated.

THE GROWING INTEREST IN SMART CITY TECHNOLOGY HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE COMMERCIALLY FAR BIGGER THAN THE LED UPGRADE, PENETRATING MANY INDUSTRIES AT ONCE. LIGHTING COMPANIES ARE TAKING THE FIRST STEPS IN WHAT IS RAPIDLY BECOMING A RACE TO DEVELOP THE FIRST TRULY SMART CITIES

CONCLUSION

TAKING THE FIRST STEP

The biggest challenge to providing this new level of connectivity is the physical integration of the network into existing urban centres. This integration needs to be planned carefully.

Most cities face the same infrastructure problems. Creating a network of hardwired hubs with high power Wi-Fi, optimised supply metering, electric vehicle (EV) charging, CCTV and audio will support sustainable development while creating new revenue streams.

The question now for urban planners is, how can we integrate this in a way that will benefit the public?

Creative applications are needed to

move from concept to reality. We, for example, are working with cycling infrastructure manufacturer H-B Designs on ‘smart’ bicycle stations.

By integrating smart lighting columns and innovative bicycle stands, urban planners can provide the safest and most secure public cycle storage with enhanced features for users.

Cyclists can see from a distance whether there are spaces available to store their bike. The connected services of the column help protect users’ property and offer a safe, secure and interactive environment. Bicycles are secured with innovative hardware, covered by 24-hour CCTV and users can connect to wireless internet (Wi-Fi) while using the facilities.

This is an example of the kind of creative application urban planners can use to implement smart technology and that will have an immediate impact on the lives of the public. At the same time, it promotes improved connectivity, sustainability, and can be upgraded easily at any time in the future to match the evolving needs of the smart city.

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The Shuffle at MK Dons FC in Milton Keynes: multifunctional smart columns can offer public authorities a central tool in smart city development, mass urban data collection on the street

Often attributed to the founder of Ford, Henry Ford, the saying ‘If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses’ is perhaps more relevant than ever.

In a smart city, it is the urban planners who need to decide how the public will want to engage with the city, and how they can help the city engage with them.

The creative application of innovative, connected lighting infrastructure offers urban planners a way of surprising people with the possibilities of the smart city. Applying these changes incrementally – one step at a time – will not only bring about a necessary change in urban lighting, it will help public authorities successfully future-proof cities in an efficient and sustainable way.

Smart cities are a great opportunity for the lighting industry. With good partnerships they can play a central part in making cities safer and healthier; businesses can prosper, the public is happy and the economy is sustainable.

Simon Newcombe is lighting designer and business development manager at Schréder UK

www.lightingjournal.com

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

TRUE GRITTING Hampshire County Council is using smart technology to sense localised road surface temperatures and therefore make more informed and responsive gritting decisions

By Gemma Prior

D

18

p

The Hook, Hampshire, depot in snow, January 2017: the Smart Winter pilot means the council’s resources can be better targeted

ecisions regarding when to grit a road are normally based on weather forecasts provided by different suppliers, including the Met Office.

Typically, these forecasts are based on relatively large geographic areas, whereas road surface temperatures can actually vary by as much as 15 degrees C within a localised area. This can lead to road surface gritting becoming a bit of a blunt instrument, with councils ending up gritting more roads than they need to.

It stands to reason that a more targeted, responsive approach will be more effective, both in terms of saving money and resources and ensuring only roads that need to be gritted are gritted.

One local authority that has been looking at innovative ways to tackle this problem is Hampshire County Council, which has been working with us at Mayflower Smart Control to use our smart CMS to assist with monitoring weather and road surface temperatures.

THE PROJECT

In April last year, we were approached by Amey to discuss the use of smart technology in finding a solution to the use of excess and unnecessary gritting of roads during cold weather.

Gritting orders have increased dramatically this winter, with UK councils ordering an estimated 1.3 million tonnes of salt ahead of the winter gritting season (between 1 October and 1 March), almost douwww.lightingjournal.com

ble the number from last year, and 100,000 tonnes more than was used even in the severe winter of 2010/11.

Amey, which provides highways maintenance services in partnership with Hampshire County Council, was working with a number of technology partners in a bid to understand how a more detailed network of weather sensors could influence and improve winter service decision-making.

THE SOLUTION

The aim was to demonstrate the immediate operational benefits and savings in being able to make a go/no-go decision in marginal situations, giving the winter services decision-makers live, accurate, localised information on surface and air temperatures.

The solution was a collaboration between Mayflower Smart Control, HCC, Amey, Wintersense (a company that specialises in using ‘Internet of Things’ technology in the context of road sensing), the Met Office and SSE Enterprise.

Between us, we developed a solution to use weather station sensors and road surface temperature sensors on a test route in Hampshire, monitoring in ‘real-time’ the temperature on the roads – the Hampshire ‘Smart Winter’ pilot.

Amey oversaw the installation of ten sensors on to a priority one gritting route in the Winchester area, as well as five new weather stations attached to lighting col-

March 2017 Lighting Journal

t

Mayflower Smart Control: involved in an innovative gritting pilot with Hampshire County Council

Data conducted from the trial route will be analysed and published so that other local authorities can view it and decide if it would be of benefit to them.

The sensor install was completed in October and by November the first data was available to view in the Sentilo Platform.

BETTER USE OF RESOURCES

umns, which used the Mayflower Smart Control street lighting control network to communicate with analysis platforms.

ROAD TEMPERATURE SENSORS

The Wintersense road surface temperature sensor was created by meteorologists at the University of Birmingham, in collaboration with Amey.

Using lithium battery technology, the devices are low-cost and self-contained devices and use infra-red technology to ‘read’ the road surface temperature.

They then use an innovative mix of communication technologies, including wide area networks and Wi-Fi, to connect to the street lighting network and report data in real-time, via a Cloud-based system.

The weather stations then provide additional information about air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall and humidity.

With this new data, Amey’s Hampshire highways maintenance services has been able to verify the weather forecasts as well as monitor road conditions in real time and base decisions on accurate local data.

It is anticipated this new approach could not only save the council money but also reduce the local authority’s carbon footprint, as there will be fewer gritters out on the roads. The reduction in manhours will, of course, bring savings, not least as Amey estimates up to three days per year can be lost to crews waiting on stand-by when not required.

WE’VE BEEN GRITTING ROADS IN THE UK USING THE SAME APPROACH FOR MANY YEARS, BUT THIS NEW APPROACH COULD LEAD TO A RADICAL OVERHAUL OF HOW WE APPROACH THE PROBLEM OF WHEN TO GRIT A ROAD

The pilot began in December, and thus far the results have been excellent. In fact, the spell of exceptionally cold weather in the UK during the first two months of the year has been perfect for testing the pilot.

As Councillor Rob Humby, executive member for environment and transport at Hampshire County Council, puts it: ‘The initial outcomes from the Smart Winter trial are very encouraging, and the county council is keen to explore how new and innovative technologies such as the Mayflower system and the Internet of Things can be embraced to deliver the most effective and efficient winter maintenance service we can to Hampshire’s residents.’

Rick Robinson, Amey’s director of technology, is equally positive about the trial so far. ‘This is an exciting innovation project, which will enable Hampshire County Council to make much better use of its resources. We’ve been gritting roads in the UK using the same approach for many years, but this new approach could lead to a radical overhaul of how we approach the problem of when to grit a road.’

Professor Lee Chapman, professor of climate resilience in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham, adds: ‘The potential of this for the winter road maintenance sector is transformative and will seriously challenge the traditional methods of measuring, forecasting and decision-making that have broadly remained untouched for decades.’

The final word goes to Patrick Mitchell, managing director of Mayflower Smart Control, who says: ‘The Hampshire Smart Winter project is a great illustration of innovation and collaboration to connect IOT devices and begin realising a smart county approach.

Gemma Prior is marketing and bid associate at Mayflower Smart Control www.lightingjournal.com

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Smart cities and future thinking

THREAT MANAGEMENT Smart and connected lighting may be a massive opportunity for the industry. But how safe is it from cyber attack? Not very, if some latest surveys are to be believed. Lighting Journal investigates

A study in January by Electrical Contractors’ Association (ECA) and Scottish electrical trade body SELECT certainly provided grim reading in this respect.

It concluded that almost four out of ten clients (39%) said they did not take any steps to protect smart installations in buildings from cyber threats.

Nearly half of respondents to the survey (49%) said the risk of hacking, and its impact on unsecured networks, was a potential barrier to installing connected technology, highlighting the inherent cyber threats to buildings in the modern era.

TECH PROFESSIONALS WORRIED

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T

he launch in February of a new UK National Cyber Security Centre was a topical reminder of the threat posed to smart cities – and any digitally-based infrastructure for that matter – from cyber attacks.

You don’t have to look far to find a range of eye-watering, and scary, figures highlighting the potential scale of the danger.

Just last year we had a range of surveys suggesting, respectively, that cyber attacks cost UK companies more than £34 billion in 2015, that one in ten attacks cost businesses up to £1 million as a result, and that, for smaller businesses in particular, the damage can be especially harsh, ranging from as much as £65,000 to £115,000.

So, how much of a risk are buildings and smart cities from cyber attacks? Could our built infrastructure be in danger of becoming of a weak link in terms of organisations trying to protect themselves? www.lightingjournal.com

CLEARLY THIS IS AN AREA WHICH CLIENTS URGENTLY NEED TO ADDRESS, GIVEN THE ANTICIPATED GROWTH IN SMART INSTALLATIONS OVER THE COMING YEARS

The ECA study follows on from a survey last year by IT firm Tripwire, which suggested that nearly all IT professionals were worried smart cities could be at risk of falling victim to cyber attacks.

A massive 98% of its respondents said smart city systems were at risk.

More than a third (38%) believed smart grids had the greatest cyber security risk of any smart city system, while 26% said transportation systems were at greatest risk. More than half (55%) believed cities did not devote adequate security resources to their smart initiatives.

And when it comes to lighting specifically, last year a team from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel investigated the vulnerabilities of the encryption used by various connected devices, focusing on a Philips Hue smart lamp.

However, it ought to be emphasised that Philips responded at the time to stress its Hue bulb had not actually been infected.

The researchers had simply demonstrated possibility of conducting an attack so that the company could have developed the patch and upgrade its security, the company argued.

‘At no time was a virus created or used to infect any Philips Hue products,’ it stated.

Nevertheless, with the march towards smart city functionality continuing apace, the robustness of its security is something that will increasingly need to be factored into the industry’s thinking, as Steve Martin, head of specialist groups at ECA has argued in the context of its survey.

‘These figures are very concerning, particularly when you consider the inherent risks in the modern day of not securing your business from hackers.

Clearly this is an area which clients urgently need to address, given the anticipated growth in smart installations over the coming years,’ he said.

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Lighting and sustainability

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Lighting likes to think of itself as a ‘green’ clean sector. But it could still do more, argues Nigel Harvey. Embracing the concept of a ‘circular economy’ and adapting processes to make them more sustainable could be one answer

www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

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By Nigel Harvey

www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Lighting and sustainability

T

24

he concept of a ‘circular economy’ is not new. But pressure, particularly from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/), has had the effect of engaging both business and governments by identifying ways to accelerate the transition to a circular economy.

The term circular economy covers a wide range of activities that move us away from a traditional, or linear, economy, where products are made, used, and then disposed of.

This ‘take, make, dispose’ (or ‘cradle to grave’) model is now widely recognised as being flawed: the availability of cheap, easily accessible materials and energy can no longer be taken for granted.

In a circular economy, resources are kept in use for as long as possible, and then recovered for re-use to make new products.

It’s about closing the loops on resources.

Transformation to a circular economy is increasingly being seen as essential if manufacturing is to be sustainable. This will become ever more important as demand for resources rises, and energy costs increase. In the medium term, those companies that have embraced a circular approach are likely to be more competitive.

To explain the problem, let’s take a look at copper, which is of course widely used in electrical products.

It is a finite resource. Its extraction is energy intensive, making it particularly sensitive to energy price increases. What’s more, it is commonly mined in politically less stable countries. These create an alarming cocktail of vulnerabilities. A circular approach would help take the risk out of this situation.

These standards are likely to apply to most products affected by the EC’s Ecodesign Directive, and so will affect the lighting industry.

COMPANY STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Separate from the CENELEC standards in preparation, BSI has published a new draft BSI guidance document, BS8001, currently open for consultation .

This provides practical recommendations to companies wishing to implement a circular approach. The range of strategies is summarised in Figure 1 below, drawn from the new draft. The strategies are presented as a series of concentric circles: the innermost circles embody those strategies that have the greatest value in a circular economy.

¾ Improved customer relationships.

With take-back schemes and a move to more service-based models, companies have an opportunity to create more touch points with their customers and so increase brand loyalty. Products designed with a circular economy in mind should also be longer lasting, resulting in higher perceptions of quality. ¾ Reduced risk. Sourcing more materials from secondary (or circular) sources can reduce reliance on the costs and availability of new virgin commodities.

BUSINESS MODELS THAT SUPPORT A CIRCULAR APPROACH

BS8001 identifies a number of business models that can help companies embrace a circular economy. These include:

THE RESPONSE OF POLICY MAKERS

Pressure from the EMF and from member states has resulted in the European Commission issuing proposals for legislation to facilitate the move to a circular economy.

CENELEC (the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) has been tasked by the EC with developing a suite of horizontal standards, covering issues such as durability, upgradeability, repairability, recyclability, and ability to access/remove components.

It remains to be seen if the UK government will require compliance with these standards post-Brexit.

But, given that they are likely to be mandatory in every EU member state, most producers will probably need to comply anyway for exported product. www.lightingjournal.com

BENEFITS OF INTRODUCING A CIRCULAR APPROACH

It is clear that strategies which reduce use of raw materials and reduce waste should result in cost savings. But a circular approach can result in a number of other benefits, including: ¾ New sources of revenue. For example, repair or leasing services or, by accessing new markets with pre‑used or remanufactured products).

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Figure 1. Strategies for implementing a circular economy approach

March 2017 Lighting Journal

¾ Produce on demand (made to order).

This is producing a product (or providing a service) only when customer demand has been confirmed. This approach minimises raw material requirements, and avoids the potential waste arising from excess production. ¾ Product lifecycle extension/reuse. Examples include the move to new LED products that are designed for long life.

For example, the design of luminaires that are modular so that components can be updated, without replacing the whole unit.

As an example, the use of Zhaga LED modules facilitates this approach. ¾ Remanufacture and manufacture from secondary materials. Used products get a second life after remanufacture – the process of restoring the product or part of the functionality to ‘as-new’ quality. This is facilitated by products that are designed for disassembly. ¾ Product as a service/product service system. A great example in lighting is the ‘pay per lux’ leasing business model. The end user contracts with the producer to provide installed lighting as a service, usually including depreciation, maintenance and disposal/replacement costs.

The producer retains ownership, which greatly increases opportunities for parts harvesting, and facilitates reuse when fittings are upgraded at contract end. This helps avoid the one-way consumption associated with a linear economy.

HOW DO WE START ON A CIRCULAR APPROACH?

So, what does a circular economy mean for us in the lighting industry? It is not primarily about making energy-efficient products – we are already great at that.

Rather, a circular approach considers how we make our products, how long we expect them to last, how they can be upgraded, and what happens to them when they reach the end of their life.

It is also about how easy we can make it for our products to be repaired and upgraded, and the extent that we will support refurbishing and reconditioning of products. And finally, if these cannot be achieved, it is about how we, and our customers recycle lighting products that are regarded as waste.

In most cases, a truly circular approach is best considered from a whole supply chain approach. That means talking to customers, and considering how a circular approach might help customers.

Many of the most successful approaches to the circular economy get supported be-

A CIRCULAR APPROACH CONSIDERS HOW WE MAKE OUR PRODUCTS, HOW LONG WE EXPECT THEM TO LAST, HOW THEY CAN BE UPGRADED, AND WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM WHEN THEY REACH THE END OF THEIR LIFE

cause commercial teams see that the focus is on the customer benefit. ¾ Ask customers what they currently do to dispose of waste lamps and luminaires when they buy new. The best circular approaches are often ones that involve multiple parts of the supply chain. Plus, there is the spin-off benefit of enhanced business relationships. ¾ Consider how products might be upcycled rather than just recycled. Recycling tends to break products down into their raw materials, often of lesser quality.

Upcycling is about re-fashioning or re-purposing into something new.

This applies particularly to old fittings being removed in large-scale LED luminaire rollouts. Can they be made available to an organisation that might be able to reuse them, or use them in different way?

Repair, reconditioning, and re-use will always retain more embedded value than recycling. ¾ Consider reuse of components when taking back used products. For example, BCS Luminaires, a member of our recycling scheme, takes back waste bulkhead luminaires from some of its customers. It then reuses the glass covers and aluminium bases in the manufacture of new LED luminaires. That is a great example of good

environmental practice. ¾ Assess the recyclability of materials used in new products. Which can be recycled, and which materials should be phased out? Do you combine materials (for example, plastics and metals) in such a way it reduces the recyclability of both? ¾ Consider the source of materials used in new products. Increase the use of materials derived from recycled sources, and reduce dependence on virgin sources.

The benefit of this is two-fold. Not only is the company not using raw materials, but also, by purchasing recycled materials, that helps to make the economics of recycling itself more sustainable. If a material is recycled, but producers do not use the recycled materials, the value of recycling disappears.

For those who might be concerned by the use of recycled plastics, WRAP (the Waste Resources Action Programme http://www.wrap.org.uk/) has done some excellent work using Indesit as a case study to show that recycled plastics can be reliably used in high-end products. ¾ Commit to the collection of waste lamps and luminaires by working with a WEEE compliance scheme that provides a recycling solution. In other words, not one that just expects business end users to manage the process themselves. ¾ Start to use, or increase the proportion of energy factories use from renewable sources. Set targets to reduce the waste the factory produces, and to increase the proportion that gets reused or recycled. ¾ And finally, shout about your success.

Customers like to buy from companies with a strong environmental track record.

SUMMARY

The lighting industry is quite rightly proud of the huge impact we can have on our customers’ energy consumption.

We think of ourselves as a ‘green’ clean sector. So, extending our adoption of some of the principles of the circular economy should be strongly aligned with the way our customers already see us.

Nigel Harvey is chief executive of Recolight

www.lightingjournal.com

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Tofco

Advertorial

T

TOFCO LED GEAR TRAY SOLUTION FOR M6 TOLL ROAD

he M6toll Road Lighting Refurbishment Project has been successfully completed, upgrading to LED, utilizing the existing columns and lanterns.

The M6toll Road is a 27mile motorway allowing drivers to bypass the notoriously busy M6 from Junction 3a to Junction 11A. Opened in December 2003, the M6toll Road has become one of the most profitable roads in Europe.

TOFCO CPP Ltd, supplied a range of retrofit LED gear trays to exactly fit the existing lantern bodies. The project was designed to enhance night-time www.tofco.co.uk

visibility, reduce energy & carbon emissions, whilst utilizing the existing assets.

The initial lighting design was provided exclusively by high-pressure sodium (SON) luminaires, with wattages of 100W, 150W, 250W and 400W, on 10m, 12m, 15m and 18m columns, consuming 2,765,919kWh of energy per annum at a cost of over ÂŁ310,000.

With the asset being regularly inspected, maintained and in excellent working order, James Hodson - Director of Operations M6toll and Steve Warren - Motorway Maintenance Manager

M6toll, were open to Philip Hawtrey of Mouchel Limited’s proposal to consider using a retrofit LED solution within the existing lantern.

TOFCO worked closely with Mouchel Limited, to achieve and exceed the latest BS 5489 (2013) lighting standards whilst developing a plug and play gear tray solution with the installation contractor Altitude Services.

Ease of installation was key to the success of the project, as the brief from the client was to provide a retrofit solution that could be quickly installed during night time working without closing the motorway.

Over a 3 month period Altitude Services converted over 1800 fittings to LED, without having to remove a single lantern. This was made possible by including the Altitude installation team at the design & development stage of the project with the TOFCO design engineers.

The TOFCO solution offered a plug and play LED gear tray that Altitude Services could install with relative ease,

Tofco

picking up on existing fixing within the lantern body and removing the need for any drilling of modification to the lantern on site.

Bob Payne, Managing Director, Sam Mills, Director and Wayne Martindale, Electrical Supervisor of Altitude Services all commented on the positive feedback from the installation team.

Altitude installed a CMS node to each lantern, this was also supplied pre-wired allowing the fitter to plug it onto the gear tray.

Using the Nichia LED Chip set and Tridonic DALI driver TOFCO provided a range of solutions up to 28,000lmns, all with a 10 year manufactures guarantee.

With the completion of the Toll Plaza

LED lanterns, the project will deliver an overall energy saving of 63.4%, it will also result in the associated reduction in carbon emissions, thereby reducing the impact on the environment.

The switch to a cost effective LED retrofit solution has impressed the client with the end results and satisfied the financial part of the brief with a return on investment of less than four years.

Kevin Doherty, Commercial Director & Alastair Maltman, National Sales Manager of TOFCO CPP Limited are delighted to have partnered with Midland Expressway operators of the M6toll, Mouchel Limited and Altitude Services in delivering a bespoke cost effective alternative solution.

Please forward enquiries to: Alastair Maltman, Tofco CPP Limited, Meadowfield Industrial Estate, Ponteland, Northumberland, United Kingdom, NE20 9SD. T: +44 (0)1661 860001 alastairmaltman@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Highway lighting

VARIABLE VALUES

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As if being YLP Vice Chairman wasn’t enough of a feather in her cap, Sofia Tolia won the SLL Young Lighter of the Year Award in December for her innovative work around variable lighting levels for highways, carried out for her Master’s diploma. Here is an abridged version of her winning paper

By Sofia Tolia

N

owadays we expect much more from outdoor lighting than the possibility to see at night. Road lighting has become a necessary tool for reducing the number of night-time road traffic accidents, improving the visual comfort of drivers, the potential to increase night-time traffic capacity of a given road and the reduction of criminality.

At the same time, global climate shift, rising energy costs and the reduction of CO2 emissions are major issues that the world faces today. Lighting accounts for 19% of the global electricity consumption, and around 8% of that is being used for outdoor lighting.

A competent lighting designer has therefore two main objectives to meet on every design: ¾ satisfy the users’ needs in accordance with the relevant lighting design standards; and ¾ provide energy-efficient lighting schemes. www.lightingjournal.com

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Designing the lighting scheme of a road in accordance to the European Standard (EN 13201:2004 1-4 and EN 5489-1:2013) can lead to some energy savings because in many cases the existing luminaires provide excessive lighting levels. However, the use of different control strategies could ensure further energy savings.

Traditionally, in road lighting the luminaires are switched on/off manually or automatically by photocells and/or timers, which are programmed according to the sunset and sunrise hours. Therefore, lamps are burning at full power during the whole night and lighting intensity is often excessive when traffic flow is low or under extreme weather conditions (for example snow).

In some cases, in order to consume less energy, every second luminaire is switched off after a specific time during night.

However, this results in poor luminance uniformity and therefore poor driving conditions.

March 2017 Lighting Journal

29

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The Port of Piraeus, Greece: it was found the application of a lighting control strategy could reduce levels of the traffic flow significantly

Therefore, the application of different energy-saving strategies, such as the variation of the lighting levels on all classifications of road dependent upon usage at any time, is crucial.

The purpose of this report is to examine the accuracy of the calculation method for the variable lighting classes as briefly described in BS5489-1:2013 Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting and further analysed in TR27 Code of Practice for Variable Lighting Levels for Highways. TR27 has, of course, recently been replaced with the ILP’s PLG08 Guidance on the Application of Adaptive Lighting within the Public Realm.

CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART

Variable lighting is often referred to as dimming, but more appropriately it is lighting to the correct lighting class in order to meet specific road parameters at a particular time.

As highlighted in the BS5489-1:2013 Code of Practice for the design of road lighting, the significant reductions of traffic flow during night time could result in

the reduction of the applied lighting levels, given that all the other parameters that define the road classification remain the same (type of road, crime risk, weather conditions, present of conflict areas, parked vehicles and so on). However, the lighting classification for traffic routes is based on daily traffic flow (ADT), with the transition values being 7,000, 15,000 and 40,000 vehicles per day.

In order to examine the application of the variable road classification, the actual hourly traffic flow should be examined. As properly detailed in TR27, the ADT transition levels should be scaled down to hourly transition levels, and therefore the maximum hourly value (peak) is related to the daily sum.

The rationale behind this decision is that, using the maximum values for the derivation of the scheme would serve even the most traffic-demanding days, and therefore would take into consideration any possible variation in the traffic flow. At this stage of the calculation procedure, TR27 and BS5489-1:2013 recommend that www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Highway lighting

DIAGRAMS

Figure 1: Recommended calculation procedure for the two thresholds and formulas

Figure 4: Comparison between the proposed calculation method and the TR27 calculation method

Figure 2: Graphical representation of the traffic flow during one week

Figure 5: Dimming profile for the luminaires of a representative road with the time-scheduled control strategy

Figure 3: Lighting classification of the roads around the port of Piraeus

Figure 6: Dimming profile for the luminaires of a representative road with the real-time-data control strategy

30

the peak traffic flow is typically 10% of ADT for rural areas and 12% of ADT for urban areas.

age recommended by TR27. The recommended calculation procedure used are illustrated in Figure 1.

tions, and the lighting classification as it derived by analysing all the relevant parameters is shown in Figure 3.

A NOVEL CALCULATION APPROACH

CASE STUDY

FURTHER ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS

The latter 12% figure is the assumption that is examined in this study in order to determine the accuracy of the calculation.

Instead of considering a fixed percentage of the ADT being the hourly peak traffic flow, a further data analysis is recommended. Given the hourly traffic flow data for each month, the whole range of the maximum traffic flow within the month can be obtained by applying simple statistical methods.

The first step is to analyse the daily traffic flow by calculating the average value and the standard deviation using data from all the months.

Following this calculation, the range of the traffic flow within these months can be obtained and at this stage, the accurate maximum hourly value (peak) can be related to the daily sum and not the percentwww.lightingjournal.com

The proposed method was examined in a case study on several roads around the Port of Piraeus in Greece. For more accurate results, the traffic flow data shall be analysed throughout three representative months, which are March or September (being closer to the equinox), December (which is close to the winter solstice) and July (for the summer solstice).

It should be noted that the difference of the data between weekdays and weekends was remarkable. Therefore, all calculations were performed separately for weekdays and weekends. Figure 2 illustrates a representative example of this difference, showing the actual traffic flow values of each day for one week within 24 hours.

The traffic flow and the speed were monitored in 12 different measuring posi-

Following the lighting classification of all the roads and the determination of the new variable lighting classes, the next step was to calculate the possible dimming levels for every hour of the day. For this, a module in Visual Basic was created.

Two types of control systems were examined in this study: ž a time-schedule-based control system where the light output can be adjusted to different dimming levels according to a pre-set time schedule; and ž a more complicated control system that utilises traffic counts to get real-time information of the traffic flow, and therefore the dimming levels are adjusted to the traffic flow that is measured.

The hours for each level of dimming were counted both for the time-schedule-

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

Highway lighting

based dimming and for the real-time/dynamic dimming.

In both cases, for more accurate results, it was taken into consideration that the fittings are turned on half an hour after sunset and off half an hour before sunrise.

This consideration resulted in the calculation of the exact hours of dimming and not in an inaccurate estimation. The exact hours of sunrise and sunset were taken into consideration and incorporated in the Visual Basic module.

The final stage was to identify the luminance levels for each lighting class as per EN BS 13201/2004:2. This identification resulted in the calculation of the exact dimming percentages.

It was estimated that the reduction percentage of the watts consumed is approximately equal to the reduction percentage of the luminance, because the installed luminaires in these roads are using LED technology.

A TIME-SCHEDULED DIMMING STRATEGY BASED ON THE REAL TRAFFIC FLOW DATA THROUGHOUT THE YEAR COULD PROVIDE 29% OVERALL ENERGY SAVINGS. MOREOVER, THE APPLICATION OF A CONTROL STRATEGY THAT COULD MAKE USE OF THE REAL-TIME TRAFFIC FLOW INFORMATION AT ALL TIMES COULD OFFER 32% OVERALL ENERGY SAVINGS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

32

As illustrated in Figure 4, there is a significant difference in the calculated thresholds. With the TR27 method the first dimming value should be applied to the luminaires four hours earlier compared to the proposed method. This would result in roads being underlit for a significant number of hours in relation to the hourly traffic flow proposed method.

Having identified the new thresholds for the transition levels and the variable lighting classes for each examined road, the exact dimming regimes were calculated, based on the proposed luminance levels in accordance with EN BS 13201/2004:2. Figure 5 illustrates a representative example of a time-scheduled dimming profile.

Moving forward, the installation of some additional equipment that could connect the control system with the real-time counts of the traffic flow of each road can offer an even more accurate dimming profile that reflects the exact traffic flow at all times. Figure 6 illustrates such a dimming profile for the same representative road.

Comparing the two strategies, the additional energy savings when applying the second strategy amount to 3%.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

The preceding results and analysis provide a clear understanding of the benefits of the application of a dimming strategy on the www.lightingjournal.com

lighting scheme of a road. As expected, the outcome of the study in relation to the switching transition levels for the variable classification was that the calculated percentage of the ADT for the maximum hourly value (peak) is significantly lower compared to the 10% or 12% recommended by TR27.

Even though this reduction in the switching transition levels would result in fewer energy savings, it provides greater accuracy in the calculation of the dimming values, and therefore more safety for the road users, as the road classification is in absolute accordance with the lighting classes of the British and the European Standards.

On the roads along the Port of Piraeus, it is observed that the levels of the traffic flow are reduced significantly and the application of a lighting control strategy could save significant amount of energy. A time-scheduled dimming strategy based on the real traffic flow data throughout the year could provide 29% overall energy savings. Moreover, the application of a control strategy that could make use of the real-time traffic flow information at all times could offer 32% overall energy savings.

However, prior to considering the application of the second dimming strategy, an extensive study of the cost of installation of the required equipment should be conducted. This is in order to find out the payback period in comparison to the further energy savings that have been calculated within the framework of this paper.

Sofia Tolia is an engineer in the lighting and electrical division, Strategic Highways Europe, of AECOM

REFERENCES [1] Peter Raynham, An examination of the fundamentals of road lighting for pedestrians and drivers. London: Lighting Research and Technology, 2004, Vol. 36, pp. 307-316.

[2]International Energy Agency, Light’s labours lost – Policies for Energy efficient lighting, Paris: IEA Publications, 2006.

[3] Richard Black, Lighting the key to energy saving.

BBC News. [Online] [Cited: 16 August 2013] http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/ tech/5128478.stm [4] Aleksanteri Ekrias, Development and enhancement of road lighting principles, Aalto University of science and technology, 2010 [5] BS5489-1:2013,

European Standard. Code of Practice for the design of Road [6] TR27, Technical Report, Code of practice for variable lighting levels for highways, Institution of Lighting Professionals [7] LIping Guo, Intelligent road lighting control systems – Experiences, measurements and lighting control strategies. Espoo,

Finland: Helsinki University of Technology, Department of electronics, Lighting unit, 2008.

[8] N. v. Tien, Y. Unhavaithaya, N. n.

Dinh. Lighting control in street lighting – an overview of the state of art in technology and application.s.l. 6th Right Light International conference on energyefficient lighting, 2005.

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guangzhou international lighting exhibition

Asia’s most influential and comprehensive lighting and LED event – the Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition (GILE) will host its 22nd annual show from 9 – 12 June 2017. This year’s “THINKLIGHT: The convergent future” theme will address humancentric market shifts and trends.

Regarding the exhibition’s inclusive scope, Ms Lucia Wong, Deputy General Manager of Messe Frankfurt (Shanghai) Co Ltd, stated: “GILE unifies elements from every corner of the industry to facilitate collaboration across diverse market segments, while providing participants a complete and candid view of the lighting world to better offer total sourcing solutions. We will continue to bring vital new insights, breakthrough ideas and key business relationships to better equip industry professionals for a fast-paced and constantly evolving market.”

GILE is a distinct and trusted platform for information exchange, networking and new business development. The expo’s seminars will address hot topics surrounding the integration of lighting and smart cities, digital art, smart homes, furniture as well as wellness. Global brands confirmed to present wide-ranging solutions include:

¾Lighting applications, accessories and electronic components:

ALANOD, Almeco, BJB, Dilux, Everlight, Feelux, Fumagalli, Huayi Lighting, LEDiL, Nationstar

¾LED packages, chips, modules and light engines: APT, Bridgelux, CITIZEN, Cree, Dilux, Edison, Honglitronic, Refond, RFsemi, Seoul Semiconductor

¾LED drivers and driver ICs:

AiHua, Dialog Semiconductor, Helvar, Inventronics, MEAN WELL, MOSO, Power Integrations

¾LED components and packaging materials:

ALPHA, Dow Corning, Shin-etsu

¾LED inspection, testing and manufacturing equipment: EVERFINE, Han’s Laser, Instrument Systems

Additionally, overseas pavilions assembled by global industry associations and governments will showcase home-grown enterprises’ regional innovations. Confirmed pavilions will represent the US, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea and Japan.

Mr Gary Stanley, Director of Forest Products and Building Materials Division of the US Department of Commerce International Trade Administration, stated: “For more than 20 years, GILE has brought global lighting leaders together. Last year, the breadth and depth of the products displayed by 2,000-plus exhibitors throughout 17 exhibition halls was impressive. Throughout our partnership, Messe Frankfurt strongly supported US efforts and made the fair experience fruitful for all of our participating companies.”

GILE will run concurrently with Guangzhou Electrical Building Technology. Both are a part of Messe Frankfurt’s building and energy shows, headed by the biennial Light + Building event which will take place from 18 – 23 March 2018 in Frankfurt, Germany.

For more information on Light + Building shows worldwide, please visit www.brand.light-building.com. For more information regarding Messe Frankfurt’s lighting shows in China, please visit www.light.messefrankfurt.com.cn or email light@china.messefrankfurt.com.

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Lighting and virtual technology

VIRTUAL VIEW

Virtual reality gaming technology is allowing lighting designers to create immersing, interactive 3D models that illustrate much more clearly what lighting solutions need to be implemented

By Olli Poutanen and Leena Kaanaa

36

www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

p Game model for the

developing centre of the Myyrmäki district. The user can move inside the model with the help of 3D glasses and a game controller. The model can be used as a channel to collect feedback.

The residents are able to observe the model from their computer screen and make choices about surface materials

t The game model

produces a more illustrative and immersive experience than traditional 3D images.

The object of design can be observed from a realistic perspective with 3D glasses and a game controller.

Different lighting situations and changes in adaptive lighting can be demonstrated in real time with Unity-based game models

T

he most recent developments in virtual reality (VR) technology allow for a completely new way to experience lighting in a space.

It is now possible to create an interactive 3D model of the target location with what is called a ‘game engine’. What this means is that a user can move inside the model with the help of virtual reality headset and so get a realistic feeling of the location and its lighting solutions.

Lighting has to be experienced. Images, words or videos do not come close enough to the real thing.

Lighting solutions can, of course, be visualised with several software applications, but demonstrating dynamic lighting is still a challenge. Luckily, there are already technologies available that bring us closer to reality. At WSP in Finland, we’ve developed a model that uses the cross-platform game engine Unity to produce an interactive environment for observing dynamic lighting.

A model realised with the game engine is more illustrative and immersive than traditional 3D images. The user can observe a location from a realistic perspective. It is possible to include sounds and effects in the model to enhance immersion.

Game models also simplify the process of creating outstanding presentations, realistic illustrations and videos in which the

37 user can move around the space and, for example, ride on a virtual tram.

Game models are useful at several stages of the design process – from communication and decision-making to collecting feedback from customers. The solutions are flexible, and they engage customers in the design process.

Game technology develops constantly.

The simplest solutions do not present special requirements for hardware or software: this makes it even easier to observe and compare the design options both at the office and at home. In this article, we present three different case studies in which WSP in Finland has successfully used virtual reality technologies in lighting design.

MYYRMÄKI DISTRICT

A browser-based model With browser-based applications, it is easy to create interfaces that allow choosing between different lighting options.

The models are compact enough to be easily shared between designers, customers and residents of the area. Web-based models also enable collecting feedback.

One downside remains: the illustration is always ‘flat’, because it is shown on a computer display.

Using VR, we’ve demonstrated the general plan of complementary buildings in www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Lighting and virtual technology

38

Myyrmäki district in Vantaa, Finland, with game models.

Three tower-type point blocks and the adjacent, modern lamellar buildings form the central vision in the area’s future development. New pedestrian and bicycle ways, terraces and street furniture arranged around planted areas, and the materials chosen for road surfaces make the design plans aesthetically interesting from lighting’s point of view.

A survey based on the model was composed in order to collect information about the plausibility of different design options. The survey was targeted to the residents of the Myyrmäki district.

A browser-based solution was most suitable for conducting the survey. The proposal for lighting design was a part of the browser-based model; however, at this point of the design process, a survey focused solely on the plausibility of the lighting was not conducted.

PAASIKIVENAUKIO SQUARE

A virtual model for mobile users Thanks to publishing platforms such as Google Cardboard, the basic smartphone can now be a component in a viable, easyto-use and low-cost virtual reality system.

Any smartphone can be mounted to the fold-out cardboard viewer: this has also made immersive lighting models more accessible. Almost everyone carries a potential display in their pocket. The cheapest head mounts only cost €5.

However, smartphones are often insufficient in displaying dynamic lighting models. Rendering adaptive lighting in real time is impossible with the level of performance offered by most smartphone processors.

We outlined an atmospheric lighting design for Paasikivenaukio square in in Lahti, Finland.

The square works as an entrance to a new residential area. The planned area is quite small, and almost every solution relevant to its lighting – also in adjacent areas – can be seen from the square.

Google Cardboard was used to display the model, because the essence of the lighting could be illustrated more comprehensively with VR technology than with a computer display. Two different lighting options were created with the model. www.lightingjournal.com

p Adaptive lighting design models must take the movement, velocity and direction of different objects and users into account. The lights

must come on within the stopping distance of a tram, whereas they can dim immediately after the tram leaves the stop

KRUUNUSILLAT BRIDGE

High-performance computers, virtual reality headsets and game controllers Illustrating adaptive lighting is a challenge, as most applications cannot reproduce the changes in the dynamic lighting in real time.

A VR headset connected to a high-performance computer supports more complex lighting models with more features – including the realistic and real-time simulation of dynamic lighting.

If these features are a requisite in the design, a computer-headset-controller combination is recommended.

The quality of the models produced by a more advanced system is extremely high, and the models are often visually outstanding. Unfortunately, the high-performance technology required by these models restricts their use for a selected few.

We produced a game model about the planned Kruunusillat Bridge in Helsinki, Finland. The model was produced for a computer-headset combination, and its purpose was to simulate the bridge’s intelligent lighting solution.

In the immersive model, the lighting dynamically adjusts according to the position and movement of pedestrians and

trams. The user can observe the changes in lighting either from the bridge or from a pilot boat at sea.

VIRTUAL REALITY MODELS

The future of lighting design?

All of the above cases have their strengths.

The presented technologies can also be used side-by-side. The same model can be used as the basis for both light, browser-based applications and game solutions intended for more complex systems.

The project’s aims determine which combination of solutions and technology is preferable. One thing is however certain: methods using virtual reality technology are extremely useful in lighting design and communication.

These methods will undoubtedly be an integral part of not only the lighting designer’s routines but also customers’ requirements in the future.

Olli Poutanen is team leader, applied games, and Leena Kaanaa is product manager, lighting design, at WSP in Finland

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

Congratulations, you’ve just landed that large government or lighting maintenance contract. But if you’ve now got to scale-up your workforce as a result, don’t overlook the latest employment law requirements

By Keith Williams and Howard Crossman

40

L

ighting work, particularly involving government projects and maintenance contracts can often be quite extensive and will involve taking on large workforces in order to complete the services and work.

On any analysis, consultancy firms will also need to be aware of key employment issues. Employment rights and issues are therefore at the heart of lighting services and contracts, and those working in the lighting industry should keep up-to-date with recent changes and key issues to ensure no problems arise.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Employment status is often a very real issue in lighting contracts, where there is likely to be a mix of employees, ‘workers’ www.lightingjournal.com

and self-employed people.

It is therefore important to understand what someone’s employment status is, because this will affect what rights and entitlements they have. Genuinely self-employed people have no real employment rights beyond basic health and safety and anti-discrimination rules.

Workers get certain rights, most significantly the right to rest breaks and paid holidays, while employees have the highest level of protection, in particular adding the right to claim unfair dismissal and redundancy payments.

These rights can be of significant financial value. Unfortunately, it is not always obvious what a person’s status is, and the question cannot be answered simply by looking at contractual documentation.

March 2017 Lighting Journal

41

THE LIGHTING INDUSTRY NEEDS TO HAVE ITS ANTENNAE OUT FOR THE MULTITUDE OF NOVEL AND COMPLEX, INTERRELATED ISSUES THAT ARISE WHEN EMPLOYING PEOPLE TO CARRY OUT DESIGN, OTHER SERVICES OR, IN THE CASE OF LARGER WORKFORCES, CARRYING OUT CIVILS WORK ON LIGHTING PROJECTS

Courts and tribunals are much more interested in how the relationship functions in practice, rather than a name or label that has been put on it in a contract.

There has been a recent case involving Uber drivers where the tribunal decided that, despite Uber’s efforts to disguise the true nature of the relationship, the drivers were workers, not self-employed, and so were entitled to many more rights than they had been given.

Uber could now be open to claims from all its 40,000 drivers in the UK, in particular for holiday pay stretching back a number of years, which could run into the tens of millions of pounds.

This can potentially also be an issue that arises when taking on workers on lighting projects, especially the civils element that

surrounds lighting capital and maintenance works. Therefore, employers should try to resolve any uncertainty and properly establish the employment status of individuals at the outset of a project, so that everyone knows where they stand in respect of employment rights and responsibilities going forward.

REST BREAKS

Large lighting projects and design deadlines can demand quite gruelling hours.

However, employers in the lighting industry need to bear in mind they have a duty to comply with regulations that deal with working time and rest breaks for employees and workers.

Every employee or worker is entitled to a 20-minute unpaid rest break on any day www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

42

when they work six hours or more, and it is unlawful for an employer to refuse this. A recent case has looked at what ‘refuse’ means in this context, and the result might be surprising.

The case concerned an employee who worked an 8.5-hour day. His day was typically so busy he never got a chance to take the 30-minute rest break that was provided for in his contract. He never specifically asked for the break, and his employer never said he couldn’t take it.

However, after some time, he complained he never got the break and his employer responded by changing his contract to remove the 30-minute break, meaning he only worked an eight-hour day. He went home 30 minutes earlier, but got the same pay.

The employee complained to the employment tribunal, which decided the employee had always been refused a rest break, both after and before the contract change.

After the contract change it was clear the right to a break had been removed. Not only that, but the tribunal decided that, even before the change, the fact the employee felt too busy to take his break amounted to a ‘refusal’ by the employer to allow the break.

This case highlights the fact an employer does not need actively to refuse a request for a break. If it creates or allow working conditions that mean employees feel unable to take their rest breaks, this will be enough for it to be deemed to be breaking the law.

It is therefore important that both the contract and the reality of working conditions, even where people are working on the busiest lighting project, allow and encourage employees to take adequate breaks during the working day.

HOLIDAY PAY

How to calculate holiday pay remains a key, but difficult, issue for employers in every industry, and the world of lighting contracting is no different.

All employees and workers are entitled to 28 days of annual leave each year, and for each of those days they should receive their ‘normal’ pay. The principle is that employees will be discouraged from taking their holiday if it means they will receive less pay than they would do if they went to work, and that should not happen.

Unfortunately, what sounds like it should be a fairly simple idea has turned out to be anything but, according to numerous cases. The matter of what ‘normal’ www.lightingjournal.com

pay means has been looked at time and again by the highest UK courts and the European Court of Justice.

Over the last two years we have learned that: ¾ some types of overtime pay should count as forming part of normal pay, but some shouldn’t; ¾ certain commission payments are part of normal pay, but it depends upon exactly how the commission scheme is worded; and ¾ bonuses aren’t usually normal pay, but sometimes they might be.

Despite countless court decisions, they have all avoided telling us how actually to calculate what is due. For example, should ‘normal’ pay be averaged over 12 months, three months, or some other period?

Picking through all the decisions we have seen, we can set out a handful of principles that, if followed, should keep employers on the right side of the law.

First, overtime should be included in the calculation of normal pay where it is either always worked as a matter of routine, or the employer can insist the employee works it. Where overtime is purely voluntary, pay for that need not be included in the ‘normal’ pay calculation.

Second, commission payments should be included where there is a very clear contractual entitlement to them, and they form a significant part of an employee’s income. If the commission scheme is in any u

An empty building site: large lighting projects and design deadlines can mean quite gruelling hours. But employers do need to bear in mind their duties around working time and rest breaks

way discretionary, then it probably does not need to be included.

Third, in the absence of better guidance, averaging pay over a rolling 12-week period is as good a way as any to work out what ‘normal’ pay is.

MODERN SLAVERY

Larger employers in the lighting industry have two new reporting requirements they need to be aware of. The first is in relation to Modern Slavery, and applies to UK businesses with an annual turnover of £36 million or more.

The fact slavery still occurs in this day and age seems alien and unthinkable.

However, modern slavery can take many forms, including people trafficking and forced labour, and unfortunately construction and related industries are a target of traffickers and gang-masters.

The penalties for being engaged in any way in modern slavery, including ‘aiding and abetting’ those who are, are severe, including significant fines and prison sentences.

In order to make large employers take their obligations seriously, the government has introduced a requirement for all large employers to publish a ‘Modern Slavery Statement’ each year, setting out what steps they have taken to ensure there is no modern slavery in their organisation or supply chain.

This can involve, for example, explaining what steps they have taken to verify the

March 2017 Lighting Journal

u

Employment rights and issues are at the heart of most construction and lighting services contracts, and so it is important to keep up to date with any changes

43

working practices of their labour supply agencies, or foreign suppliers of electrical components. There are no specific penalties for failing to produce a Modern Slavery Statement, but the government has threatened to name and shame those companies that do not comply, and it will become significantly harder to win contracts with government agencies.

GENDER PAY GAP

The second new reporting requirement for large companies (those that employ 250 or more employees and/or workers), relates to gender pay gap.

It remains the case that across the UK female employees tend to be paid less than their male counterparts. Each year companies of this size or above will now need to publish a series of statistics designed to illustrate the relative pay levels of male and female employees within their organisation.

The first set of figures will be based largely on pay figures for April 2017, and the report must be published by 5 April, 2018. The regulations have been published, but leave some questions unanswered as to exactly what needs to be reported on and how.

Employment lawyers and HR professionals alike are eagerly awaiting promised guidance. What we do know is the government plans to break down the reports by sector, so employees and other interested people will be able to compare the performance of large employers across the lighting industry on their gender pay practices.

For employers that will need to report, it will definitely help to gather your data as soon as possible after April this year.

This will allow for plenty of time to prepare the report and investigate, and explain the reasons for any pay gap the figures reveal.

A BRIEF WORD ON BREXIT

Brexit may, in time, have a fundamental effect on UK employment law. However, at the moment and until at least 2018, it remains ‘business as usual’, and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) remains the ultimate court for deciding UK law.

CONCLUSION

The lighting industry needs to have its antennae out for the multitude of novel and complex, interrelated issues that arise when employing people to carry out design, other services or, in the case of larger workforces, carrying out civils work on lighting projects.

Not only this, but many of the issues that arise will vary depending on circumstance, so there is not a one-size-fits-all approach.

Specialist advice should always be sought where possible in order to try and minimise the risks inherent to employing people, and indeed when setting up (larger) lighting contracts as a whole. www.lightingjournal.com

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Letters to the editor

CCT DEBATE ‘MUST BE LED WITH FACTS’ Sir YLP member and Design for Lighting lighting designer Ryan Carroll’s article ‘Warming glow’ (Lighting Journal, January 2017, vol 82, no 1) is an important subject, and I feel Ryan’s mini paper needs some comment.

To infer that only non-competent lighting professionals would recommend use of high CCT is a bit heavy, although it might not have been the intention.

There are plenty of questions being thrown about, by various individuals, inferring many things about high CCT. But they fail to make the case of any health implications from cool white being used in street lighting.

It may be true that 4,000K is commonly

specified in the UK and this may be more a personal preference. The lower CCT preference may be led by the previous generations of light sources, particularly SON and CPO; these leave LED lighting looking cool in comparison.

In my experience, in areas where cool white 5,700K street lighting has been used exclusively, there has been no clamour for warm lighting from the public.

If a lighting professional guides his client to warm white, this should be based on the consideration of the client aspirations.

If the client wants to save energy, they will be guided appropriately by the lighting professional.

Warm white may be getting better in efficacy, but until it is equal, 1W extra will add up, for 25,000 streetlights this is

100,000kWh a year or 53 tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere (0.527 kg/kWh).

I do use 3,000K in my home because of the ambiance; it feels much cosier. But on the street I look much more for function.

Designers can, by all means, have preferences and use light for the effect; have warm white in town centres and conservation areas for that cosy feel.

The debate on this should be led with facts. Cool white LEDs do have better efficacies than warm and higher S/P ratios; so their use is better for the planet.

Regards, Simon Bushell, lighting design manager, SSE Enterprise Contracting

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March 2017 Lighting Journal

News from the ILP

SUMMIT COUNTDOWN Registration for this year’s Professional Lighting Summit is set to open this month (March), and ILP members are being reminded not to be delay in signing up to attend.

The Summit will once again take place in June, having successfully moved last year from its traditional autumn slot.

This year’s Summit will be held from 14-15 June at the Crowne Plaza in Glasgow.

A call for papers closed at the end of last month, and a full line-up of speakers will therefore be revealed over the coming weeks.

Architectural lighting designer Mark Sutton Vane is to give the Summit’s keynote address.

Mark is the founder of independent lighting consultancy Sutton Vane Associates.

He studied architecture at Westminster University and has lit everything from the Titanic in Belfast to the Crown Jewels.

Members are being advised to keep an eye on www. theilp.org.uk/summit for updates or contact 01788 576492 if they have any queries.

LIGHTING FOR SCULPTURE Peter Pritchard, of Pritchard Themis, has been confirmed as the first speaker for this year’s series of ‘How to be brilliant’ ILP lectures.

Peter will be speaking on the subject of ‘How to be brilliant at lighting for sculpture’, with the first lecture taking place on 27 April at Marshalls Design Space on Compton Street in London.

The lecture series, run by the ILP in association with acdc lighting, will comprise six lectures during 2017.

Next will be Tony Rimmer of Studio 29 in May, who will be looking at exterior lighting. He will be followed by Rob Honey-

well of MBLD in July, on lighting with colour.

Jonathan Howard, of DHA, will kick off the autumn lectures in September, looking at ‘lighting Bowie’, and Simon Thorp of LAPD with discuss ‘lighting design: a reflection’ in October.

Finally, Graham Rollins and Ingo Kalecinski, of GNI Projects, will discuss ‘How to be brilliant with smoke and mirrors’ in November.

Full details on all these events will be available online at www.theilp.org.uk/events/ and on the regular Lighting Journal Diary page, in this edition on page 50.

KEN SHAW Ken Shaw: first President, in 1985, of the newly-named Institution of Lighting Engineers

I

t is with sadness that the ILP has announced the death of past President Ken Shaw.

Born in 1934, Ken’s early training was with the East Midlands Electricity Board.

He was later appointed lighting engineer with Beeston and Stapleford Urban District Council (near Nottingham), before becoming lighting engineer with East Sussex County Council in 1974.

He was chairman of the Midland Region of the Association of Public Lighting Engineers and became President of the newly-named Institution of Lighting Engineers in 1985.

‘He will be much missed by his colleagues in the London and South East Region, in which he was an active member for many years,’ said Past President Neil Macaulay.

‘Our thoughts go out to his wife Brenda, who accompanied him on many ILP events over the years,’ he added.

‘INNOVATIVE AND FORWARD-THINKING’

As a 47-year veteran within lighting, I have much to thank Ken Shaw for, writes Brian Healey, director of Bright Design Carbon Solutions.

Ken took me on as a 15-year-

old apprentice in 1970 for Beeston and Stapleford Urban District Council.

He was a very innovative and forward-thinking engineer, ably backed by three fully-trained electricians and a larger street lighting team. Ken was a stickler for a proper job, and you would soon have a flea in your ear if you didn’t meet KS spec.

Always keen to explore new technology, Ken would encourage the team to explore ideas.

B&SUDC was quick to embrace technology and performance improvement. I remember installing some of the first HPS Lamps on a trunk route, getting the chance to embrace City & Guilds electrical installation training, and the excitement at taking delivery of an early Simon articulated MEWP. Ultimately Ken was to move on to bigger and better things and I would finish my training under Barrie Sanderson. But the ethos he instilled was carried on.

As I pause to consider Ken’s contribution to the industry I can only reflect on a job well done. Thank you Ken. It was a true privilege to be a part of your journey and embrace your values in my own. RIP. www.lightingjournal.com

45

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Light on the past

PRESSURE POINT During the 1930s there was a technological tussle as manufacturers competed to improve on the mediumpressure mercury vapour lamp (MA), which was inflexible and could only be purchased in higher wattages. It was only in 1937 that Philips finally made the technological breakthrough needed

By Simon Cornwell

46

T

he medium-pressure mercury vapour lamp (MA), originally developed and produced by the GEC in 1932, was considered an interim solution. Theoretical and laboratory-based work showed how its efficacy and colour rendering could be improved by increasing the pressure in the arc tube.

But standard glass would crack and shatter if subjected to such treatment. Glass made with quartz appeared to be a solution, but a reliable method to seal electrodes through the material remained elusive.

So, to get to market, the GEC compromised and developed the medium-pressure mercury lamp. Its light output wasn’t optimal, but the aluminosilicate glass used to construct its arc tube could withstand the temperatures and pressures involved. In the meantime, research continued with quartz-based arc tubes, and the race to develop a more efficient lamp was on.

Philips eventually solved this manufacturing problem a few years later, developing a range of high- to extremely high-pressure mercury lamps, all of which used quartz-glass arc tubes. The first demonstrations took place in their laboratories in October 1935, and pictures showed several suited men all clustered around a singular light source.

They were all holding their hands out to the lamp, as if to physically block its intense www.lightingjournal.com

emissions, but they were probably checking its thermal effects. The broad smiles all around confirmed that the demonstration was a success and these engineers at Philips had finally produced the high-pressure mercury vapour lamp.

In this particular case, they’d cranked up their experimental lamp to a ridiculous pressure and the lamp was water cooled. So, their outstretched hands were simply to determine how hot the surrounding area was.

PROMISE FINALLY REALISED

But, after more research the following year, they developed a small, compact lamp which could be used in standard luminaires without special cooling. After years of experimenting with metals, glasses and electrode seals, the full promise offered by the mercury vapour discharge lamp was finally realised. Philips announced their first commercial lamp in 1937.

However, the cost of quartz was a significant limitation. Larger wattage lamps, which could compete with the existing MA range, were too expensive to produce and offered only a minimal increase in efficacy.

But there was still a gap in the range, the lower wattage lamps, where the MA lamp was just too inefficient to compete with GLS. Therefore, Philips decided to target this area and marketed their ‘Philora’ mercury lamps with ratings of 80W and 125W. With their quartz-based arc tube, and higher internal pressures, this range eventually became designated the MB. The lamps they first produced in 1937 set their appearance, dimensions and wattages in stone for next 80 years. The small discharge tube was enclosed in an elliptically-shaped glass bulb, which was etched internally to soften and diffuse the light emitted from the arc.

Its bayonet connector was fitted with three pins; a safety device to prevent careless lighting engineers mistaking them for tungsten fittings and plugging them into supplies without suitable ballasts.

The introduction of the MB lamp completed the commercial range of mercury vapour lamps.

It still wasn’t ideal, as the less efficient, more contentious MA lamp was still required for traffic routes and other important thoroughfares.

But the MB lamp, with its more acceptable colour rendering, could be used for residential schemes without too many objections.

Eventually, by the 1950s the price of quartz finally dipped sufficiently to financially enable the MB to be made in higher wattages; and the full range of MB lamps was finally complete.

p Philips manufactured its discharge lamps under

the ‘Philora’ brand. This advert, from January 1938, was one of the first to introduce the new MB lamp into its existing mercury and sodium ranges

p The lamps were initially launched showing a

picture of Philips’ technical staff at a demonstration of a prototype

Lighting

March 2017 Lighting Journal

Consultants

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Steven Biggs

Colin Fish

Alistair Scott

Skanska Infrastructure Services

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff

Designs for Lighting Ltd

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

IEng MILP

Hertford SG13 7NN

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Providing design and technical services for all applications of exterior and interior lighting from architectural to sports, rail, area, highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations on wildlife and the community.

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Stephen Halliday

Anthony Smith

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

www.skanska.co.uk

Simon Bushell MBA DMS IEng MILP

SSE Enterprise Lighting

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk Professional consultancy from the largest external lighting contractor maintaining 1.5m lights in the UK and Ireland. Exterior lighting/electrical design for Motorways, Highways, Architectural, Car Parks, Public Spaces and Sports lighting. From advice on carbon reduction strategies to delivering the whole installation package.

Lorraine Calcott IEng MILP IALD MSLL

it does Lighting Ltd Milton Keynes, MK19 6DS

www.wspgroup.com

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

Eng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

Philip Hawtrey

Nick Smith

Mouchel

Nick Smith Associates Limited

www.wspgroup.com

BTech IEng MILP MIET

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

www.staintonlds.co.uk

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 01908 560110 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

T: 07789 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com

www.mouchel.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

www.itdoes.co.uk

www.nicksmithassociates.com

Euan Clayton

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff

Alan Tulla Lighting

IEng MILP

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies.

Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

Mark Chandler

Alan Jaques

Michael Walker

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Atkins

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff

EngTech AMILP

IEng MILP

Reading RG10 9QN

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

John Conquest

Tony Price

4way Consulting Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

www.4wayconsulting.com

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

www.atkinsglobal.com

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

CMS IEng MILP

Ferrybridge, WF11 8NA, UK T: 0197 7632 502

E: Michael.Walker@pbworld.com

www.pbworld.com

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Go to: www.theilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Lighting

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HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 PO Box3JR 210, Havant, PO9 9BT w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Tel: 07900 571022 t: 01246 229 444

Venues by arrangement

E-mail: enquiries@hagnerlightmeters.com

f: 01246 270 465

Contact Nick Smith e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Nick Smith Associates Ltd www.hagnerlightmeters.com

48

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION t: 01246 229 444 Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative f: 01246 270 465 custom-built distribution panels, lighting. We also provide interior and exterior lighting design using CAD. e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com 7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555

email: steve.odonnell@maclean.co.uk

www.maclean.co.uk

From one of our three regional offices offices in the Scotland, Manchester and Sussex Power 1 can provide a full turnkey service for: Large scale LED retrofit schemes Maintenance DNO/ICP connections Design verification surveys Asset record construction Fault finding Testing and inspection Smart City integration

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LIGHTING AWARDS 2017 GET READY TO CELEBRATE CREATIVITY

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Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk

• London 2012 Olympic Games • Glasgow 2014 Commonwealths

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk

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THE DIARY 27 March

15 May

Exterior Lighting Diploma – Module Two (Spring 2017) Venue: The Draycote Hotel, Thurlaston, Warwickshire

Exterior Lighting Diploma Module Three (Spring 2017) Venue: The Draycote Hotel, Thurlaston, Warwickshire

04-06 April

23 May

Traffex 2017 Venue: NEC Birmingham

27 April

How to be brilliant at lighting for sculpture, with Peter Pritchard of Pritchard Themis Venue: Marshalls Design Space, Clerkenwell, London

10 May

Fundamental Lighting Course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby

09-12 June

Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition Venue: China Import and Export Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China

Electric know-how for architectural lighting designers Venue:BDP, Clerkenwell, London

14-15 June

25 May

Technical meeting – Western Region Venue: Newport Parc Golf Club, Wales

How to be brilliant at exterior lighting, with Tony Rimmer of Studio 29 Venue: Marshalls Design Space, Clerkenwell, London

Professional Lighting Summit Venue: Crowne Plaza, Glasgow

28 June

For full details on all events go to: www.theilp.org.uk

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